A REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING IN OIL INDIA LIMITED, DULIAJAN (GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR DEPARTMENT)

SUBMITTED BYDEBALINA SEN. RUPANJALI SHYAM. SAGARIKA BHARADWAJ. SHARMISTHA DAS. SUPARNA DAS. 4TH SEMESTER B.TECH IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY. DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY DIBRUGARH- 786004

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1

At the very beginning, we extent our heartiest thanks and deep sense of gratitude to Asst Prof. Nayan Medhi, Asst Prof. Santanu Kumar Sharma and Asst Prof. Prasenjit Talukdar for arranging the training and for their guidance during the training period. We acknowledge our debt to Miss Deepanjali Borbaruah, General Officer T&D, for providing us opportunity for having summer-training in OIL INDIA LIMITED. Special thanks to Mr Chandra Shekhar Singh for chalking out an excellent plan to make our training worthwhile. We also thank you Miss Mousumi Dutta, Mr Mukesh Kumar, Mr Saurav Seth, Mr Arijit Banerjee, Mr Bhaskar Jyoti Sarma and Mr Pranjal Saharia of Reservoir Engineering Section. We would like to thank Mr Sourav Bhardwaj and Mr Prasunjoy Das of the Drilling Operation Section for their help in completing our summer training in these section. We would like to thank Mr Sourav Bhardwaj for arranging our field visit and Mr Prosunjoy Das for arranging our lab visit. In the workover section we would to like to thank Mr B.K. Basumatary for helping us gain knwoledge about workover operation. In the development geology section we would thank Mr Indra Barua for their help in completing our summer training in these section. At last what we all can confidently say that this training was most enjoyable and learning one and we are sure that the environment we got here with all the help from our seniors was exceptional.

SCHEDULE

Training programme in different sections were arranged as follows:

DURATION 4.07.2011 7.07.2011 AREA OF OPERATIONS Reservoir engineering section

8.07.2011 9.07.2011 11.07.2011 12.07.2011 13.07.2011 14.07.2011

Drilling engineering section Work over operation section Development Geology & Log Interpretation

CONTENTSIntroduction to Oil India Limited. Brief idea about Geology and Reservoir Department. Reservoir engineering section Drilling engineering section Wireline logging Workover section Developmental geology section Conclusion

INTRODUCTION TO OIL INDIA LIMITED:

Oil India (OIL) is a large state-owned oil and gas company in India under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. OIL is engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas. The story of Oil India Limited (OIL) traces and symbolizes the development and growth of the Indian petroleum industry. From the discovery of crude oil in the far east of India at Digboi, Assam in 1889 to its present status as a fully integrated upstream petroleum company, OIL has come far, crossing many milestones. The Company presently produces over 3.6 MMTPA (million tons per annum) of crude oil, over 5 MMSCMD of Natural Gas and over 50,000 Tones of LPG annually. Most of this emanates from its traditionally rich oil and gas fields concentrated in the Northeastern part of India and contribute to over 65% of total Oil&Gas produced in the region. The search for newer avenues has seen OIL spreading out its operations in onshore / offshore Orissa and Andaman, deserts of Rajasthan, plains of Uttar Pradesh, riverbeds of Brahmaputra and offshore Saurashtra. In Rajasthan, OIL discovered gas in 1988, heavy oil / bitumen in 1991 and started production of gas in 1996. The company has accumulated over a hundred years of experience in the field of oil and gas production, since the discovery of Digboi oilfield in 1889. It is possibly the only company to do so. From well completion to wellbore servicing, installation, operation and maintenance of modern surface handling facilities, the
5

company has the skill and expertise to manage the entire range of operations required for onshore oil and gas production. The company has over 100,000 square kilometres of license areas for oil and gas exploration. It has emerged as a consistently profitable international company with exploration blocks as far as Libya and sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, OIL has stepped up E & P activities significantly including Gas monetization in the North-East India. OIL has set up the NEF (North East Frontier) project to intensify its exploration activities in the frontier areas in North East, which are logistically very difficult and geologically complex. Presently, seismic surveys are being carried out in Manbhum, Pasighat and other Trust Belt areas. The Company operates a crude oil pipeline in the North East for transportation of crude oil produced by both OIL and ONGCL in the region to feed Numaligarh, Guwahati, Bongaigaon and Barauni refineries and a branch line to feed Digboi refinery. A 1157 kilometers long fully automated telemetric pipeline with 212 kilometers of looping having a total capacity to transport over 6.0 MMTPA remains the lifeline of the Company. Commissioned in 1962, the double skinned crude oil pipeline traverses 78 river crossings including the mighty Brahmaputra River meandering through paddy fields, forests and swamps. There are 9 pumping stations, 17 Repeater stations and a terminal at Barauni. The engines that drive the giant pumps along the pipeline have crossed over two hundred thousand hours of service and established a world record of machine run - hours. The Company is currently in the process of constructing a 660 KM long Product Pipeline from Numaligarh to Siliguri. The Pipeline is expected to be completed by mid 2007. OIL also sells its produced gas to different customers in Assam viz. BVFCL, ASEB, NEEPCO, IOC (AOD), and APL and to RSEB in Rajasthan. The company also produces Liquefied Gas (LPG) in its plant at Duliajan, Assam.
6

GEOLOGY AND RESERVOIR DEPARTMENT:

The G & R deptt.owns a vast array of advanced computing systems and experienced personnel for processing and interpreting variety of geoscientific data through integrated exploration applications such as Remote Sensing, Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretation, Seismic Attribute Analysis, Source Rock Evaluation, Biostratigraphy, Petrophysics, Sequence Stratigraphy, Basin Analysis etc. The geoscientific interpretation is done using state-ofthe-art Workstations. Formation evaluation through an integrated approach of geological, geophysical, geo-chemical and reservoir engineering studies has allowed the Company to successfully develop and exploit deep (3500-4700 m) thin sand prospects. Today, these reservoirs contribute over 50% of the Company's production. It is envisaged that current introduction of extensive 3D seismic will assist in reservoir management not only in the new fields but also in the ageing fields heralding a new chapter in reservoir engineering studies.
7

During our training program we have visited the following sections of G & R department:  Drilling Operations  Geophysics Department  Development Geology/ Log interpretation  Reservoir Section

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING SECTION:

The geological sequence of the Upper Assam Basin:

ALLUVIUM/DHEKIAJULI GIRUJAN ( Shale zone) TIPAM ( sandstone )

BARAIL ( sandstone ) KOPILI ( shale zone ) PRANG ( limestone ) NARPU ( sandstone ) LAKADONG ( sandstone ) LANGPAR ( sandstone ) BASEMENT ROCK (igneous rock )

ROCK PROPERTIES:

Porosity. Permeability. Saturation. Capillary pressure. Wettability and relative permeability.

Porosity:
Porosity is an intensive property describing the fluid storage capacity of rock. It is the ratio of the pore volume to the bulk volume.
9

Porosity ! J !

Vp Vb

Vb  Vma Vb

it i

ft

t .A l t P it . . Eff ti P it . i i it i i i i t t .Pi P it . .S P it .

P m

bili
ilit i i ft it fl i ft t i l ilit i . . I i fl i ti it t f ft ti l t ft it i ft i t

fi iti t

P
i

E SIVE

Darcys law states that-

10

The velocity of homogenous fluid in porous medium is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. Mathematically, v = -k dP/ds

Fluid Saturation:
Definition - The fluid saturation for a particular fluid is the fraction of pore volume occupied by that fluid

Saturation is an intensive property Equation Form: So=Vo/Vp, Sw=Vw/Vp, Sg=Vg/Vp These fluid volumes are measured under specific conditions of pressure and temperature (e.g. reservoir, or laboratory) .

Capillary Pressure:
The pressure difference existing across the interface separating two immiscible fluids in capillaries (e.g. porous media). Calculated as: Pc = pnwt pwt Where: Pc = capillary pressure Pnwt = pressure in nonwetting phase pwt = pressure in wetting phase One fluid wets the surfaces of the formation rock (wetting phase) in preference to the other (non-wetting phase).
11

Gas is always the non-wetting phase in both oil-gas and watergas systems. Oil is often the non-wetting phase in water-oil systems.

Wetta ility:
Wettability is the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids. Wettability refers to interaction between fluid and solid phases. Reservoir rocks (sandstone, limestone, dolomite, etc.) are the solid surfaces Oil, water, and/or gas are the fluids

12

Drive mechanisms:
1. Rock and fluid expansion. 2. Depletion drive. 3. Gas cap drive. 4. Water drive. 5. Combination drive. 6. Gravity drainage Out of these six drive mechanisms three are basically used, they are- water drive, gas cap drive and depletion drive. In OIL water drive mechanism is usually used as there is presence of the aquifer.

fig: water drive mechanism.

13

fig: gas cap drive mechanism.

Improved oil recovery:

Production enhancement:
y y y y y y

Optimizing artificial lift. Increasing well stimulation. Reactivating idle wells. Changing completion strategy. Debottlenecking facilities. Upgrading facilities.

Infill/step out drilling:

y y y y

Re completion. Workover. Step out drilling. Deepening.

Secondary Recovery:
y Water flooding. y Gas flooding.

Enhanced Oil Recovery:

14

y y y y y y y

Gas flooding- CO2 Gas flooding- hydrocarbon rich gas. Water alternating gas (WAG). MEOR. Dilute surfactant/ chemical. Polymer. Thermal.

RESERVES:
Those quantities of petroleum which are anticipated to be commercially recoverable from known accumulations from a given date forwardis known as reserves. Reserves are classified as:

15

Oil and Gas in-Place (Discovered Reserves) Proved Probable Possible

Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR)

Proved Developed Undeveloped Probable

Unproved Possible

RESERVOIR STIMULATION:
Reservoir simulation models are used by oil and gas companies in the development of new fields. Also, models are used in developed fields where production forecasts are needed to help make investment decisions. As building and maintaining a robust, reliable model of a field is often timeconsuming and expensive; models are typically only constructed where large investment decisions are at stake. Improvements in simulation software have lowered the time to develop a model.Also, models can be run on personal computers rather than more expensive workstations

DRILLING SECTION:
The drilling department comprises of the following departments:

Geology and Reservoir department.

16

y y y y y

Civil department. Chemical department. Drilling department. WLD department. Research and Development department.

Various location advice forms that are issued after the release of the location are: y Provisional Location Advice Form 1 y Location Advice Form 1 y Location Advice Form 2 y Location Advice Form 3 After the issuing the PLAF 1 recce survey is carried out during various stage of development for the location site. Then after issuing LAF-3 following operation is observed. They are1. Land acquisition. 2. Plinth construction. 3. Infrastructure for rig movement. 4. Rigging up (%)/ rigging down progress in another location for ILM.

fig: plinth construction.

Preparation of the TDP:

The preparation of the TDP consists of the following steps: 1. Well Depth.
17

2. Rig capacity [Mechanical / Electrical Rig including Chartered]. 3. Vertical / Deviated wells (Displacement / KOP / Max. Angle Build up / Holding / Dropping). 4. New plinth / existing plinth. 5. ILM distance. 6. Rig down / Rig up time. 7. Infrastructure of the locality (approach road, pollution, safety, forest etc.). 8. Drilling meter age, Production Potential, capability of different related streams / departments, technical availability etc.).

Core Analysis La oratory Visit:

We visited the Sedimentary and Core Rock Analysis Laboratory (SCORAL) in the drilling operation section of the Geology and Reservoir Department under the guidance Mr Prasunjoy Das of the drilling operation section. In the laboratory we did two tests regarding the presence of hydrocarbon in the core rock viz.: 1. Microscopic study of grain size of the drill cuttings from various wells which indicates the presence of different types of rock layers of the earth crust like presence of limestone, sand stone, clay stone, coal etc based on colour, size and reactivity towards HCl. 2. Fluorescence test is done to mark the presence of hydrocarbon in the core sample. Colour change indicates presence of hydrocarbon or minerals.

18

FIELD VISIT:
Well name: LOC NLD. LOC NLC. Location: Borbali gaon, Kheremia. Present Operations: Open Hole Wireline Logging.

WIRELINE LOGGING:
Downhole logs represent continuous measurements of the drilled formations as a function of depth. The advantage of downhole logging is the ability to record, concurrently, petro physical as well as structural information of several properties. Operating on an intermediate scale between core measurements and borehole geophysics, downhole logs are characterized by fast data acquisition over large depth ranges under in situ conditions.

fig: wireline log.

19

Steps during logging operation

1. Open hole logging job on reaching target depth (final/intermediate) 2. Record logs. 3. Quick look interpretation of logs. 4. Assess the potential and identify zones for testing. 5. Select SWC depths and the their study. Wireline Logging - Open Hole (OH) Logs y Resistivity logs y Porosity & Density Logs y Side-wall coring y Sonic Logs - Cased Hole(CH) Logs  CBL-VDL-GR-CCL  Perforation/ BP  PLT/ CAST-V/ PET

WORKOVER SECTION:
Workover Operation:To perform one or more of a
variety of remedial operations on a producing oil well to try to increase production. Examples of workover operations are deepening, plugging back, pulling and resetting liners, squeeze cementing, and so on is called workover.

Purpose of workover:
y To maintain the wells in optimum producing conditions. y Solving specific well and reservoir problems.

Types of workover jo s:
1. OIL WINNING

Live condition Perforations Plug-back and complete in higher-up Sand Isolate the higher up sand and complete in lower sand Re-completion in the same sand viz. fish recovery, providing of artificial lift assistance etc. Isolation repair. Water shut-off. Acid jobs.

21

2.NON-OIL WINNING

Conversion/recompletion to water disposal well / water injection well Recording PLT, RST etc. Completion/recompletion of gas wells Acid jobs . Well killing / well - head repair etc.

3.UNSCHEDULED JOBS

OIL WINNING JOBS

Live Condition perforation: To perforate the well, while on production or any sand is open/ in-communication with the well bore.

Plug back and complete in higher up sand: To plug back the existing sand by setting a Bridge Plug and perforate sand at the higher position.

Isolating the existing sand: To complete the well in lower sand after isolating the existing higher up sand with the help of packers. Re-completion in the same sand: To complete the well in same sand after recovering fish (if any)/ sand cleaning/ providing artificial lift assistance in view of low FTHP / redesigned gas lift valve etc. Isolation repair: To repair the zone by squeezing cement slurry behind production casing to plug the channels, vugs formed due to bad cementing or the deteriorated
22

cementing either during the casing cementation or during the course of production to isolate the water zones.
Water shut-off:To inject chemical to the producing perforation to prevent the water to get produce and thereby allowing the oil to flow freely to the well bore.

NON-OIL WINNING JOBS

Water disposal well: To convert a well into WDW, for the disposal of the produced formation water.

Water injection well: To convert a well into WI, to inject water back into the formation to maintain the reservoir pressure in a depleted reservoir.

Recording PLT, RMT etc: These are some specialised surveys, carried out to know about the fluid contribution from different zones, detecting the leaky BP (PLT) or to know about the hydrocarbon saturation in the formation (RMT). Completion of gas wells / acid jobs: To complete a well as a gas producing well. Carrying out acid job to improve production behaviour or to improve the injectivity of the sand. Bottom Tagging: To check the clearance inside the well bore. To check the clearance of perforations.

UNSCHEDULED JOBS
Well killing: To kill the well in view of safety and environment considerations.

23

Well - head repair: Repairing of non-working/ damaged well head due to operational problems or miscreants activities.

WELL SELECTION:
DATA REQUIRED:
PRODUCTION DATA
- Production history of the well. - Present Production rate with details viz. bean size, GOR, THP, etc. (If producing). - Last production rate with details (if Shut-in) - Neighboring wells production behaviour - Cumulative production from the well

COMPLETION DATA
- Perforation ranges perforation plots - Casing size, weight, & grade - Tubing size, grade - Packer details, BP, GLVs etc.

DRILLING DATA
- Type & period of mud exposed, salinity w.r.t formation fluid - Cement setting period - Deviation details, if any - Drilling Events
24

GEOLOGICAL DATA
- Structural position of the well (updip/ downdip) - Maps viz: structure contour maps, isopays, and porosity maps - Log Characteristics - Side wall core data, Drill cutting evidences, Gas reading data during drilling - Pay thickness - Correlation with the Neighboring wells

RESERVOIRENGINEERING DATA
- Oil-in-place (OIP), - Recovery Factor (RF), - Gross ultimate Recovery (GUR) - Reservoir pressure (SBHP) - Permeability, saturation etc. - Reservoir drives mechanism. - Presence of associated gas, if any.

MAPS/ PLOTS REQUIRED

1 - STRUCTURAL MAP 2 - OIL/ GAS ISOPAY MAP 3 - PERFORATION PLOT 4 - WELL PERFORMANCE PLOT 5 - POOL PERFORMANCE PLOT

25

DEVELOPMENTAL GEOLOGY SECTION.

Logging, electro logging or well logging means continuous recording of a physical parameter of the formation with depth. The primary objectives of the wire line logging are The identification of reservoir The estimation of hydrocarbon in place. The estimation of recoverable hydrocarbon. Well logs are results of several geophysical measurements recorded in a well bore. They consist of key information about formation drilled ie., 1. To identify the productive zones of hydrocarbon. 2. To define the petrophysical parameters like porosity, permeability, hydrocarbon saturation and lithology of zones. 3. To determine depth, thickness, formation temperature and pressure of a reservoir. 4. To distinguish between oil, gas and water zones in a reservoir. 5. To measure hydrocarbon mobility.

26

PROCEDURE OPERATIONS

FOR

LOGGING

Type of Logging operations to be carried out at various rigs is decided based on requirement of the well. These jobs are carried out by truck mounted logging units these unitsare placed in front of catwalk of the rig. The logging tools are lowered in to the well with the help of logging cable. For lowering the tools with logging cable two sheaves are used. The bottom sheave is tied with derrick floor and placed near the well mouth and the top sheave is hung to the traveling block so that the tools are lowered into the well. The tools are assembled and connected to logging cable through a rope socket on the catwalk and tested/calibrated prior to lowering into the well. The tool is lowered to the desired depth and data is acquired while the tool is pulled up. After completing the survey the Tool is pulled out and rig down process is initiated.

The logging procedure following steps:

covers

the

1. Parking of logging unit infront of cat walk. 2. Rig up (Fixing of top & bottom sheaves). 3. Stacking the tools and testing before lowering the tools. 4. Lowering the tool in to the well at the desired depth. 5. Logging Process. 6. Pulling out the tool in to the surface 7. Rig Down. Logs are recorded to measure different physical parameters of a well to ascertainthe capacityof the well to flow hydrocarbon as mentioned above. It is also called as electronic eye of a well. There are many physical parameters that can be recorded in Logs depending upon the need. However there are
27

a very few basic parameters which are essential to be recorded in every well. They are broadly classified as : 1) Resistivity Logs 2) Porosity/Radioactive Logs. 3) Sonic/Accoustic Logs 4) Sampling and coring 5) Cement evaluation Log 6) Production Logs.

fig: DLL

FORMATION EVALUATION
The ultimate objective of well logging in the petroleum industry is to economically establish the existence of producible hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil and gas). A reservoir may be defined as a rock which has both porosity and permeability. The factors which determine porosity and/or permeability are the: Depositional environment Subsequent diagenesis. Hence, identifying or understanding of such phenomena is important prior to any well evaluation.
28

OBJECTIVES EVALUATION:

OF

RESERVOIR

The following are the essential objectives of reservoir evaluation by using well log. The location of a reservoir vertically within drilled section & if possible, spatially. Determination of fluid type- gas, oil, water, bitumen etc. Calculations of reserves, both movable & inplace. This involves: Computation of porosity (total, primary, secondary, effective). Computation of water saturation. Calculation of pay thickness. Selection of cutoffs. Determination of reservoir geometry.

Determination of the productivity of the well. This involves:

Determination of mobility. Calculation of permeability. Determination of formation pressure. Determination of the lithology, facies and depositional environment to get an idea of reservoir geometry as well as petrophysical properties of the reservoir. Exact nature (number & type) of the principal minerals and, if possible, of the accessory ones, since any error in mineral type
29

can lead to significant errors in calculation of porosity, of saturation, and of reserves. Percentage of the principal minerals. Percentage of clay, clay type & distribution. Estimation of texture, grain size distribution, sorting, and grain shape.

LITHOLOGY IDENTIFICATION:
Porosity determination using different logging devices relies on the knowledge of the rock type. In the case of the density tool, the density of the rock matrix must be known. The matrix travel time must be known to determine porosity from sonic log. In order to get porosity from neutron log the matrix setting for the neutron tool must correspond to the rock type. Determining these parameters is not much of a problem if one has good geological knowledge of the formation or if the lithologies encountered are simple, such as, clean sandstone formation. If opposite is the case o if one is not sure about lithology, the best way will be to adopt graphical methods.

CONCLUSION:

Thus Logs are an explorationists eye. Log measurements, can give the majority of the parameters required by all. Specifically, logs can provide either a direct measurement or a good indication of porosity, both primary and secondary (fractures and vugs), permeability, water saturation and hydrocarbon movability, hydrocarbon type (oil, gas, or condensate), lithology, formation (bed) dip and strike, sedimentary environment, travel times of elastic waves in a formation From this data, it is possible to obtain good estimates of the reservoir size and the petroleum hydrocarbons in place. Logging techniques in cased holes can provide much of the data needed to monitor primary production and also to gauge the applicability of waterflooding and to monitor its progress when activated. In producing wells, logging can provide measurements of flow rates, fluid type, pressure, residual oil saturation. From these measurements, dynamic well behavior can be better understood, remedial work can be planned, and secondary or tertiary recovery proposals can be evaluated and monitored. In summary, when logging is properly applied, it can help to answer a great many questions from a wide spectrum of special interest groups on topics ranging from basic geology to economics. Of equal importance, however, is the fact that logging by itself cannot provide answers to all formation evaluation questions. Coring, core analysis, and formation testing are integral parts of any formation evaluation effort. This is an instrument which gives maximum information at a very minimal cost. This also acts as a drillers tool during complication- a third hand for a completion engineer. Thus no hydrocarbon can be produced without the intervention of Logs.

31