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21st Century Literature

Introduction to
Philippine Literature
Lesson 1: Exploring Philippine Literary Forms,
Genres, Elements and Traditions

 183 living languages

 17 regions
 82 provinces

What’s New
 Traditionally, literature was strictly viewed as any form of written works especially
during the 18th century.

 Literature
 "littera" - means "a letter of the alphabet"
 defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of
poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as
language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter.
 can either be in oral or written form.

 Literary text
 products of written literature
 considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and
chronology.
 literature uses literary devices such as metaphor and symbolism

characteristics of literary text

 it narrates a story
 it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the
imagination or real life experiences of the author or other people
 it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures
and languages.

 Literary Structure
 organizational method used in literature
 narrative - most common type
 the general features or characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend,
literature as an art form, and finally, art as a whole
 arrangement of various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to
effectively convey the intended meaning for the audience [Murphy (n.d.)]

Parts of the narrative structure

 exposition  Falling Action
 rising action  resolution
 climax (denouement).

Two Major Forms of Literature

 Poetry
1. Narrative
 Epic
 Ballad
 Metrical Tales
 2. Dramatic
 Dramatic Monologues
 Soliloquy
3. Lyric
 Haiku
 Ode
 Elegy
 Sonnet
 Song
 Prose
1. Fiction
 Short Story
 Novel
 Play
 Legend
 Fable
2. Non – Fiction
 Biography / Autobiography
 Narrative Essay
 Memoir
 Diaries / journal

 Genre
 refers to the forms of literature
 general ones are oral and written
 main types are prose and poetry

 Literary elements
 to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text

 Traditions
 specific traits of literary works that define a generation or period in history
 A literary tradition
 “is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and
coherence that makes them more than simply a group of works sharing
geography or group”

Overview of Philippine Literature

 oppression, religion, freedom, or anything that reflects the experiences of Filipino
people
 Post-colonial - is the period after the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the
present
➢ Martial Law during the Marcos regime

 Pre-Colonial:
 chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives
 mostly of oral traditions
 noted for being music lover as more than ten types of songs in various Philippine
languages were discovered
 valued words of wisdom for teaching values as evidenced by numerous proverbs
or salawikain
 Story telling - was used to explain phenomenon and to teach lessons as well
 bugtong / riddles - favorite past time
  Spanish Period:
 morality and religion
 Corrido, Pasyon, and Cenaculo
 production of printed materials started
 develop sense of nationalism
 oppression, corruption, and other social ills

 American Period:
 developments in education and culture
 free public education
 During the apprenticeship period, the Filipino writers imitated English and
American models
 short stories - most prevalent literary form
 Jose Garcia Villa - “Poet of the Century"

 Japanese Period [1941-1945]:

 forbidden to write anything against the government
 banning the English language
 short stories written in the vernaculars

Lesson 2: Historical Overview of Philippine

Literature: Pre-colonial Period

 The beginning period - considered as the longest as evidenced by the artifacts of

different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in
the Tabon Cave of Palawan
 folk speech, folk songs, and folk narratives: riddles, proverbs, myths, legends,
fables, and hero tales
 Epics - are of great proportions among oral literature in all regions
 Spiritual traditions and regular trading with our Asian neighbors
 Indigenous animism - was predominant at the time
 Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism were also embraced
 Philippines is predominantly Islamic since it was introduced in the 14th century
 Early Filipinos already had their own government system
 Daily experiences and religious rites and ceremonies mostly reflect the type of
literature produced at that time

 1521 - certain events in the Philippines during pre-colonial period started to be

recorded
 Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay.

the following were commonly practiced:

 Early Filipinos heavily believed on spirits and supernatural entities (animism).
 Social ranking and classes were practiced.
 Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance

Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature

 mostly based on oral traditions
 language used pertains to daily life
 Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought
or emotion
 Epic - was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature
 more than one-hundred epics discovered where majority came from Palawan
 Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from
Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects
  Baybayin - The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing which was often cited in the work
of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s,
- National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022.

Types of Pre-colonial Literature

 Folk Tales - These are stories which can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and
placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people.
 Legends - a form of prose which deal with the origin of a thing, location or name.
 Myths - the characters here usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is
to provide explanation about the existence of something or someone.
 Epics - a type of a long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic achievements and
deeds of the main character.
 Folk Songs - These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature.
• Examples: kundiman, kumintang, oyayi / hele, drinking songs

 Other forms:
 proverbs (salawikain)
 riddles (bugtong)
 chant (bulong)
 maxims - rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables
 sayings (kasabihan)
 idiom (sawikain)
 Tanaga - favorite poem consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each.

What’s More
 Proverbs - are brief expressions that serve as a norm which are commonly uttered by
elders based on their everyday experiences to encourage positive behaviors among young
people.
 Damiana L. Eugenio - "Mother of Philippine Folklore"

Lesson 3: Philippine Literature during Colonial Period

 1521 - discovery of the Philippines during Ferdinand Magellan's exploration marks the
beginning of the colonial period.
 The Spaniards successfully colonized the Philippines for more than 300 years
 American period of colonialism officially took place after Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered.
 The setting of public schools during the American period became a necessary tool for
popularizing democracy in our country
 The last colonizers to enter the Philippines were the Japanese who failed to gain the
trust of Filipinos and only lasted for less than 5 years.
 Eastern (Asia and Middle East)
 Western (Europe and North America)
 Eastern culture - conservative and traditions
 Western culture - liberal, open, and blunt
 Europeans and North Americans are quite expressive and have high regards for one's
own decision-making
 Christian doctrine - was manifested through various types of texts which replaced
stories about heroes and animated creatures to Biblical characters and saints as
evidenced by novenas, prayer books, and other printed materials
 literature during the Early Spanish Period didactic or intended for teaching morality
and conduct for good behavior
 American colonizers used democratic approach as manifested by allowing a Filipino to
lead the country through elections where Manuel Quezon won over Aguinaldo.
 Tagalog language was favored by the Japanese which made Tagalog stories and dramas
flourish at the time
 Love for music was evident through exposure to opera and classical music
 Life struggles, nationalism, and patriotism were the common themes and subjects but
were secretly published
 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1898)
 Early Spanish Period (1565-1863)
 Later Part or Revolutionary Period (1864-1896)
 Early Spanish Period - categorized as either religious or secular
 Spanish, Tagalog, vernacular - type of literature produced during this period
 Xylographic press - introduction of the printing equipment by the Dominicans resulted
in publication of various religious materials and earliest books
 Ladinos - Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers (natives who were also
fluent in Spanish)
 Fernándo Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin - tackled mostly morality and religion
 Folk songs still existed
 Drama and Metrical tales based on European origin (such as awit and corrido) flourished
 Diaryong Tagalog (1882) - a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published bulk of Filipino
writings.
 La Solidaridad (in 1889) - an underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the
Reform Movement

[ Books ]
 "Doctrina Cristiana" (The Christian Doctrine) - In 1593, book written by Fr. Juan de
Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva was first printed.
 "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" by Fr. Blancas de San Jose
 "Barláan at Jósaphát" (first published in 1708) - translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr.
Antonio de Borja
 "Urbana at Felisa" by Modesto de Castro
 Modesto de Castro - Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog
 Folk Songs - these were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this
period.
 Recreational Plays - these were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed
during the Spanish era. Examples: Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan,
Duplo, and Karagatan
 Novels - these are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature..
 "Ninay" by Pedro Paterno - first novel published by a Filipino author (was originally
written in Spanish language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908)
 Newspapers - there has been a debate on whether newspapers should be categorized as
literature or not (can be considered as literature for as long as they achieve a certain
level of satisfaction under aesthetic, chronological, and psychological
characterization)
 Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) - "Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry".
 Florante at Laura (1838–1861) is regarded as the most famous metrical romance of the
country.
 Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) - was the first Filipino who wrote poetry collection in Spanish
entitled Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880)
 Jose Rizal (1861–1896) - a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, is famous
for the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo =these novels portray the
corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
 Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) - the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig
sa Tinubuang Lupa” which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called
Kalayaan in March 1896.
 Leona Florentino (1849–1884) - “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature,” was a poet in
both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe
and were included in the Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.
 Leona Florentino (1849–1884) - “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature,” was a poet in
both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe
and were included in the Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.

 AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1941)

 period of apprenticeship (1910-1930)
 period of emergence (1920-1941)
 In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of
the Commonwealth
 Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of
American colonial period
 Common theme in plays was all about nationalism
 Short Stories - these are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving
around one subject and may range between 1,000 up to 20,000 words. The first short
story written in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez Benitez
  Juan C. Laya - won first prize for his novel "His Native Soil" in the First Commonwealth
Literary Awards in 1940.
 Zoilo M. Galang - is work entitled "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is considered as the first
Filipino novel in English

 JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1941-1945)

 December 8, 1941 - Japan invaded the Philippines on which was strongly opposed by the
Guerillas
 Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have "Death March" to a
prison camp where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San
Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here
 The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-
President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence
in the United States as the Commonwealth government was suddenly in exile
 HUKBALAHAP – Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (unified guerilla army against Japanese
invasion)
 KALIBAPI – Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (political party approved by
the Japanese)
 Jose P. Laurel - was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-
sponsored Republic
 In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which he did in 1944. The US victory in
the battle of Leyte gulf signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the
Japanese.
 All forms of writings were censored
 Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L.
Quezon could write freely
 Only Tagalog and the vernaculars were permitted
 Victoria Abelardo - according to the author, few literary works were printed and
mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter
 Haiku - consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all
 Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the
Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943
 “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes,
 “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo,
 “Nayon at Dagatdagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez
 “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda.
 Opera and classical music gained popularity
 Essay - "Literature and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez
 Autobiography - "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon
 Carlos P. Romulo - won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the Fall of
the Philippines", "I See the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother
Americans".
 Narciso Reyes - won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan".

Lesson 4: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature:

Post-colonial Period
 post-colonialism- lasting impact of imperialism and colonialism had been the utmost
concern at this period.
- aftermath of war and a series of foreign invasions in our country
 American colonial- influences and control are still somehow affecting us in terms of
social, political and economic aspects of our country.
 Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards- in 1950 literary works of Filipino authors started to be
recognized.
 National Artist Awards - realization of the need to grant in 1972 under the former
President Ferdinand Marcos.
 Palanca and Order of National Artists were written in English; writers were considered
as social realists.
 Short stories - became the most popular form of literary expression and more novels
were published which mostly dealt with freedom from both economic and political
bondage.
 Social issues such as poverty, survival, gender inequalities, justice system and domestic
conditions have been prevalent themes and subjects in literature.
 Martial Law- significant period that greatly influences many Filipinos during the Marcos
regime.
 Sergio S. Osmefia, Sr.- assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while
the Philippine Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S.
  Manuel A. Roxas- defeated Sergio S. Osmefia, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the
Independent Second Republic of the Philippines.
 Elpidio R. Quirino - assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart
attack in 1948.
 Ramon F. Magsaysay- was elected as the new president in 1953, but died in an airplane
crash on March 16, 1957.
 Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until
1961.
 Diosdado P. Macapagal- became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date
of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896
(Liberation from Spanish by the revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose
P. Laurel
 Ferdinand E. Marcos- took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-elected in 1969 making
him the first to win two presidential terms.
 declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 = "The New Society"
 The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of calling for
Marcos' removal.
 EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of Maria
Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters erupted which marked a significant national
event.
 Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino- the widow of Benigno
Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. as the 11th President of the Philippines and ended the 21 years
of what many claimed as the tyrant rule.
 Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial President") took office in 1992 where he
immediately worked on the country's recoveo,'. He was awarded the Peace Award by
UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace Agreement with MILF.
 Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Film actor ) won presidency with his pro-poor campaign in1998
but was ousted in 2001 because of corruption and gambling Issues.
 Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and served until
2010.
 Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino Ill (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino) seated as the
next president in 2010.
 President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte - a lawyer and politician
 Ferdinand E. Marcos, Jr. - our current President
 Macario Pineda - The first notable work that appeared right after the second world war
under Japanese occupation in the Philippines is a novel written entitled Ginto sa
Makiling.
 Ginto sa Makiling - considered as a narrative of the Philippines' social, political, and moral
aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for its resemblance to the work of Rizal
and more on the work of Balagtas in terms of plot and style.
 Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributory to the flourishing of Filipino
literature:
1) establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily
used as the medium of instruction,
2) the founding of the Philippine Writers' Association in 1953, and
3) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name a few.
 Influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed in the work of Nick
Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly appreciated by critics.

Lesson 5: Representative text

 Imagery – poetic element/mental image that tries to create a picture in the mind of the
reader
- Language used to create images to improve the reader’s experience
 Figurative language – language that intended to create an image, association, or other
effect in the mind of the listener or reader that goes beyond the literal meaning

 Philippine Poetry
 Gabu – depicts a coastline in Ilocos that is constantly experiencing the battring
restlessness of the sea.
 Doctrina Christiana (1593) – early book of roman Catholic catechism by Fray Juan de
Plasencia
  Ilocos region
 Francisco Lopez – Augustinian friar who published his own iloko translation of Doctrina
Christiana (first book to be printed In iloko - 1621)
 Leona Florentino – National Poetess of the Philippines
- Mother of Philippine women’s literature
- Bridge from oral to literary tradition
- Nalpay a namnama o Naunsyaming Pag-asa (blasted hope)
 Pedro Bucaneg – blind filipino poet
- Father of Ilocano literature
- Biag-ni-Lam-Ang
 Region 2
 Ines Taccad Cammayo –1st prize for “People of Consequence” (1970)
- 2nd prize for “Tears, Melancholy” Focus literary (1979)
- 2nd prize for “On friends You Pin Such Hopes” Palanca (1973)
 Fernando Marameg – poet and journalist in english
- Human nature
- “The Rural Maid” (poem)
 Region 3
 Anicio Pascual – “Juan Manalaksan”
- Arayat, Pampanga. Heard the story from an old pampangan woman
 Macaria Garcia – narrated stories
- “Suan, the Good Guesser”, “Suan’s Good Luck”
 Region 4
 Manuel Reyes – narrated “Suan Eket” (rizal)
 Jose Rizal – wrote “Legend of Maria Makiling”
 Region 5
 Mariano Perfecto – “Father of Bikol Literature”
- “Ang Parabareta (The Newsman) = first bikol newspaper
 Merito B. Espinas – “Ibalon” three stories of Bicol heroes
 Region 6 – Western Visayas Literature
 Panayanon Literature – “Tungkung Langit and Alunsina”
 Paktakon – riddle
 Hurubaton – proverb
 Region 7
 Vicente Sotto – father of Cebuano literature
- “Maming” fist written Cebuano literature
 Region 8
 Clodualdo del Mundo – poem “Ang Kanyang Mga Mata”
 NCR – Short stories & Poems
 “Magnificence” – Estrella Alfon
 “Footnote to Youth” – Jose Garcia Villa
 “Happy Never After” – Nick Joaquin
 “The Martyr” – Nick Joaquin

Lesson 6: Conventional & 21st Century Genres

 21st Century Literature – new literary work created within the last decade
- Written by contemporary authors that deal with current themes/issues
- Breaks traditional writing rules
 21st Century reader – grew up using technology as a primary learning tool
- Capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and media messages
- Possesses literacy skills

4 conventional literary genres

 Poetry – imaginative awareness of experience expressed through eaning, sound and
rhythmic language
- Employ meter and rhyme
  Drama – composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime
- Any situation or series of events
 Fiction – from an imagination, not presented as fact
- Novel, short story, novella
 Non-Fiction – based on facts and author’s opinion
- To inform, persuade
- Biographies, articles, textbooks, magazines, newspapers

21st century literary genres

 Illustrated novel – story through text and illustrated images
- 50% is presented without words
- Textual portions are in traditional form
- Some ay contain no text at all
- All genres
- The Invention of Hugo Cabret (Brian Selznick), The Arrival (Shaun Tan)
 Digi-Fiction – triple media literature
- Combines book, movie/video, internet website
- Navigation, reading, viewing
- Skeleton Creek (Patrick Carman), Level 26 (Anthony Zuiker)
 Graphic Novel – narrative in comic book formats
- Conveyed using comic form
- Archie Comics (John Goldwater). Illustrator (Bob Montana)
 Manga – Japanese word for comics
- Published in Japan
- Artistic storytelling style
➢ Ameri-manga – created by American artists
Types & Examples
➢ Shonen – Boy’s manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
➢ Shojo – Girl’s manga (sailormoon)
➢ Seinen – Men’s manga (Akira)
➢ Josei – Women’s manga (loveless, paradise kiss)
➢ Kodomo – Children’s manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)
 Doodle Fiction – literary presentation incorporating doodle writings and drawings
- Incorporates doodle writing and drawings and handwritten graphics
- Humorous effects
- The Diary of a wimpy Kid (Jeff Kinney), Timmy Failure (Stephen Pastis)
 Text-Talk Novel – blogs, email and IM format narratives
- Dialogue simulating social network exchanges
 Chick Lit – chick literature
- Issues of modern womanhood
- Female protagonist whose femininity is heavily thermalizing
- The Night Before Christmas (Scarlet Bailey), It Started with A Kiss (Miranda
Dickson)
 Flash Fiction – a very short story
- Fictional literature of extreme brevity
- Range from word to a thousand
- Aesop’s Fables, Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles
 Six Word Flash Fiction – fast and fun bite-sized narratives
- Entire narrative in just a moment’s time
- Ernest Hemingway: For Sale; baby socks, never worn
- Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit
- “Your biggest regret?” “Those happiest moments”
- “You’re my certain kind of sadness”
 Creative Non Fiction – literary nonfiction/narrative nonfiction
- Uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives
- Contrasts with other nonfiction
- Is not primarily written in service to its craft
- Memoir, personal essays, feature-length articles in magazines, narratives
in literary journals
 Science Fiction – actual or imagined science upon society or individuals
- Speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts
- Futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel
 - “Literature of Ideas”
- Mockingjay (Suzanne Collin), Kingdom of Ash (Sarah Maas)
 Blog – regularly updated website or web page
- Website containing short articles called posts
- Informal, conversational style
 Hyper Poetry – digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up
- Involved set words, phrases, lines that are presented in variable order
- Parts of the pom that move and mutate
- CD-ROM, diskette version

Characteristics of Conventional literary genres

 Based in oral tradition
 Anytime and any place
 Common ending
 Common narrative motifs and themes
 Use of figurative language

Characteristics of 21st century literary genres

 Modern
 Open to experimentation
 Artistic and social traditions
 Individual perspective
 Own meaning of the world
 Complex and complicated
 Rise of technology and mass communication

Lesson 7: context and Text’s meaning

 Context – words used with a certain word or phrase help to explains its meaning
- Situation or group of conditions in which something happens

 Context in Literature – setting which a work of writing is situated

- Background information you provide to inform why something is taking
place
- Backstory of a character, to inform their behavior and personality
- Provides meaning and clarity to the intended message

4 types of contexts
 Historical
 Physical – physical environment influences how certain characters act
 Cultural – belief, religion, marriage, food, clothing
 Situational – why something is happening based on event itself

Why is context important?

 Bridge the gap between authors and their audiences
 Strengthen comprehension
 Prevent miscommunication

Tips for providing context

 Get creative
 Remember your audience
 Be mindful of overloading

Lesson 8: literary approaches

 Literary criticism – examine literature

 - Study, discussion evaluation, interpretation of literature
 Critic/critique – Greek verb kritikos means to judge or decide
Guide questions
 What are the limits/benefits of each form of criticism?
 Is there a right or wrong form?
 Are some forms more correct than others?
 Can a mode of criticism alter the entire meaning of a text?
Functions
 Expands your worldview
 Helps you better understand literature
 Provides opportunities to assess authors’ works
 Creates opportunities for new styles of writing

Literary Approaches
 Formalist/New Criticism – separate and individual entity
- Close textual analysis
Guide Q’s
➢ Who is the main character?
➢ Who are the secondary characters and how are they linked to mc
➢ Does the mc change?
➢ What is the conflict? Development and resolution
 Biographical – author’s influence
- Author’s background - difficulties in creating text – the way the author
applies and modifies own life experiences in one’s work
Guide Q’s
➢ What are the intentions of the author?
➢ What life experiences are noteworthy in the author’s life?
➢ Was the author’s life happy? Sad? Social? Solitary?
➢ Why do the characters act the way they do/ what are their motives?

 Moral/Ethical/Humanistic – man and his nature

- Morality of literature
- Questions of ethical goodness or badness
Guide Q’s
➢ What ideas does the work contain?
➢ How strongly does the work bring forth its ideas?
➢ What application do the ideas have to the work’s characters and situations?
➢ How many ideas be evaluated intellectually? mOrally?

 Historical / Cultural – reflection and product of the times and circumstances which it
was written, or the nation or race’s culture and tradition
Guide Q’s
➢ How does the portrayal criticize the event and the political figures around it?
➢ How does the text change meaning when read by a different generation that
experiences different kinds of war?
➢ What language, characters, event or setting reflect the current events, political
and cultural of the author’s time period?

 Reader’s response – not interested in a correct interpretation

- Reader’s individual experience with a text
- Reader + reading situation and text = meaning
Guide Q’s
➢ How does the interaction between the text and reader create meaning?
➢ How do the images and language in the work influence or affect the reader?
➢ What shapes our knowledge of reading, what is our purpose of reading and how
does that influence how w read a particular story poem or novel?
Lesson 9: Creative Representation of Literary Text
1 - Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text

 Adaptation - Something that is adapted especially a movie, book, play etc., that is changed so
that it can be presented in another form

Multimedia
 Marshall (2001) defined multimedia as - computer-controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other
media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and
processed digitally
 use of variety of artistic communicative media or combining multiple media formats

What is ICT?
 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
 All the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent
building management systems, AV processing and transmission, etc.

ICT Skills
 About understanding and applying a range of computer programs, software and other
applications.
 Include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, power points and search engines

Importance of using Multimedia

 Can provide opportunities for learners like you to construct and reconstruct your ideas
in audio and visual formats.
 Can apply a wide range of strategies to understand, interpret and evaluate texts.
multimedia formats you can use to creatively interpret
various genres of literary texts
Blog Text
Mind Mapping Images
Mobile audio
Slideshow Presentation Animation
Tag cloud
Video

Blog
 or “weblog” is a website containing informational articles about a person’s own
opinions, interests and experiences
 These are usually changed regularly
Mind Mapping
 graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information
 You can use Microsoft Word or online mind mapping tools in creating a mind map
Mobile Phone Text Tula
 traditional Filipino poem { ex: Tanaga }
 Textula – blend of English word “Text” and Filipino word “Tula” meaning text poem.
Consists of one or two stanzas
Slideshow Presentation
 created with the use of Microsoft PowerPoint
 series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often
displayed on a large screen using a video projector
Tag cloud
 visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites,
articles, speeches and databases
Video
 an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual
media
Module 5: Elements of a Short Story
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
 Character– A character in a short story is a person, in some stories an
animal, who takes part in the action of the story or other literary work.
- It is said that the heart of the story are the character
- The two most important characters in a short story are the
protagonist and the antagonist.
➢ The protagonist is considered as the main character or most
important of all the characters
- It is the character who learns something or undergoes some
changes throughout the course of the story.
- Some stories depict the protagonist as the hero of the story,
while in other stories the protagonist is not considered a hero
as he has done nothing heroic
➢ The antagonist is the character that challenges the main character

- The antagonist may be a person, the nature, the society, or

any intangible matter that contends with or creates a
problem for the protagonist.
 Setting– The place (locale) and time (period) when the story happens is
called the setting. The setting may be based on real place and real time or it
may also be based on the author’s imagination. When analyzing the setting
of the story, consider where the action is taking place
 Plot– A plot is the actual story. It is what the story is all about

- It is also the series of events and characters’ actions that

lead to the highest point of interest in a short story
different parts of a story’s structure:
➢ Exposition –This is the beginning of the story. This is where the
author introduces the characters, identifies where the story is happening,
and establishes the main conflict.
➢ Rising Action–This event occurs as you begin to move throughout the
story. This is where conflicts start to build.
➢ Climax– It is the most exciting part of a short story. This is the part
in the story when important decisions are made or important things are
discovered.
➢ Falling Action– This point occurs after the climax as the problems in
the story start to work themselves out. The excitement becomes less and less as
the conflict is resolved.

➢ Resolution– This is the solution to the problem in a story. The solution

may not be what you hoped for but as long as it fits the story in tone and
theme, the conflict has been resolved.
 Conflict– Every story needs to have a problem and this problem is called
conflict. The main character, also called the protagonist, needs to have
someone or something to challenge him
- Without conflict, the story will not go anywhere and will not
be very interesting to the readers.

These four types of conflict are:

• man versus man;
• man versus nature;
• man versus himself; and
• man versus society.

 Theme- This is the central idea in a short story and a general truth.
This is
considered as the author’s message to the readers.
 Point of View – This is the way the story is told or narrated. It is also known
as the vantage point that a writer uses to narrate the story. The following
are the types of point of view in a short story:

➢ First Person – the narrator participates in and tells the story using
the
pronoun ‘I’.
➢ Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and narrates
using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. Also, the narrator is unable to see into the
minds of the characters.
➢ Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and tells
the story using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. In this point of view, the narrator
can tell the thoughts of the characters as he can see into their minds.
15