Ectoparasite Morphology
• 4 pair legs, 2 pair mouth parts,
no antennae, oval, separate
sex
• Ixodidae (hard ticks),
Argasidae (Soft ticks)
Ticks (Arachnida) kirna • No distinct head, thorax &
in Nepali abdomen
• Anterior Capitulum-dorsal side
(Hard ticks) & Ventral side
(Soft ticks)
• Scutum present in hard ticks,
lack in soft ticks
Mites (Arachnida) • Extremely small, still visible
Sulsule in Nepali with eyes, oval shape
• 3 pair powerful hairy leg, claw
like feet, rear feet are long for
jumping
Fleas (Insecta) Upiya in • mouth for piercing and sucking
Nepali • comb like structure above
mouth (genal ctenidia) and
pronotal ctenidia behind the
head
• Two pair wings (one pair small
Flies (Crustacea) Jinga in
than other), 1 pair eye, 1 pair
Nepali
antenna, 3 pair legs
• Wingless, 3 pair leg, claw like
feet extending from thorax, 1
pair antenna, Mouth parts for
Lice (Insecta) Jumra in piercing and sucking blood.
Nepali • Head louse and body louse are
hairless.
• Crab lice has hair on
extremities
• Head, thorax, abdomen (10
Mosquitos (Insecta)
segments), 3 pair legs, 2 pair
Lamkhutte/Maxxad in
wings (one pair small), 1pair
Nepali
antenna
Life cycle and transmission
• Egg, larva, nymph, adult of separate
sexes. Range 1-2 yrs.
• Burrow skin, hair follicle, sebaceous
gland.
• Egg, larva, nymph, adult (2 weeks
from egg to adult)
• Transfer from one person to
another.
• Egg deposited on ground-Larva (2-
10 days incubation period),3 larva
stage-3rd stage mature larva spin
into cocoon, remain in this pupal
stage for 1 year-adult
• Egg-Larva (multiple stage)-cocoon
stage(pupa)-adult
• Eggs (nits)- Nymph (3 stage) - Adult
(takes 24-27 days) Lives for 30 days
• Egg-Larva (4 larval form)-pupa-Adult
Clinical Treatment Prevention
• Hard ticks: bacterial, viral and
rickettsia disease
• primary vector for Borrelia • Few drops of
• Tick repellant, avoid tick
burgdorferi (Lyme disease), ether/chloroform on
infesting area, protective
and Babesia sp. head and pulling
clothing
• inflammation, edema, local straight out
hyperemia, hemorrhage, tick
paralysis
• Cleaning clothes, dressing,
bedding by hot water and
• Scabies • Treatment: creams and drying in hot cloth dryer.
• Pimple like lesions, night time lotion (permethrin • If clothes cannot be
pruritis lotion) washed right away then
put it in plastic, so spread
can be prohibited.
• Vector for Dipylidium caninum,
Hymenolepsis nana,
Hymenolepsis dimunita, • Protecting cats and dogs,
Yersinia pestis (plaque) cleaning the object which
• Remove the fleas
• Some are asymptomatic, are touched by these
intense itching, dermatitis, animals.
ulcerations, nodular swelling at
bite
• Tsetse fly- Africa
(Trypanosoma)
• Sand fly-Asia, S. America,
Central America,
Mediterranean Mexico
• Topical ointment, Tx
(Leishmaniasis) • repellant, protective
for myiasis: complete
• Black fly- Africa, Mexico, clothing, hygiene
excision of lesion.
Central and S. America
(onchocerca vulvus)
• Deer fly-Tropical Africa (Loa
Loa)
• Enteritis and myiasis
• Crab lice transmitted via sexual
contact • benzene hexachloride
• Pediculosis -infestation of lice, lotion (destroys eggs • Personal hygiene
Itching, inflammation at bite and adult)
site
• Anopheles – Worldwide: P.
vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P.
falciparum • Repellant, insecticide,
• lotion and ointments
• Culex, Ades, Anopheles: destroy the stagnant
(calamine & Benadryl
Wucheria broncrafti water around
lotions)
• Anopheles, Mansonia, your house
Armigeres, Ades: Brugia malayi
• Irritating dermatitis