DKT111:

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES

Ts. Nazatul Syima Binti Saad

Unicity Campus UniMAP
H/P: 013-5954737
Email: nazatul@unimap.edu.my
DKT111: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES
Course Objective:

CO1:
Able to demonstrate theoretical concepts of electrical
current, voltage, resistance, capacitance and
inductance.

CO2:
Able to apply the concept of series and parallel
circuits, circuit theorems and Delta to Wye/Wye to
Delta conversions.

CO3:
Able to determine solution for RLC circuits calculation
related to electric circuits applications.
 DKT111: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES

Syllabus: List of Experiments:

CH 1: LAB 1:
Introduction to Electrical Introduction to Basic Laboratory
Measurements Equipment

CH 2: LAB 2:
Ohm’s Law, Energy and Power Ohm’s Law
CH 3: LAB 3:
Series and Parallel Circuits Series and Parallel Circuit

CH 4: LAB 4:
Circuit Theorems and Conversion Kirchhoff Law’s

CH 5: LAB 5:
Introduction to Capacitors and Node Voltage and Mesh Current
Inductors Method
DKT111: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES

Evaluation Contribution:

1) Examination : 50%
2) Course Work : 50% - Test (1 & 2) = 20%
- Laboratories (5) = 20%
- Assignment = 5%
- Quizzes = 5%

TOTAL : 100%
 DKT 111
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
PRINCIPLES

Chapter 1
Introduction to Electrical Measurements
+
Chapter 2
Ohm’s Law, Energy and Power
1
WHAT IS ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT???
An "electric circuit" is
an interconnection of electrical elements
Learn various analytical techniques for
describing the behavior of a circuit

Analysis of the circuit : Current, Voltage,

Charge, Power, Energy etc

2
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT???
Definition 1: An interconnection of electrical elements
linked together in a closed path so that an electric current
flow continuously.

Battery
Resistor

Wire

A Simple Circuit
WHAT IS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT???
Definition 2: A mathematical model that approximates the
behavior of an actual electrical system.

Definition 3: An interconnection between components or

electrical devices for the purpose of communicating or
transferring energy from one point to another. The
components of electric circuit are always referred to as
circuit elements.
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
 SI Unit
 Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
 Ohm’s Law
 Component coding

3
 SI UNIT
SI*: International System of Unit is used by all the
major engineering societies and most engineers
throughout the world.

Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation

Length l Meter m
Mass m Kilogram kg
Time t Second s
Electric current I, i Ampere A
Temperature T Kelvin K
*French: Système international d'unités, SI

4
Standardized prefixes to signify powers of 10

Power Prefix Symbol

1012 Tera T
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 Kilo k
100 - -
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a

5
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
 SI Unit
 Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
 Ohm’s Law
 Component coding

3
 ELECTRIC UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation
Force F newton N
Energy W joule J
Power P watt W
Voltage V,v,E,e volt V
Charge Q,q coulomb C
Resistance R ohm Ω
Capacitance C farad F
Inductance L henry H
Frequency f hertz Hz
Magnetic Flux Φ weber Wb
Magnetic Flux B tesla T
Density
7
 CHARGE, Q

 Charge is a property possessed by both electrons

and protons, measured in coulombs (C).
 The coulomb is a large unit for charges.
 In 1 C of charge, there are:
-19 18
1/(1.602 x 10 C) or 6.24 x 10 electrons

1e = -1.602 x 10-19 C

8
 Example 1
How many charge represented by 4600 electrons ?

1 e = -1.602 x 10-19 C

4600 e = (4600)(-1.602 x 10-19 C)

= -7.3692 x 10-16 C

9
 CURRENT, I

 The movement of charge is called electric

current
 The more electrons per second that pass
through a circuit, the greater the current.
 Measured in Ampere (A)
 Current = Charge/time

Q Charge (C)
I  Time (s)
t
10
 CURRENT, I
 If we assume current flows from the positive
terminal of a battery, we say it has
conventional current flow.
 In metals, current actually flows in the
negative direction.
 Conventional current flow is used in this
course.
 Alternating current changes direction
cyclically.
 CURRENT, I

 Direct current (DC) is a

current that remains
constant with time
Direct current (DC)

 Alternating current (AC) is a

current that varies t

sinusoidally with time

Alternating current (AC)

11
 Example 2
If 840 coulomb of charge pass through the imaginary
plane during a time interval of 2 minutes, what is the
current ?

Q
I
t
840 C
I  7A
(2 x60s )

12
 Exercise 1
Between t = 1 ms and t = 14 ms, 8µ of charge pass
through a wire. How much a current?

ANS: 0.615 mA
13
 VOLTAGE, V
 Voltage is the energy required to move a
joule of charge from one point to the other
 Measured in Volt (V)
 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

W Energy (J)
V Charge (C)
Q

14
 VOLTAGE, V
 The voltage vab is proportional to the
work required to move a positive charge
from terminal a to terminal b.
 The voltage vba is proportional to the
work required to move a positive charge
from terminal b to terminal a.
 VOLTAGE, V
 vab is read as “the voltage at terminal a
with respect to terminal b”; or, “the
voltage drop from terminal a to terminal
b”.
 Example 3
If it takes 35 J of energy to move a charge of 5 C
from one point to another, what is the voltage
between the two points ?

W
V
Q

35 J
V  7V
5C
15
 Exercise 2
The potential difference between two points is 140
mV. If 280 µJ of energy are required to move a
charge Q from one point to the other, find the value
of Q?

ANS: 2 mC
16
 RESISTANCE, R

 Resistance is the opposition to charge movement

 Resistance of material is depend on :

1) Type of material
2) Temperature
3) Cross-sectional area
4) Length of material

17
 RESISTANCE, R


R
A
Where;

R = resistance, [Ω]
Ρ = resistivity, [Ω/m]
l = length, [m]
A = cross-sectional area [m2]

18
 RESISTIVITY, ρ(rho)
Table lists the resistivity of various materials at
a temperature of 20°C.

Material Resistivity [Ω/m]

Silver 1.645 x 10-8
Copper 1.723 x 10-8
Gold 2.445 x 10-8
Aluminum 2.825 x 10-8
Tungsten 5.485 x 10-8
Mercury 95.8 x 10-8
Carbon 3500 x 10-8
Wood 108 – 1014
19
 Example 4
The solid copper wire having a diameter of 1.5 mm
connected from distribution board to the lamp.
Determine the resistance of 10 meters of that wire.

  1.723 x10 8 (copper )


R   10 m
A d  1.5mm
2 2
d   1.5mm 
A      6
  1.767 x10 m
2

2  2 
(1.723 x10 8 ) x 10
R 6
 97.5 m
1.767 x10
20
 Exercise 3
Find the resistance of a 100 m long tungsten wire
which has a circular cross-section with a diameter of
0.1 mm.

ANS: 698.4Ω
22
 Scan and Answer

https://forms.gle/r7umSERsk3gpfjA48
MEASURING CURRENT, VOLTAGE &
RESISTANCE

 Current, Voltage & resistance are measured in

practice using instruments called ammeters,
voltmeter and ohmmeters.

 While ammeters, voltmeter and ohmmeters are

available as individual instruments, they are more
commonly combined into a multipurpose
instrument called a multimeter.

23
MEASURING CURRENT, VOLTAGE &
RESISTANCE

Analog Digital
Multimeter Multimeter

24
 MEASURING VOLTAGE

 Measure voltage by placing the

voltmeter leads across the
component
 The red lead is the positive lead;
the black lead is the negative lead.
 If leads are reversed, you will read
the opposite polarity.

25
 MEASURING CURRENT

 The current that you wish to

measure must pass through the
meter.
 To measure this current, open the
circuit and insert the ammeter.
 The sign of the reading will be
positive if current enter the A
terminal or negative if it enters the
COM terminal

26
Measure Measure
voltage current
 MEASURING RESISTANCE

 Connect the two probes of the

ohmmeter across the component
to be measured

27
 POWER, P
 Power is the rate of doing work, or the rate of
transfer energy
 Measured in Watts (W)
 1 hp = 746 watts
 1 W = 1 J/s

W Energy (J)
P Time (s)
t

28
 POWER, P

W
Voltage V W VQ
Q
W
P 
Current I 
Q t
t P  VI
W VQ Q
Power P P  V    VI
t t t 
29
 Example 5
The DC motor draws 6 A from a 120 V source;

1) Calculate the power input in watts.

2) Assuming the motor is 100% efficient, calculate the
power output in horsepower.

1) P  VI 2) 1hp  746W
 (120)(6) so,
 720W 720
 0.965hp
746
30
 ENERGY, W
 Work consists of a force moving through a distance
 Energy is the capacity to do work.
 Energy = Power × time
 Units are joules = watt-seconds, watt-hours, or
more commonly, kilowatt-hours.
 The electric power utility companies measure
energy in watt-hours (Wh).

W Energy (J)
P Time (s)
W  Pt
t
from equation
of ‘Power’ 32
 Example 6
Determine the total energy used by a 100W lamp
for 12 hours and a 1.5 kW heater for 45 minutes.

W  Pt
 (100W 12h)  (1500W  0.75h)  2325Wh

Hint: Convert all quantities to the same set of units.

e.g., convert 1.5 kW to 1500W and 45 minutes to 0.75 h

34
 Exercise 4
Suppose you use the following electrical appliances:

 A 1.5 hp air-conditioning for 7 hours;

 A 1.8 kW iron for 17 minutes;
 Three 100 W lamps for 4 hours and a 900 W
toaster for 6 minutes.

At RM 0.28 per kilowatt-hour, how much the cost of

energy?

ANS: RM 2.70
35
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
 SI Unit
 Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive & active)
voltage & current source
 Ohm’s Law
 Component coding

3
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
Circuit
Elements

Active elements Passive elements

 Capable of generating  Incapable of generating
electric energy (supply electric energy
energy) (absorbs energy)
 Example: independent  Example: resistor,
and dependent sources inductor, capacitor,
diode and etc

37
 INDEPENDENT SOURCES
Active element that provides a specified voltage/current
that is completely independent of other circuit elements

voltage current

38
IDEAL INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Ideal voltage source connected

in series

40
IDEAL INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Ideal current source connected

in parallel

41
 DEPENDENT SOURCES
Active element in which the source quantity is
controlled by another voltage or current

Vs  ix is  Vx

voltage current
39
 IDEAL DEPENDENT SOURCES

v=f(vx) v=f(ix) v=f(vx) v=f(ix)

+ +
- -

Voltage Controlled Current Controlled Voltage Controlled Current Controlled

Voltage Source Voltage Source Current Source Current Source
(VCVS) (CCVS) (VCCS) (CCCS)
IDEAL DEPENDENT SOURCES

Current Controlled Voltage Controlled

Current Source (CCCS) Current Source (VCCS)
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
 SI Unit
 Voltage, current, resistance, power & energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
 Ohm’s Law
 Component coding

3
 OHM’S LAW
George Simon Ohm (1787-1854) formulated
the relationships among voltage, current, and
resistance as follows:

“The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the

applied voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance of the circuit.”

V IR
43
 OHM’S LAW
W W
From V 
Q
and V 
Q
we get P  VI

From Ohm’s Law, we can get:

2
V
PI R 2
and P
R
43
 Example 7
Determine the current in figure below :

100 

V  IR
V 8V
I   0.08 A
R 100
44
 Exercise 5
Determine the value of the voltage source and the
power absorbed by the resistor in figure below if the
value of current is 2mA.

3k 

ANS: 6V, 12mW

45
 SHORT CIRCUIT
Short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero

V V
I    A
R 0

V  IR  I (0)  0 V
46
 OPEN CIRCUIT
Open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity

V V
I   0 A
R 

47
 VOLTAGE SYMBOLS
 For voltage sources electromotive force emf,
use uppercase E.
 For load voltages, use uppercase V.
 Since V = IR, these voltages are sometimes
referred to as IR or voltage drops.
 VOLTAGE POLARITIES
 The polarity of
voltages across
resistors is of
extreme importance
in circuit analysis.

 Place the plus sign

at the tail of the
current arrow.
 CURRENT DIRECTION
 We normally show current out of the plus (+)
terminal of a source.
 If the actual current is in the direction of its
reference arrow, it will have a positive
value.
 If the actual current is opposite to its
reference arrow, it will have a negative
value.
 CURRENT DIRECTION

 The following are two

representations of the
same current:
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS &
VARIABLES
 SI Unit
 Voltage, current, power & energy
 Elements on the circuit (passive & active) voltage
& current source
 Ohm’s Law
 Component coding

3
SYMBOLS OF CIRCUIT
ELEMENT
Resistor

62
Resistor

62
RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

63
RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

Yellow
Violet
Red
Silver

4 7 00 10 %
64
 RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

Green = 5 Blue = 6 Orange = 3 Gold =  5 %

56 x 103  5 % = 56000  5 % = 56 k  5 %

Maximum resistance value

56000   5%  58800 
Minimum resistance value
56000   5%  53200  65
 Exercise 6

(a) Red, Yellow, Blue, Gold

(b) Brown, Orange, Red, Silver
(c) Blue, Grey, Brown, Silver

Ans
(a) 24MΩ ± 5%
(b) 1.3kΩ ± 10%
(c) 680Ω ± 10%
66