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BY : NUNIEK HERDYASTUTI
DESEMBER - 2020
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Metabolism & Information

Bioenergetica Genetics

Structure-Function
Macromolecul

 Protein
 Asam Nukleat
 Karbohidrat
 Lemak
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Distribution of biomolecules
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Batu, pasir, semen,

kayu, genteng
Raw material 5

Factory
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Macromolecule:
Asam nukleat
Protein Sel Embrio
karbohidrat
lemak

Macromolecule:
Asam nukleat Sel
Selembrio
Embrio
protein
karbohidrat
lemak
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Batu, pasir,
semen, kayu,
genteng

‘INFORMATION’ of Building

Written in ‘document’
 Row material 8

Pabrik

‘INFORMATION’ of product

Written in ‘document’
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Embryo cells

Macromolecule:
Asam nukleat
protein
karbohidrat
lemak Embryo cells

Genetic of ‘INFORMATION’

Written in ‘Nucleic acid’ molecule

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Asam Nukleat ?

Polimer : Nukleotida Polinukleotida

Nukleotida ?

Sugar—Deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Bases
(Purine and pyrimidine are
complementary)
 NUKLEOSIDA 13
 BASA NITROGEN 14
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Purin : Adenin (A) dan Guanin (G)
Pirimidin : Sitosin (C), Timin (T)/Urasil (U)
Asam Nukleat DNA dan RNA
1. DNA (deoksiribonucleic acid) 18
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) 19
  Friederich Mischer (1868)

Isolasi senyawa Kepala sperma

fosfot (NUKLEIN) ikan salmon

Sifat menurun ??
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The DNA Revolution

1940s-1960s
Griffith & Avery—DNA transformed
pneumococcus bacteria.
Encouraged the study of prokaryotic
chromosomes.
Hershey and Chase—Bacteriophage
experiment. DNA from viruses is
injected to host bacteria cells
1943 : OT Avery, C.Macleod, Mc. Carty and Griffith 22
Hershey & Chase (1952)
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The search for the structure of the DNA molecule

Rosalind Franklin (1951) : X-ray

crystallography
Chargaff : Chargaff’s rules.
Ratio of nitrogenous bases in
DNA, Complementary bases.
Watson & Crick (1953)
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 Erwin Chargaff (1940)

Spesies sama komposisi DNA sama

Spesies berbeda komposisi DNA
bervariasi
Komposisi DNA tdk tergantung umur,
nutrisi dan perubahan lingkungan
Semua spesies : A = T dan G = C sehingga
Σ purin = Σ pirimidin (A+G = T+C)
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Rosalind Franklin – Maurice Wilkins

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Watson & Crick Model of DNA

Nucleotides
Sugar penthose
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines—Adenine & Guanine
Pyrimidines—Cytosine & Thymine
Adenine & Thymine are complementary
Cytosine and Guanine are complementary
5’ End – Phosphate side and 3’ End – Other side
Watson and Crick
Nature, 1953, v. 171 p.737
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The First Atomic Resolution Structure
of the DNA double helix: Z DNA!

1979

Jacques van Boom chemistry

Alexander Rich Crystallography
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1980, 27 years after Watson-Crick model!!

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3 D – DNA
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Fungsi :
1. Menyimpan informasi genetik
2. Dapat menduplikasi diri dan
diwariskan pada keturunannya
3. Menyampaikan pesan genetik
DNA’s major function is to code for
proteins.
Information is encoded in the order ACTCATGGTCATG
of the nitrogenous bases. TGAGTACCAGTAC
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REPLICATION: 42

IS THE
PROCESS
WHERE DNA
MOLECULES
FORM EXACT
DUPLICATS
The Dogma Central Molecular Biology
 Chromosomes
Prokaryotic
Berbentuk “Circular”
Sangat kecil
Mengandung 2600 juta DNA dg
panjang 1,4 mm (700 x panjang
E.coli)
1 chromosome per cell
Some enzymes and proteins are
associated with the DNA
Tidak berada di dalam nukleus
Eukaryotic
Berbentuk Linear
Bentuk lebih baik (panjang)
1 sel manusia, DNA ~ 2m, total dlm
tubuh ~ 2 x 1010 km (bandingkan :
keliling bumi = 40000 km !!! )
Several chromosomes per cell
Histone proteins---”spools”. Same
in all eukaryotes
Berada di dalam nukleus
Nucleosome – 2 loops of DNA
wrapped around 8 histone proteins
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 Sifat kimia Asam Nukleat

 Viscosity (decrease)
pH & temperature
(extrime); alcohol;  A260 (increase)
acetone ; urea ;  Optic rotation (<<<)
amide  Buoyant Density >>

DENATURASI DNA
“Double helix can be renatured”

• Ikatan Hidrogen basa

nitrogen lepas
• Double Helix terbuka
• DNA mempunyai suhu
denaturasi yg khas (Tm)

RENATURASI ?
 Hibridisasi

Palindrom

“ Able was I ere I saw Elba”

Circular shape of microbial DNA
 Supercoiled – DNA
(micrograph - electron