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PDF Ringkasan Modul Strategi Pembelajaran Di SD Pdgk4105 Modul1 12 Compress
PDF Ringkasan Modul Strategi Pembelajaran Di SD Pdgk4105 Modul1 12 Compress
JLHQC 7
MGFIFGX TXRGXAEI ^AJBACG@GRGK
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 7
Flksap hgk priksip bacg`gr hgk pajbacg`grgk
7. Bacg`grr jajic
Bacg`g jajicifi
ifi tie
tiegg gtrib
gtribut
ut plf
plflf
lf igc
igcgm
gm 0
g. Bacg`gr jarupgfgk prlsas jaktgc hgk ajlsilkgc gtgu gftivitgs pifirgk hgk pargsggk.
b. Mgsic bacg`gr barupg parubgmgk paricgfu, bgif ygke jakygkefut flekitio,
psifljltlrif, jgupuk goaftio.
d. Bacg`gr ghgcgm jake
jakegcgji,
gcgji, bgif jakeg
jakegcgji
cgji sadgrg cgkesuke jgupuk jakegcgji
jakegcgji
sadgrg tihgf cgkesuke (jacgcui jahig). Hakegk fgtg cgik bacg`gr tar`ghi hi hgcgj
iktargfsi hakegk cikefukegk. (cikefukegk oisif hgk cikefukegk slsigc).
2. Tupgy
Tupgygg bacg`gr tar`ghi
tar`ghi sadgrtg
sadgrtg aoaftio
aoaftio parcu hiparm
hiparmgtifgk
gtifgk babargp
babargpgg priksip
priksip gktgrg cgik0
cgik0
g. Jltiv
Jltivgsi,
gsi, ygitu
ygitu hlrlkegk
hlrlkegk uktuf
uktuf jacgfu
jacgfufgk
fgk faeigtgk
faeigtgk bacg`gr,
bacg`gr, bgif
bgif jltivgsi
jltivgsi iktriksif
iktriksif
jgupuk jltivgsi afstriksif. Jltivgsi iktriksif hikicgi cabim bgif, fgrakg barfgitgk
cgkesuke hakegk
hakegk tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk itu sakhiri.
b. ^armgtigk gtgu pajusgtgk akarei psifis tarmghgp pacg`grgk argt fgitgkkyg hakegk
jltivgsi.
jltivgsi. Qktu
Qktuf
f pajus
pajusgtfgk
gtfgk parmgtigk siswg tarmghgp pacg`g
pacg`grgk
rgk bisg hihgsg
hihgsgrfgk
rfgk
tarmghgp hiri siswg itu sakhiri hgk gtgu tarmghgp situgsi pajbacg`grgkkyg.
d. Gft
Gftivi
ivitgs.
tgs. Bacg`gr
Bacg`gr itu sakhiri
sakhiri ghgcgm
ghgcgm gft
gftivi
ivitgs.
tgs. Bicg oifirgk
oifirgk hgk pargsggk
pargsggk siswg
siswg tih
tihgf
gf
tarcibg
tarcibgtt gft
gftio
io hgc
hgcgj
gj sit
situgs
ugsii paj
pajbac
bacg`gr
g`grgk,
gk, pgh
pghgg mgf
mgfifg
ifgtky
tkygg sisw
siswgg tar
tarsab
sabut
ut tih
tihgf
gf
bacg`gr. ^akeeukggk jatlha hgk jahig ygke barvgrigsi hgpgt jargkesgke siswg
cabim gftio bacg`gr.
h. Qjp
Qjpgk
gk bgcif hi hgcgj bacg`gr
bacg`gr sgkegt
sgkegt paktike
paktike,, sup
supgyg
gyg siswg saearg
saearg jakea-tg
jakea-tgmu
muii
bakgr tihgfkyg pafar`ggk ygke ig cgfufgk. Qjpgk bgcif hgri euru sabgifkyg ygke
jgjp
jgjpu
u ja
jaky
kygh
ghgrf
grfgk
gk sis
siswg
wg ta
tarm
rmgh
ghgp
gp fa
fasg
sgcgm
cgmgk
gk ja
jara
rafg
fg hg
hgk
k ja
jaki
kike
kefg
fgtf
tfgk
gk
pajgmgjgk siswg gfgk pacg`grgk tarsabut.
a. ^arbah
^arbahggk
ggk ikhivih
ikhivihugc
ugc ghgcgm
ghgcgm ikhivihu
ikhivihu tarsakhir
tarsakhirii ygke jajicifi
jajicifi parbahgg
parbahggk
k hgri ygke
ygke
cgik. Euru makhgfkyg jgjpu jajparmgtifgk hgk jacgygki siswg sasugi hakegk
mgfifgt jarafg jgsike-jgsike. Barfgitgk hakegk iki dgtgtgk pribghi satigp siswg
sgkegt hiparcufgk.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 2
^arbahggk pakhafgtgk,strgtaei,jatlha hgk tafkif pajbacg`grgk
7. ^akhaf
^akhafgtgk
gtgk str
strtae
taei,
i, jat
jatlha
lha hgk taf
tafkif
kif paj
pajbac
bacg`gr
g`grgk
gk pgh
pghgg mgf
mgfifg
ifgtky
tkygg tih
tihgf
gf hgp
hgpgt
gt hi
pisgmfgk. Fa ajpgt isticgm tarsabut jarupgfgk sgtu fasgtugk hgcgj pajbacg`grgk.
2. ^akhafgtgk strgtaei, jatlha, hgk tafkif pajbacg`grgk ygke gfgk hgk gtgu sahgke hi
eukgfgk hgpgt hi fatgmui hgri cgkefgm cgkefm pajbacg`grgk ygke tacgm tarsusuk gtgu
sahgke tar`ghi.
4. ^akhafgtgk apjbacg`grgk ghgcgm dgrg ujuj hgcgj jajgkhgke pajbacg`grgk
8. Ttrgtaei pajbacg`grgk ghgcgm icju hgk figt hi hgcgj jajgkoggtfgk saegcg sujbar bacg`gr
ygke hi jicifi hgk ygke hgpgt hi fargmfgk uktuf jakdgpgi tu`ugk pajbacg`rgk ygke tacgm
hi tatgpfgk.
1. Jatlha jakeg`gr ghgcgm barbgegi dgrg far`g ygke barsiogt racgtio ujuj ygke sasugi
sasugi uktuf jakdgpgi tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk tartaktu.
?. Xafkif pajbacg`grgk jakegjbgrfgk cgkefgm cgkefgm jakeeukgfgk jatlha jakeg`gr,
ygke siogt cabim lparsilkgc.
5. Ogftlr ogftlr ygke parcu hi parmgtifgk hgcgj pakaktu tafkif pajbacg`grgk higktgrgkyg
ghgcgm fajgjpugk hgk fabigsggk euru fatarsahigk sgrgkg hgk wgftu , sartg fasigpgk
siswg.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 4
Ogftlr ogftlr pakaktu hgcgj pajicimgk strgtaei hgk pajbacg`grgk
7. ogftlr ogftlr ygke parcu hi partijbgkefgk hgcgj hgcgj jajicim strgtaei pajbacg`grgk
igcgm tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk, `akis hgk tikefgt fasucitgk jgtari pacg`grk, sgrgkg, wgftu ygke
tarsahig, siswg, hgk euru.
2. Egeka jakefcgsioifgsi mgsic mgsic bacg`r gtgu tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk fahgcgj cijg `akis
tu`ugk bacg`gr sabgegi barifut.
g. Fatrgjpicgk iktcaftugc hakegk tgmgpgk tgmgpgkkyg 0
(7) Fajgjpugk
Fajgjpugk jajbahg
jajbahgfgk
fgk ( hisfrijikgsi
hisfrijikgsi )
(2) Fajgj
Fajgjpugk
pugk jakeakg
jakeakgcc flksap flkfrat
flkfrat
(4) Fajgj
Fajgjpugk
pugk jajgmgji
jajgmgji flksap
flksap tarhaoikisi
tarhaoikisi
(8) Fajgjpugk jaeeukgfgk
jaeeukgfgk gturgk,
gturgk, rujus mufuj hgcici priksip
(1) Fajgjpugk jajadgmfgk
jajadgmfgk jgsgcgm hakegk jakeeukgfgk
jakeeukgfgk barbgegi
barbgegi gturgk
b. Ttrgtaei flekitio ygitu fajgjpugk jajicim hgk jakeubgm dgrg — dgrg jajbarifgk
4. Tatigp `akis tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk jakurutparlsas pajbaktufgk ygke barbahg tu`ugk ygke
barsiogt pakeugsggk pakeatgmugk jakuktut faeigtgk pakefg`igk. Xu`ugk ygke barsiogt
pakeugsggk fatargjpicgk jakutut faeigtgk barcgtim. Tajaktgrg itu, tu`ugk ygke barsiogt
sifgp hgk kicgi jakuktut faeigtgk pakemgygtgk tarmghgp sifgp hgk kicgi ygke hi mgrgpfgk
hi fugsgi.
8. Ygke parcu hi partijbgkefgk hgri ogftlr siswg hi hgcgj jajicim strgtaei pajbacg`grgk,
gktgrg cgik 0
g. Tiswg sabgeg
sabgegii pribghi
pribghi tarsakhi
tarsakhiri
ri jajicifi
jajicifi parbah
parbahggk
ggk hgri
hgri siswg
siswg cgik
b. @ujcgm siswg ygke jakeifuti pacg`grgk
d. Ogftlr ogsicitgs, rugke hgk wgftu ygke parcu hi partijbgkefgk hgcgj jajicim strgtaei
pajbac`grgk igcgm0
(7) @ujcg
@ujcgm
m fgrgftaristis
fgrgftaristis gcgt pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk hgk pargeg
pargeg
(2) @ujcgm fgrgftaristif sujbar pajbacg`grgk ( bgmgk datgfgk hgk cikefukefukegk )
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 8
Barbgegi `akis strgtaei pajbacg`grgk
7. Gtgs hgsgr partijbgkegk prlsas pakelcgmgk pasgk.
g. Ttr
Ttrgtae
gtaeii Hah
Hahuft
uftio.
io. Hakegk
Hakegk Ttrgtaei
Ttrgtaei Hahufti
Hahuftioo jgt
jgtari
ari gtgu bgmgk pacg`grg
pacg`grgk
k hil
hilcgm
cgm hgri
jucgi ygke ujuj, eakargcisgsi gtgu rujusgk, fa ygke barsiogt fmusus gtgu bgeigk-
bgeigk. Bgeigk itu hgpgt barupg siogt, gtribut gtgu diri-diri. Ttrgtaei
Hahuftio hgpgt hieukgfgk hgcgj jakeg`grfgk flksap, bgif flksap flkfrat jgupuk
flksap tarhaoikisi
b. Ttrgtaei Ikhuftio. Hakegk Ttrgtaei Ikhuftio jgtari gtgu bgmgk pacg`grgk hilcgm jucgi
hgri ygke fmusus (siogt, diri gtgu gtribut) fa ygke ujuj, eakargcisgsi gtgu rujusgk.
Ttrgtaei Ikhuftio hgpgt hieukgfgk hgcgj jakeg`grfgk flksap, bgif flksap flkfrat
jgupuk flksap tarhaoikisi.
2. Gtg
Gtgss hgsgr parti
partijbg
jbgkeg
kegk
k pimgf
pimgf pakelcg
pakelcgm
m pasgk.
pasgk.
g. Ttr
Ttrgtae
gtaeii Afs
Afspls
plsitl
itlrif
rif.. Hak
Hakegk
egk Ttr
Ttrgta
gtaei
ei Afs
Afspl
plsit
sitlri
lrif
f bgm
bgmgk
gk gtg
gtgu
u jgt
jgtari
ari pac
pacg`g
g`grgk
rgk
hilcgm lcam euru. Tiswg tikeegc –tarijg `ghi‚ hgri euru. Hakegk Ttrgtaei Afsplsitlrif
euru ygke jakdgri hgk jakelcgm bgmgk pacg`grgk, ygke fajuhigk jakygjpgifgkkyg
fapghg siswg. Ttrgtaei Afsplsitlrif hgpgt hieukgfgk hi hgcgj jakeg`grfgk barbgegi
8. Gtg
Gtgss Hgsgr
Hgsgr ^art
^artijb
ijbgke
gkegk
gk @ujcg
@ujcgm
m Tiswg
Tiswg
g. Tt
Ttrg
rgta
taei
ei Fc
Fcgs
gsif
ifgc
gc
b. Ttrgtaei Facljplf Fadic
d. Tt
Ttrg
rgta
taei
ei Ikhi
Ikhivi
vihu
hugc
gc..
JLHQC 2
^AJBACG@GRGK HI TAFLCGM HGTGR
Hgcgj Jlhuc iki, Gkhg gfgk jajpacg`gri fgrgftaristif bacg`gr siswg Taflcgm Hgsgr.
Tatacgm jajpacg`gri jlhuc iki himgrgpfgk Gkhg jgjpu 0
g. jak`ac
jak`acgsfg
gsfgk
k pakear
pakeartig
tigk
k bacg`gr
bacg`gr66
b. jak`acgsfgk mgfifgt bacg`gr6
d. jakeihaktio
jakeihaktioifgsi
ifgsi fgrgftaristif
fgrgftaristif bacg`gr
bacg`gr hi Taflcgm
Taflcgm Hgsgr6
h. jak`acgsfgk
jak`acgsfgk tgmgpgk
tgmgpgk parfajb
parfajbgkegk
gkegk gkgf Taflcgm
Taflcgm Hgsgr6
a. jak`ac
jak`acgsfg
gsfgk
k faeigtg
faeigtgk
k pajbacg`
pajbacg`grgk
grgk hi Taflcg
Taflcgm
m Hgsgr.
Hgsgr.
Gegr prlsas bacg`gr aoaftio, euru mgrus jajgmgji bgmwg tuegs hgk pargkgkkyg hgcgj
jakeg`gr mgrus baroukesi sabgegi pajbijbike, ogsicitgtlr, hgk kgrg sujbar gtgu pajbari
ikolrjgsi. ^rlsas bacg`gr baregktuke pghg pgkhgkegk euru tarmghgp jgfkg bacg`gr, fgrakg
sajug gftivitgs siswg hgcgj bacg`gr sacgcu barhgsgrgk sfakgril ygke hifajbgkefgk lcam
euru. ^gkhgkegk euru tarmghgp bacg`gr sacgcu barfgitgk hakegk jgfkg hgk lpargsilkgcisgsi
tuegs jakeg`gr. ^gkhgkegk jakeg`gr ygke higkeegp pgcike sasugi hakegk fabutumgk hgk
mgfifg
mgfifgtt bacg`g
bacg`grr sggt
sggt iki ghgcgm
ghgcgm bgmwg
bgmwg jakeg`
jakeg`gr
gr jarupg
jarupgfgk
fgk sugtu
sugtu prlsas
prlsas jajbij
jajbijbik
bike,
e,
jajbarifgk ikolrjgsi hgk jakegtur cikefukegk samikeeg tar`ghi prlsas bacg`gr ygke aoaftio.
Qktuf
Qktuf jajbgktu
jajbgktu Gkhg jakhgpgtfg
jakhgpgtfgk
k sajug fajgjpugk
fajgjpugk tarsabut,
tarsabut, hgcgj jlhuc
jlhuc iki
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
^akeartigk Bacg`gr
Qktu
Qktuf
f jakd
jakdgp
gpgi
gi tgre
tgreat
at fu
furi
rifu
fucu
cuj
j ygke
ygke ta
tacgm
cgm hi
hita
tatg
tgpf
pfgk
gk,, eu
euru
ru mg
mgru
russ ba
baru
rupg
pgyg
yg
jakargpfg
jakargpfgk
k fu
furif
rifucu
ucuj
j sadgrg
sadgrg jgfsij
jgfsijgc
gc hgk aoaftio.
aoaftio. Fae
Faeigt
igtgk
gk ygke
ygke pgcike
pgcike jakakt
jakaktufg
ufgkk
hgcgj fabarmgsicgk
fabarmgsicgk pakargpgk
pakargpgk furifucuj ghgcgm prlsas pajbacg`
pajbacg`grgk
grgk gtgu faeigtgk
faeigtgk bacg`gr.
bacg`gr.
Bacg`gr jarupgfgk sugtu prlsas ygke mgrus hitajpum siswg, tatgpi asaksi hgk mgfifgtkyg
mgru
mgruss hipg
hipgmg
mgji
ji lcam
lcam euru
euru gegr
gegr hgcg
hgcgj
j pacg
pacgfs
fsgk
gkgg
ggkk
kkyg
yg eu
euru
ru hg
hgpg
pgtt jake
jakeac
aclc
lcgg hg
hgk
k
jajbikjbike prlsas pajbacg`grgk sasugi hakegk fgihgm-fgihgm bacg`gr ygke aoaftio. Hi
sgjpike itu, euru gfgk hgpgt jakdiptgfgk flkhisi hgk sugsgkg bacg`gr ygke lptijgc hgcgj
rgkefg jakhufuke prlsas eukg jakdgpgi mgsic bacg`gr ygke himgrgpfgk. Lcam fgrakg itu,
euru parcu bacg`gr jajgmgji mgfifgt bacg`gr, ogftlr-ogftlr ygke jajpakegrumi mgsic bacg`gr
hgk diri-diri parubgmgk ygke hisabgbfgk lcam bacg`gr.
G. ^akeartigk Bacg`gr
^akhgpgt
^akhgpgt jlhark ygke jukduc
jukduc pghg gbgh 79 jakegkeegp
jakegkeegp bgmwg bacg`gr ghgcgm prlsas
parubgmgk tikefgm cgfu (g dmgkea ik bamgvilr ).
). Arkast R. Micegrh (798=) jakygtgfgk bgmwg
cagrki
cagrkike
ke is tma prldass
prldass by wmidm
wmidm gk gdtivi
gdtivity
ty lr is dmgkea
dmgkeah
h tmrlue
tmrluem
m trgiki
trgikike
ke prldah
prldahura
urass
(wmatmar ik tma cgblrgtlry lr ik tma kgturgc akvirlkjakt ) gs histikeuism
histikeuismah
ah orlj dmgkeas
dmgkeas by
ogdtlrs klt gtrisutgbca tl trgikike. @ghi, bacg`gr jarupgfgk prlsas parubgmgk tikefgm cgfu
ygke hiparl
ygke hiparlcam
cam jacgcu
jacgcuii cgt
cgtimg
imgk
k hgk parubg
parubgmgk
mgk itu hisabg
hisabgbfg
bfgk
k fgrakg
fgrakg ghg huhufuk
fukegk
egk hgri
hgri
cikefukegk ygke plsitio ygke jakyabgbfgk tar`ghikyg iktargfsi ahufgtio. ^arubgmgk tarsabut
tar`ghi sadgrg jakyacurum jaciputi pakeatgmugk, sifgp hgk fatargjpicgk.
^akhgp
^akhgpgt
gt cgik
cgik jakeaj
jakeajufg
ufgfgk
fgk bgmwg
bgmwg bacg`g
bacg`grr ghgcgm
ghgcgm prlsas
prlsas pakegc
pakegcgjg
gjgk
k ( cagrki
cagrkike
ke is
), grtikyg bacg`gr itu sugtu prlsas iktargfsi gktgrg ikhivihu hakegk cikefukegkkyg.
axpariakda),
axpariakda
Hgcgj iktargfsi tarsabut tar`ghi prlsa jaktgc, iktacaftugc, hgk ajlsilkgc ygke pghg gfmirkyg
jak`ghi sugtu sifgp, pakeatgmugk, hgk fatargjpicgk ygke hijicifikyg.
Dlktlm
Dlktlmkyg
kyg ghgcgm
ghgcgm sasalrg
sasalrgke
ke ygke
ygke bacg`gr
bacg`gr bghjik
bghjiktlk
tlk.. Ig gfgk
gfgk jacgfu
jacgfufgk
fgk cgtimgk
cgtimgk
jakegy
jakegyukf
ukfgk
gk rgfat
rgfat hakegk
hakegk dgrg jajaeg
jajaegke
ke ygke
ygke bakgr,
bakgr, jakapu
jakapuf
f bl
blcg,
cg, bgdfmg
bgdfmgkh
kh hgk
sabacujkyg
sabacuj kyg hgk hgri
hgri situ ig jajpar
jajparlca
lcam
m pakeat
pakeatgmu
gmugk,
gk, sifgp,
sifgp, hgk fatargj
fatargjpic
picgk
gk
(barsiogt ragftio) ygke hibutumfgkkyg.
h. Bgegij
Bgegijgkg
gkg ig bacg`gr
bacg`gr jajbikg
jajbikg faffljp
faffljpgfg
gfgk
k hgcgj
hgcgj facljplf
facljplf<< Xaktuk
Xaktukyg
yg ig gfgk
barhisfusi hakegk tajgk hgk facljplfkyg, jakajpgtfgk plsisi, jacgfufgk tuegs,
hgk tgkeeuke `gwgb.
Haoikisi bacg`gr ygke ujuj hitarijg sggt iki igcgm bgmwg bacg`gr jarupgfgk sugtu usgmg
ygke hicgfufgk ikhivihu uktuf jajparlcam sugtu parubgmgk tikefgt cgfu ygke bgru,
sadgrg fasacurumgk
fasacurumgk sabgegi
sabgegi pakegcgjgk
pakegcgjgk ikhivihu itu sakhir
sakhirii hgcgj bariktargfsi
bariktargfsi hakegk
hakegk
cikefukegkkyg.
B. Mgfifgt Bacg`gr
Ghg 8 picgr ygke parcu hiparmgtifgk hgcgj bacg`gr ygitu 0
7. Cagrkike tl fklw
fklw grtikyg bacg`gr uktuf jakeatgmui6 ygke jak`ghi tgreat hgcgj
bacg`gr ghgcgm ghgkyg prlsas pajgmgjgk samikeeg bacg`gr tarsabut hgpgt
jakegk
jakegktgr
tgrfgk
fgk siswg
siswg uktuf
uktuf jakeat
jakeatgmu
gmuii hgk jajgmg
jajgmgji
ji substgk
substgksi
si jgtari
jgtari ygke
ygke
hipacg`grikyg.
2. Cagrkike tl hlhl grtikyg bacg`gr uktuf barbugt6 ygke jak`ghi tgreat hgcgj bacg`gr
ghgc
ghgcgm
gm pr
prls
lsas
as jacg
jacgfu
fufg
fgk
k gtgu
gtgu pr
prl
lsa
sass ba
barb
rbug
ugt.
t. Hgcg
Hgcgj
j mg
mgcc ik
ikii sisw
siswgg mg
mgru
russ
jakear
jakear`gf
`gfgk,
gk, jakargp
jakargpfgk
fgk,, jakyac
jakyacasgi
asgifgk
fgk parslg
parslgcgk
cgk,, jacgfu
jacgfufgk
fgk afspari
afsparijak
jak,,
pakyacihifgk, pakajugk, pakegjgtgk, sijucgsi
sijucgsi hgk sa`akiskyg.
4. Cagrkike tl civa tleatmar grtikyg
grtikyg bacg`gr
bacg`gr uktuf mihup
mihup barsgjg6
barsgjg6 ygke jak`ghi
jak`ghi tgreat
hgcgj bacg`gr ghgcgm siswg jajicifi fajgjpugk uktuf mihup barsgjg gtgu jgjpu
mihup hgcgj facljplf.
8. Cagrkike tl ba
ba grtikyg bacg`gr uktuf jak`ghi6 ygke jak`ghi tgreat bacg`gr ghgcgm
jakegktgrfgk siswg jak`ghi ikhivihu ygke utum sasugi hakegk pltaksi, bgfgt, jikgt
hgk fajgjpugkkyg.
D. Ogftlr-og
Ogftlr-ogftlr
ftlr ygke Jajpakegrumi
Jajpakegrumi Mgsic Bacg`gr
Fabarmgsicgk
Fabarmgsicgk bacg`gr
bacg`gr sgkegt
sgkegt hipakegrum
hipakegrumii lcam babargpg ogftlr.
ogftlr. Ogftlr-ogftl
Ogftlr-ogftlrr tarsabut
tarsabut
hgcgj hifacljplffgk jak`ghi hug facljplf ygitu ogftlr hgcgj hiri siswg sakhiri (iktark)
hgk ogftlr hgri cugr hiri siswg (afstark).
7. Ogftlr
Ogftlr hgri hgcgj
hgcgj hiri
hiri siswg
siswg ygke barpakeg
barpakegrum
rum tarmghg
tarmghgp
p mgsic
mgsic bacg`gr
bacg`gr higktgrgk
higktgrgkyg
yg
gh
ghgc
gcgm
gm fa
fadg
dgfg
fgpg
pgk,
k, jikg
jikgt,
t, bg
bgfg
fgt,
t, us
usgm
gmg,
g, jlti
jltivg
vgsi,
si, pa
parm
rmgt
gtig
igk,
k, fa
faca
cajg
jgmg
mgk
k hg
hgk
k
bacg`gr6 ygfki sgkegt dapgt, sahgke hgk cgjbgt. Hajifigk pucg pakeacljplfgk
fajg
fajgjp
jpug
ugk
k si
sisw
swgg barh
barhgs
gsgr
grfg
fgk
k fajg
fajgjp
jpug
ugk
k pa
paka
kari
rijg
jggk
gk,, jisg
jisgck
ckyg
yg pr
prls
lsas
as
pajgmgjgkkyg mgrus hakegk dgrg pargktgrg visugc, varbgc, hgk gtgu mgrus hibgktu
hakegk gcgt / jahig.
2. Ogft
Ogftlr
lr hg
hgri
ri cu
cugr
gr hiri
hiri siswg
siswg yg
ygke
ke jajp
jajpak
akeg
egru
rumi
mi mg
mgsic
sic ba
bacg
cg`g
`grr hi
higk
gktg
tgrgk
rgkyg
yg gh
ghgc
gcgm
gm
cikefukegk oisif hgk klkoisif (tarjgsuf sugsgkg facgs hgcgj bacg`gr, saparti rigke
eajbirg, jakyakgkefgk), cikefukegk slsigc buhgyg, cikefukegk facugreg, prlergj
saflcgm (tarjgsuf hufukegk fljita saflcgm), euru, pacgfsgkggk pajbacg`grgk, hgk
tajgk saflcgm. Euru jarupgfgk
jarupgfgk ogftlr ygke pgcike barpakegrum
barpakegrum tarmghgp prlsas
jgupuk mgsic bacg`gr, sabgb euru jarupgfgk jgkg`ar gtgu sutrghgrg hgcgj facgs.
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
Fgrgftaristif ^rlsas Bacg`gr Hgk Xgmgpgk
^arfajbgkegk
^arfajbgkegk Tiswg Taflcgm Hgsgr
^rlsas bacg`gr jarupgfgk sugtu rgkefgigk faeigtgk bacg`gr hgcgj bacg`gr, asaksikyg ghgcgm
rgkefgigk gftivitgs ygke hicgfufgk siswg hgcgj upgyg jakeubgm pricgfu ygke hicgfufgk
sadgrg sghgr jacgcui iktargfsi hakegk cikefukegk. ^rlsas bacg`gr jakeg`gr hi saflcgm sgkegt
hipa
hipake
kegr
grum
umii lcam
lcam ha
hasgi
sgik
k pa
pacg
cg`gr
`grgk
gk jgup
jgupuk
uk str
strgt
gtae
aeii yg
ygke
ke hi
hita
targ
rgpf
pfgk
gk lc
lcam
am eu
euru
ru hg
hgcg
cgj
j
pajbacg`grgk.
Tgcgm sgtu ogftlr ygke hljikgk uktuf hipartijbgkefgk hgcgj jacgfufgk prlsas bacg`gr
ghgcgm pabacg`gr
pabacg`gr (siswg) itu sakhiri.
sakhiri. Tiswg jarupgfgk
jarupgfgk ikhivihu
ikhivihu ygke utum safgcieus
safgcieus sabgegi
sabgegi
jgfmcuf slsigc ygke jajicifi pltaksi ygke barbahg-bahg. Barhgsgrfgk talri parfajbgkegk
satigp siswg jajicifi
jajicifi tgmgpgk
tgmgpgk parfajbgke
parfajbgkegk
gk sasugi hakegk tikefgt usigkyg.
usigkyg. Grtikyg
Grtikyg satigp
prlsas bacg`gr ygke hitajpum siswg mgrus barhgsgrfgk pghg ogsa parfajbgkegkkyg.
parfajbgkegkkyg.
Tapart
Tapartii tacgm
tacgm hifaju
hifajufgf
fgfgk,
gk, bgmwg
bgmwg prlsas
prlsas bacg`g
bacg`grr jarupg
jarupgfgk
fgk rgkefg
rgkefgigk
igk gftivi
gftivitgs
tgs siswg
siswg
jacgcui pakegcgjgk bacg`gr (cagrkike
(cagrkike axpariakda)
axpariakda) uktuf jajbaktuf paricgfu siswg.
G. Fgrgftar
Fgrgftaristif
istif ^rlsas
^rlsas Bacg`g
Bacg`grr hi Taflcgm
Taflcgm Hgsgr
7. ^rlsas
^rlsas Bacg`g
Bacg`grr Barhgsg
Barhgsgrfgk
rfgk Xalri
Xalri hgk Xipa
Xipa Bacg`g
Bacg`grr
Bacg`g
Bacg`grr jarupg
jarupgfgk
fgk sugtu
sugtu faeigtg
faeigtgk
k pajrls
pajrlsasgk
asgk flekit
flekitio,
io, fatarg
fatargjpi
jpicgk
cgk hgk sifgp.
sifgp.
^abacg`
^abacg`gr
gr (siswg)
(siswg) sapaku
sapakumk
mkyg
yg mgrus
mgrus jacgfu
jacgfufgk
fgk upgyg
upgyg jakeub
jakeubgm
gm paricg
paricgfu
fu jacgcu
jacgcuii
pakegcgjgk, cgtimgk jgupuk faeigtgk-faeigtgk cgik ygke higkeegp aoaftio sabgegi prlsas
uktuf jakeubgm paricgfu.
g. Xalri Bacg`gr
Ghg babargpg bacg`gr ygke hifg`i sabgegi bgmgk partijbgkegk hgcgj pacgfsgkggk
prlsas bacg`gr hi Taflcgm Hgsgr
7) Xalri
Xalri Bacg`g
Bacg`grr Hispc
Hispcik
ik Jaktgc
Jaktgc
Fgrgftaristif talri bacg`gr iki jakegkut priksip bgmwg jgkusig jajicifi sa`ujcgm
hgyg jaktgc saparti hgyg uktuf jakegjgti, jakgkeegpi, jakeikegt, barpifir hgk
sabge
sabgegi
giky
kygg yg
ygke
ke hg
hgpg
pgtt hicg
hicgti
tim
m hg
hgk
k hi
hihi
hisp
spci
cikf
kfgk
gk.. ^rls
^rlsas
as ba
bacg
cg`g
`grr ba
barp
rpif
ifir
ir,,
jakegjgti hgk jakeikegt hgpgt hicgfufgk siswg TH facgs rakhgm, ygke jaciputi
g) bacg`g
bacg`grr jakeih
jakeihakt
aktioif
ioifgsi
gsi diri-dir
diri-dirii fgrgft
fgrgftaris
aristif
tif sugtu
sugtu bakhg
bakhg gtgu fa`ghi
fa`ghigk,
gk,
jisgc
jisgcky
kyg6
g6 –jak
–jakeu
eurgi
rgifg
fgk
k gtgu
gtgu jak`
jak`acg
acgsf
sfgk
gk di
diri
ri-di
-diri
ri tu
tujb
jbum
umgk
gk mi
mi`g
`gu‚
u‚.. b)
jakyab
jakyabutf
utfgk
gk fajbgc
fajbgcii kgjg-kg
kgjg-kgjg
jg ibu fltg
fltg prlvik
prlviksi
si hi Ikhlka
Ikhlkasig.
sig. Bacg`g
Bacg`grr itu
sakhiri jarupgfgk upgyg uktuf jakeajbgkefgk pltaksi-pltaksi ygke hijicifi
ikhivihu.
ikhivihu. ^ltaksi
^ltaksi-pl
-pltak
taksi
si ygke
ygke hijici
hijicifi
fi ikhivi
ikhivihu
hu hgpgt
hgpgt hifajb
hifajbgke
gkefgk
fgk sadgrg
sadgrg
lptijgc jacgcui faeigtgk bacg`gr.
2) Xalr
Xalrii Bacg
Bacg`g
`grr Gsls
Gslsig
igsi
si
Rujpuk talri bacg`gr iki ihaktif hakegk talri bamgvilrisja ygke bigsg hisabut T-
R Blkh. Xalri bacg`gr gslsigsi iki barhgsgrfgk pghg parubgmgk tikefgm cgfu ygke
jakafgkfgk plcg paricgfu bgru ygke hiucgke-ucgke samikeeg jak`ghi gftivitgs
ygke ltljgtis. Hgcgj talri iki, bacg`gr
bacg`gr cabim jakeutgjgfgk
jakeutgjgfgk stijucus-rasp
stijucus-rasplks
lks
ygke
ygke jajbat
jajbatuf
uf fajgjp
fajgjpugk
ugk siswg
siswg sadgrg
sadgrg spasioi
spasioif
f hgk tarflkt
tarflktrlc
rlc.. Mufujg
Mufujgk
k
( pukismjakt
pukismjakt ) hgk egk`grgk (rawgrh
( rawgrh ) jarupgfgk pakeugtgk (raikolrdajakt
( raikolrdajakt ) ygke
baktuf prlbcajgtif, gftugc hgk kygtg (sahgke tar`ghi sggt iki jgupuk sggt ygke
gfgk hgtgke).
Tiswg bacg`gr jacgfufgk pajadgmgk jgsgcgm (prlbcaj slcvike), jacgfufgk pakyacihifgk
(ikquiry), jacgfufgk pakajugk (hisdlvary) hgk fg`igk (ikvastiegtilk).
( ikvastiegtilk).
Hgcgj prgftafkyg pakargpgk talri bacg`gr tarsabut hieukgfgk bardgjpur, tihgf jurki
2. Ttijucus-rasplk cagrkike (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui rgkesgkegk tikhgf bgcgs).
Bacg`g
Bacg`grr stijucus-rasplks jarupgfgk sugtu tipa bacg`gr ygke hgpgt jajbaktuf
paricgfu jacgcui pakeflkhisigk stijucus uktuf jakemgsicfgk sugtu tikhgf-bgcgs
(rasplks).
4. Dmgiki
Dmgikike
ke cagrkik
cagrkike
e (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui
jacgcui pargke
pargkefgi
fgigg
Bacg
Bacg`g
`grr dmgikike jarupgfgk
jarupgfgk sugtu tipa bacg`gr ygke hgpgt jajbaktuf paricgfu
jacgcui babargpg stijucus-rasplks
babargpg stijucus-rasplks (T-R)
(T-R) ygke bargkefgi6 hgcgj bgmgsg dlktlmkyg
–Ibu-Bgpgf‚, –fgjpuke-mgcgjgk‚. Dmgikike dlktlm6 hgri pucgke tuegs jakeg`gr,
bufg sapgtu, jakyijpgk tgs, egkti bg`u, jgfgk hgk sataruskyg.
8) _arbgc
_arbgc gssldi
gssldigti
gtilk
lk cagrki
cagrkike
ke (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui parfgitgk varbgc)
Bacg`gr varbgc gssldigtilk jarupgfgk sugtu tipa bacg`gr ygke hgpgt jajbaktuf
paricgfu jacgcui parfgitgk varbgc. ^arfgitgk iki bisg hijucgi hgri ygke saharmgkg.
1) Hi
Hisd
sdrij
rijik
ikgt
gtil
ilk
k cagr
cagrki
kike
ke (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui jajbahg-bahgfgk)
Xipa bacg`gr iki hgpgt jajbaktuf pricgfu jacgcui prlsas jajbahg-bahgfgk lb`af
ygke gbstrgf jgupuk flkfrat. Tasugtu ygke barfgitgk hakegk rugke, baktuf,
?) Dlkd
Dlkdap
aptt cagr
cagrki
kike
ke (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui flksap)
Xipa bacg`gr iki hgpgt jajbaktuf pricgfu jacgcui pajgmgjgk tarmghgp sasugtu
bakhg, paristiwg, fgtaelri, elclkegk hgk sugtu facljplf. Ygke hijgfsuh flksap
itu sakhiri ghgcgm fgrgftaristif, gtribut gtgu haoikisi sasugtu lb`af. Flksap ygke
flkfra
flkfratt hgpgt
hgpgt hituk`
hituk`uff
uffgk
gk bakhgk
bakhgkyg
yg sahgke
sahgkefgk
fgk flksap
flksap ygke
ygke gbstrgf
gbstrgf ghgcgm
ghgcgm
flksap jakurut haoikisi.
5) Ruca
uca cagr
cagrki
kik
ke (bacg`gr
(bacg`gr jacgcui gturgk-gturgk)
Xipa bacg`gr iki hgpgt jajbaktuf pricgfu jacgcui gturgk. Bacg`gr jacgcui gturgk
jarupgfgk prlsas bacg`gr ygke jajbaktuf fajgjpugk siswg supgyg jajgmgji
bacg`gr. Fucjikgsi gfgk sacgcui hiirikei hakegk faeigtgk tikhgf cgk`ut. Mgsic bacg`gr
mgrus jakuk`uffgk sugtu parubgmgk tikefgm cgfu gtgu parlcamgk paricgfu ygke bgru
hgri siswg ygke barsiogt jakatgp, oukesilkgc, plsitio, hgk hisghgri. Baktuf parubgmgk
tike
tikefg
fgm
m cgfu
cgfu mg
mgru
russ jaky
jakyac
acur
urum
um sadgrg
sadgrg fl
fljp
jpar
arma
maks
ksio
io samik
samikee
eegg jaku
jakuk`
k`uf
uffg
fgk
k
parubgmgk tikefgm cgfu saparti dlktlm hi gtgs.
Qktuf jacimgt mgsic bacg`gr ygke barfgitgk hakegk fajgjpugk barpifir fritis hgk icjigm
pghg siswg Taflcgm Hgsgr, hgpgt hifg`i prlsas jgupuk mgsic barhgsgrfgk 0 7) fajgjpugk
jajbgdg, jakegjgti hgk gtgu jakyijgf gpg ygke hi`acgsfgk gtgu hiikolrjgsifgk6 2)
2. Xgmgpgk
Xgmgpgk ^arfajbg
^arfajbgkegk
kegk Tiswg
Tiswg Taflcg
Taflcgm
m Hgsgr
Hgsgr
Tiswg Taflcgm Hgsgr jarupgfgk ikhivihu ukif ygke jajicifi fgrgftaristif tartaktu, barsiogt
fmgs
fmgs hgk
hgk spas
spasio
ioif
if.. ^g
^ghg
hg hgsg
hgsgrk
rkyg
yg sa
sati
tigp
gp si
sisw
swgg gh
ghgc
gcgm
gm ik
ikhi
hivi
vihu
hu yg
ygke
ke ba
barf
rfaj
ajbg
bgke
ke..
^arfajbgkegk siswg gfgk hikgjis sapgk`gke mgygt jucgi hgri facgmirgk sgjpgi gfmir mgygt.
Hgcgj mgc ik pakhihifgk jgupuk pajbacg`grgk sgkegt hljikgk jajbarifgk flktribusi uktuf
jajbgktu hgk jakegrgmfgk parfajbgkegk siswg supgyg jak`ghi plsitio hgk lptijgc. Tatigp
siswg
siswg jaji
jajici
cifi
fi ir
irgj
gjgg hg
hgk
k fa
fada
dapg
pgtg
tgk
k pa
parf
rfaj
ajbg
bgke
kegk
gk yg
ygke
ke ba
barb
rbah
ahg-
g-ba
bahg
hg hg
hgk
k ba
barsi
rsiog
ogtt
ikhivihugc.
^arfajbgkegk siswg Taflcgm Hgsgr usig ? — 72 tgmuk ygke tarjgsuf pghg parfajbgkegk
jgsg partakegmgk (jihhca
(jihhca dmichmllh ) jajicifi ogsa-ogsa ygke ukif hgcgj parfajbgkegkkyg
ygke
ygke jake
jakeeg
egjb
jbgrgrfg
fgk
k pari
parist
stiw
iwgg pakt
paktik
ike
e bgei
bgei sisw
siswgg yg
ygke
ke ba bars
rsgk
gkef
efut
utgk
gk.. Xgmg
Xgmgpg
pgk
k
parfajbgkegk siswg hgpgt hicimgt hgri gspaf parfajbgkegk barifut.
4. ^arfajbgkegk Oisif
^a
^arf
rfaj
ajbg
bgke
kegk
gk iki
iki barf
barfgi
gitg
tgk
k hake
hakegk
gk parf
parfaj
ajbg
bgke
kegk
gk ba
barg
rgt,
t, tike
tikeei
ei bg
bghg
hgk,
k, hg
hgk
k
parfajbgkegk jltlrif. Tiswg pghg tikefgt Taflcgm Hgsgr, fajgjpugk jltlrifkyg
jucgi cabim mgcus hgk targrgm (raoikah
( raoikah jltlr sficcs),
sficcs), tatgpi bargt bghgk siswg cgfi-cgfi
cabim rgjpike hgripghg siswg parajpugk fgrakg jgsg ghlcasak parajpugk cabim dapgt
hgripghg cgfi-cgfi.
8. ^arfajbgkegk Tlsigc
^arfajbgkegk slsigc siswg pghg tikefgt Taflcgm Hgsgr suhgm targsg ghg pajisgmgk
facljplf `akis facgjik ( sapgrgtilk lo tma saxs)
saxs ) samikeeg hgcgj pakeacljplffgk, siswg
cabim sakgke barfacljplf barhgsgrfgk `akis facgjik pghgmgc furgke sasugi jakurut
fritarig pakeacljplfgk bacg`gr.
1. ^arfajbgkegk Bgmgsg
^ghg jgsg iki parfajbgkegk bgmgsg siswg tarus barcgkesuke sadgrg hikgjis. Hicimgt hgri
Taflcgm
Taflcgm Hgsgr,
Hgsgr, gdugkk
gdugkkyg
yg ghgcgm
ghgcgm tarbak
tarbaktuf
tufkyg
kyg mubuke
mubukegk-
gk-mub
mubuke
ukegk
gk cleis
cleis hi gktgrg
gktgrg
flksap-flksap gtgu sfajg-sfajg.
^igeat jakeajufgfgk bgmwg pghg usig Taflcgm Hgsgr siswg gfgk jajicifi fajgjpugk
barpifir lpargsilkgc flkfrat ((dlkdrata lpargtilk)) ygke hisabut sabgegi jgsg parolrjike
dlkdrata lpargtilk
lpargtilk.
5. ^arfajbgkegk Jlrgc
^arfaj
^arfajbgk
bgkegk
egk jlrgc
jlrgc ygke
ygke mgrus
mgrus hijicif
hijicifii siswg
siswg Taflcg
Taflcgm
m Hgsgr
Hgsgr ghgcgm
ghgcgm fajgjp
fajgjpugk
ugk
bartikhgf jak`ghi lrgke bgif. Xikhgfgk ygke hicgfufgk sacgcu barlriaktgsi pghg lrgke
cgik ygke higkeegp barbugt bgif. Bgmfgk siswg gfgk jacgfufgk tikhgfgk ygke bgif
gpgbicg lrgke cgik jargsg sakgke.
=. ^arfajbgkegk Afsrasio
^lcg parfajbgkegk afsprasio siswg Taflcgm Hgsgr hgpgt hicimgt hgri faeigtgk ukefgpgk
barjgik hgk faeigtgk saki (grt
( grt ).
). Tiswg Taflcgm Hgsgr suhgm jakyghgri gturgk hgri sugtu
parjgikgk, bgmfgk siswg pghg usig itu suhgm jucgi jajbikg
jajbikg mlbikyg.
9. Gspaf-gspaf Iktacaeaksi
Hgcgj
Hgcgj psiflc
psiflclei
lei,, talri
talri Egrhka
Egrhkarr (Qtgji
(Qtgji Jukgkh
Jukgkhgr,
gr, 79996
79996 2?1)
2?1) jajbah
jajbahgfg
gfgk
k `akis
`akis
o. Iktacaeaksi iktrgpribghi,
iktrgpribghi, yg
ygit
itu
u fa
fajg
jgjp
jpug
ugk
k uk
uktu
tuf
f jajp
jajparl
arlca
cam
m gf
gfsas
sas tarmg
tarmghg
hgp
p
pajgmgjgk pargsggk, ijpigk hgk egegsgk-egegsgk hiri sakhiri, hgk jajgmgji
fafugtgk jgupuk facajgmgk hiri sakhiri.
e. Iktacaeaksi iktarpribghi,
iktarpribghi, ygitu sugtu fajgjpugk uktuf jakegjgti hgk jarasplks
sugsgk
sugsgkgg mgti,
mgti, tajpar
tajpargja
gjak,
k, hgk jltivg
jltivgsi
si lrgke
lrgke cgi
cgik,
k, sartg
sartg jajgmg
jajgmgji
ji mubuke
mubukegk
gk
JLHQC 4
Jlhac-Jlhac hgk Rujpuk ^ajbacg`grgk
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 7
Jlhac jlhac pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk
G. Bacg`gr Flcgblrgtio (Dlccgblrgtiva
(Dlccgblrgtiva Cagrkike)
Bacg`gr flcgblrgtio ghgcgm sugtu faeigtgk bacg`gr gktgrg hug lrgke gtgu cabim ygke
hicgfufgk sadgrg bafar`g sgjg hgcgj sugtu facljplf uktuf jajadgmfgk sugtu jgsgcgm
eukg jakdgpgi tu`ugk tartaktu. Ikti hgri bacg`gr flcgblrgtio ygtu ghgkyg far`g
ghgkyg far`g sgjg gktgrg
sgjg gktgrg hug
lrgke siswg gtgu cabim, jajadgmfgk jgsgcgm sadgrg
jgsgcgm sadgrg barsgjg-sgjg, hgk ghgkyg tu`ugk ygke
tu`ugk ygke
ikeik hidgpgi.
Ghg hug uksur paktike hgcgj bacg`gr flcgblrgtio ygitu tu`ugk ygke sgjg hgk rgsg
fatare
fataregkt
gktuke
ukegk
gk ygke
ygke plsiti
plsitioo gktgr
gktgr gkeelt
gkeeltgg faclj
facljplf
plf.. Lcam
Lcam fgrakg
fgrakg itu uktuf
uktuf jakdgpgi
tu`ugktartaktu
tu`ugktartaktu satigp siswg mgrus jajpukygi rgsg fataregktukegk ygke plsitio jgfsuhkyg
jgfsuhkyg
satigp gkeeltg facljplf gfgk barmgsic jakdgpgi tu`ugk gpgbicg sacurum gkeeltgkyg bafar`g
sgjg
8) Jakikefgtf
Jakikefgtfgk
gk fabargkigk
fabargkigk jajukducfgk
jajukducfgk ihag gtgu pakhgpgt
pakhgpgt gpgbicg ghg tajgk ygke
furgke jajgmgji parjgsgcgmgk uktuf jajbgktukyg gtgu jakeg`grfgkkyg
1) Jajupuf
Jajupuf rgsg tgkeeuke
tgkeeuke `gwgb ikhivihu
ikhivihu
?) Tatigp
Tatigp gkeelt
gkeeltg,
g, jargsg
jargsg bgmwg
bgmwg hiriky
hirikygg ghgcgm
ghgcgm jicif
jicif facljp
facljplf,
lf, samike
samikeeg
eg jajici
jajicifi
fi
tgkeeuke `gwgb ygke basgr tarmghgp facljplf
d. Jakike
Jakikefgt
fgtfgk
fgk pgrtisi
pgrtisipgs
pgsii ikhiv
ikhivihu
ihu
h. Jakeeukgfg
Jakeeukgfgkk plstar uktuf
uktuf jajbarifg
jajbarifgk
k fasgk basgr
basgr sgjbic jakuk`u
jakuk`uffgk
ffgk ikolrjgsi
ikolrjgsi
a. Jakyahigfg
Jakyahigfgk
k euru-eur
euru-euru
u ygke
ygke tarcgtim
tarcgtim hgcgj
hgcgj saki
saki pajbacg`g
pajbacg`grgk
rgk sueasti
sueasti
^ajbacg`grgk
^ajbacg`grgk fugktuj jakeahapgkfgk0
g. Fababgsgk
b. Tgktgi
d. Jak
akggf`ubfgk
h. Jak
Jakyak
yakgk
gkeefgk
fgk
a. Jak
Jakee
eegi
girg
rgm
mfgk
fgk
Ikhifgtlr pajbacg`grgk fugktuj0 siswg sa`gmtarg
h. Gfui/mgregi
Gfui/mgregi satigp
satigp usgmg,
usgmg, bacg`gr
bacg`gr jakegkhuke
jakegkhuke risifl,
risifl, bacg`gr
bacg`gr bargrti
bargrti jacgkefgm
jacgkefgm facugr
facugr
hgri fakygjgkgk.
a. Tatigp
Tatigp fabarmgs
fabarmgsicg
icgk
k parcu
parcu hirgygfg
hirgygfgk
k (tapuf
(tapuf tgkegk,
tgkegk, bartarig
bartarigf
f mlra,
mlra, dgtgtgk
dgtgtgk pribgh
pribghi,
i,
`ajplc, pu`igk hcc).
4. Jgkoggt Bacg`gr Fugktuj
g. Tugsgkg
Tugsgkg facgs jak`ghi
jak`ghi cabim
cabim jakyakgk
jakyakgkefgk
efgk samikee
samikeegg siswg bacg`gr
bacg`gr cabim
cabim baregirgm
baregirgm
b. Tiswg hgpgt jajgkoggt saegcg sasugtu ygke ghg hisafitgrkyg sabgegi pakhlrlke
bacg`gr
d. Tiswg
Tiswg bacg`gr
bacg`gr sasugi
sasugi hakeg
hakegk
k egyg
egyg bacg`gr
bacg`gr jgsike-
jgsike- jgsik
jgsike
e
h. Qsgmg gpgpuk
gpgpuk ygke
ygke hicgfuf
hicgfufgk
gk lcam
lcam siswg
siswg sapgtutky
sapgtutkygg himgregi
himgregi
g. Fasgjggk tu`ugk
Xu`ugk ygke sgjg pghg gkgf-gkgf hgcgj facljplf bajbugt faeigtgk bacg`gr cabim
fllpargtio.
b. Fataregktukegk ygke plsitio
Babargp
Babargpgg lrgke
lrgke hirafr
hirafrut
ut sabgegi
sabgegi gkeelt
gkeeltgg faclj
facljplf
plf fgrakg
fgrakg faeigt
faeigtgk
gk mgkyg
mgkyg hgpgt
hgpgt
barmgsic `ifg gkeeltg hgpgt bafar`g barsgjg.
Jajici
Jajicifi
fi bargeg
bargegj
j jlhac
jlhac hgk tafkif
tafkif Mgkyg
Mgkyg jajicifi
babargpg jajic
siswgifitaregbuke
sgtu jlhac
jl hac ygitu
hgcgj sgtu
facljplf
Jaj
Ja jicif
icifii stru
struft
ftu
ur, `ujc
`ujcgm
gm hgkhgk tafk
tafkif
if Jajicifi sgtu dgrg, ygitu jakyacasgifgk
tartaktu tuegs tartaktu barsgjg-sgjg
Jake
Ja kegf
gfti
tiof
ofgk
gk sajug
sajug gk gkee
eelt
ltgg fafacl
cljp lf Jak
jplf Jakijb
ijbucf
ucfgk
gk ea`gcg
ea`gcg fatare
fataregkt
gktuke
ukegk
gk
uktuf
ukt uf barpar
barpargkgk sartg
sartg hgcgj
hgcgj pakyac
pakyacasgi gk gktgr gkeeltg facljplf
asgigk
tuegs tartaktu
Jake
Ja keeg
egcg
cgke
ke pl plta
taks
ksii slsi
slsigc
gcisg
isgsi
si higk
higktg
tgrg
rg Tgkegt taregktuke hgri kigt bgif satigp
gkeeltgkyg gkeeltg facljplf
d. Jakikefgtf
Jakikefgtfgk
gk rgsg pardgyg
pardgyg hiri hgk jltivg
jltivgsi
si hgcgj bacg`gr
bacg`gr
h. Jakujbumf
Jakujbumfgk
gk ragcisgsi fabutumgk
fabutumgk uktuf bacg`gr
bacg`gr cabim fritis (jgtari rujit, fg`igk prlyaf
hgk cgtimgk jajadgmfgk jgsgcgm)
a. Jajghufgk
Jajghufgk hgk jakargpfgk
jakargpfgk pakeatgmu
pakeatgmugk
gk hgk fatargjpicgk
fatargjpicgk
o. Jakikefgtf
Jakikefgtfgk
gk paricgfu
paricgfu hgk
hgk famghirgk
famghirgk hi facgs
facgs
e. Racgti
Racgtioo jur
jurgm
gm
H. Bacg`gr Xajgtif
7. Mgfifgt Bacg`gr Xajgtif
Bacg`gr tajgtif hihaoikisifgk sabgegi sugtu faeigtgk bacg`gr ygke hirgkdgke hi safitgrgk
iha plflf (tajg) hgk jacibgtfgk babargpg jgtg pacg`grgk ygke barfgitgk hakegk tajg.
struftur, urutgk, hgk strgtaei ygke hilregkisgsifgk hakegk bgif. (Jaikbgdm 799?)
m. Jakemgregi
Jakemgregi parbahggk
parbahggk ikhivihu,
ikhivihu, cgtgr bacgfgke buhgyg hgk pakegcgjgk
pakegcgjgk hi facugreg ygke
hibgwg pabacg`gr fa facgskyg
i. Jakajufgk
Jakajufgk dgrg-dgrg
dgrg-dgrg uktuf
uktuf jacibgtfgk
jacibgtfgk gkeeltg
gkeeltg facugreg
facugreg pabacg`gr
pabacg`gr
g. ^ghg hgsgrkyg siswg TH facgs gwgc hgcgj jgmgji sugtu flksap itu sadgrg utum, sajgfik
jakike
jakikefgt
fgt hgk tarpari
tarparikdi
kdi sartg
sartg spasioi
spasioif
f pajgmg
pajgmgjgk
jgkkyg
kyg tarmgh
tarmghgp
gp flksap
flksap tartak
tartaktu
tu hgk
jak
akea
eaj
jbgk
bgkef
efgk
gk fadar
adarh
hgs
gsgk
gkk
kyg sa
sadg
dgrg
rg fl
fljp
jpra
ram
mak
aksi
sioo (h
(hak
ake
egk faj
fajgjp
gjpug
ugk
k
jakgkefgp/jakarijg)
b. Fakygtggk mihup jakgjpicfgk ogftg ygke utum hgk tajgtis
d. Ghg flktafskyg
h. Euru TH ghgcgm euru facgs, gfgk cabim juhgm `ifg jakeg`grfgkkyg sadgrg utum/tihgf
tarpisgm
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 2
Barj
Barjgik
gik pa
pargk
rgk itu
itu gh
ghgc
gcgm
gm eu
euru
ru jake
jakeg`
g`gf
gf si
sisw
swgg uk
uktu
tuf
f jajg
jajgmg
mgji
ji pr
pric
icgf
gfu
u slsi
slsigc
gc,,
pargkgkkyg hgcgj iktargfsi slsigc hakegk dgrg-dgrg ygke cabim aoaftio gtgu jajbugt
pacg`gr jaklregkisgsifgk ikolrjgsi isu-isu slsigc.
8. Ikfuir
Ikfuirii Yurisp
Yurispaha
ahaksi
ksi
Ikfuiri Yurispahaksi iki jakeg`gf pacg`gr barpifir gtgs isu-isu slsigc jakeakgi jgsygrgfgt
su
sugt
gtu
u Kaeg
Kaegrg,
rg, hi tike
tikefg
fgtt kg
kgsi
silk
lkgc
gc jgup
jgupuk
uk ik
iktar
tarkg
kgsi
silk
lkgc
gc.. Xu`u
Xu`ugk
gk jlha
jlhacc ik
ikii uk
uktu
tuf
f
jajpacg`gri
jajpacg`gri fgsus — fgsus ygke ghg fajuhigk
fajuhigk hifgitfgk hakegk fabi`gfgk-fabi`gf
fabi`gfgk-fabi`gfgk
gk
pubcid.
1. Faparibghig
Faparibghigk
k hgk Egyg Bacg`gr
Bacg`gr
Hgcgj jlhac iki hifajufgfgk ghgkyg egyg bacg`gr pabacg`gr hgk salrgke euru mgrus
ygfik bgmwg sajug hgpgt hifajbgkefg
hifajbgkefgk,
k, parfajbgkeg
parfajbgkegk
k hgpgt tar`ghi sadgrg lptijgc
gpgbicg cikefukegk jakyahigfgk dgrg far`g sadgrg flksaptugc.
?. Ikfuir
Ikfuirii sldigc
sldigc
Jlhac iki hirgkdgke uktuf jakeg`grfgk ikolrjgsi, flksap-flksap, dgrg baroifir, stuhi
2. ^akdgp
^akdgpgig
gigk
k Flksap
Flksap
5. ^akelr
^akelregk
egkisg
isgsi
si gwgc
Jlhac
Jlhac ygke
ygke hirgkd
hirgkdgke
gke uktuf
uktuf jajbar
jajbarifg
ifgk
k struftu
strufturr flekit
flekitio
io fapghg
fapghg pabacg
pabacg`gr
`gr uktuf
uktuf
jajgmgji jgtari jacgcui fucigm, jajbgdg, hgk jahig ygke cgik.
=. ^akyasugigk
^akyasugigk hakegk
hakegk ^abacg`gr
^abacg`gr
Ygitu jlhac ygke jajbgktu jakyasugifgk pajbacg`grgk pghg sugt tgmgp fajgtgkegk
pabacg`gr sadgrg ikhivihugc hgk jargkdgke sartg jakikefgtfgk parfajbgkegk pabacg`gr.
Ygitu jlhac ygke jakafgkfgk far`g sgjg gktgrg euru hgk jurih.
2. ^akikefgtg
^akikefgtgk
k mgreg
mgreg hiri
Ygitu jlhac ygke hieukgfgk
hieukgfgk uktuf jajbijbik
jajbijbike
e sugt prlergj hgcgj mgc rgsg mgreg hiri
hgk fajgjpugk gftugcisgsi hiri.
2. ^ajbac
^ajbacg`gr
g`grgk
gk cgkesu
cgkesuke
ke
Ygitu sugt jlhac pajbacg`grgk ygke hisusuk hgri stuhi taktgke parbahggk gktgrg euru
jakeg`gr ygke cabim
cabim aoaftio hgk furgke aoaftio sartg hgri talri bacg`gr slsigc.
4. Bacg`gr
Bacg`gr jacgcui sijucgsi
sijucgsi 0 cgtimgk hgk cgtimgk
cgtimgk jgkhiri
jgkhiri
Ygitu jlhac pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk ygke jakeegbuke
jakeegbukefgk
fgk ikolrjgsi
ikolrjgsi taktgke
taktgke fatargjpicgk
fatargjpicgk hakegk
hakegk
hajlkstrgsi, prgftif,
prgftif, bgcifgk,
bgcifgk, hgk cgtimgk sgjpgi sugtu fatargjpicgk hifugsgi.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 2
7. ^grt
^grtka
karr hgc
hgcgj
gj Bacg
Bacg`g
`gr
r
Jajbgktu pacg`gr bafar`g sadgrg aoaftio, hgk jajbugt pacg`gr bacg`gr sadgrg ciktgs bihgke
stuhi hgcgj sugtu furifucuj, jakeajbgkefgk rgsg slcihgritgs sartg uktuf jajparlcam
ikolrjgsi hgk fatargjpicgk jacgcui ikfuiri hgri sugtu gfghajif.
2. Ikva
Ikvasti
stieg
egsi
si Facl
Facljp
jplf
lf
Ikva
Ikvast
stie
iegs
gsii facl
facljp
jplf
lf jaka
jakafg
fgkf
kfgk
gk rakd
rakdgk
gkgg pg
pghg
hg pa
pake
kegt
gtur
urgk
gk fa
facg
cgss ujuj
ujuj gt
gtgu
gu
flkvaksilkgc. Rakdgkg tarsabut jaciputi pakhgcgjgk jgtari tarpghu sadgrg facljplf,
hisfusi, hgk parakdgkggk prlyaf.
4. Barj
arjgik
gik ^ar
^argk
gk
Barj
Barjgi
gik
k pa
parg
rgk
k itu
itu gh
ghgc
gcgm
gm eu
euru
ru jake
jakeg`
g`gf
gf si
sisw
swgg uk
uktu
tuf
f jajg
jajgmg
mgji
ji pr
pric
icgf
gfu
u slsi
slsigc,
gc,
pargkgkkyg hgcgj iktargfsi slsigc hakegk dgrg-dgrg ygke cabim aoaftio gtgu jajbugt
pacg`gr jaklregkisgsifgk ikolrjgsi isu-isu slsigc.
8. Ikfu
Ikfuiri
iri Yuris
Yurispa
paha
haks
ksii
Ikfu
Ikfuir
irii Yuri
Yurisp
spah
ahak
aksi
si iki
iki jake
jakeg`g
g`gf
f pa
pacg
cg`gr
`gr ba
barp
rpif
ifir
ir gt
gtgs
gs isu-
isu-is
isu
u slsi
slsigc
gc jake
jakeak
akgi
gi
jgsygrgfgt sugtu Kaegrg, hi tikefgt kgsilkgc jgupuk iktarkgsilkgc. Xu`ugk jlhac iki
uktuf
uktuf jajpac
jajpacg`gr
g`grii fgsus
fgsus — fgsus
fgsus ygke
ygke ghg fajuhi
fajuhigk
gk hifgit
hifgitfgk
fgk hakegk
hakegk fabi`g
fabi`gfgk
fgk--
fabi`gfgk pubcid.
1. Fapari
Faparibgh
bghigk
igk hgk Egyg
Egyg Bacg
Bacg`gr
`gr
Hgcgj jlhac iki hifajufgfgk ghgkyg egyg bacg`gr pabacg`gr hgk salrgke euru mgrus
ygfik bgmwg sajug hgpgt hifajbgkefgk, parfajbgkegk hgpgt tar`ghi sadgrg lptijgc
gpgbicg cikefukegk jakyahigfgk dgrg far`g sadgrg flksaptugc.
?. Ikf
Ikfuiri
uiri sl
sldi
digc
gc
Jlhac iki hirgkdgke uktuf jakeg`grfgk ikolrjgsi, flksap-flksap, dgrg baroifir, stuhi
parfajbgkegk.
4. Ikf
Ikfuiri
uiri Icj
Icjigm
igm
Jlhac bacg`gr ygke jajbgwg pabacg`gr fa prlsas icjigm hgk hibgktu jakeujpucfgk
hgk jakegkgcisis hgtg, jaakeadaf mipltasis hgk talri sartg jakdarjikfgk mgfifgt
pajbaktufgk pakeatgmugk.
8. Cgti
Cgtimg
mgk
k Ikf
Ikfui
uiri
ri
Ygitu jlhac ygke jajbarifgk rgkdgkegk uktuf jakeg`gr pabacg`gr jakemubukefgk
gcgsgk sabgb gfibgt hgk jak`ghi cabim bgif sartg tapgt hgcgj jakeg`ufgk partgkyggk,
jajbaktuf flksap, hgk mipltasis sartg jakeu`ikyg.
1. Jajlkif
Jarupgfgk strgtaei uktuf jakeikegt hgk jakegsijicgsi ikolrjgsi.
?. Tikaftifg
Ygitu jlhac ygke hirgkdgke uktuf jajbgktu pabacg`gr jajadgmfgk jgsgcgm hgk
jakucis
jakucis faeigtgk-fae
faeigtgk-faeigtgk
igtgk sartg jakgjbgmf
jakgjbgmfgk
gk pgkhgkegk
pgkhgkegk-pgkhg
-pgkhgkegk
kegk bgru pghg
tlpif-tlpif hgri sugt bihgke icju ygke cugs.
5. ^akelregkisgsi gwgc
Jlhac ygke hirgkdgke uktuf jajbarifgk struftur flekitio fapghg pabacg`gr uktuf
jajgmgji jgtari jacgcui fucigm, jajbgdg, hgk jahig ygke cgik.
=. ^akyasugigk hakegk ^abacg`gr
Ygit
Ygitu
u jlha
jlhacc ygke
ygke jajb
jajbgk
gktu
tu jaky
jakyas
asug
ugif
ifgk
gk pa
pajb
jbac
acg`
g`gr
grgk
gk pg
pghg
hg su
sugt
gt tg
tgmg
mgp
p
fa
fajg
jgtg
tgke
kegk
gk pa
paba
bacg`
cg`gr
gr sa
sadgr
dgrgg ik
ikhi
hivi
vihu
hugc
gc hg
hgk
k jargk
jargkdgk
dgke
e sa
sartg
rtg jaki
jakike
kefg
fgtf
tfgk
gk
parfajbgkegk pabacg`gr.
ukit hgri ygke saharmgkg mikeeg fa ygke fljpcafs. Jgtari tarsabut hipacg`gri mikeeg
tuktgs.
2. ^ajbacg`grgk cgkesuke
Ygitu sugt jlhac pajbacg`grgk ygke hisusuk hgri stuhi taktgke parbahggk gktgrg euru
jakeg`gr ygke cabim aoaftio hgk fu
furgke
rgke aoaftio sartg hgri talri bacg`gr slsigc.
4. Bacg`gr jacgcui sijucgsi 0 cgtimgk hgk cgtimgk jgkhiri
Ygitu jlhac pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk ygke jakeegbukefg
jakeegbukefgk
k ikolrjgsi
ikolrjgsi taktgke
taktgke fatargjpicgk
fatargjpicgk
hakegk
hakegk hajlks
hajlkstrg
trgsi,
si, prgfti
prgftif,
f, bgcifg
bgcifgk,
k, hgk cgt
cgtimg
imgk
k sgjpgi
sgjpgi sugtu
sugtu fatargj
fatargjpicg
picgk
k
hifugsgi.
Jlhuc 8
^rlsahur pajbacg`grgk
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 7
Faeigtgk prg hgk gwgc pajbacg`grgk
Jakelktrlc sacurum gftivitgs siswg jucgi hgri gwgc sgjpgi gfmir pajbacg`grgk
jikgt siswg
Jakeajbgkefgk faeigtgk
faeigtgk bacg`gr ygke jajukefikfgk siswg
siswg hgpgt jacgfufgkkyg
jacgfufgkkyg
Ghgcgm pargkgk paktike hgcgj rgkefg jakdgpgi tu`ugk ygke tacgm hi tatgpfgk hgcgj
furifucuj
furifucuj faeigtgk ikti pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk hi grgmfgk
grgmfgk pghg parlsas
parlsas pajbacg`grg
pajbacg`grgk
k makhgfkyg
makhgfkyg
jacibgtfgk siswg sabkygf jukefik, ygke jajakumi fabutumgk siswg bgif sadgrg ikhivihugc
jgupuk parfacljplf uktuf itu faeigtgk ikti makhgfkyg jarupgfgk faeigtgk ygke barvgrigsi.
7. ^ajbgmgsgk
^ajbgmgsgk jgtari pacg`grgk
pacg`grgk hgcgj
hgcgj pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk fcgsifgc
fcgsifgc
g. ^riksi
^riksip-p
p-prik
riksip
sip pajb
pajbacg`
acg`grg
grgk
k fcgsif
fcgsifgc
gc
Tistajgtis
Jahig pajbgcg`grgk
siswgg tarmghg
sisw tarmghgp
p bgmgk
bgmgk pacg`gr
pacg`grgk
gk ygke
ygke cgi
cgik
k hakegk
hakegk dgrg jakemu
jakemubuk
bukefg
efgk
k gtgu
jakegitfgk jgtari ygke sahgke hipacg`gri hakegk situgsi kygtg gtgu hakegk bgmgk
pacg`grgk ygke cgik gtgu hakegk pacg`grgk ygke jakeegjbgrfgk
jakeegjbgrfgk sabgb gfibgt.
2. ^ajbgmgsgk
^ajbgmgsgk jgtari pacg`grgk
pacg`grgk hgcgj
hgcgj pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk facljplf
facljplf
g. ^riksi
^riksip-p
p-prik
riksip
sip pajb
pajbacg`
acg`grg
grgk
k facljp
facljplf
lf
@ Far`g sgjg
@ ^armgtigk’
@ Jltivgsi
@ Tujbar bacg`gr hgk ogsicitgs
@ Cgtimgk hgk tuegs
tacgm hirujusfgk
Gkgcisis jgsgcgm barhgsgrfgk sub-sub jgsgcgm.
^rasak
^rasaktgsi
tgsi facljplf
facljplf gtgu jacgplrfgk
jacgplrfgk mgsic hisfusi
hisfusi facljplf
facljplf fadic pghg sacurum
facljplf hicgk`utfgk hisfusi facgs ygke cgkesuke hibijbike lcam euru.
euru.
4. ^ajbgmgsgk
^ajbgmgsgk jgtari pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk hgcgk pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk parsalrgkeg
parsalrgkegk
k
g. Jak`acgsfgk
Jak`acgsfgk sadgrg
sadgrg sikefgt
sikefgt taktgke
taktgke jgtari pacg`grg
pacg`grgk
k ygke gfgk
gfgk hituegsfgk
hituegsfgk gtgu ygke
ygke
gfgk hicgtimfgk fapghg siswg
b. Jajbarifgk cajbgrgk far`g gtgu tuegs
d. Jajgkt
Jajgktgu
gu hgk jakicg
jakicgii f
faei
aeigtg
gtgk
k siswg
siswg
Faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk 4
Faeigtgk gfmir hgk tikhgfcgk`ut pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk
Faeigtgk iki hi cgfufgk uktuf jaygfikfgk euru tarmghgp pakeugsggk fljpataksi lcam
siswg hgk upgyg pajgktgpgk pakeugsggk fljpataksi ygke hi mgrgpfgk faeigtgk iki mgrus hi
1. Jakeukefg
Jakeukefgpfgk
pfgk tlpif bgmgsgk
bgmgsgk ygke
ygke gfgk hgtgke
hgtgke
JLHQC 1
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 7
Mgfifgt hgk ogftlr-ogftlr hgcgj pajicimgk jatlha jakeg`gr
^ajbacg`grgk jarupgfgk faeigtgk ygke bartu`ugk jacibgtfgk gftivitgs siswg hgk euru. Qktuf
jakdgpgi tu`ugk tarsabut haparcufgk jatlha sabgegi gctarkgtio, samikeeg hgcgj jakdgpgi
tu`ugk hgpgt jgfsijgc. Jatlha jakeg`gr ygke hieukgfgk mgruscgm barvgrigtio samikeeg tihgf
jakijbucfgk fa`akumgk gftivitgs hgcgj prlsas pajbacg`grgk.
B. Ogftlr-Ogftlr
Ogftlr-Ogftlr ygke parcu hiparmgtifgk hgcgj ^ajicimgk jatlha Jakeg`gr
7. Xu`ugk ^ajbacg`grgk gtgu fljpataksi Tiswg
Xu`ugk pajbacg`grgk jarupgfgk parkygtggk ygke himgrgpfgk hgpgt hifatgmui , hisifgpi, hgk
gtgu hicgfufgk siswg saatacgm jakeifuti pajbacg`grgk. Xu`ugk ikstitusilkgc ghgcgm tu`ugk
ygke ikeik hidgpgi lcam sugtu cajbgeg pakhihifgk. Xu`ugk bihgke stuhi ghgcgm tu`ugk ygke
mgrus hidgpgi lcam sugtu jgtg pacg`grgk. Xu`ugk pajbacg`grgk (ikstrufsilkgc) ghgcgm tu`ugk
ygke mgrus hidgpgi hgcgm sugtu plflf bgmgsgk tartaktu. Xgxlkljy Bcllj jakeurgifgk
taktgke tu`ugk ygke barsiogt fmusus, ygke sarike jakdgfup 4 rgkgm, ygitu0
7) Flekitio
g) ^akeatgmugk, fajgjpugk jakeatgmui, jakeikegt.
b) ^ajgmgjgk, fajgjpugk jakar`ajgmfgk, jajgmgji.
d) ^akargpgk, fajgjpugk jakear`gfgk, jajbugt.
h) Gkgcisis, fajgjpugk jakefg`i, jakeurgifgk, jajbahgfgk hgk jakeihaktioifgsi.
a) Tiktasis, fajgjpugk jakeegbukefgk, jakeacljplffgk, jakyusuk.
2) Goaftio
g) ^akarijggk.
b) ^grtisipgsi.
d) ^akicgigk.
4) ^sifljltlr
g) ^arsapsi, fajgjpugk barpakhgpgt.
b) Fasigpgk.
d) Eargfgk tarbijbike, fajgjpugk jakiru.
h) Eargfgk tarbigsg, fatargjpicgk barpaegke pghg plcg.
a) Eargfgk ygke fljpcafs, fatargjpicgk cikdgm, dapgt, cgkdgr.
Xu`ugk pajbacg`grgk fmusus gtgu Akgbcike Lb`adtivas grtikyg tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk mgrus
hidgpgi sacgjg prlsas bacgkesuke. Xu`ugk pajvacg`grgk ujuj gtgu ygreay lb`adtivas grtikyg
tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk hgpgt hidgpgi satacgm sacasgi pajbacg`grgk.
8. Ogftlr Tiswg
Jajpartijbgkefgk bgkygfkyg siswg hgk hgk jajpartijbgkefgk gspaf fasaegrgk jaktgc
(ogftlr gktusigs hgk facacgmgk).
1. Ogsicitgs, Jahig, hgk Tujbar Bacg`gr
^riksip-priksip bacg`gr ygke hi`ghifgk cgkhgsgk hgcgj pajbacg`grgk higktgrgkyg ghgcgm
fatarsahigk ogsicitgs, jahig hgk sujbar bacg`gr.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 2
7. Fgrgftaristif
Jatlha dargjgm hieukgfgk gpgbicg prlsas pajbacg`grgk ygke hicgfufgk cabim barsiogt
pajbarigk ikolrjgsibarupg ogftg gtgu flksap-flksap saharmgkg. ^rlsas pajbacg`grgkkyg
pajbacg`grgkkyg
hicgfufgk sadgrg fcgsifgc hakegk `ujcgm siswg ygke racgtiva bgkygf. Bigsgkyg pakeeukggk
jatlha dargjgm cabim barsiogt jlkltlk.
2. ^rlsahur
7) Faeigtgk gwgc
g) Jajbaritgmufgk tu`ugk ygke gfgk hidgpgi
b) Jakygjpgifgk tgmgpgk faeitgk
2) Faeigtgk ikti
g) ^akyg`igk hgk Xgkyg `gwgb
b) Gslsigsi-icistrgsi
4) Faeigtgk gfmir
g) Gpcifgsi
b) Fasijpucgk
8. Faukeeucgk
g) Aflkljis wgftu hgk bigyg.
b) Xgreat `ujcgm siswg cabim bgkygf.
1. Facajgmgk
g) Tucit bgei ygke furgke jajicifi fajgjpugk jakyijgf.
b) Jakijbucfgk varbgcisja.
d) Furgke jajbarifgk fasajpgtgk siswg barpgrtisipgsi.
h) Dakharuke jakeeukgfgk ikegtgk.
a) ^rlsas pajbacg`grgk ghg hgcgj ltlritgs euru.
B. Jatlha Hisfusi
^ajbacg`grgk ygke jaibgtfgk babargpg siswg hgcgj jakyacasgifgk sugtu jgsgcgm, hgpgt
hakegk facljplf fadic (4-5 pasartg), sahgke (=-72 pasartg), basgr (74-8> pasartg).
7. Fgrgftaristif
Hgcgj pakeeukggk jatlha hisfusi, bgmgk pacg`grgk mgrus hifajufgfgk hakegk tlpif ygke
gfgk jakstijucus siswg jakyacasgifgk jgsgcgm.
2. ^rlsahur
7) Faeigtgk gwgc
g) Jajbaritgmufgk tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk.
b) Jakeacljplffgk siswg.
d) Jabaritgmufgk tgmgpgk faeigtgk.
2) Faeigtgk ikti
g) ^arujusgk tlpid.
b) Ihaktioifgsi jgsgcgm.
d) Gkgcisis jgscgm.
h) ^akyusukgk cgplrgk.
a) ^rasaktgsi facljplf.
4) Faeigtgk gfmir
Fasijpucgk.
h) Jgjpu barpakhgpgt.
a) Jgjpu jakemgregi lrgke cgik.
8. Faukeeucgk
g) Bartufgr pifirgk.
b) Jargkesgke siswg uktuf barpakhgpgt.
d) Jakeajbgkefgt rgsg tgkeeuke `gwgb.
h) Jajbikg fajgjpugk barbidgrg.
a) Jajbarifgk fasajpgtgk bacg`gr.
o) Bacg`gr jajgmgji pakhgpgt lrgke cgik.
1. Facajgmgk
g) Jajarcufgk wgftu ygke bgkygf.
b) Hisfusi tihgf aoaftio gpgbicg siswg tihgf jakeugsgi jgtari.
d) Tiswg ygke gftio mgkyg tartaktu.
D. Jatlha Tijucgsi
Tijucggsi ghgcgm barjgik pargk. Ghg 4 `akis jlhac sisjucgsi, ygitu rlca pcgyike (barjgik
pargk), slsilhrgjg (sijucgsi hgcgj fafacugreggk), sijucgtilk egjas (parjgikgk sijucgsi).
7. Fgrgftaristif
Jatlha iki bigsgkyg hieukgfgk uktuf parjgsgcgmgk-parjgsgcgmgk ygke barfgitgk hakegk
jgsgcgm famihupgk slsigc.
2. ^rlsahur
g) Jakatgpfgk tlpif.
b) Jakatgpfgk facljplf.
8. Faukeeucgk
7) Tiswg hgpgt barfljukifgsi hgk bariktargfsi slsigc.
1. Facajgmgk
7) Jajarcufgk wgftu bgkygf.
2) Tgkegt baregktuke pghg gftivitgs siswg.
4) Dakharuke jajgkoggtfgk sujbar bacg`gr
8) Bgkygf siswg ygke furgke jakyakgkei sijucgsi.
H. Jatlha Hajlkstrgsi
Jatlha ygke jakyg`ifgk bgmgk pacg`grgk hakegk jajpartuk`uffgk sadgrg cgkesuke lb`af
gtgu dgrg jacgfufgk sasugtu samikeeg hgpgt jajpacg`grikyg sadgrg prlsas.
7. Fgrgftaristif
Jatlha pajbacg`grgk iki jakygjpgifgk prlsas lb`af tartaktu hakegk lb`af ygke kygtg.
2. ^rlsahur
7) Jajparsigpfgk gcgt ygke gfgk hihajlkstrgsifgk.
2) Jajbarifgk pak`acgsgk taktgke tlpif.
4) ^acgfsgkggk hajlkstrgsi.
8) ^akegtgk tarmghgp mgsic hajlkstrgsi.
1) Fasijpucgk.
b)
d) Jajgmgji
Jgjpu tu`ugk. prlsas.
jakegjgti
h) Jgjpu jakeihaktioifgsi gcgt hgk flkhisi.
8. Faukeeucgk
g) Jajgmgji bgmgk pacg`grgk sasugi hakegk fakygtggk.
b) Hgpgt jakeajbgkefgk rgsg ikeik tgmu.
d) Hgpgt jacgfufgk parfar`ggk ygke sistajgtis.
h) Hgpgt jacgfufgk parbgkhikegk hgri babargpg lb`af.
1. Facajgmgk
g) Mgkyg hgpgt barpifir flkfrat sg`g.
A. Jatlha Afsparijak
Jatlha afsparijak jarupgfgk jatlha jakeg`gr ygke hgcgj pakyg`igk gtgu pajbgmgsgk
jgtarikyg jacgcui pardlggk sartg jakegjgti sadgrg prlsas.
7. Fgrgftaristif
Ijpcajaktgsi pajbacg`grgk afsparijak sacgcu jakuktut pakeeukggk gcgt bgktu, samikeeg
euru mgkyg jak`ghi ogsicitgtlr.
2. ^rlsahur
g) Jajparsigpfgk gcgt bgktu.
b) Jajbar patuk`uf hgk ikolrjgsi taktgke tuegs-tuegs.
d) ^acgfsgkggk afsparijak hakegk sistajgtis.
h) ^akeugtgk parlcamgk tajgk-tajgk afsparijak.
a) Fasijpucgk.
8. Faukeeucgk
7)
2) jajbgkefitfgk
Jajbgkefitfgk rgsg
sifgpikeik tgmu
icjigm siswg.
siswg.
4) Jajbugt pacg`grgk barsiogt gftugc.
8) Jajbikg fabigsggk bacg`gr facljplf jgupuk ikhivihu.
1. Facajgmgk
7) Jajarcufgk gcgt hgk bigyg.
2) Jajarcufgk wgftu ygke racgtiva cgjg.
4) Jikijkyg ogsicitgs.
8) Bacuj tarbigsgkyg jacgfufgk afsparijak.
O. Jatlha Fgrygwisgtg
Jatlha fgryg wisgtg (oiach trip) ghgcgm gftivitgs bacg`gr hicugr facgs, hakegk jakeuk`ukei
tajpgt-tajpgt ygke barfgitgk hakegk tlpid.
7. Fgrgftaristif
^ajbacg`grgk barbgsis flktafstugc.
2. ^rlsahur
7) Jakatgpfgk tu`ugk fljpataksi.
2) Jajpacg`gri tlpid fgryg wisgtg.
4) Jarujusfgk faeigtgk.
8) Jacgfsgkgfgk faeigtgk.
1) Jakicgi faeigtgk.
?) Jacgplrfg mgsic faeigtgk.
8. Faukeeucgk
1. Facajgmgk
7) Gclfgsi wgftu hgk bigyg ygke dufup bgkygf.
2)
4) Jajarcufgk
Tiswg tarcgcu pakegwgsgk hgkbarjgik.
tarcakg hakegk bijbikegk afstrg.
2. ^rlsahur
7) Jarujusfgk hgk jajbgtgsi jgsgcgm.
2) Jarujusfgk hueggk hgk partgkyggk.
8. Faukeeucgk
7) Jakeajbgkefgk fajgjpugk barpifir icjigm hgk fritis.
2) Jajpacg`gri bgmgk pacg`grgk ygke gftugc.
4) Jakelptijgcfgk fajgjpugk siswg.
1. Facajgmgk
7) Jajbutumfgk wgftu ygke dufup cgjg.
2) Bgmgk pacg`grgk tihgf barsiogt cleis hgk sistajgtis.
4) Jajarcufgk bijbikegk hgri euru.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 4
Mubukegk pakegcgjgk bacg`gr hakegk jatlha jakeg`gr
^akegcgjgk bacg`gr (cagrkike axpariakda) ygke himgrgpfgk ghgcgm tar`ghikyg gftivitgs bacg`gr
ygke tikeei hibgwgm bijbikegk euru samikeeg pajbaktufgk pakegcgjgk bagcg`ggrkyg
hibgkeuk gtgs fajgjpugk hgk pltaksi hiri sakhiri. ^ajbacg`grgk ghgcgm sugtu prlsas
barfacgk`utgk barhgsgrfgk gtgs pakegcgjgk.
Hgcgj jatlha hisfusi, pakegcgjgk ygke hiparlcam ygitu bafar`g sgjg, pakegcgjgk
jakeacugrfgk iha, jak`ghi pajijpik, barfljukifgsi, hgk pakegcgjgk jakyijpucfgk mgsic
hisfusi.
Jatlha fgryg wisgtg, hgjpgf pakegcgjgk ygke hiparlcam ygitu bariktargfsi, bafar`g sgjg,
jakegjgti, hgk jakicgi lb`af, jajbarifgk pakegcgjgk kygtg, prgftis hgk flkfrat.
JLHQC ?
JAHIG ^AJBACG@GRGK
Faeigtgk ^ajbacg`grgk 7
Mgfifgt Oukesi hgk ^argkgk Jahig ^ajbacg`grgk
Jahig pajbacg`grgk
Jahig hijgkoggtfgk barbgegi pimgf uktuf faparcugk samgri-mgri. Jisgckyg hukig biskis,
parusgmggk ikeik jajprljlsifgk prlhufkyg
prlhufkyg hi pgsgrgk hakegk jajgkoggtfgk jahig gtgu
sgrgkg saparti tacavisi, rghil, surgt fgbgr, brlsur, cagocat, plstar hgk cgik-cgik. Euru
jakeeukgfgk jahig pajbacg`grgk gegr ikolrjgsi hgpgt hitarijg hgk hisargp hakegk bgif
lcam siswg. Tabgegi wu`uh bgmwg bgmgk g`gr hitarijg lcam siswg hibuftifgk hakegk
tar`ghikyg parubgmgk-parubgmgk paricgfu bgif barupg pakeatgmugk, sifgp, jgupuk
fatargjpicgk.
Jakurut Maikidm, hff (7994) jahig jarupgfgk gcgt sgcurgk fljukifgsi. Jahig bargsgc hgri
bgmgsg cgtik hgk baktuf `gjgf hgri fgtg –jahiuj‚ sadgrg mgroigm bargrti–pargktgrg‚. Ygitu
pargktgrg sujbar pasgk (g slurda) hakegk pakarijg pasgk (radaivar ). Taparti oicj, tacavisi,
higergj, bgmgk tardatgf ( priktah jgtarigcs), fljputar, hgk ikstruftur.
Jakurut Tdmrgjk (7955), tafklclei pajbgwg pasgk ygke hgpgt hijgkoggtfgk uktuf
faparcugkpajbacg`grgk.
Jakurut Briees (7955), sgrgkg oisif uktuf jakygjpgifgk isi gtgujgtari pajbacg`grgk saparti
bufu,oicj, vihal,sciha, hgk sabgegikyg.
sabgegikyg.
Fljukifgsi hug grgm (twl wgy trgooid dljjukidgtilk) gtgu cabim (jucti wgy
trgooiddljjukidgtilk) ghgcgm flkhisi hijgkg siswg tihgf mgkyg barpargk sabgegi pakarijg
pasgk kgjuk bisg sg`g bartikhgf sabgegi pakygjpgi pasgk jgfg hiparcufgk
hiparcufgk jahig uktuf
cabim jakikefgtfgk tikefgt faaoaftiogk pakdgpgigk tu`ugk gtgu fljpataksi.
Jahig pajbacg`grgk tarhiri gtgs hug uksur paktike ygitu uksur pargcgtgk gtgu pargkefgt fargs
(mgrhwgra), hgk uksur pasgk ygke hibgwg (jassgeas gtgu slotwgra). Jahig pajbacg`grgk
jajarcufgk pargcgtgk uktuf jakyg`ifgk pasgk, kgjuk ygke tarpaktike ghgcgm pasgk gtgu
ikolrjgsi bacg`gr ygke hibgwgfgk lcam jahig.
^rlsas pajbacg`grgk gfgk barmgsic gpgbicg siswg turut gftio hgcgj pajbacg`grgk jgfg
hibutumfgk ogsicitgs sabgegi jahig pajbacg`grgk samikeeg hgpgt cabim jakelptijgcfgk
pakdgpgigk mgsic bacg`grkyg. ^akeatgmugk pgcike bgkygf hiparlcam
hiparlcam sadgrg visugc gtgu ikhrg
pakeacimgtgk, satacgm itu jacgcui ikhrg pakhakegrgk. ^akeatgmugk hiparlcam
hiparlcam cabim jgfsijgc
sadgrg guhilvisugc (pakhakegrgk hgk pakeacimgtgk).
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
@akis hgk Frgftaristif Jahig ^ajbacg`grgk
7. Ghg 4 `akis jahig pajbacg`grgk ygke parcu hi pgmgji lcam pgrg euru, ygitu jahig visugc.
Jahig guhil, hgk jahig guhil visugc hgri jgsike jgsike `akis jahig tarsabut tarhgpgt
barbgegi baktuf jahig ygke hgpgt hi fajbgkefgk
fajbgkefgk hgcgj faeigtgk faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk hi
saflcgm hgsgr.
2. Jahig visugc ghgcgm jahig ygke hgpgt hi cigt hakegk gjakeeukgfgk jahig pakemcimgtgk
pakemcimgtgk
tarhiri gtgs jahig ygke hi prlyafsifgk ( prl`aftah visugc ). Jahig guhil ghgcgm jahig
jargkesgke piqirgk, pargsggk, parmgtigk ygke hgpgt jajgkdike fajgugk siswg uktuf
jajgmgji bgmgk g`gr hgk `akiskyg, saparti prlergj fgsat sugrg ( guhil fgsatta ). DH guhil,
hgk prlergj rghil. Tahgkefgk jahig guhilvisugc jarupgfgk fljbikgsi hgri jahig guhil hgk
jahig visugc hi sabut jahig pgkhgke hakegr.
4. Tatgip jahig jajicifi fgrgftaristif ( facabimgk hgk fatarbgtgsgk ), lcam fgrakg itu tf ghg
jahig ygke hgpgt hi eukgfgk uktuf hi eukgfgk sajug situgsi gtgu tu`ugk jahig jgkg ygke
gfgk hi eukgfgk fataregktukegk fapghg fljpataksi/tu`ugk ygke ikeik hi dgpgi siogt bgmgk
g`gr fatarsihiggk jahig tarsabut hgk fajgjpugk euru hgcgj jakeeukgfgkkyg
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 4
^ajicimgk, ^akeeukggk, hgk ^argwgtgk Jahig ^ajbacg`grgk
7. Jahig pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk ghgcgm `akis — `akis jahig
jahig pajbacg`grgk
pajbacg`grgk gctarkgtio juhgm hi bugt
bgmgkyg juhgm hi parlcam juhgm
juhgm hi eukgfgk sartg mgkyg cabim jurgm k kgjguk
gjguk hajifigk
saharmgkg tihgfkyg sugtu jahig tarsabut sabaksrkyg taregktuke pghg flkhisi gtu saflcgm
2. ^ajicimgk jahig pajbacg`gk pghg mgfifgtkyg jarupgfgk parlsas pakegjbicgk
faputusgk ygke hi cgfufgk lcam euru uktuf jakaktufgk `akis jahig jgkg ygke cabim tapgt hi
eukgfgk hgk sasugi hakegk tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk siogt jgtari ygke gfgk hi sjgpgifgk satikeei
ygke hi eukgfgk sartg avgcugsikyg ghgkyg picimgk jahig iki hi sabutfgk sgkegt bgkygf hgk
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 8
^ajgkoggtgk Cikefukegk Tabgegi Jahig ^ajbacg`grgk
slsigc hgk cikefukegk oisif/cikefukegk gcgj cikefukkegk slsisigc hgpgt hi eukgfgk uktuf
jajpacg`gri icju- icju slsigc hgk fajgkusiggk cikefukegk gcgj hgpgt hi eukgfgk uktuf
jajpacg`gri ea`gcg — ea`gcg gcgj sartg hgpgt jakujbumfgk fasghgrgk siswg gfgk diktg gcgj
hgk barpgrtisipgsi hgcgj jahig gcgj
8. ^rlsahur bacg`gr uktuf
uktuf jajgkoggtfgk cikefukegk sabgegi sujbar
sujbar bacg`gr hgpgt hi
tajpum jacgcui faeigtgk hakegk jajbgwg siswg facikefukegk saparti survai, fgrygwisgtg,
JLHQC 5
FAXARGJ^ICGK HGTGR JAKEG@GR 7
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
Fatargjpicgk Bartgkyg
Hgcgj jakargpfgk fatargjpicgk hgsgr hgk cgk`ut euru parcu jajparmgtifgk pariksip —
priksip barifut
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
Fatargjpicgk Jajbari ^akeugtgk
^akeugtgk ghgcgm rasplk ygke hi barifgk lcam euru tarmghgp pricgfu siswg ygke bgif ygke
jakyabgbfgk siswg tarsabut tarhlrlke uktuf jakeucgkei gtgu jakikefgtfgk pricgfu ygke
bgif tarsabut pakeugtgk hi barifgk hakegk tu`ugk jakikefgtfgk jltivgsi siswg hgcgj bacg`gr
jakelktrlc hgk jajltivgsi pricgfu ygke kaegtio jakujbumfgk rgsg prdgyg hiri srta
jajacimgrg ifcij facgs ygke flkhusio pakeutgk hi bgei jak`ghi pakeutgk parbgc hgk klk
parbgc pakeeukggk parbgc hi barifgk hgcgj uktuf
uktuf fgtg fgtg / fcijgt pu`igk saktumgk faeigtgk
ygke jakyakgkefgk, sartg bakhg / sijblc pakeutgk hgpgt `ueg hi barifgk hgcgj baktuf
pakeutgk tgf pakum `ifg rasplk/ pricgfu
pricgfu siswg tihgf sapakumkyg jajakumi mgrgpgk h hgcgj
gcgj
jajbarifgk pakeutgk mgrus hi parmgtifgk sapari — saparti barifut
7. Famgkegtgk hgk fagktusiggk
2. Fabarjgfkggk
4. Mikhgri rasplk kaegtio
8. ^akeutgk mgrus barpgrigsi
1. Tgsgrgk pakeutgk mgrus `acgs
?. ^akeugtgk mgrus hibarifgk saearg satacgm prcgfu ygke hi mgrgpfgk jukduc
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 4
Fatargjpicgk Jakeghgfgk _grigsi
_grigsi ghgcgm fagkafgrgegjgk ygke jajbugt sasugtu jaklktlk vgrigsi hi hgcgj faeitgk
pajbacg`rgk hgpgt jakeicgkefgk fablsgkggk, jakikefgtfgk
jakikefgtfgk jikgt hgk faikeikgk tgmugk
siswg, jacgygki egyg bacg`r siswg ygke bargegj,
Fljplkak fatargjpicgk jakeghgfgk vgrigsi hi bgei jak`ghi 4 facljplf sabgegi barifut.
7. _grigsi hgcj egyg bacg`gr ygke
ygke jaciputi vgrigsi sadgrg, pajusgtgk parmgtigk, pakyigpgk
pakyigpgk
JLHQC =
FAXARGJ^ICGK HGTGR JAKEG@GR 2
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
Fatargjpicgk Jajbufg hgk Jakutup ^acg`grgk
Faeitgk Bacg`gr 2
Fatargjpicgk Jajbijbike Hisfusi Facljplf Fadic
Hifusi facljplf fadic hgpgt tar`ghi `ifg sgrgt-sgrt barifut hgpgt hi pakumi gktgrg cgik
7. @ujcgm gkeeltg facljplf 4 — 9 lrgke
2. Xar`ghikyg tgtgp jufg ikolrjgc
4. Ghg tu`ugk ygke ikeik hi dgpgi
8. Barcgkesuke sadgrg sistajgtis
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 4
Fatargjpicgk Jakeaclcg Facgs.
Jakeaclcg facgs pghg hgsgrkyg ghgcgm pakegturgk lrgke hgk bgrgke ygke jajukefikfgk
tardiptgkyg hgk tarpcimgrgkyg flkhisi bacg`gr ygke lptijgc,flkhisi bacg`gr ygke lptijgc
sgkegt jakaktufgk famgsicgkkygfaeigtgk pajbacg`grgk.lcam fgrkg itu, euru parcu jakeugsgi
fatargjpicgk uktuf jakdiptgfgk flkhisi ygke lptijgc tarsabut.faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk hgpgt
hi bghgfggk jak`ghi hug jgsgcgm ,ygitu jgsgcgm istrufsilkgc hgk jgsgcgm pakeaclcggk .euru
mgrus hgpgt jajbahgfgk fahug jgsgcgm tarsabut gegr hgpgt jakgkegkikyg sadgrg taapgt.
Jgsgcgm iktrusilkgc mgrus hi sacasgifgk sadgrg iktrufsilkgc , sahgkefgk sistij pakeaclcg
mgrus hi sacasgifgk sadgrg pakeaclcg ,fljplkak fatrgjpicgk jakeaclcg facgs tarhiri hgri
fatargjpicgk ygke barsipgt prapaktip hgk fatrgjpicgk ygke barsipgt raprasio, fatrgjpicgk
ygke barsipgt pravaktip tarfgit hakegk usgmg jakdaegm tar`ghikyg egkeeugk,ygke hgpgt hi
tuk`ufgk hakegk 0
7. sifgp tgkefgp6
2. jajbgei parmgtigk6
Gegr hgpgt jakeaclcg facgs sadgrg aoaftip euru mgrus jajparmgtifgk babargpg mgi hi
sgjpike jakemikhgri sa`ujcgm pricgfu ygke higkeegp juhgm jakijbucfgk egkheugk.
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 8
Fatargjpicgk Jageg`gr Facljplf Fadic Hgk ^arlrgkegk
^ghg hgsgrkyg , siswg jajpukygi fgrgftaristif ygke sgkegt barbahg sgtu hakegk ygke
cgikkyg.uktuf jacgkygki parbahggk iki , hiparcufgk vgrigsi hgk parlregkisgsigk faeigtgk
fcgsifgc, faclljplf fadic hgk parlrgkegk mgkyg jukefik tarwu`uh `ifg hipakumi sygrgt —
sygrgt tartaktu.
7. Ghg muhukegk ygke samgt hgk gfrgb gktgrg euru-siswg
euru-siswg hgk gktgrsiswg
2. Tiswg bacg`gr hakegk fadapgtgk,fajgjpugk ,dgrg, hgk jikgt sakhiri
4. Tiswg jakhgpgt bgktugk sasugi hakegk fabutumgkkyg
8. Tiswg hicibgtfgk hgcgj parakdgkggk pajbacg`grgk .
1. Euru hgpgtjajgikfgk barbgegi pargk.
Gegr pakeg`grgk facljplf fadic hgk parlrgkegk hgpgt barcgkesuke sadgrg aoaftio, euru mgrus
jajparmgtifgk mgc-mgc barifut 0
7. Xihgf sajug tlpif
tlpif hgpgt hisg`ifgk hgcgj olrjgt facljplf fadic hgk parlrgkegk
2. Cgfufgk pakeg`grgk facljplf fadic hgk parlrgkegk sadgrg bartgmgp
JLHQC 9
FAEIGXGK RAJ AHIGC HGK FAEIGXGK ^AKEGYGGK
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
Faeigtgk Rajahigc
Mar (u`igk ucgke) hgpgt higkeegp sabgegi rajahigc, gpgbicg sabacuj mar hibarifgk, euru
jacgfsgkfgk faeigtgk pajbacg`rgk ygke jajbgktu siswg jajgmgji jgtari pacg`grgk ygke
Hgri urgigk tarsabut hgpgt hisijpucfgk bgmwg faeigtgk rajahigc ghgcgm faeigtgk
Tabgegi sgcgm sgtu upgyg jajbgktu siswg ygke jakegcgji fasucitgk bacg`gr, faeigtgk
rajahigc jajicifi babargpg oukesi ygke paktike bgei fasacurumgk prlsas pajbacg`grgk.
Ugrfitri, hff. (7997) jakyabutfgk akgj oukesi rajahigc hgcgj fgitgkkyg hakegk prlsas
pajbacg`grgk. Faakgj oukesi faeigtgk rajahigc tarsabut ghgcgm oukesi flraftio, pajgmgjgk,
pakyasugigk, pakegyggk, gfsacargsi, hgk targpautif.
g. Oukesi Flraftio
Jajparbgifi dgrg jakeg`gr hgk dgrg bacg`gr. Faeigtgk rajahigc jajpukygi oukesi flraftio
bgei faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk fgrakg jacgcui faeigtgk rajahigc euru jajparbgifi dgrg
jakeg`grkyg hgk siswg jajparbgifi dgrg bacg`grkyg. Jisgckyg, euru jakeatgmui bgmwg
ygke jakyabgbfgk siswg bacuj jakeugsgi jgtari pacg`grgk ghgcgm fgrakg furgkekyg
fasajpgtgk uktuf barcgtim jgfg euru mgrus jajparbgifi faeigtgk pajbacg`grgkkyg hakegk
jajbarifgk fasajpgtgk fapghg siswg uktuf barcgtim. Gtgu gpgbicg siswg tihgf jakeugsgi
jgtari fgrakg pak`acgsgk euru tarcgcu gbstrgf jgfg euru mgrus jakeeukgfgk barbgegi
jatlha hgk jahig ygke jajparjuhgm pajgmgjgk siswg tarmghgp flksap ygke hibgmgs.
d. Oukesi ^akyasugigk
h. Oukesi ^akegyggk
Faeigtgk rajahigc jajpukygi oukesi pakegyggk bgei prlsas pajbacg`grgk fgrakg jacgcui
faeigtgk rajahigc euru jajgkoggtfgk sujbar bacg`gr. Hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc euru hgpgt
jajiktg siswg uktuf jajbgdg bufu cgik ygkke ghg fgitgkkyg hakegk jgtari ygke bacuj
hipgmgji. Euru `ueg jakargpfgk jatlha jakeg`gr hgk gcgt bgktu ygke barvgrigsi. Jisgckyg,
jajbgktu siswg ygke jakegcgji fasucitgk hgcgj jakeugsgi jgtari, euru hgpgt jajiktg
siswg uktuf hisfusi gtgu far`g facljplf gtgu jukefik hakegk jakeeukgfgk gcgt pargeg
ygke barvgrigsi. Faeigtgk tarsabut jarupgfgk pakegyggk hgcgj prlsas pajbacg`grgk.
a. Oukesi Gfsacargsi
Faeigtgk rajahigc jajicifi oukesi gfsacargsi tarmghgp prlsas pajbacg`grgk fgrakg jacgcui
faeigtgk rajahigc euru hgpgt jajpardapgt pakeugsgk siswg tarmghgp jgtari pacg`grgk
hakegk jakgjbgm wgftu hgk orafuaksi pajbacg`grgk. Xgkpg rajahigc siswg ygke
jakegcgji fasucitgk hgcgj pajgmgjgk gfgk tartikeegc lcam tajgkkyg ygke tacgm jakeugsgi
jgtari pacg`grgk.
o. Oukesi Xargpautif
Faeigtgk rajahigc jajpukygi oukesi targpautif fgrakg jacgcui faeigtgk rajahigc euru hgpgt
jajbgktu jakegtgsi fasucitgk siswg ygke barfgitgk hakegk gspaf slsigc-pribghi. Bigsgkyg
siswg ygke jargsg hirikyg furgke barmgsic hgcgj bacg`gr sarike jargsg rakhgm hiri gtgu
tarislcgsi hgcgj paregucgk hakegk tajgk-tajgkkyg. Hakegk jajbgktu jakdgpgi prastgsi
bacg`gr ygke cabim bgif jacgcui faeigtgk rajahigc bargrti euru tacgm jajbgktu siswg
jakikefgtfgk rgsg pardgyg hiri.
Itucgm ? oukesi faeigtgk rajahigc hgcgj prlsas pajbacg`grgk. Hgri urgigk hi gtgs `acgscgm
bgmwg faeigtgk rajahigc jajicifi oukesi paktike hgcgj jajbgktu
jajbgktu pakeajbgkegk
fajgjpugk siswg sadgrg lptijgc.
2. Jatlha hgk jahig barsiogt fcgsifgc 7. Hiifuti lcam siswg ygke barjgsgcgm
2. Jatlha hgk jahig barsiogt ikhivihugc gtgu facljplf.
A_GCQGTI Tgjg uktuf sajug siswg Barsiogt ikhivihugc gtgu facljplf.
Gegr jak`ghi cabim `acgs, jgricgm fitg fg`i parbahggk faeigtgk rajahigc hgri pajbacg`grgk
bigsg hakegk jakegkgcisis fljplkak-fljplkak
fljplkak-fljplkak sugtu pajbacg`grgk. Fljplkak
Fljplkak-fljplkak
-fljplkak
tarsabut ghgcgm0
g. Xu`ugk ^ajbacg`grgk
Rujusgk tu`ugk barsiogt ikhivihugc. Faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk hicgfsgkgfgk uktuf jakdgpgi
fljpataksi gtgu tu`ugk ygke tacgm hitatgpfgk. Hgcgj pajbacg`grgk bigsg, tu`ugk
pajbacg`grgk ygke hirujusfgk euru barcgfu
barcgfu bgei sajug siswg. @ghi, barsiogt fcgsifgc.
Tajaktgrg itu, hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk ygke hirujusfgk euru barsiogt
ikhivihugc, taregktuke pghg fasucitgk siswg. Xu`ugk pajbacg`grgk ygke mgrus hifugsgi siswg
G jukefik barbahg hgri tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk ygke mgrus hifugsgi siswg B, taregktuke pghg
fljpataksi gtgu tu`ugk pajbacg`grgk ygke bacuj hifugsgi.
d. Faeigtgk ^ajbacg`grgk
Faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc gfgk barbahg hgri faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk
bigsg. Hgcgj pajbacg`grgk bigsg, ygke barpgrtisipgsi ghgcgm sacurum siswg. Euru
jajparcgfufgk siswg sajug sgjg. Tajaktgrg itu, hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc, pajbacg`grgk
mgkyg hiifuti lcam siswg-siswg ygke jajicifi fasucitgk bacg`gr tartaktu. Faeigtgk rajahigc iki
hgpgt hicgfufgk sadgrg ikhivihu gtgu facljplf sasugi hakegk fasucitgk hgk fgrgftaristif
siswg ygke jakeifuti faeigtgk rajahigc.
h. Avgcugsi
Gcgt avgcugsi barsiogt ikhivihugc hgk facljplf. Avgcugsi hicgfsgkgfgk uktuf jakeatgmui
tikefgt fabarmgsicgk pajbacg`grgk ygke hicgfsgkgfgk. Gcgt avgcugsi ygke hieukgfgk uktuf
faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk bigsgkyg barsiogt fcgsifgc sahgkefgk hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc gcgt
avgcugsiyg barsiogt ikhivihugc gtgu facljplf.
Hgri urgigk tarsabut hgpgt hisijpucgk bgmwg pajbacg`grgk bigsg jakargpfgk pakhafgtgk
fcgsifgc, sahgkefgk faeigtgk rajahigc jakargpfgk pakhafgtgk ikhivihugc gtgu facljplf.
Euru ygke suhgm barpakegcgjgk, hgri fagfrgbgkkyg hakegk siswg, tacgm jakeatgmui
facajgmgk siswgkyg. Hgri babargpg faeigtgk euru jakeatgmui bgmwg siswg G jajpukygi
facajgmgk hgcgj jakear`gfgk slgc-slgc jgtajgtifg samikeeg euru jajbari fasajpgtgk
uktuf barcgtimm cabim bgkygf cgei. Bgei ygke bacuj bgkygf pakegcgjgk, gkhg hgpgt
jakeeukgfgk `akis gcgt avgcugsi pratast.
^ratast ghgcgm sgcgm sgtu `akis gcgt avgcugsi ygke hieukgfgk euru sabacuj faeigtgk
pajbacg`grgk hicgfsgkgfgk. Barhgsgrfgk mgsic pra-tast euru hgpgt jakeacljplffgk
jakeacljplffgk siswg
jak`ghi tieg facljplf, ygitu facljplf ygke jgjpu jakeugsgi fljpataksi ygke tacgm
hitatgpfgk cabim dapgt, facljplf ygke sasugi hakegk wgftu ygke hitatgpfgk, hgk ygke tihgf
gfgk jgjpu jakeugsgi fljpataksi sasugi wgftu ygke hitatgpfgk. Faeigtgk rajahigc ygke
hibarifgk fapghg siswg ygke tihgf jgjpu jakeugsgi fljpataksi hakegk wgftu ygke
hisahigfgk hisabut rajahigc barsiogt pravaktio.
4. Faeigtgk Facljplf
Hisfusi gtgupuk far`g facljplf hgpgt hieukgfgk euru uktuf jajbgktu siswg jakegcgji
fasucitgk hgcgj jakeugsgi fljpataksi ygke hituktut. Ygke parcu hiparmgtifgk euru hgcgj
jakargpfgk far`g facljplf hgcgj faeigtgk rajahigc igcgm hgcgj jakaktufgk gkeeltg
faljplf.
8. Xutlrigc
Faeigtgk tutlrigc igcgm euru jajiktg bgktugk siswg cgik ygke cabim pgkhgi uktuf jajbgktu
siswg jakemghgpi fasucitgk hgcgj jakeugsgi fljpataksi ygke tacgm hitatgpfgk gtgu euru
hgpgt `ueg jajiktg siswg hgri facgs ygke cabim tikeei uktuf jajbgktu ghif facgskyg.
Jacgcui faeigtgk higeklsg, euru gfgk jakeatgmui pgrg siswg ygke parcu jakhgpgt bgktugk.
Qktuf faparcugk faeigtgk rajahigc, taktu ygke jak`ghi slrltgk ghgcgm siswg-siswg ygke
jakegcgji fasucitgk hgcgj bacg`gr ygke hituk`uffgk hakegk tihgf tardgpgikyg fritarig
fabarmgsicgk bacg`gr.
Itucgm cgkefgm-cgkefgm ygke mgrus hitajpum euru hgcgj jacgfsgkgfgk faeigtgk rajahigc.
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
Faeigtgk ^akegyggk
2. Jakeajbgkefgk Cgtimgk
Tiswg ygke dapgt hgcgj bacg`gr hgpgt hijiktg uktuf jajbugt slgc-slgc cgtimgk uktuf
hifar`gfgk lcam tajgk-tajgkkyg. Tlgc-slgc ygke hifajbgkefgk tarsabut mgrus hisartgi
hakegk fukdi `gwgbgk.
Jajbarifgk fasajpgtgk uktuf tarcibgt hgcgj sugtu prlyaf. Faeigtgk iki hgpgt hicgfufgk
uktuf pakhgcgjgk jgtari ygke jakuktut bgkygf cgtimgk.
8. Jacgfufgk ^rlyaf
Jajbarifgk tuegs fapghg siswg hgcgj jacgfufgk sugtu prlyaf gtgu cgplrgk, jacgcui
faeigtgk iki jltivgsi bacg`gr siswg gfgk jakikefgt. Jarafg gfgk barusgmg uktuf
jajpacg`gri jgtari pacg`grgk barifutkyg hakegk bgif samikeeg jarafg gfgk jakhgpgt
fasajpgtgk cgei uktuf jacgfufgk prlyaf
g. Faeigtgk hihi cugr facgs cabim hisufgi siswg hgripghg faeigtgk hi hgcgj facgs.
b. Faeigtgk ygke jacgfufgk gftivitgs cabim hisufgi siswg hgripghg mgkyg hicgfufgk
hicgfufgk hi
bacgfgke ja`g.
d. Faeigtgk jakajufgk
jakajufgk sasugtu ygke ygke bgru
bgru cabim
cabim jargkesgke
jargkesgke jikgt
jikgt siswg hgripghg faeigtgk
faeigtgk
ygke siogtkyg pak`acgsgk.
h. Faeigtgk ygke dapt jakuk`uffgk
jakuk`uffgk mgsic cabim hisufgi siswg hgripghg
hgripghg faeigtgk ygke
jakuktut wgftu ygke dufup cgjg.
4. Ogftlr Ugftu
Euru mgrus jgjpu jakyasugifgk `akis faeigtgk pakegyggk hakegk fabutumgk siwg hgk `ueg
hakegk wgftu ygke tarsahig. Gpgbicg wgftu pakegyggk suhgm mgbis, siswg makhgfkyg tacgm
jakeugsgi jgtari pakegyggk sadgrg utum hgk siswg suhgm hgpgt jacimgt mgsickyg.
JLHQC 7>
^AKEACLCGGK FACGT
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
Mgfifgt ^akeaclcggk Facgs
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
G. ^akgtggk Cikefukegk Facgs
^akgtggk cikefukegk facgs ygke tapgt barpakegrum tarmghgp tikefgt fatarcibgtgk hgk
pgrtisipgsi siswg hgcgj prlsas pajbacg`grgk.
7. ^riksip-priksip pakgtggk cikefukegk facgs
g. Facacugsggk pgkhgkegk
Ygitu pakajpgtgk gtgu pakgtggk bgrgke-bgrgke hi hgcgj facgs tihgf jakeegkeeu pgkhgkegk
siswg hgk euru samikeeg siswg sadgrg cacugsg hgpgt jajgkhgke euru gtgu bakhg/faeigtgk
ygke sahgke barcgkesuke.
d. Facuwasgk
Ygitu bgrgke-bgrgke ygke ghg hi hgcgj facgs makhgfkyg juhgm uktuf hitgtg hgk hipikhgm-
pikhgmfgk sasugi hakegk tuktutgk faeigtgk
faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk ygke gfgk hicgfufgk siswg hgk
euru.
h. Fakygjgkgk
Ygitu cikefukegk facgs ygke hitgtg hgpgt jajbarifgk fakygjgkgk bgif bgei siswg jgupuk
euru sakhiri. ^riksip fakygjgkgk iki barfgitgk hakegk tajpargtur rugkegk, dgmgyg, sugrg hgk
fapghgtgk facgs. Fakygjgkgk rugkegk facgs gfgk sgkegt barpakegrum tarmghgp flksaktrgsi
hgk prlhuftivitgs siswg hgk euru hgcgj faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk.
a. Faikhgmgk
Rugkegk facgs ygke ikhgm hgk jakyakgkefgk barpakegrum plsitio tarmghgp
tar mghgp sifgp hgk tikefgm
cgfu siswg tarmghgp faeigtgk pajbacg`grgk ygke hicgfsgkgfgk. Rugkegk facgs ygke
jakyakgkefgk `ueg gfgk jakikefgtfgk pakeajbgkegk kicgi faikhgmgk pghg hiri siswg
fgrakg siswg jacimgt cgkesuke jlhac/dlktlm ygke hicgfufgk euru hgcgj jakgtg facgs.
Lcam fgrakg itu hgcgj jakeaclcg facgs, euru mgrus hgpgt jakdiptgfgk mubukegk slsil-
ajlsilkgc ygke mgrjlkis bgif gktgrg euru hakegk siswg jgupuk gktgrsiswg.
7. Fgrgftaristif euru
Barfakggk hakegk pakeaclcggk ifcij psifl-slsigc facgs, Bgkhurg (Ellh hgk Brlpmy)
jakygtgfgk bgmwg fabarmgsicgk euru hgcgj jakeaclcg
jakeaclcg ifcij psifl-slsigc facgs hipakegrumi
lcam fgrgftaristif euru itu sakhiri. Barifut iki babargpg fgrgftaristif ygke mgrus hijicifi lcam
euru 0
g. Hisufgi lcam siswgkyg
b. Jajicifi parsapsi ygke ragcistif taktgke hirikyg hgk siswgkyg.
d. Gfrgb hakegk siswg hgcgj bgtgs mubukegk euru-siswg
h. Barsifgp plsitio tarmghgp partgkyggk/rasplks siswg
a. Tgbgr, taeum hgk taegs
JLHQC 77
HITI^CIK FACGT
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 7
Mgfifgt hisipcik facgs
2. Hisipcik Facgs
Xurkay &dgirks (79=>) jakefg`i ucgke haoikisi hisipcik facgs
facgs ygke bargsgc hgri pgrg pgfgr.
Hgcgj fg`igk tarsabut, gktgrg cgik hiukefgp haoikisi hisipcik ygke barvgrigsi sabgegi barifut 0
- ^artgjg, hisipcik higrtifgk tikefgt fatargturgk ygke
ygke tarhgpgt pgh
pghgg sugtu facljplf.
- Fahug, hisipcik facgs
facgs higrtifgk sabgegi tafkif
tafkif ygke
ygke hieukgfgk
hieukgfgk lcam euru ukuf
jajbgkeuk gtgu jajacimgrg fatargturgk hihgcgj facgs. Jisgckyg,ibu Itg jaeeukgfgk
mufujgk uktuf jakartibfgk gkgf-gkgf.
- Fatieg, ghgpgfgr ygke jakygjgfgk fgtg hisipcik hakegk mufujgk.
Hgri fatieg pakeartigk higtgs hisapgfgti lcam babargpg pgfgr, ygke jakhioikisifgk hisipcik
sabgegi bgeigk pakeaclcggk facgs ygke tarutgjg barurusgk hakegk pakgkegkgk pricgfu ygke
jakyijpgke(flmk,, 799?).
jakyijpgke(flmk
B. Hisipcik facgs
Tabgegi euru, gkhg taktu parcu jajgmgji gcgsgk hgri tikhgfgk
tikhgfgk Gkhg hihgcgj facgs. G Ghg
hg
babargpg gcgsgk paktike siswg parcu hig`g`rfgk hisipcik higktgrgkyg 0
7. Hisipcik parcu hig`grfgk hgk parcu hipacg`gri sartg himgygti lcam siswg, gegr siswg jgjpu
jgjpu
jakhisipcikfgk hirikyg sakhiri. Ikicgm ygke jarupgfgk tu`ugk
tu`ugk utgjg pakgkgjgk hisipcik.
hisipcik.
Tiswg jgjpu jakeakhgcifgk hiri sakhiri, tgkpg
tg kpg parcu hiflktrlc lcam euru (Uikzar,7992).
2. Hisipcik, sabgegijgkg higfui
higfui lcam
lcam lcam pgrg pgfgr
pgfgr sa`gf hgmucu, jarupgfgk pusgt
barputgrkyg famihupgk saflcgm (turkay &dgirks, 79=>).
4. Xikefgt fatggtgk siswg ygke
ygke tikeei tarmghgp gturgk facgs,cabim-cabim `ifg fatggtgk
tarsabut tujbum hgri hiri sakhiri, bufgk hipgfsgfgk, gfgk jajukefikfgk tardiptgkyg ifcij
bacg`gr ygke flkhusio.
8. Xikefgt fatggtgk siswg rakhgm tarmghgp gturgk facgs gfgk jajbugt ifcij bacg`gr ygke
tihgf flkhusio.
1. @ujcgm siswg hgcgj sgtu facgs
?. Fabigsggk uktuf jakggti gturgk hgcgj facgs gfgk jajbari
jajbari hgjpgf ygke cabim
cabim cugs bgei
famihupgk siswg hihgcgj jgsygrgfgt.
Faeigtgk bacg`gr 2
Ttrgtaei pakgkgjgk hgk pakgkegkgk hisipcik facgs
Barifut iki hgpgt gkhg sijgf babargpg dgrg ygke hgpgt Gkhg dlbg hgcgj jakgkgjfgk
hisipcik hifacgs, safgcieus hgpgt Gkhg eukgfgk sabgegi rgjbu-rgjbu hgcgj jajicim dgrg
ygke tapgt/sasugi hakegk facgs gkhg.
7. Jlhacfgk tgtg tartib ygke suhgm
suhgm hi tatgpfgk saflcgm. Dlktlm kygtg jarupgfgk
jarupgfgk gcgt
jakeg`gr /jakhihif ygke tarbgif, tarutgjg bgei gkgf-gkgf TH. Tabgegijgkg hikygtgfgk lcam
Acigs , at gc (7995),jacgcui jlhac gtgu dlktlm ygke hiparcimgtfgk lcam euru,gkgf-gkgf
jacimgt cgkesuke paricgfu, fatargjpicgk, hgk sifgp ygke higk`urfgk.
2. Ghgfgk partajugk facgsfacgs sadgrg barfgcg, tarutgjg
tarutgjg `ifg ghg gturgk ygke
ygke parcu hitik`gu
hitik`gu
fajbgci. ^artajugk facgs higkeegp lcam babargpg pgfgr (higktgrgkyg ecgssar ) sabgegi sgcgm
sgtu gctarkgtio ygke aoaftio uktuf jakgkgjfgk hgk jakgkegki hisipcik facgs.
4. Xargpfgk gturgk sadgrg ocafsibac (cuwas) samikeeg siswg tihgf
tihgf jargsg tartafgk.
8. Tasugifgk pakargpgk gturgk hakegk tikefgt parfajbgkegk gkgf.
1. Cibgtfgk siswg hgcgj jajbugt gturgk facgs.
JLHQC 72
^AJBACG@GRGK YGKE AOAFXIO
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 7
^arakdgkggk pajbacg`grgk ygke aoaftio
lbsarvgsi
?. ^arakdgkggk pajbacg`grgk mgrus barsiogt ocafsibac
5. ^arakdgkggk pajbacg`grgk mgrus barhgsgrfgk pghg pakhafgtgk sistaj ygke
jakeeukgfgk fatarpghugk gktgrg tu`ugk/fljpataksi, jgtari, faeigtgk bacg`gr hgk avgcugsi
Faeigtgk Bacg`gr 2
^ajbacg`grgk ygke aoaftio
5. ^abacg`gr
=. Hurgsi pajbacg`grgk
9. Clfgsi pajbacg`grgk
D. Fgrgftaristif euru
Ghgpuk fgrgftarisitif euru ygke jajpakegrumi Faputusgk parakdgkggk pajbacg`grgk ghgcgm
0
7. Bgkygfkyg pakegcgjgk jakeg`gr euru
2. Oiclsloi bacg`gr jakeg`gr
4. ^akeatgmugk taktgke isi pajbacg`grgk
8. Egyg euru hgcgj jakelregkisgsifgk pajbacg`grgk
1. Mgrgpgk-mgrgpgk jakgtg facgs
?. ^argsggk gjgk hgk flktrlc pajbacg`grgk
2. ^ajbacg`grgk tarpghu