Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Advances in Engineering Software

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/advengsoft

3-D elasto-plastic large deformations: IGA simulation by Bézier

extraction of NURBS
Wenjiang Lai a, Tiantang Yu a,∗, Tinh Quoc Bui b,c,∗, Zhiguo Wang a,d, Jose L. Curiel-Sosa e,
Raj Das f, Sohichi Hirose c
a
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, PR China.
b
Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, Vietnam
c
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-22, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
d
School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of technology, Ma’anshan 243002, PR China.
e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, S1 3JD Sheffield, United Kingdom.
f
School of Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of elasto-plastic large deformation in three-dimensional
Received 29 November 2016 (3-D) solids using isogeometric analysis (IGA) based on Bézier extraction of NURBS (non-uniform rational
Revised 13 February 2017
B-splines), due to some inherently desirable features. The Bézier extraction operation decomposes the
Accepted 27 February 2017
NURBS basis functions into a set of linear combination of Bernstein polynomials and a set of C0 -continuity
Available online 7 March 2017
Bézier elements. Consequently, the IGA based on Bézier extraction of NURBS can be embedded in existing
Keywords: FEM codes, and more importantly, as have been shown in literature that higher accuracy over traditional
3-D FEM can be gained. The main features distinguishing between the IGA and FEM are the exact geometry
Elasto-plastic large deformation description with fewer control points, high-order continuity, high accuracy. Unlike the standard FEM, the
Isogeometric analysis NURBS basis functions are capable of precisely describing both geometry and solution fields. The present
NURBS kinematic is based on the Total Lagrange description due to the elasto-plastic large deformation with
Bézier extraction
deformation history. The results for the distributions of displacements, von Mises stress, yielded zones,
FEM
and force-displacement curves are computed and analyzed. For the sake of comparison of the numerical
results, the same numerical examples have additionally been computed with the FEM using ABAQUS. IGA
numerical results show the robustness and accuracy of the technique.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sign of structural and mechanical components [3,4]. Basically, the

The main problem addressed in this manuscript is the pre-
diction of mechanical behavior of three-dimensional (3-D) elasto-
plastic solids under large deformations and statically applied load
using an effective numerical approach. Elasto-plastic large defor-
mation behavior is very common in the process of engineering
design and analysis. In real engineering applications, large defor-
mations of elasto-plastic materials are often encountered in, for
instance, sheet metal forming or structural crashworthiness [1,2].
The existence of material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity
usually complicates modeling and simulation. The calculation accu-
racy is not always satisfactory, and still remains a challenging task.
Accurate prediction of mechanical behaviors of elasto-plastic large
deformation is absolutely indispensable for any steps of proper de-
∗
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: tiantangyu@hhu.edu.cn (T.T. Yu), buiquoctinh@duytan.edu.vn,
tinh.buiquoc@gmail.com (T.Q. Bui).
geometric nonlinearity is caused by the large displacement of the
structural deformation. The strain term is a nonlinear matrix con-
taining higher order trace, and the deformation process cannot be
described on the basis of the initial state. Consequently, the equi-
librium position is unknown. In such circumstance, incremental
methods have to be developed for solving nonlinear problems. In
the last decades, the authors of several important and favorite text-
books in the field, for instance, see [5–7], who have made great
contributions to the development and perfection of the geometric
nonlinear theories.
In terms of 3-D elastoplastic large deformation problems, Khoei
and Lewis [2] described a general framework for finite element
simulation of metal powder forming. Their approach is based on
a Total and Updated Lagrangian formulation, an adaptive finite ele-
ment strategy, and automatic remeshing techniques. Also, large de-
formation multiscale finite element methods have been proposed
in Molina and Curiel-Sosa [8]. Chiou et al. [4] developed a 3-D fi-
nite element code for large strain elastic-plastic solids. They used

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.02.011
0965-9978/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82
their own theory by decomposing the deformation gradient into
a product of the elastic and plastic parts, instead of a combina-
tion of elastic and plastic strain rates. They stated that their so-
lutions for elastic-plastic solids are path-dependent. The numeri-
cal results still may not be acceptable if the incremental step size
is too large, even through the obtained solutions are stable. Reese
et al [9] proposed a new locking-free brick element for 3-D large
deformation problems in finite elasticity on the basis of enhanced
strain method. Their new elements are free of locking, which is
often caused by using isoparametric low-order elements in mod-
eling elasto-plastic large deformation, arising mainly in bending-
dominated situation and in the limit of incompressibility. Puso and
Solberg [10] devoted a stabilized nodally integrated tetrahedral el-
ement, an effective low-order element that can circumvent the
poor performance of classical linear tetrahedral element in plastic-
ity problems, nearly incompressible materials and acute bending.
Areias and Matous [11] presented a 3-D mixed stabilized four-node
tetrahedron with nonlocal pressure for hyperelastic materials of re-
inforced elastomers. Their element is unconditionally convergent
and free of spurious pressure modes. Duster and Rank [12] ap-
plied the high-order finite element method to the problem of large
plastic deformation, obtained high convergence rate and accurate
solution, and there is no self-locking phenomenon. Recently, Pas-
con and Coda [3,13–15], in contrast, developed high-order full inte-
grated tetrahedral elements and successfully applied them to large
deformation analysis of, for instance, elastoplastic homogeneous
materials, elastic functionally graded materials, elastoplastic func-
tionally graded materials, and functionally graded rubber-like ma-
terials. Nevertheless, there are a number of previous studies avail-
able in literature, and most of them are in 2-D and are carried out
using the FEM [16,17]. In the contrary to the low-order finite el-
ements, the present study however is devoted to 3-D large defor-
mation analysis of elasto-plastic materials, but using an effective,
accurate, high order and locking-free isogeometric finite element
method.
Isogeometric analysis (IGA) pioneered by Hughes et al.
[18] owns many advantages as compared with the traditional FEM.
The exact geometrical representation, high-order continuity, and
high accuracy are those that substantially exhibit the implication of
the IGA to be an effective numerical tool nowadays. The inherently
desirable characteristics of IGA makes it superior to the classical
FEM in many aspects and has successfully applied to many en-
gineering problems including plate/shell structures [19–28], struc-
tural optimization [29–31], contact problem [32], fluid mechanics
[33], fluid–structure interaction [34], damage and fracture mechan-
ics [35–38], and unsaturated flow problem in porous media [39].
One of the major drawbacks of NURBS-based IGA is the inefficiency
of local refinement. Recently, a polynomial splines based IGA which
exploits the flexibility of T-meshes for local refinement was pre-
sented in [40]. Recent trends/developments of IGA, and an intro-
duction to IGA to elastic solids problems and its computer imple-
mentation aspects were given in [41].
The IGA has also been applied to the modeling of material and
geometric nonlinearities such as elasto-plastic behavior, nearly in-
compressible behavior and large deformation behavior [42–45]. In
Elguedj and Hughes [42], the IGA is applied to solve the nearly in-
compressible large strain plasticity problem, and it is found that
the displacement and relative displacement of the specific position
of the reaction force curve, often in the plastic problem is mis-
leading metric. In their analysis, high-order NURBS cell does not
show low-order finite element mesh self-locking phenomenon, and
can accurately describe the phenomenon of large plastic deforma-
tion, calculated accurate results. Basically, the implementation of
the conventional IGA approach based on NURBS is often complex
since their basis functions are not confined to one single element,
but span over a global domain instead. Recently, the construction
69
of the Bézier extraction operator of NURBS integrated into the IGA
has been described, e.g., see [46,47], by which the NURBS basis
functions are thus decomposed into linear combinations of Bern-
stein polynomials. This development brings great benefit as it pro-
vides an element structure for IGA that can be incorporated into
any existing FEM code. In other words, this transformation makes
it possible to use C0 -continuous Bézier elements as the finite ele-
ment representation in IGA, thus a local data structure for IGA is
close to that for traditional FEM. The IGA implementation can now
be made similarly to that of traditional FEM. In general, NURBS el-
ements display the same convergence rate as Lagrange elements of
equal order, but higher accuracy. The reasons are a smooth solution
field and exact geometrical representation using NURBS elements
[47].
In addition, IGA data structures based on Bézier extraction of T-
splines is also introduced recently in [48]. Based on Bézier extrac-
tion and spline reconstruction, a Bézier projection for local pro-
jection, refinement, and coarsening of NURBS and T-splines was
proposed by Thomas et al [49], which results in an element-based
formulation that may easily be implemented in existing finite el-
ement codes. Irzal et al [50] developed an interface element of
the IGA through Bézier extraction, which can be casted in the
same framework as the conventional interface element. Evans et al.
[51] extended Bézier extraction to HASTS, which are utilized as a
basis for adaptive IGA. Schillinger et al [52] and Rypl et al. [53] fur-
ther put their efforts to some studies about the computational effi-
ciency of numerical quadrature schemes in IGA based on Bézier ex-
traction. However, most of the existing studies using the IGA based
on Bézier extraction have been limited to two-dimensional (2-D)
elastic problems only. In this manuscript, the IGA based on Bézier
extraction of NURBS will be further extended to large deformation
analysis of 3-D elasto-plastic solids under static loading condition.
This interesting work, in fact, has not been carried out in the liter-
ature so far. Indeed, this is a much more difficult and challenging
task as compared to 2-D problems, due to the material and geo-
metrical nonlinearities plus complicated inherent configuration of
3-D models. The accuracy and the performance of our present 3-D
IGA method will be verified by comparing the computed numerical
results with respect to reference results derived from other numer-
ical methods, e.g., FEM (ABAQUS). The mesh convergence, distribu-
tions of displacements and stresses, the force versus displacement
curves, and other relevant field variables pertaining to large elasto-
plastic deformation analysis will be analyzed to confirm the effec-
tiveness of the developed IGA.
One crucial issue related to the simulation of elasto-plastic large
deformation problems, which must be stated here, is the mesh dis-
tortion. In terms of the classical FEM, as it has stated and discussed
in [54] that the higher order Lagrange elements are notoriously
sensitive to mesh distortion, which in general prevents their use in
modeling large deformation problems. In the contrary, the recent
investigation of the IGA robustness by Lipton et al [55] demon-
strated that higher-order and higher-continuity functions are able
to lessen the impact of the distortions in most cases. In words, the
IGA elements with the high-order NURBS basis functions appear to
be quite robust out, to at least p = 4 [55], implying that the robust-
ness of the IGA NURBS elements increase with order. Nonetheless,
their studies [54,55] shed light on the potential, robustness and
capability of the IGA to many large deformation problems of in-
dustrial interest. Recently, the IGA based on Bézier extraction of
NURBS has also been developed by the authors for 3-D elasto-
plastic solids [56]. Inspired by aforementioned works, our motiva-
tion is to further extend the capability of the IGA to large elasto-
plastic deformation problems. However, we are particularly inter-
ested in simulation of 3-D problems, which is rarely available in
literature, and the Bézier extraction of NURBS which owns some
advantages over the standard NURBS is taken instead.
70 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

The rest of the manuscript is structured as follows. In Section

2, three-dimensional IGA formulation based on Bézier extraction is
presented. Fundamental equations of elasto-plastic large deforma-
tion problems are then given in Section 3. Subsequently, solution of
nonlinear equations is described in Section 4. Three numerical ex-
amples in 3-D large elasto-plastic deformation are considered, an-
alyzed, and discussed in Section 5. Some conclusions drawn from
the study are stated in Section 6.

2. Three-dimensional isogeometric analysis based on Bézier

extraction of NURBS

For the sake of completeness, we briefly present in this section

the three-dimensional IGA based on Bézier extraction of NURBS,
which will be used for the large deformation analysis of elasto- Fig. 1. Schematic representation of quadratic B-spline basis functions.
plastic materials. Further details can be found in Ref. [47,48].

Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the representation of a quadratic

2.1. The NURBS basis functions [18]
B-spline defined by the knot vectors  = {0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2}, H = {0,
0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3} and Z = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}. That is accomplished by
An arbitrary set of B-spline basis functions can be defined by
assumption that, if two elements, three elements and one element
a corresponding standard parametric space ξ ∈ [0, 1]. The one-
are taken for the ξ , η and ζ directions, respectively. One can see
dimensional parametric space is called a knot vector. A knot vector
from the figure that a B-spline basis function spans the parameter
is a set of non-decreasing numbers in the parametric space as the
space composed of several elements. As a result, the NURBS func-
following description
tion hence spans the parametric space also composed of several
 T
k (ξ ) = ξ1 , ξ2 , ..., ξn+ p+1 (1) elements. Importantly, it can now readily be seen that implement-
ing the NURBS basis function is arduous.
where ξ i is the ith knot with ξ i ≤ ξ i+1 , the indices n and p de-
note, respectively, the number of basis functions and the order of 2.2. Bézier extraction of NURBS
B-spline basis function. According to the Cox-de Boor recursion for-
Due to the complicated calculation of the NURBS basis func-
mula, and for a given knot vector k(ξ ), the B-spline basis function
tions as addressed in the previous section, the underlying idea be-
Ni,p (ξ ) is expressed as
hind the Bézier extraction of the NURBS is, as pointed out in [46],

1 ξi ≤ ξ < ξi+1 to provide an element structure for IGA that can be incorporated
Ni,0 (ξ ) = for p = 0 (2) into any existing FEM code.
0 otherwise
Basically, the Bézier extraction operation is to decompose the
and NURBS basis function into a set of linear combinations of Bernstein
polynomials, and to obtain a set of C0 -continuity Bézier elements,
ξ − ξi ξ −ξ
Ni,p (ξ ) = N (ξ ) + i+ p+1 N (ξ ) for p ≥ 1 which is similar to the Lagrange elements, once again, straight-
ξi+ p − ξi i,p−1 ξi+ p+1 − ξi+1 i+1,p−1 forwardly integrating into the existing FEM code. The Bézier de-
(3) composition is the consequence of the decomposing process of
the NURBS basis functions into corresponding Bézier elements. The
For modeling 3-D problems, the NURBS basis functions can
Bézier decomposition is attained by repeating all interior knots of a
be obtained directly from the tensor-product of three one-
knot vector until they have a multiplicity equal to p. The degree of
dimensional B-spline basis functions [57]
interior knots should be p + 1 to produce the truly separate Bézier
Ni,p (ξ )N j,q (η )Nk,r (ζ )wi, j,k elements. However, the multiplicity equal to p is sufficient to rep-
Ri,p,q,r (ξ , η, ζ ) = n m l resent the Bernstein polynomial that is the Bézier basis function.
N (ξ )N jˆ,q (η )Nkˆ ,r (ζ )wiˆ, jˆ,kˆ
j,k
iˆ=1 jˆ=1 kˆ =1 iˆ,p
Let k(ξ ) = {ξ 1 , ξ 2 , ..., ξ n+p+1 }T be the original knot vector, let
Ni,p (ξ )N j,q (η )Nk,r (ζ )wi, j,k us insert a new knot ξ¯ ∈ [ξ , ξ ) (k > p) into the knot vector,
= (4) k k+1
W (ξ , η , ζ ) the number of the new basis functions reaches m = n + 1, and the
in which Ni,p (ξ ), Nj,q (η) and Nk,r (ζ ) are the B-spline basis func- new control points P i can be deduced with old control points Pi
tions of orders p, q, and r in the ξ , η and ζ directions, respec- [46,47]
tively; Nj,q (η) and Nk,r (ζ ) follow the recursive formula shown in ⎧
Eqs. (2) and (3) with knot vector k(η) and k(ζ ), and the definition
⎨P1 i = 1
of k(η) and k(ζ ) is similar to that of k(ξ ); wi,j,k are the weight, and P i = αi Pi + (1 − αi )Pi−1 1<i<m (7)
⎩
W(ξ , η, ς ) represent the weight function. Pn i=m
By defining W as the diagonal matrix of weights,
⎡ ⎤ with
⎧
w1
⎪1 i≤k− p
⎢ w2 ⎥ ⎪
⎨ ¯
W =⎢ ⎥ (5) ξ − ξi
⎣ ..
. ⎦ αi = k− p+1 ≤ i ≤ k (8)
⎪
⎪ ξ −ξ
wn ⎩ i+ p i
0 i≥k+1
and let N(ξ , η, ς ) be the vector of B-spline basis functions, then
It is worth noting that the knot values may be inserted multiple
Eq.(4) can be rewritten in matrix form
times, but it makes the continuity of the basis to be reduced by
1 one for each repetition of a given knot value. The continuity of the
R (ξ , η , ς ) = W N (ξ , η , ς ) (6)
W (ξ , η , ς )
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82 71

curve, however, is preserved, provided that the control variables in

Eqs. (7) and (8) are chosen.
According to [46,47], the Bézier extraction operator of the jth
knot inserted is defined by
⎡ ⎤
α1 1 − α2 0 ··· 0
⎢0 α2 1 − α3 0 ··· 0 ⎥
Cj = ⎢ . .. ⎥ (9)
⎣ .. ..
. .
⎦
0 ··· αn+ j−1 1 − αn+ j
P is the original control points, and let P̄1 = P , Eq. (7) can then
be rewritten in matrix form
P̄j+1 = (C j )T P̄j (10)
By defining {ξ¯1 , ξ¯2 , · · · , ξ¯ j , · · · , ξ¯m } as the set of inserted knots
vector, the whole Bézier extraction operator yields
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of Bézier basis functions obtained from B-spline
C T = (Cm )T (Cm−1 )T ...(C1 )T (11) basis functions using the Bézier extraction operator.
Consequently, the relation between the new control points Pb
after Bézier extraction and the original control points P can be ex-
pressed as
Pb = C T P (12)
It is important to note that inserting a new knot to the curve
does not change the geometric shapes, and B-spline curves can
now be defined by C(ξ ) = PT N(ξ ), yielding the following relation
 T  T
C (ξ ) = P b B (ξ ) = C T P B(ξ ) = P T CB(ξ ) = P T N (ξ ) (13)
The relationship between the B-spline basis functions and Bern-
stein polynomials is thus obtained as
(a)
N (ξ ) = CB(ξ ) (14)
Using the same technique, we can infer the local 3-D Bézier ex-
traction operator
C e = Cςk  Cηj  Cξi (15)
j
in which Cξi , Cη and Cςk respectively are the ith , jth and kth univariate
element Bézier extraction operator in the ξ , η and ζ directions,
and e denotes the number of element. Through Eqs. (14) and (15),
the local 3D relationship between the B-spline basis functions and
Bernstein polynomials reaches:
N e ( ξ , η , ς ) = C e Be ( ξ , η , ς ) (16)
In analysis, it is unnecessary to establish the global extraction (b)
operator. Instead, only establishment of the local extraction oper-
ator of each element is needed. The NURBS basis functions after Fig. 3. Schematic representation of a block with a cylinder hole (a), and its quarter
Bézier extraction operator is now defined as model (b), the normal displacements on the shadow planes of the quarter model
are constrained. Two typical points with their coordinates such as A(5 m,0,10 m)
W e C e Be ( ξ , η , ς ) and B(0,10 m,10 m) are considered to estimate the appropriate numerical results.
Re ( ξ , η , ς ) = (17)
W b (ξ , η , ς )
where We is the local NURBS weights, and Wb (ξ , η, ς ) finally The NURBS 3-D model in C° continuous Bézier elements, by
yields the form combining Eqs. (17), (19) and (20), can nosw be defined as
( p+1  T
) (q+1 ) p (r+1 ) p
dp d d
 W bPb B (ξ , η , ς )
W (ξ , η , ς ) =
b
Bi,p (ξ )B j,q (η )Bk,r (ς ) wbi, j,k (18) C (ξ , η , ς ) = (21)
i=1 j=1 k=1
Wb (ξ , η , ς )
with dp representing the parameter dimensions. Additionally, Fig. 2 sketches the Bézier basis functions derived
The relationship between Bézier control points Pb,e and NURBS from B-spline basis functions as shown in Fig. 1 by taking the
control points Pe can be written as Bézier extraction operator. The resulting basis function has been
 −1 T
decomposed into a set of C° continuous Bézier elements with each
P b,e = W b,e ( Ce ) W e P e (19) element corresponding to a knot spans in the original knot vector.

with Wb,edefining the local Bézier weights, which is in diagonal

3. Fundamental equations of elasto-plastic large deformations
matrix.
For 3-D model, the NURBS basis functions and control points,
In this section, we briefly present fundamental equations for
in matrix form, is expressed as
elasto-plastic large deformation analysis of solids. Basically, the
C (ξ , η , ς ) = P T R (ξ , η , ς ) (20) non-linearity in the elasto-plastic large deformation analysis is
72 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Fig. 4. Mesh discretization of the quarter of the block using the FEM (a) and the IGA (b).

Fig. 5. Comparison of the displacement ux for the quarter of a block for p = 225 MPa (unit:m).

Fig. 6. Comparison of the displacement uy for the quarter of a block for p = 225 MPa (unit:m).

Fig. 7. Comparison of the von Mises stress for the quarter of a block for p = 225 MPa (unit:Pa).

composed of two parts: the material nonlinearity and geomet- meaning that, the initial state is the reference system, and the ref-
ric nonlinearity. The basic description of elastoplastic constitutive erence system is unchanged during the increment process.
models at finite strains is clear and detail can be found in Simo In large deformation problem, the strain is expressed by the
[16,17] and Simo and Hughes [58]. Due to the elasto-plastic large Green strain:
deformation relating with the deformation history, the Total La-  
grange description are used in this analysis. In that circumstance, 1 ∂ u j ∂ ui ∂ uk ∂ uk
Ei j = + + (22a)
2 ∂ Xi ∂ X j ∂ Xi ∂ X j
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82 73

Table 1
Information of computational time and number of iteration during loading by the IGA.

No. of elements 4×2×2 8×4×4 12 × 6 × 6 16 × 8 × 8

Computational time/s 58 691 2535 4027

No. of Iteration during the first loading 2 2 2 2
No. of Iteration during the second loading 9 9 9 9
No. of Iteration during the third loading 15 15 16 16
No. of Iteration during the fourth loading 32 44 48 51
No. of Iteration during the fiveth loading 76 91 98 104

Fig. 8. Comparison of the load- x-displacement curves at point A between the de-
Fig. 9. Comparison of the load- y-displacement curves at point B between the de-
veloped IGA and the FEM.
veloped IGA and the FEM.

 
1 ∂ ū j ∂ ūi ∂ ūk ∂ ūk
Ēi j = + + (22b)
2 ∂ Xi ∂ X j ∂ Xi ∂ X j
The Green strain Ēi j at time tm+1 = t + t can be expressed as
the sum of the Green strain Eij at time tm = t and strain increment
Eij in this time step t:

Ēi j = Ei j +  Ei j
   
1 ∂ u j+  u j ∂ (ui +  ui )i ∂ (uk +  uk ) ∂ (uk +  uk )
= + +
2 ∂ Xi ∂Xj ∂ Xi ∂Xj
(23)

It is trivial to obtain the strain increment Eij from the Eqs. (22)
and (23):
Ei j = EiLj0 + EiLj1 + EiNj (24)
with
  Fig. 10. The variation of x-displacement along the inner bottom edge of the cylin-
1 ∂  u j ∂  ui der hole with different meshes using the developed IGA method.
 EiLj0 = + (25a)
2 ∂ Xi ∂Xj
 
1∂ uk ∂  uk ∂  uk ∂ uk
 EiLj1 = + (25b)  E L1 = AH  u (27b)
2∂ Xi ∂ X j ∂ Xi ∂ X j
 
1 ∂  uk ∂  uk
 EiNj = (25c) 1
2 ∂ Xi ∂ X j  EN =  AH  u (27c)
2
And Eq. (24) can be written in matrix form as with
E = E L 0 + E L 1 + E N (26) ⎡ ∂ ∂ ∂
⎤T
∂ X1 0 0 ∂ X2 0 ∂ X3
where L=⎣ 0 ∂
∂ X2 0 ∂
∂ X1
∂
∂ X3 0 ⎦ (28a)
 E L0 = L  u (27a) 0 0 ∂ 0 ∂ ∂
∂ X3 ∂ X2 ∂ X1
74 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Fig. 11. Comparison of the plastic regions for the quarter of a block for p = 225 MPa between the developed IGA and the FEM.

⎡ ∂ uT ∂ uT ∂ uT
⎤T
∂ X1 0 0 ∂ X2 0 ∂ X3
A=⎣ 0 ∂u ∂ uT ∂u ⎦
T T

∂ X2 0 ∂ X1 ∂ X3 0 (28b)
0 0 ∂ uT 0 ∂ uT ∂ uT
∂ X3 ∂ X2 ∂ X1

⎡ ∂ uT ∂ uT ∂ uT

⎤T
∂ X1 0 0 ∂ X2 0 ∂ X3
A=⎣ 0 ∂ uT
∂ X2 0 ∂ uT
∂ X1
∂ uT
∂ X3 0 ⎦ (28c)
0 0 ∂ uT 0 ∂ uT ∂ uT
∂ X3 ∂ X2 ∂ X1
⎧ ∂ ⎫
⎨I ∂ X1 ⎬
H= I ∂∂X (28d)
⎩ 2
⎭
I ∂∂X
3

Because of the displacement field is u = Nue , Eq. (26) can be

written as

 E = B̄  ue (29a)

δ (  E ) = Bδ (  ue ) (29b)

where

B̄ = BL0 + BL1 + B̄N = BL0 + BL1 +  AHN (30a)

B = BL0 + BL1 + BN = BL0 + BL1 + AHN (30b)

Here BL0 = LN and BL1 = AHN have no connection with ue , and
BL0 equivalents to the strain matrix B in small deformation prob-
lems, BL1 represents the displacement effect of the linear incre-
mental strain EL .
The balance equation at time tm + 1 = t + t can be obtained ac-
cording to the energy-variational principle:
  
δ Ē S̄dV = δ ūT p0 dV + δ ūT q0 dA (31)
V0 V0 A0

Because of the displacement u and strain E are known at time

tm = t, it is possible to obtain the following formula:

δ (ū ) = δ ( u ) = N δ ( ue ) (32a)

   
δ Ē = δ  Ē = Bδ ( ue ) (32b) Fig. 12. Schematic representation of the full model of a block under partial com-
pression (a), and its quarter model (b).

By substituting Eq. (32) into Eq. (31), and considering δ (ue ) is

arbitrary, one can get:
  
BT S̄dV = N T p0 dV + N T q0 dA (33)
V0 V0 A0
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82 75

Fig. 13. Mesh discretization of a quarter of the block using the FEM (ABAQUS) (a) and the developed IGA (b).

Fig. 14. Comparison of the von Mises stress of a quarter of the block between the developed IGA and FEM (unit: Pa).

Fig. 15. Comparison of the displacement ux of a quarter of the block between the developed IGA and FEM (unit:m).
76 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Fig. 16. Comparison of the displacement uy of a quarter of the block between the developed IGA and FEM (unit:m).

Fig. 17. Comparison of the displacement uz of a quarter of the block between the developed IGA and FEM (unit:m).

  
BTN SdV = GT MGdV0  ue
The above formula can be written in the form of incremental: V0 V0
 
     = ḠT M̄ ḠdV0  ue = Ks  u (37)
ψ (  ue ) = BT  SdV + BTN SdV + BTL0 + BTL1 SdV − F̄0 = 0 V0
V0 V0 V0
  
(34) BTL0 + BTL1 SdV = Fs (38)
  V0
where F 0 = V N T p0 dV + A N T q0 dA
0 0
From Eq. (34), the following equations can be obtained by using where KL is the stiffness matrix of linear strain, Ks is the stiffness
two-step linearization approximation. matrix of nonlinear strain, and Fs is the equivalent nodal force vec-
First, strain-displacement transformation matrix linearization is tor at time tm = t.
achieved by substituting BL0 + BL1 by B: One can finally get linearized balance equation:

(Ks + KL )  u = F̄0 − Fs (39)

E=Bu turn into  E ≈ ( BL0 + BL1 )  u (35)
In summary, one can use the Euler-Newton method to solve the
Second, strain increment and stress increment are expressed by above equations at each time step.
 E+ E
linearization: dS = DT dE turn into S = E DT dE, where DT is
the elasto-plastic matrix at time tm = t.
  4. Solution of nonlinear equations
T T
B  SdV = B D  EdV
V0 V The Euler-Newton method is one of the common methods used
0 
  for solving nonlinear equations. It is also called incremental iter-
≈ BTL0 + BTL1 DT (BL0 + BL1 )dV0  ue = KL  u ation method, meaning that the load is applied according to the
V0 given load factor in some steps and the load incremental itera-
(36) tion calculated for each step. Let u0m and um be the initial and final
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82 77

Fig. 18. Comparison of the load- z-displacement curve at point A (0,0,10)m between Fig. 19. The variation of z-displacement along OA edge of the block with different
the developed IGA and FEM. meshes using the developed IGA method.

value of displacement, λm be the given load factor in step mth and the computed numerical results. To this end, three representative
F be the total load. The iterative formula for step mth is [59] numerical examples such as a block with a cylinder hole under
tension, a partially loaded elasto-plastic block, and a local com-
u0m = um−1 (40)
pression bending cylinder are considered.
In three numerical examples, the distribution of displacements
Fm = λm F (41) and von Mises stress, the force-displacement curves, and plastic
zone are all presented, investigated and discussed, addressing the
  i T   accuracy and effectiveness of our developed IGA based on Bézier
ψmi = Fm − Fs,m = Fm − B Sm + S i dV0 (42) extraction of NURBS. To verify the accuracy of our developed ap-
V0
proach, all the numerical examples have additionally been com-
   i −1 i
δ uim = − KL,m i
+ Ks,m ψm (43) puted the same using 3-D FEM via ABAQUS, since proper reference
solutions are not available in literature. In particular, the second-
  order elements in IGA based on Bézier extraction and second-order
uim+1 = uim + δ uim (44) elements (20-node hexahedron elements) in FEM are taken.
In the numerical examples, unless stated otherwise the follow-
where Fm is the total load after the mth load increment applied,
ing material parameters are adopted: the Young’s modulus E =
Fm = (λm − λm−1 )F = λm F is the mth load increment, Fs,m i is the
2.1 × 105 MPa and the Poisson ratio ν = 0.3, and the uniaxial ini-
nodal force after the ith iteration of the mth load increment, ψm i is
tial yield stress σs0 = 440 MPa and the hardening modulus H = 0,
the unbalanced force, δ ( uim ) is the displacement increment after
which implies that a perfect elasto-plastic model is employed. The
the ith iteration of the mth load increment.
von Mises yield criterion is used, while the incremental step load-
We will continue to iterate until ψ (δi ) ≤ α q R with α q be-
ing technique is applied. Here, α q = 0.001 is adopted.
ing a predetermined tolerance, and when the convergence criterion
is satisfied, one takes uexact ≈ um .
5.1. A block with a cylinder hole under tension
Additionally, some key steps of solution procedure for the im-
plementation of the present work can be summarized as follows:
The first numerical example of elasto-plastic large deformation
1. Pre-processing of the geometric model and define relevant pa- problems deals with a block with a cylinder hole under tension
rameters whose geometry is schematically depicted in Fig. 3a. The radius of
2. The Bézier extraction operator the hole is 5 m, while the length, width and height of the block
3. Assemble the global load array are set to be 36 m, 20 m and 10 m, respectively. In this example,
4. Loop over all load steps the maximum acting load is set by p = 225 MPa. Only a quarter of
a. Ascertain the elato-plastic modulus and assemble the global the block as depicted in Fig. 3b is modeled in order to reduce the
stiffness matrix including both linear and nonlinear parts computational time, due to the double symmetry of the geometry.
b. Use the Euler-Newton method for solving the linearized bal- As mentioned already, the reference solutions for this example are
ance equation conducted by FEM (ABAQUS).
c. Calculate the stress and strain increment at each iteration Fig. 4 shows a physical mesh of 10 × 5 × 5 elements (or 1764
step DOFs) used for the IGA simulation based on Bézier extraction of
d. Calculate the total displacement and stress of the load step NURBS, and a mesh of 4335 Q20 elements (or 60,072 DOFs) of
5. Post-processing of the calculation results the FEM analysis. In this example, we concentrate our investigation
on the accurate comparison of the distributions of displacements
5. Numerical examples and discussions and von Mises stress between our developed IGA and the FEM, see
Figs. 5–7. As observed from the figures, a good agreement between
The merits of the present method for 3D elasto-plastic large two solutions is obtained. While the FEM, as usual, takes a higher
deformation analysis described in the previous sections are illus- number of elements or DOFs to be able to achieve the acceptable
trated here through numerical examples, showing the accuracy of results, our developed method, in contrast, offers excellent results
78 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Fig. 20. Comparison of the plastic zone of a quarter of the block for p = 800 MPa between the developed IGA and FEM.

with less effort. This in general is known as major advantages of

employing the IGA.
In this work, the force-displacement curve is also an important
aspect to be analyzed. To this end, two typical points as indicated
in Fig. 3, A(5 m,0,10 m) and B(0,10 m,10 m), are chosen to visual-
ize such load-displacement curve results. It is observed from Fig.
3b that the displacement in y-direction at point A and that in x-
direction at point B are equal to zero. Thus, Figs. 8 and 9 repre-
sent the load-displacement curve on the point A and B, respec-
tively. The accuracy of the developed IGA can be confirmed as very
good agreements between two solutions are obtained.
Further study for mesh convergence using the proposed IGA
is shown in Fig. 10, representing the variation of x-displacement
along the inner bottom edge of the cylinder hole (i.e., the red curve
in Fig. 3b) with different meshes. Not surprisingly, our own nu-
merical experiment has found that adequate fine meshes can pro-
vide acceptable solutions, whereas coarse meshes, e.g., 4 × 2 × 2 el-
ements, destroy the accuracy. For more information, we also report
in Table 1 the computational time and the number of iteration dur-
ing loading by the Newton-Raphson nonlinear IGA. As expected,
the computational time and the number of iteration significantly
increase when the meshes get finer.
Additionally, the plastic regions of the quarter of the block cal-
culated are studied. The plastic regions calculated by our proposed
IGA based on Bézier extraction compared with those derived from
the FEM (ABAQUS) are thus shown in Fig. 11. It is interesting to see
that the plastic zone given by the IGA is in good agreement with
the plastic zone by using FEM.

5.2. Partially loaded elasto-plastic block Fig. 21. Schematic representation of a three-dimensional curved beam.

The second example is a tridimensional elasto-plastic block un-

der partial compression as shown in Fig. 12a. The material param-
eters used for the analysis are E = 6900 MPa and ν = 0.3, and σs0 =
500 MPa. The maximum acting load for this example is p = 800
MPa. Due to the double symmetry, only one quarter of the block
as depicted in Fig. 12b is sufficient to be modeled to save the
computational time. A physical mesh of 10 × 10 × 10 elements is
taken for the simulation of IGA based on Bézier extraction, while
a mesh of 20 × 20 × 20 Q20 elements is for the FEM analysis, see
Fig. 13. Similarly, the distributions of the displacement and the von
Mises stress of the quarter of the block, the force-displacement
curve, and the plastic regions, computed by the FEM (ABAQUS)
and the proposed IGA based on Bézier extraction are analyzed.
Figs. 14–17 respectively show comparisons of the von Mises stress
and three components of displacements between two approaches.
Good agreements between both solutions are obtained. The load-
z-displacement curve at point A(0,0,10)m plotted in Fig. 18 calcu-
lated by the IGA agrees well with the curve obtained by the FEM.
The study for mesh convergence using the proposed IGA is shown
in Fig. 19. Clearly, the solution converges well as the physical mesh
gets finer, whereas by using too coarse meshes, e.g., 2 × 2 × 2 ele-
ments, its accuracy firmly reduces. The plastic regions are depicted
in Fig. 20. Overall, the results of both approaches are similar, but
the FEM yields the plastic zone slightly larger than the IGA.
5.3. A three-dimensional curved beam
The last numerical example deals with a more sophisticated
configuration, a curved beam as shown in Fig. 21, in which the in-
ner and the outer radiuses are set to be a = 0.8 m and b = 1 m, and
length L = 1 m. The maximum acting load for this curved beam is
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82 79

Fig. 22. Mesh discretization of the curved beam by the FEM (a) and the IGA (b).

Fig. 23. Comparison of the von Mises stress of the curved beam between the developed IGA and FEM.

Fig. 24. Comparison of the displacement ux of the curved beam between the developed IGA and FEM.

p = 49 MPa. For the boundary conditions: the displacements in x-
and z-directions at the left face (x= 0) are fixed. The displacements
in y-direction at the right face (y= 0) are also fixed. Typical meshes
used for the FEM and IGA simulations are shown in Fig. 22. Similar
to the previous examples, the calculation results of the two meth-
ods are subsequently shown in Figs. 23–27, in which the displace-
ments, the von Mises stress, and force-displacement curve at point
A(0.8, 0,1)m, and the plastic regions obtained by the developed
IGA match well with those using FEM (ABAQUS). It is important
to note that, while our IGA always offers efficient solutions with
less effort as a smaller number of DOFs is used. In contrast, the
FEM however requires much larger DOFs. Fig. 28 shows the varia-
tion of x-displacement along the inner bottom edge of the curved
beam with different meshes, and we can find that the convergence
speed of the proposed method is fast.
80 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82

Fig. 25. Comparison of the displacement uy of the curved beam between the developed IGA and FEM.

Fig. 26. Comparison of the yielded regions of the curved beam between the developed IGA and FEM.

Fig. 28. The variation of x-displacement along the inner bottom edge of the curved
Fig. 27. Comparison of the load- x-displacement curve at the point A(0.8,0,1)m be- beam with different meshes using the developed IGA method.
tween the developed IGA and FEM.
 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82
6. Conclusions and outlook
In this paper, we have extended the IGA based on Bézier ex-
traction of NURBS to the simulation of elasto-plastic large defor-
mation problems in three-dimension (3-D), demonstrating the ac-
curacy and effectiveness of the present method. All numerical ex-
amples of the elasto-plastic large deformation problems have ad-
ditionally been computed using FEM based on ABAQUS, and their
computed results have been used as reference solutions for vali-
dation of the accuracy of the present IGA. The displacements, dis-
tributions of von Mises stress, convergence, plastic yielded region,
and the force-displacement curves computed by the IGA are in-
vestigated and compared. In all cases, good agreements between
two solutions are found. It is indicated from the obtained results
that the IGA based on Bézier extraction of NURBS can effectively
be used to solve the problems of elasto-plastic large deformation
in 3-D, by which less elements than the FEM but can yield ac-
ceptable accuracy. More importantly, among many desirable fea-
tures of the IGA, and the distortion issue of the meshes encoun-
tered when modeling elasto-plastic large deformation problems of-
ten needs a special treatment from the traditional FEM approaches,
which however is not the case in terms of the IGA.
We believe that the proposed methodology is a legitimate can-
didate to study complex mechanism of elasto-plastic large defor-
mation problems. However, the present formulation should be ex-
tended by enrichments to handle the discontinuity. Consequently,
the following problems regarding the discontinuities have been
scheduled for our future studies:
• The present IGA based on Bézier extraction of NURBS will
be enhanced by enrichments in the framework of partition
of unity to solve discontinuous problems such as shear bands
[60,61], cracks [62], and inclusions [63].
• The present IGA method will also be improved using T-splines,
which allow local refinement and handle complex geometry
[64]. In that circumstance, modeling of 3-D elasto-plastic large
deformations would be more efficient.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Sci-Tech Support Plan
of China (Grant No. 2015BAB07B10). The financial support is grate-
fully acknowledged.
References
[1] Oliveira MC, Alves JL, Chaparro BM, Menezes LF. Study on the influ-
ence of work-hardening modeling in springback prediction. Int J Plasticity
2007;23:516–43.
[2] Khoer AR, Lewis RW. Adaptive finite element remeshing in a large deformation
analysis of metal powder forming. Int J Numer Meth Eng 1999;45:801–20.
[3] Pascon JP, Coda HB. Large deformation analysis of elastoplastic homogeneous
materials via high order tetrahedral finite elements. Finite Elem Ana Des
2013;76:21–38.
[4] Chiou JH, Lee JD, Erdman AG. Development of a three-dimensional fi-
nite element program for large strain elastic-plastic solids. Comput Struct
1990;36:631–45.
[5] Oden JT. Finite elements of nonlinear continua. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1972.
[6] Belytschko T, Liu WK, Moran B, Elkhodary KI. Nonlinear finite elements for
continua and structures, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014. 2nd Ed.
[7] Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL. The finite element method. New York: McGraw-Hill;
1991.
[8] Molina AJC, Curiel-Sosa LJ. A large strains finite element multiscale approach.
Int J Comput Meth Eng Sci Mech 2016;17:46–58.
[9] Reese S, Wriggers P, Reddy BD. A new locking-free brick element technique for
large deformation problems in elasticity. Comput Struct 20 0 0;75:291–304.
[10] Puso MA, Solberg J. A stabilized nodally integrated tetrahedral. Int J Numer
Meth Eng 2006;67:841–67.
[11] Areias P, Matous K. Stabilized four-node tetrahedron with nonlocal pressure
for modeling hyperelastic materials. Int J Numer Meth Eng 2008;76:1185–201.
[12] Duster A, Rank E. A p-version finite element approach for two-and three di-
mensional problems of the J2 flow theory with non-linear isotropic hardening.
Int J Numer Meth Eng 2001;53(1):49–63.
81
[13] Pascon JP, Coda HB. Analysis of elastic functionally graded materials under
large displacements via high-order tetrahedral elements. Finite Elem Ana Des
2012;50:33–47.
[14] Pascon JP, Coda HB. High-order tetrahedral finite elements applied to large
deformation analysis of functionally graded rubber-like materials. Appl Math
Model 2013;37:8757–75.
[15] Pascon JP, Coda HB. Large deformation analysis of functionally graded
elastoplastic materials via solid tetrahedral finite elements. Comput Struct
2015;146:59–75.
[16] Simo JC. A framework for finite strain elasto-plasticity based on maximum
plastic dissipation and the multiplicative decomposition. Part I: continuum for-
mulation. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 1988;66:199–219.
[17] Simo JC. A framework for finite strain elasto-plasticity based on maximum
plastic dissipation and the multiplicative decomposition. Part II: computational
aspects. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 1988;68:1–31.
[18] Hughes TJR, Cottrell JA, Bazilevs Y. Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements,
NURBS, exact geometry and mesh refinement. Comput Methods Appl Mech
Eng 2005;194(39-41):4135–95.
[19] Yin SH, Hale JS, Yu TT, Bui TQ, Bordas SPA. Isogeometric locking-free plate el-
ement: a simple first order shear deformation theory for functionally graded
plates. Compos Struct 2014;118:121–38.
[20] Yu TT, Yin SH, Bui TQ, Hirose S. A simple FSDT-based isogeometric analysis for
geometrically nonlinear analysis of functionally graded plates. Finite Elem Ana
Des 2015;96:1–10.
[21] Yin SH, Yu TT, Bui TQ, Xia SF, Hirose S. A cutout isogeometric analysis for thin
laminated composite plates using level sets. Compos Struct 2015;127:152–64.
[22] Valizadeh N, Natarajan S, Gonzalez-Estrada OA, Rabczuk T, Bui TQ, Bordas SPA.
NURBS-based finite element analysis of functionally graded plates: static bend-
ing, vibration, buckling and flutter. Compos Struct 2013;99:309–26.
[23] Bhardwaj G, Singh IV, Mishra BK, Bui TQ. Numerical simulation of function-
ally graded cracked plates using NURBS based XIGA under different loads and
boundary conditions. Compos Struct 2015;126:347–59.
[24] Yu TT, Yin SH, Bui TQ, Xia SF, Tanaka S, Hirose S. NURBS-based isogeomet-
ric analysis of buckling and free vibration problems for laminated composites
plates with complicated cutouts using a new simple FSDT theory and level set
method. Thin Wall Struct 2016;101:141–56.
[25] Kang P, Youn SK. Isogeometric analysis of topologically complex shell struc-
tures. Finite Elem Ana Des 2015;99:68–81.
[26] Yu TT, Yin SH, Bui TQ, Liu C, Wattanasakulpong N. Buckling isogeometric anal-
ysis of functionally graded plates under combined thermal and mechanical
loads. Compos Struct 2017;162:54–69.
[27] Nguyen-Thanh N, Valizadeh N, Nguyen MN, Nguyen-Xuan H, et al. An ex-
tended isogeometric thin shell analysis based on Kirchhoff–Love theory. Com-
put Methods Appl Mech Eng 2015;284:265–91.
[28] Nguyen-Thanh N, Kiendl J, Nguyen-Xuan H, Wüchner R, Bletzinger KU,
Bazilevs Y. Rotation free isogeometric thin shell analysis using PHT-splines.
Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2011;200(47- 48):3410–24.
[29] Wall WA, Frenzel MA, Cyron C. Isogeometric structural shape optimization.
Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2008;197(33-40):2976–88.
[30] Ghasemi H, Park H, Rabczuk T. A level-set based IGA formulation for topol-
ogy optimization of flexoelectric materials. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng
2017;313:239–58.
[31] Ghasemi H, Brighenti R, Zhuang X, Muthu J, Rabczuk T. Optimal fiber
content and distribution in fiber-reinforced solids using a reliability and
NURBS based sequential optimization approach. Struct Multidiscipl Optim
2015;51(1):99–112.
[32] Lu J. Isogeometric contact analysis: geometric basis and formulation of fric-
tionless contact. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2011;200(5–8):726–41.
[33] Bazilevs Y, Calo VM, Cottrell JA, Hughes TJR, Reali A, Scovazzi G. Variational
multiscale residual-based turbulence modeling for large eddy simulation of
incompressible flows. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2007;197(1-4):173–
201.
[34] Bazilevs Y, Calo VM, Hughes TJR, Zhang Y. Isogeometric fluid–structure inter-
action: theory, algorithms, and computations. Comput Mech 2008;43(1):3–37.
[35] Verhoosel CV, Scott MA, Hughes TJR, de Borst R. An isogeometric analysis ap-
proach to gradient damage models. Int J Numer Meth Eng 2011;86(1):115–
134.
[36] Bui TQ. Extended isogeometric dynamic and static fracture analysis for cracks
in piezoelectric materials using NURBS. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng
2015;295:470–509.
[37] Bui TQ, Hirose S, Ch Zhang, Rabczuk T, Wu CT, Saitoh T, et al. Extended isogeo-
metric analysis for dynamic fracture in multiphase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic
composites. Mech Mater 2016;97:135–63.
[38] Yu TT, Lai YL, Yin SH. Dynamic crack analysis in isotropic/orthotropic media
via extended isogeometric analysis. Math Probl Eng 2014 Article ID 725795,
11p.
[39] Nguyen MN, Bui TQ, Yu TT, Hirose S. Isogeometric analysis for unsaturated
flow problems. Comput Geotech 2014;62:257–67.
[40] Nguyen-Thanh N, Nguyen-Xuan H, Bordas SPA, Rabczuk T. Isogeometric anal-
ysis using polynomial splines over hierarchical T-meshes for two-dimensional
elastic solids. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2011;200(21–22):1892–908.
[41] Nguyen VP, Anitescu C, Bordas SPA, Rabczuk T. Isogeometric analysis:
an overview and computer implementation aspects. Math Comput Simul
2015;117:89–116.
[42] Elguedj T, Hughes TJR. Isogeometric analysis of nearly incompressible large
strain plasticity. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2014;268:388–416.
82 W. Lai et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 108 (2017) 68–82
[43] Elguedj T, Bazilevs Y, Calo VM, Hughes TJR. B and F projection meth-
ods for nearly incompressible linear and non-linear elasticity and plastic-
ity using higher-order NURBS elements. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng
2008;197:2732–62.
[44] Taylor RL. Isogeometric analysis of nearly incompressible solids. Int J Numer
Meth Eng 2011;87:273–88.
[45] Elguedj T, Bazilevs Y, Calo VM, Hughes TJR. F-bar projection method for finite
deformation elasticity and plasticity using NURBS based isogeometric analysis.
Int J Mater Form 2008;1:1091–4 Suppl.
[46] Borden MJ, Scott MA, Evans JA, Hughes TJR. Isogeometric finite element
data structures based on Bézier extraction of NURBS. Int J Numer Meth Eng
2011;87:15–47.
[47] Nguyen TN. Isogeometric finite element analysis based on Bézier extraction of
NURBS and T-splines. Norwegian University of Science and Technology; 2011.
[48] Scott MA, Borden MJ, Verhoosel CV, Sederberg TW, Hughes TJR. Isogeomet-
ric finite element data structures based on Bézier extraction of T-splines. Int J
Numer Meth Eng 2011;88:126–56.
[49] Thomas DC, Scott MA, Evans JA, Tew K, Evans EJ. Bezier projection: A unified
approach for local projection and quadrature-free refinement and coarsening
of NURBS and T-splines with particular application to isogeometric design and
analysis. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2015;284:55–105.
[50] Irzal F, Remmers JJC, Verhoosel CV, de Borst R. An isogeometric analysis Bézier
interface element for mechanical and poromechanical fracture problems. Int J
Numer Meth Eng 2014;97:608–28.
[51] Evans EJ, Scott MA, Li X, Thomas DC. Hierarchical T-splines: analysis-suitability,
Bezier extraction, and application as an adaptive basis for isogeometric analy-
sis. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2015;284:1–20.
[52] Schillinger D, Hossain SJ, Hughes TJR. Reduced Bezier element quadrature rules
for quadratic and cubic splines in isogeometric analysis. Comput Methods Appl
Mech Eng 2014;277:1–45.
[53] Rypl D, Patzák B. Assessment of computation efficiency of numerical quadra-
ture schemes in the isogeometric analysis. Eng Mech 2012;19(4):249–60.
[54] Benson DJ, Bazilevs Y, Hsu MC, Hughes TJR. Isogeometric shell analysis: the
Reissner–Mindlin shell. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2010;199:276–89.
[55] Lipton S, Evans JA, Bazilevs Y, Elguedj T, Hughes TJR. Robustness of isogeomet-
ric structural discretizations under severe mesh distortion. Comput Methods
Appl Mech Eng 2010;199:357–73.
[56] Lai WJ, Yu TT, Bui TQ, Curiel-Sosa LJ, Wang ZG, Doan HD, et al. Three-di-
mensional elasto-plastic isogeometric analysis based on Bezier extraction of
NURBS. Meccanica 2016 (submitted for publication).
[57] Cottrell JA, Hughes TJR, Bazilevs Y. Isogeometric analysis. John Wiley & Sons;
2009.
[58] Simo JC, Hughes TJR. Computational inelasticity. New York: Springer-Verlag;
1998.
[59] Owen DRJ, Hinton E. Finite elements in plasticity: theory and practice. Piner-
idge Press; 1980.
[60] Rabczuk T, Areias P M A, Belytschko T. A simplified meshfree method for shear
bands with cohesive surfaces. Int J Numer Meth Eng 2007;69(5):993–1021.
[61] Rabczuk T, Samaniego E. Discontinuous modelling of shear bands us-
ing adaptive meshfree methods. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng
2008;197(6-8):641–58.
[62] Wang Z, Yu TT, Bui QT, Tanaka S, Ch Zhang, Hirose S, et al. 3-D local mesh
refinement XFEM with variable-node hexahedron elements for extraction of
stress intensity factors of straight and curved planar cracks. Comput Methods
Appl Mech Eng 2017;313:375–405.
[63] Wang Z, Yu TT, Bui QT, Trinh AN, Nguyen THL, Nguyen DD, et al. Numeri-
cal modeling of 3-D inclusions and voids by a novel adaptive XFEM. Adv Eng
Softw 2016;102:105–22.
[64] Singh SK, Singh IV, Mishra BK, Bhardwaj G, Bui TQ. A simple, efficient and
accurate Bézier extraction based T-spline XIGA for crack simulations. Theore
Appl Fract Mech 2017;88:74–96.