BT chi tiết Toán CC1

I: Ma tr nh th c
MA TR NH TH C
v ma tr n.
1. Hai ma tr n b ng nhau.
Hai ma tr p A = (aij) , B = (bij) .
Ma tr cg ng nhau n nt ng c ng nhau.
A=B aij = bij ( i, j)
2. ng, tr hai ma tr n.
Cho hai ma tr A = (aij) , B = (bij) . T ng c
A + B = (aij + bij)
3. nv im ts a ma tr n A v i m t s
ij) ij)
4. n.
n c m x p: A = (aij) (bij) t ma tr n
c m x n. u: A.B = C = (cij) .
n A.B ch th c hi c khi s c t c a ma tr a
ma tr n B.
A.B B.A. N u A.B = B.A = In n ngh oc c l i.
nh th c.
1. iv nh th c c p 2: L .
1. Cho A det(A) = = a11.a22 a12.a21 = const
2. iv nh th c c p cao (n 3).
2
I: Ma tr nh th c
nh th c c p 3.
c Scrame: Vi cc i ho c k nh
th
nt y d u c ng (+).
nt ta l y d u tr (-).
2. p 3: A =
et (A) =
= a11.a22.a33 + a12.a23.a31 + a13.a21.a32 a13.a22.a31 a12.a21.a33 a11.a23.a32
c c t).
3. = - .a11. + - .a12. + - .a13.
Const n nt c nh th th c.
Bi u th c n nt c nh th a .
S ph c n nt c nh th c thu c R thu c C.
iv nh th c c p cao (c p n): tri c c t.

ng d nh th c c :
Ch cc us ti
tri n
mb c trung gian.
c c t c nh th c xu t hi n
nhi u
s c khi ch khai tri n.
N u ma tr nh th c b nt
3
I: Ma tr nh th c
i gauss th 1: N i d u.
i gauss th 2: N ik 0 nh th n.
i gauss th 3: L kl nh th
i.
III. H ng c a ma tr n.
1. ng c a ma tr n b nh th c.
c 1: nh th c con c p k 0 c a A. Gi s nh th c con c p k 0 k.
c 2: tc nh th c con c p k + 1 c a A ch nh th c Dk. X y ra 3 kh
:
nh th c con c a A, x y ra k = min{m, n}.
(A) = k = min{m, n}. Thu
T tc nh th c con c p k + 1 c a A ch nh th c con Dk u b ng 0.
r(A) = k. Thu
T nt im nh th c con c p k + 1 c k+1 ch nh th c con Dk

Khi pl c 2 v i Dk+1 thay cho Dk ti p t c nh n khi x y ra
ng h p (1) ho .
2. ng c a ma tr n b .
i sau g a ma tr n:
i ch .
t ts
ts b tk r ic c.
IV. Ma tr n ngh o.
1. t c a ma tr n ngh o.
-
Ma tr ngh nh duy nh t.
-
-
Ma tr ngh = A.
- - -
N u hai ma tr ngh .
4
I: Ma tr nh th c
-
2. n ngh o
N nh th c c a ma tr ngh n ngh oc ng:
c 1: nh th c c a ma tr n A.
N u det(A) = n ngh o A-1.

N u det(A) n ngh o A-1 chuy c 2.
c 2: L p ma tr n chuy n v c a A.
c 3: L p ma tr n ph h p c :
A* = (Aij )nn v i A = Aij i s c a ph n t c t j trong ma tr n A
c 4: n A-1 = .A*.
5
I: Ma tr nh th c
n.
1. Th c hi n.
a. b. c.
d. e.
L i gi i.
a.
= =
b.
tA=
V i n = 1: A =
V i n = 2: A = = =
c.
= =
d.
6
nh th c
e.
tA=
V i n = 1: A =
V i n = 2: A = =
= =
2. Cho A = ;B=
a. B.
b. B.(2A c hi i sao?
L i gi i.
a.
2A = 2. =
= = =
2A =
).B = =
b.
B= c t c a B b ng 2.
7
nh th c
(2A + )= a (2A + ) b ng 3
B.(2A + c hi c tc ng s a (2A + ).
1, x2, x3, x 4:
L i gi i.
X.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
8
nh th c
c.
. nh th c sau:
a. d.
b. e.
c.
L i gi i.
9
nh th c
a. )
=0
b.
= ( 1)2 + 1 + ( 1)4 + 1
c. = )
( ) =
d. ) =( )
10
nh th c
( ) =(
e.
= =
nh th c sau:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
11
nh th c
a.
b.
= =
. Ch ng minh r ng:
b. = 2.
c. =
d. = 4.sin sin sin
L i gi i.
12
nh th c
a. Bi iv
VT =
= y (x + y) (x2 + z2) + xy (z + x) (y2 + z2) + zx (y + z) (x2 + y2) yz (x + z) (x2 + y2) zx (x

2 2 2 2
+ y) (y + z ) xy (y + z)(x + z )
= [xyz (z2 + x2) + y2z (z2 + x2) + x2y (y2 + z2) + xyz (y2 + z2) + xyz (x2 + y2) + z2x (x2 + y2)] -
[xyz (z2 + x2) + xy2 (z2 + x2) + zx2 (y2 + z2) + xyz (y2 + z2) + xyz (x2 + y2) + yz2 (x2 + y2)]
= y2z (z2 + x2) + x2y (y2 + z2) + z2x (x2 + y2) - xy2 (z2 + x2) - zx2 (y2 + z2) - yz2 (x2 + y2)
= x2y2z + y2z3 + x2y3 + x2yz2 + z2x3 + xy2z2 - x3y2 - xy2z2 - x2y2z - z3x2 - x2yz2 - y3z2
= y2z3 + x2y3 + z2x3 - x3y2 - z3x2 - y3z2
= y2(z3 - x3) - y3(z2 - x2) - (z3x2 - z2x3)
= y2 (z - x) (z2 + zx + x2) - y3 (z - x) (z + x) - z2x2 (z - x)
= (z - x) (y2z2 + xy2z + x2y2 - xy3 - y3z - z2x2)
= (z - x) [(y2z2 - y3z) + (xy2z - xy3) - (z2x2 - x2y2)]
= (z - x) [y2z (z - y) + xy2 (z - y) - x2 (z - y) (z + y)]
= (z - x) (y - z) (x2y + zx2 - y2z - xy2)
= (z - x) (y - z)[(x2y - xy2) + (zx2 - y2z)]
= (z - x) (y - z) (x - y) (xy + yz +
b. Bi iv
VT =
= + +
=[ ] + [
]+[ ]
13
nh th c
= a3b1c2 + a3c1c2 + b3c1c2 - a1b3c2 - a1c2c3 - b1c2c3 + a2a3b1 + a2a3c1 + a2b3c1 - a1a2b3 - a1a2c3
- a2b1c3 + a1b2c3 + b1b2c3 + a3b1b2 - a3b2c1 - b2b3c1 - a1c2c3 + a1c2c3 + b1c2c3 + a3b1c2 - a3c1c2
- b3c1c2 - a1b3c2 + a2b3c1 + a1a2b3 + a1a2c3 - a2b1c3 - a2a3b1 - a2a3c1 + b2b3c1 + a1b2b3 + a1b2c3
- b1b2c3 - a3b1b2 - a3b2c1
= 2.a3b1c2 + 2.a2b3c1 + 2.a1b2c3 - 2.a1b3c2 - 2.a3b2c1 - 2.a2b1c3 (1)
Bi i v ph
VP = 2 = 2(a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2 - a3b2c1 - a1b3c2 - a2b1c3)
= 2.a3b1c2 + 2.a2b3c1 + 2.a1b2c3 - 2.a1b3c2 - 2.a3b2c1 - 2.a2b1c3 (2)

T
c. Bi iv
VT =
= (a1 + b1x) (a2x + b2) c3 + (a2 + b2x) (a3x + b3) c1 + (a3 + b3x) (a1x + b1) c2 - (a3 + b3x) (a2x +
b2) c1 - (a2 + b2x) (a1x + b1) c3 - (a1 + b1x) (a3x + b3) c2
= [(a1 + b1x) (a2x + b2) c3 - (a2 + b2x) (a1x + b1) c3] + [(a2 + b2x) (a3x + b3) c1 - (a3 + b3x) (a2x +
b2) c1] + [(a3 + b3x) (a1x + b1) c2 - (a1 + b1x) (a3x + b3) c2]
= c3 (a1a2x + a2b1x2 + b1b2x + a1b2 - a1a2x - a1b2x2 - b1b2x - a2b1) + c1 (a3b2x2 + a2a3 + b2b3x +
a2b3 - a2b3x2 - a2a3x - b2b3x - a3b2) + c2 (a1b3x2 + a1a3x + b1b3x + a3b1 - a3b1x2 - a1a3x - b1b3x -
a1b3)
14
nh th c
= c3 (a2b1x2 + a1b2 - a1b2x2 - a2b1) + c1 (a3b2x2 + a2b3 - a2b3x2 - a3b2) + c2 (a1b3x2 + a3b1 -a3b1x2 -
a1b3)
= c3 [(a2b1x2 - a2b1) + (a1b2 - a1b2x2)] + c1 [(a3b2x2 - a3b2) + (a2b3 - a2b3x2)] + c2 [(a1b3x2 - a1b3)
+ (a3b1 - a3b1x2)]
= c3 [a1b2 (1 x2) - a2b1 (1 - x2)] + c1 [a2b3 (1 - x2) - a3b2 (1 - x2)] + c2 [a3b1 (1 - x2) - a1b3. (1 -
x2)]
= c3 (1 - x2) (a1b2 - a2b1) + c1 (1 - x2) (a2b3 - a3b2) + c2 (1 - x2) (a3b1 - a1b3)
= (1 - x2) (a1b2c3 - a2b1c3 + a2b3c1 - a3b2c1 + a3b1c2 - a1b3c2) (1)
Bi i v ph
VP = (1 - x2)
= (1 - x2) (a1b2c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 - a3b2c1 - a1b3c2 - a2b1c3) (2)

T .
d. Bi iv
VT =
= + +
=( )+( )+( )
= sin( ) + sin( ) + sin( )
= 2sin cos + 2sin cos
= 2sin cos 2sin cos
= 2sin ( cos cos )
= 2sin ( 2sin sin )
15
nh th c
= 4sin sin sin
. ng c n:
1 2 1 1 0
25 31 17 43
2 1 1 3 4
75 94 53 132
a. A= 2 1 2 1 2 b. B=
75 94 54 134
2 3 1 2 2
25 32 20 48
4 1 3 1 8
L i gi i.
a.
1 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 0
2 1 1 3 4 0 1 5 5 4
2 1 2 1 2 0 0 5 3 2
2 3 1 2 2 0 1 7 4 2
4 1 3 1 8 0 1 9 3 8
1 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 2
0 1 4 5 5 0 1 4 5 5
0 0 2 3 5 0 0 2 3 5
0 0 0 10 13 0 0 0 10 13
0 0 0 20 26 0 0 0 0 0
Ta th y ma tr :
1 1 0 1
0 1 4 5
D4 = = 20 0
0 0 2 3
0 0 0 10
V y r(A) = 4.
b.
16
nh th c
25 31 17 43 25 31 17 43
75 94 53 132 0 1 2 3
B=
75 94 54 134 0 1 3 5
25 32 20 48 0 1 3 5
D3 D2 25 31 17 43
D4 D 2 0 1 2 3 D4 D 3
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
Ta th y B
25 31 17
D3 = 0 1 2 0
0 0 1
. ng c a ma tr c :
5 4 3 1 1 1 2
a. A= 9 6 3 b. A= 2 1 5
4 1 3 2 1 10 6 1
L i gi i.
a.
5 4 3 1 C1 C4 1 4 3 5
C2 C3
A= 9 6 3 3 6 9
4 1 3 2 2 1 3 4
1 4 3 5 C2 C4 1 5 3 4
D3 D 2
0 12 3 6 0 6 3 12
0 9 3 6 0 0 0 3
Khi 3=0 = 3 :
1 3
D2 = = 3 0 r(A) = 2.
0 3
17
nh th c
Khi 3 0 3
1 3 4
D3 = 0 3 12 = 3.( 0 r(A) = 3.
0 0 3
b.
D 2 2 D1
1 1 2 D 3 D1 1 2 1
C2 C4
A= 2 1 5 0 1 2 1 2
1 10 6 1 0 1 5 10
1 2 1
0 1 1 2 2
0 0 9 3 3
9 3 0
Khi 3
3 0
1 2
D2 = 0 r(A) = 2.
0 1
9 3 0
Khi
3 0
1 2
D3 = 0 1 1 2 =9 3 0 r(A) = 3.
0 0 9 3
. c ma tr ng l n nh t, nh nh t.
1 2 1 1
2 3 2 6
A=
1 m2 1 0 m 3
1 1 1 5
L i gi i.
18
nh th c
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
2 3 2 6 C1 C3 2 3 2 6
A=
1 m2 1 0 m 3 0 1 1 m2 m 3
1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 1
0 1 0 4
0 1 0 4
0 1 1 m2 m 3
0 0 1 m2 m 1
0 1 0 4
1 m2 0
r ( A)min 2 m = 1.
m 1 0
1 m2 0
r ( A)max 3 m 1.
m 1 0
c a ma tr n A kh ngh r n ngh oc aA:
1 cos 0
1 sin
a. A= b. A = 4 cos 1 0
sin 1
0 0 1
L i gi i.
a.
1 sin
= =1 sin2
sin 1
A kh ngh ch 0 1 sin2 0 cos2 0 cos 0
k (k ).
2
-1 1 1 1 sin 1 1 sin
= =
A 1 sin 2 sin 1 cos2 sin 1
b.
19
nh th c
1 cos 0
A 4 cos 1 0 1 4 cos2
0 0 1
1
cos k2
A kh ngh ch 1 4 cos 2
0 2 3
1 2
cos k2
2 3
k (k ).
3
1 0 4 cos 0
A11 = ( 1)1+1 =1 A12 = ( 1)1+2 = 4cos
0 1 0 1
4 cos 1 cos 0
A13 = ( 1)1+3 =0 A21 = ( 1)2+1 = cos
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 cos
A22 = ( 1)2+2 =1 A23 = ( -1)2+3 =0
0 1 0 0
cos 0 1 0
A31 = ( 1)3+1 =0 A32 = ( 1)3+2 =0
1 0 4 cos 0
1 cos
A33 = ( 1)3+3 =1 4cos2
4 cos 1
1 4 cos 0
A= cos 1 0
0 0 1 4 cos2
1 cos 0
A = 4 cos 1 0
0 0 1 4 cos 2
1 cos 0
1 1 1
A = 4 cos 1 0
1 4 cos2
0 0 1 4 cos2
20
nh th c
. Gi n sau:
3 2 1 2
a. X
5 4 5 6
3 1 1 6 2 1
b. 2 1 2 6 1 1
1 2 3 8 1 4
2 3 5
6 14 2
c. 1 4 2
10 19 17
3 1 1
1 2 1 2 3 6
A= ;B= ;C= .
0 1 1 1 8 3
L i gi i.
a.
1
3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1
X X= X= 5 3
5 4 5 6 5 6 5 4 5 6
2 2
3 2
X = .
5 4
b.
1
3 1 1 6 2 1 3 1 1 6 2 1
2 1 2 6 1 1 X= 2 1 2 6 1 1
1 2 3 8 1 4 1 2 3 8 1 4
1 1 1
6 2 1 1 1 1
4 4 4
X = 1 2 1 6 1 1 X= 2 1 1 .
3 5 1
8 1 4 1 0 1
4 4 4
c.
21
nh th c
1
2 3 5 2 3 5
6 14 2 6 14 2
1 4 2 X = 1 4 2
10 19 17 10 19 17
3 1 1 3 1 1
1 1 7
18 18 18
6 14 2 5 13 1 1 5 3
X = X= .
10 19 17 36 36 36 2 3 1
11 7 5
36 36 36
d.
1 2 1 2 3 6
;B= ;C= .
0 1 1 1 8 3
1 2 1 2 3 6
.X. =
0 1 1 1 8 3
1 1
1 2 3 6 1 2 1 2 3 6 1 2
X= X=
0 1 8 3 1 1 0 1 8 3 1 1
19 0 1 2 19 38
X= X=
8 3 1 1 11 19
22
I: Ma tr nh th c
n sau:
a. b.
L i gi i.
a. tA= a 2 ma tr n
b. tA=
n:
A= B= C=
- 2B + 5C ; - + 3C.
L i gi i.
a.
23
nh th c
; 5C =
- 2B + 5C =
b.
= - =
= ; 3C =
- + 3C =
. Gi n sau.
a. X=
b. =
L i gi i.
a.
tA= ;B=
-
X=
= =
24
nh th c
b.
tA= ,B=
X = B.A-1
A-1 = = = . =
2
. CMR: ma tr n A = th (a + d)X + ad bc
Gi i:
2
= . =
(a + d)A = (a + d). =
A2 (a + d) A + ad bc = + ad bc
= + =0
a. .X =
b. .X =
a.
25
nh th c
= =
b.
= = =
nh th c sau.
a. = b. = c. =
L i gi i.
a.
i ch nh th i d u): =
ba l hai l ng hai l nh th c
i): =
ng m t ph nh th c
i) : =
26
nh th c
ng b n ph n ba l = = 5.
b.
= = =
= = 102.
c.
Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th 2:
= = 2; = = 8
= = 1; = =5
V yC=
nh th c:
= b. =
27
nh th c
c. = d. =
L i gi i.
a.
Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th nh t: = 3. + 2.
+3 + 6. = 144 + 16 144 + 720 = 448
b.
Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t 3:
= 1.
=
= 3m + 42
c.
Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th nh t:
= 5. + 4. + ( 2).
d.
Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th nh t.
= 2. + ( 3). + 3. +
28
nh th c
4.
. Gi
a. = =0
b. = =0
L i gi i.
a.
b.
(x 2)(4 x)(x 3) = 0
u ki n c nh th m: =
L i gi i.
= =
m 0
29
nh th c
ng c n sau:
a. A=
b. A=
c. A=
L i gi i.
a.
A=
b.
A=
30
nh th c
c.
A=
11. Bi n lu n h ng c a ma tr n.
a. A = b. B = c. C =
L i gi i.
a.
31
nh th c
A=
b.
B=
N um+6=0 m=
N um
c.
C=
32
nh th c
ma tr n A = ng nh nh t.
L i gi i.
A=
V y r(A)min = 2 m m2 = 0 m = 0 ho c m = 1.
ng c a ma tr n:
a. A= b. B=
L i gi i.
a.
= = =
33
nh th c
= = 0; = =0
b.
B=
. Cho ma tr n A = . CMR v i m
L i gi i.
= = 15
a. A = b. A = c. A =
L i gi i.
a.
34
nh th c
b.
c.
: = =
35
nh th c
n ngh oc aA=
L i gi i.
(*) )
(*)
(*)
(*)
36
nh th c
V y
n ngh oA=
L i gi i.
(1)
(2)
(n 1)
V y
n ngh o c a ma tr n :
a. A= b. B=
L i gi i.
a.
37
nh th c
ngh ch.
n ngh oc
b.
ngh ch.
n ngh oc
. Gi s l CMR:
.
L i gi i.
ng
hay E 0= )
38
nh th c
hay E =
o c a nhau.
n ngh oA=
L i gi i.
Ta s d ih :
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
V y
-
22. Cho A =
a. nt X t 1 c a A-1.
b. ng ph n t c a A-1.
L i gi i.
a.
39
nh th c
:X= .A12
= = 1
A12 = D12 = 0
X= . A12 = 0
b.
V yA =
3. ng c a ma tr n:
L i gi i.
N ua + na = n.
N ua= nh th c con c p n 1g mn 1
i, c t cu i.
40
nh th c
Dn 1 = =1 0
nh th c c p n = 0.
24. ng c a ma tr p n:
L i gi i.
N ua (1 n).b, a = n.
N ua=b
N u
N u a = (n 1). 1
nh th c con c p n 1 (b u, c u)
= (a b)n - 1 0
nh th c c p n b ng 0.
41
nh th c
5. ng c a ma tr n (n 2):
L i gi i.
N ux :
V y rank A = n.
N u x = 0:
V y rank A = 2.
42
R
1. Vector n chi u.
: M t b n s th c xi (i = )x n th t :
X = (x1, x2 n)
g vector n chi u.
S th c xi (i = cg n th i c a vector X.
c s p x p theo c vector c t .
Nh :-M i u t ma tr n c 1 x n.
- M i vector c t n chi u t ma tr n c n x 1.
V ng h a ma tr n. c l i, ma tr
t ma tr n c tr t vector m.n chi u n u ta quy
nh m t lu t v th t gi n t c a ma tr
Hai vector n chi cg ng nhau n ng c

b ng nhau:
X = (x1, x2 n) ; Y = (y1, y2 n)
X=Y x i = y i, (i = )
Vector n chi u ub 0n g vector

n
Vector = ( x1, x2 xn) g i c a X = (x1, x2 n).
2. u.
a.
ng.
Cho hai vector n chi u X = (x1, x2 n), Y = (y1, y2 n). T ng c
t vector n chi u u
43
X+Y (x1 + y1, x2 y2 n + yn)
X = X + ( Y) = (x1 y1, x2 y2 n yn)
v i m t s th c.
a vector n chi u X = (x1, x2 n) v i m t s th c t vector n chi u
hi u :
X = ( x 1, x2 xn)
1. : a. X + Y
b. X Y
c. 3.X + 4.Y
L i gi i.
c. 3.X + 4.Y
b. nc
V chi th c
X Y Y X 1.X X
(X Y) Z X (Y Z) (X Y) X Y
X 0 X ( ).X .X .X
X ( X) 0 ( ).X ( .X)
cl n th
: Cho hai vector n chi u X = (x1, x2 n), Y = (y1, y2 yn). S th

l cg ng c .
<X ; Y> x1y1 x2y2 xnyn
II. S c l p tuy thu c tuy .

1. m.
44
T h p tuy .
: Cho m vector n chi u X1, X2 m. M tt ng:
X k1X1 k2X2 kmXm (ki ,i

cg t h p tuy c
ng h c bi u di n tuy
c bi t, X kY ho c Y hX l v i nhau.
c l p tuy thu c tuy .

Cho m t h m vector n chi u {X1, X2 m}.
: H m vector n chi u {X1, X2, m} cg ph thu c tuy

n u t n t i m s th c k1, k2 m v tm ts
k1X1 k2X2 kmXm 0 (1)

N u h th c (1) ch th k1 k2 km 0 cg
c l p tuy .
2. Cho X1 sau:
X2 a. {X1, X2}
X3 b. {X1, X3}
L i gi i.
a. Gi s : k1X1 k2 X 2 0 b. th c: .X1 .X2 0

k1 k2 0 (0, 0, 0) 0
nghi m.
L y tb h s
V ng th c k1X1 k2X2 0 ch x y ra ng th i b ng 0, th h p t m
H {X1, X3 .
khi k1 k2 H {X1, X2 .
45
3. Bi t r ng h {A1, A2, A3 H i: h {X1, X2, X3
Cho X1 = 2.A1 A2 A3
X2 = A1 A2
X3 = 3.A1 2.A2
L i gi i.
Gi s : k1.X1 k2.X2 k3.X3 0
k1.(2.A1 A2 A3) k2.( A1 A2) k3.( 3.A1 2.A2) 0
(2. k1 k2 3.k3).A1 (k1 k2 2. k3).A2 k1.A3 0 (*)

h {A1, A2, A3 th c (*) ch x y ra khi :
V ng th c k1.X1 k2.X2 k3.X3 0 ch th k1 k2 k3 H {X1, X2,

X3 c l p tuy .
2. D u hi u nh n bi t.
m h con : t h m vector ta l y ra r vector (r
g ih t h con c a h m vector
ng h nh n
bi , PTTT c a m t h vector nh u hi u sau, m u hi u
qu c a nhau, ta s d thu n ti n.
H ch g m m
H ch g l .
H ch PTTT.
M t h vector ch a hai vector t l PTTT.
M t h vector PTTT m t vector c a h h p tuy i.
M t h vector ch a m t h PTTT.
M th i h con c
H vector l chi u c a vector (m PTTT.
46
4. u:
X1 (1, 2, 3); X2 (2, 1, 1); X3 (3, 3, 2); X4 (4, 5, 5)

Ta th y:
H {X1 1 0).
H {X1, X2 1, X2 l ).
H {X1, X2, X3 3 X1 X2).
H {X1, X2, X3, X4 n).
III. H c a vector.
n
m vector n chi u: {X1, X2 , Xm}; Xi (i
1. ng c a h vector.
: Cho h m vector n chi u. M t h con g cg t h con
in uh b s
cm th vector nhi
:M ih ic am th cg t c ah
vector
:M ih
u b ng nhau. H ng c a h vector c a
h y.
u h ng c a h : r{X1; X2 m}.
5 c a h ba vector sau:
X1 (1, 1, 3); X2 (2, 4, 1); X3 ( 2, 2, 6)
L i gi i.
Ta th y: X3 2.X1 H {X1, X2, X3 thu c tuy
H con {X1, X2 l
c a h {X1, X2, X3}. , h {X2, X3 .
H {X1, X3 con {X1}, {X2}, {X3}

c i).
47
Bi u di n tuy .
: M i vector c a m t h bi u di n tuy
vector c a m c ah .
6. Bi u di n tuy vector X ( 1, 4, 1) qua hai vector:

X1 (1, 1, 2); X2 (2, 1, 5)
L i gi i.
tX k1.X1 k2.X2
k1.( 1, 1, 2) k2. (2, 1, 5) ( 1, 4, 1)
H m duy nh 2 1, k2 3. V c bi u di n tuy
nh t qua X1, X2 :
X 3.X1 X2
2. i v i m t h vector.
: n vector:
i ch hai vector c a h .
t vector v i m t s
ah v im ts b ic .
Ta d th y k t qu sau:
: i h ng c a h vector.
H qu 2.1: H ng c a h (ho c b t vector m i
h p tuy ah
gi a h ng c a h ng c a ma tr n.
: H ng c a m t ma tr n c ng h ng c a h
b ng h ng c a h n vector c t.
cl i :
48
H qu 3.1: H ng c a m t h m vector n chi ng h ng c a ma tr n c m x n
(ho c c n x m), t px c theo
c t).
y, vi ng c a m t h vector vi ng c a m t ma tr n.
u so v
m s vector c
gi a h ng c a h c l p tuy .
t qu sau:
:H h ng c a h ng s vector c a h .
H qu 4.1: H h ng c a h nh vector c a h .
H qu 4.2: H vector b ng s chi ma tr n t
nh th
b ng bi p.
Cho h m vector n chi u {X1, X2 m}. Gi s r{X1, X2 m} r
c ah
c 1: X cx i
p theo c t).
c 2: nv d c bi t (d
c 3: M nh th c con c ng v i m g c t
(ho nh th
yd u so v
: y, vi c am th
i vi ng.
7. Cho h or: ng c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.

X1 (2, 0, 1, 3) a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.
X2 (3, 1, 2, 0) c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.
X3 (4, 3, 2, 2) d. Bi u di n tuy 4 {X1, X2, X3}.
X4 (3, 2, 6, 8).
49
L i gi i. iv as px t (theo th t X1, X2, X3,
X4 .
a.
r{X1, X2, X3, X4} r r

-
r r 3
b. 1, X2, X3, X4} 3 nh H PTTT.
c. r{X1, X2, X3, X4} 3, v y m i h m ba vector s c ah

n cu y h con {X1, X2, X3 nh th c con c y
th ic ah m c a h m {X1, X2, X3, X4}.
, b ba {X1, X2, X4}, {X2, X3, X4}, {X1, X3, X4 c a h {X1, X2,
X3, X4}.
d. Theo {X1, X2, X3 c ah m .V bi u di n tuy 4 qua
X1, X2, X3.
t X4 k1.X1 k2.X2 k3.X3,
V y X4 2.X1 X2 X3.
8. Cho h ng c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4} theo m.

X1 (2, 2, 3, 4); X2 (2, 2, 1, 1) a h {X1, X2, X3,
X3 (3, 4, 1, 2); X4 (7, 0, 1, m) X4} theo m.
L i gi i.
iv s px c
theo c c. Ch ng h n, ta x
th
a.
50
r {X1, X2, X3, X4} r r
r r
r r
N um {X1, X2, X3, X4} 3.

N um r {X1, X2, X3, X4} 4.
b. a.
H um 0 (theo 4)
H PTTT n u m 0 (theo H qu 4.1)
IV.
t h m vector n chi u v ts (h u h ta
ng h p h g m t t c vector), ta s cm i ni m
m u.
:H g mt tc
n
im ts cg n vector n chi u u .
:
n
ng nh tuy n
n n
: , n u x, y .x .y i
ta g i u u .
ng d a t
c i s th c. N
gian s c g u v lo i
51
v
tuy
n
1. c .
tm th u s vector l chi i h con
n
ic a ch th y h i
e1
e2 , 0)
en
n
M 1: M c c l i, m i h n
n
c
t qu iv ih m (h u h n) vector:
n
n nh t c {e1, e2
n
en}. Ta g c .
n n
Gi s {p1, p2 n} c i vector X
th bi u di n duy nh i d ng:
X k1.p1 k2.p2 knpn

n
B (k1, k2 n) g c .
n
ng, n u {p1, p2 n} c (k1, k2
kn) trong bi u di g ph c a vector X.
T c bi u di n tuy
3
9. Cho m c : c a vector X (1, 4, 2) trong
p1 (1, 2, 0)
p2 (1, 3, 0)
p3 (3, 10, 1)
L i gi i.
G c 1, x2, x3 X x1.p1 x2.p2 x3.p3
x1.( 1, 2, 0) x2. (1, 3, 0) x3. (3, 10, 1) (1, 4, 2)
52
H m duy nh t: x1 1, x2 6, x3 2.
3
(x1, x2, x3) (1, 6, 2) c .
2. .
n
Trong . Gi tuy i nhau, theo
E {e1, e2 n} F {f1, f2 n} n
t i m t ma tr nS (sij)n x n sao cho F ,t
(2)
n
c l i, n c a
n
(2) tc c a .
Ma tr cg it u m t vector c t
X = (x1, x2 n) Ft c
-1
s tY S .X.
ic at m cl ng th c X
-1
S.Y hay Y S .X tuy
c hi cm i tuy bi n vector X sang bi n vector Y (hay
c l i) v i ma tr n c a ph
2
10. Trong {e1, Ch ra r ng F {f1, f2
2
e2 5.e1 6.e2. Cho ma tr n S c a c m i
{f1, f2
L i gi i.
2
{f1, f2} r {f1, f2 c a .
53
Gi s X y1.f1 y2.f2.
X y1.(e1 3.e2) y2.(2.e1 4.e2) (y1 2.y2).e1 (3.y1 4.y2).e2
T c m i:X 4.f1 .f2 y1.f1 y2.f2.
i tuy u D
3. i m t h vector.
: Cho m h vector X1, X2 m chi u ( n bi t b ng
). Gi s r { X1, X2 m} r, k pt tc h p tuy :
L: {k1X1 k2X2 kmXm | k1, k2, m }

r
t L
sinh b i h m vector { X1, X2 m}.
r
M c a h {X1, X2 m} c a kh .
ng h c bi t: Gi s {X1, X2 m} c l p tuy
{k1X1 k2X2 kmXm | k1,k2 m
u sinh b i h m vector {X1, X2 m}. H

m
m s c gian
11. Cho a, b, c, d ng c a {X, Y, Z}.

chi c l p tuy a { X, Y, Z}.
X a 2.b 3.c ng c a {a, b, X, Y}.
Y 2.a b c 2.d d a {a, b, X, Y}.
Z 4.a 3.b 5.c 10.d a {a, b, X, Y, Z}.
54
L i gi i.
Theo t , ta th y:
th ) c a h m {a, b, c, d, X, Y, Z}.
4
sinh b i
a (1, 0, 0, 0); b (0, 1, 0, 0); c (0, 0, 1, 0); d (0, 0, 0, 1)

X (1, 2, 3, 4); Y (2, 1, 1, 2); Z (4, 3, 5, 10)
a.
r{X, Y, Z} r r - r 2
-
b. r{X, Y, Z} = 2 3 (s h .
c. r{a, b, X, Y} r r
r r 4
d. r{a, b, X, Y} 4 s H
e. H chi u c
4. Bi u di n tuy
Gi s u di n tuy
(3)
t qu sau:
M 2: N 1, X2 Xm bi u di n tuy 1, Y2 n
r(X1, X2 m) r(Y1, Y2 n).
55
M 3: Gi s 1, X2 m bi u di n tuy 1, Y2 n
u r(S) m h {X1, X2 m PTTT.
12. Cho Ch ng minh r thu

h {X1, X2, X3, X4
L i gi i.
Theo M 2: r (X1, X2, X3, X4) r (Y1, Y2, Y3) 3
{X1, X2, X3, X4 ph thu c tuy (h ng nh vector).
13. Cho a h {X1, X2, X3}.
L i gi i.
Ta th y ma tr n S: D3 D2 D
r(S) 2
3 X2 X1
Theo M H {X1, X2, X3 ph H {X1, X2, X3 ph thu c tuy .

thu c tuy .
: t qu thu {Y1, Y2, Y3
56
P
I ng b n.
1. D NG 1: c l p tuy thu c tuy
H m vector n chi u {X1, X2 m} cg ph thu c tuy n ut nt ims

th c k1, k2 m v tm ts
k1X1 k2X2 kmXm 0 (1)

N u (1) ch th k1 k2 km 0 cg c l p tuy .
c a h vector X1, X2, . . Xm,
th c: k1X1 k2X2 kmXm 0 m th n nh t.
L p ma tr n h s c a h n nh t nh n X1, X2 m t.
Bi i ma tr n.
N nk d ng tam g h vector .
N nk d h vector .
r.
a. x1 (0, 2, 0); x2 (1, 1, 0); x3 (0, 4, 0)
b. x1 (1, 0, 1); x2 (5, 6, 1); x3 ( 5, 6, 1)

c. x1 (1, 2, 5); x2 (2, 0, 1)
d. x1 (1, 1, 1); x2 (3, 2, 0); x3 (5, 1, 0)
e. x1 (1, 0, 0); x2 (2, 3, 2); x3 (3, 3, 2)
L i gi i.
a. (0, 2, 0); (1, 1, 0); (0, 4, 0)
. . . 0
nghi m.
57
L y nghi m k1, k3 0.
b. x1 (1, 0, 1); x2 (5, 6, 1); x3 ( 5, 6, 1)

. + . + . =0
nghi m.
L y nghi m k2, k3 0.
c. x1 (1, 2, 5); x2 (2, 0, 1)

. + . =0
m duy nh t { c l p tuy
d. x1 (1, 1, 1); x2 (3, 2, 0); x3 (5, 1, 0)
. + . + . =0
H m duy nh t { c l p tuy
e. x1 (1, 0, 0); x2 (2, 3, 2); x3 (3, 3, 2)
. + . + . =0
(*)
h t nhi u b nghi m v i .
58
, }, bi t:
vector , ,
= +6 = . 6 =
L i gi i.
k1 + + =0
+6 + . 6 +
( +( +( =0
Do { , A3}
2. D NG 2: c a vector.
Cho h m vector n chi u {X1, X2 m}, gi s r{X1, X2 m} r

c ah
c 1: X cx i
p theo c t).
c 2: nv d c bi t (d
c 3: M nh th c con c ng ng v i m g t
(ho nh th
c a h vector.
a. X1 = (1, 0, 0); X2 = ( 1, 2, 6); X3 = (1, 2, 10)
b. X1 = (3, 5, 5); X2 = (1, 0, 0); X3 = (5, 8, 8)
L i gi i.
-
a. A =
59
{ .
b.
A=
{ .
3
. Ba vector a1, a2, a3 . Cho:
b1 = a1 + a2 + a3 b2 = a2 + a3 b 3 = a2 a3
a. H {b1, b2, b3} c l p tuy thu c tuy .
b. ng c a h {a2, a3, b2, b3}.
L i gi i.
a.
k1.b1 + k2.b2 + k3.b3 = 0
k1.a1 + k1.a2 + k1.a3 + k2.a2 + k2.a3 + k3.a2 k3.a3 = 0
k1.a1 + (k1 + k2 + k3).a2 + (k1-k3).a3 = 0

{a1, a2, a3} c l p tuy
k1 = k2 = k3 = 0
{b1, b2, b3 c l p tuy
b.
{a2, a3 c l p tuy
60
1, a2 } h c l p tuy l n nh t c a h {a2, a3, b2, b3}.
1, a2 c a h {a2, a3, b2, b3}.

r{a2, a3, b2, b3} = 2.
3. D NG 3: Bi u di n tuy
. 1, x2 th th c: (x1, 40) (2.x1, x2) 2.(4, x2)
L i gi i.
1, 40) (2.x1, x2) 2.(4, x2)
. rXt 3.(A1 X) 2.(A2 X) 5.(A3 X), v i:

A1 (2, 5, 1, 3) ; A2 (10, 1, 3, 10) ; A3 (4, 1, 1, 1)
L i gi i.
3.(A1 X) 2.(A2 X) 5.(A3 X)
3.A1 2.A2 5.A3 6.X
Gi s X (a, b, c, d) 3.(2, 5, 1, 3) 2.(10, 1, 3, 10) 5.(4, 1, 1, 1) 6.(a, b, c, d)
7
(1, 2, , 4).
3
.V a h p tuy a hai vector X1, X2,

bi t: X = (3, 0, 6) ; X1 = (1, 0, 0) ; X2 = (5, 1, 2)
61
L i gi i.
h p tuy a hai vector X1, X2.
1.X1 + k2.X2
(3, 0, 6) = k1.(1, 0, 0) + k2.(5, 1, 2)
h p tuy a hai vector X1, X2.
62
. 2
A= ;B
L i gi i.
+k = =
H {A, B} c l p tuy .
. Cho X1= (1, 1, 3); X2= (1, 4, -2). a h {X1, X2}.
L i gi i.
X1 + X2 = 0
X1.(1, 2, 3) + X2.(1 ,4, -2) = 0
{X1, X2} c l p tuy .
. Cho X1 = (2, 1, 0, 3); X2 = (1, 0, 4, 2); X3 = (3, 2 , 1, 0); X4 = (0, 1, 3, k)
a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.
L i gi i.
r {X1, X2, X3, X4} r r
r r r
63
V ik 5 r 3 4 (s vector) H {X1, X2, X3, X4} l ph thu c tuy .
V ik 5 r H {X1, X2, X3, X4 c l p tuy
. 1 = (1, 2, 3); X2 = (0, 2, 3); X = (1, 6, 9). u di n tuy n

1, X2.
L i gi i.
X1 + X2
6, 9) = .(1, 2, 3) + (0, 2, 3)
X = X1 2.X2.
3
. , a h vector sau:
L i gi i.
+ + =0
( 1, 2, 3) + (1, 1, 2) + (1, 0, 7) = (0, 0, 0)
vector {X1, X2, X3 ph thu c tuy .
4
. Trong cho h vector: u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), u2 = (2, 3, -1, 0), u3 = ( 1, 1, 1, 1)
u ki n c h vector u = (x1, x2, x3, x4) bi u th tuy c qua h u1,

u2, u3.
L i gi i.
Vector u bi u di n c qua {u1, u2, u3} u = y1u1 + y2u2 + y3u3 m h m:
64
A=
m x1 x2 x3 + x4 = 0
ector u bi u di n c qua u1, u2, u3 x1 x2 x3 + x4 = 0
3
. Trong cho h vector : u1 = (1, 2, 1), u2 = (2, 2, 1), u3 = (3, 2, 2) (U).
3
Ch c a .
L i gi i.
L p ma tr 1, u2, u3.
= = ( 2.2.1 + 2.2.1 + 2.3.1) ( 2.1.3 + 2.2.2 + 1.2.1) = 2
3 3
vector u1, u2, u3 c l p tuy uc a u1, u2, u3 c a .
. Cho h vector U = {u1, u2, u3, u4}.
u1 = (1, 2, 2, 1); u3 = (1, 3, 5, 1); u2 = (2, 3, 1, 4); u4 = (1, 1, 7, 1)
a. ng c a h U.
b. chi u c i h U.
L i gi i.
a. A =
65
B c: A = r(U) = r(A) = 3.
b.
dimL(U) = r(A) = 3
c ih S = {u1, u2, u3}.
4
. u ki n c a tham s th h vector trong ng l n nh t:
v1 = (1, 2, 2, 1) ; v2 = (2, 5, 6, 5) ; v3 = (4, 9, 10, m).
L i gi i.
1, v2, v3 l i bi c:
A=
N
N
1, v2, v3 n nh c
. c l p tuy thu c tuy ah

3
ra: v1 = (1, 3, 5), v2 = (2, 2, 4), v3 = ( 4, 4, 14) trong .
L i gi i.
A=
B c:
A=
r(A) = 2 s vector (3)
ph thu c tuy
66
. Cho
a.
b.
c. H i h p tuy a A, B?
L i gi i.
a.
:
V y .
b.
V y .
c.
Gi s : k1. A + k2. B.
ch
h p tuy a A, B.
. c l p tuy ph thu c tuy vector sau:
a.
67
b.
c.
L i gi i.
a.
c l p tuy .
b.
3 h p tuy a B1, B2.
ph thu c tuy
c.
:
ph thu c tuy
ph thu c tuy .
. u di n tuy :
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
Gi s : .
B s ( mc ah p t nm r
68
V y mc ah p t :
b.
Gi s : .
( mc ah nm r
V y mc ah p t :
. vector bi u di n tuy :
L i gi i.
Gi s : .
m c ah nm r
69
X bi u di n tuy .
mc ah t :
V i
. Ch ng minh r ng h hai vector c

gian c a vector
L i gi i.
H vector ng s chi u
Do l H c l p tuy
H vector c .
v i .
p t n nm r
c .
con c ic
= (1, 0, 1, 0) = (1, 2, 1, 1)
L i gi i.
70
A=
r(A) = 3 4 (s vector H thu c tuy .

0 c a ma tr n ng v i vector a1, a4, a2 h con i c a a1, a2, a3,
a4 {a1, a4, a2 } {a1, a2, a3, a4} = r(A) = 3.
. Trong 3 vector:
u1 = x3 + 2x2 + x + 1
u2 = 2x3 + x2 x+1
u3 = 3x3 +3x2 x+2
u ki vector u = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d bi u th tuy c qua h u1, u2, u3.
L i gi i.
Vector u bi u th tuy c qua h {u1, u2, u3} u = a.u1 + b.u2 + c.u3 m
h m:
nghi m
Vector u = a.x3 + b.x2 + c.x + d bi u th tuy c qua u1, u2, u3
71
4
. Trong c l p tuy a h vector
sau th c m.
v1 = (1, 2, 2, 1) ; v2 = (2, 5, 6, 5) ; v3 = (4, 9, 10, m).
L i gi i.
A=
2 khi m = 7 {v1, v2, v3 thu c tuy
r(A) = 3 khi m 7 {v1, v2, v3 c l p tuy
ng c a ma tr n sau :
A=
L i gi i.
A=
72
B a ma tr c:A=
. p 2 M2 ( :
u= u1 = , u2 = , u3 =
H t t h p tuy a u1, u2, u3
L i gi i.
H m (0, 1, 2 u = u2 + 2.u3 h p tuy a u1, u2, u3.
3
. Trong 1 = (1, 2, 3), u2 = (0, 1, 3). Vector u = (2,
ph t t h p tuy a u1, u2
L i gi i.
m t t h p tuy a u1, u2.
73
3
. Trong 1 = (1, 2, 3), u2 = (0, 1, 3). vector u = (1, m,
- t t h p tuy a u1, u2.
L i gi i.
t :
Khi m = 0 t t h p tuy a u1, u2.

Khi m t t h p tuy a u1, u2.
. Ch ng minh r ng h vector v1, v2 r ph thu c tuy

m t vector vi, i h p tuy i.
L i gi i.
Chi u thu n: Khi h vector v1, v2, r ph thu c tuy s k1, k2 r
ng th i b ng 0 sao cho k1v1 + k2v2 krvr = 0.
N u k1 1 =( ( ) 1 t t h p tuy
vector v2 r.
Chi o: Gi s v1 t t h p tuy 2 r nt i
s k2 r sao cho v1 = k2.v2 + kr.vr. Do v1 k2.v2 kr.vr = 0 v
h s 1, k2, kr ng th i b ng 0.
vector v1, v2 r ph thu c tuy
3
.M ih
a. v1 = (1, 1, 1), v2 = (2, 2, 0), v3 = (3, 0, 0).
b. v1 = (2, 1, 3), v2 = (4, 1, 2), v3 = (8, 1, 8)
74
L i gi i.
a.
t :
3
H .
b.
t :
3
H m .
3
.H ch c a .
a. A = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 3)}
b. B = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 3), (0, 0, 5)}
c. C = {( 1, 0,1), ( 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (2, 0, 5)}
L i gi i.
3 3
a. c a ).
3
b. c a .
3
c. c a ( c l p tuy vector s chi u).
75
4
. Trong = (1, 1, 2, 4), u2 = (2, 1, 5, 2), u3 = (1, 1, 4, 0), u4 =
(2, 1, 1, 6).
a. Ch ng t thu c tuy
4
b. a sinh b
L i gi i.
a.
A=
r = r(A) = 3 4 (s vector ) vector PTTT.
b.
B=
B a ma tr
= = 24 0
1, u 2, u3 {u1, u2, u3 c l p tuy i.

4
{u1, u2, u3 a sinh b
. vector X = (3, 1, 11, k) bi u di n tuy

= (2, 1, 3, 8), = (1, 3, 0, 5), = ( 1, 2, 2, 2).
L i gi i.
Gi s : X = + +
76
Gi i theo ma tr n h
A=
k= 8.3 + 5.( 2) + 2.1 = 16
k = 16
.
4
a. Ch ng minh h tor sau c :
= (1, 2, 1, 1), = (5, 9, 2, 3), = (3, 5, 5, 1), = (4, 7, 3, 3)
b. vector X = (2, 2, iv
L i gi i.
a.
A=
77
- - -
= = 1 0.
r = r(A) = 4.
c l p tuy
4
H c .
b.
Gi s : X = + + + ,t
c a vector iv 57, 15, 74).
.
= (1, 1, 1, 1)
= (2, 0, 1, 3)
= (3, 1, 2, 0)
= (5, 1, 2, 2)
a. Ch ng minh r ng h con g m ba vector c l p tuy

b. Ch ng minh r ng vector bi u di n tuy , , .
c. h ng c a h vector .
78
L i gi i.
a.
r =r
= 3 = s vector c l p tuy
b.
Gi s : = + + .
= + 2 bi u di n tuy
, , .
c.
r =r
=3
.X r h p tuy r , , ?
T ng bi u di n tuy
a. u = (1, 3, 2), = (1, 1, 1), = (1, 0, 1), = (0, 1, 1)
b. u = (7, 17, 14), = (1, 2, 3), = (2, 1, 2), = (1, 4, 2)
L i gi i.
a.
Gi s : u = + + .
79
+ h p tuy , , .
b.
Gi s : u = + + .
u = 2. + + 3. h p tuy , , .
. thu c tuy
= (2, 3, 1, 4); = (4, 11, 5, 10); = (6, 14, 5, 18); = (2, 8, m + 4, 7).
L i gi i.
-
-
V im r(A) = 3 4 (s {u1, u2, u3, u4 ph thu c tuy
. Ch ng minh r ng h vector
3
m c .
L i gi i.
80
3
H { } c l p tuy c a .
4
. Trong cho h vector:
U
4
a. Ch c a .
b. c a X = (7, 14, U.
L i gi i.
a.
(nghi m duy nh t)
4
H c l p tuy V c a .
b.
Bi c:
81
c .
. c i h vector :
M .
L i gi i.
c a l v h c l p tuy
nghi ph thu c tuy .
vector c l p tuy c i c a M.
c i M.
. i h vector:
U
c a P.
L i gi i.
c a l v i c l p tuy
82
-
H nghi m.
ph thu c tuy vector c c i c a U.
c a P.
. Cho X = (3, 5, 6) ; Y= (2, 7, 4). X + Y ; X Y ; 2X + 3Y.
L i gi i.
X + Y = (3 + 2, 5 + 7, 6 4) = (5, 2, 10).
X Y = (3 2, 5 7, 6 + 4) = (1, 12, 2).
2X + 3Y = 2.(3, 5, 6) + 3.(2, 7, 4) = (6 + 6, 10 + 21, 12 12) = (12, 11, 24)
. vector x = (1, 2, m) bi u th tuy r y = ( 1, 3, 1)

z = (1, 1, 0).
L i gi i.
Gi s x = ay + bz hay
G ma tr n h s n h s m r ng c a h
A=
83
=
r(A) = r khi m = .
. Cho L = . Ch ng minh r
3
gian vector con c a chi u c a L.
L i gi i.
1)
x, y L; x = ( , .
y=( , .
x+y=(
V i
3
a .
x=( hay x = + (0, 1, 5)
H sinh c a L.
h t c a hai vector t l v i nhau.
H c a L. S chi u c a L = 2
4
.T r ,x t c r sau:
x = (1, 2, 3, 0) ; y = (2, 3, 1, 1) ; z = (3, 1 , 4, 1)
L i gi i.
A=
r(A) = 2 < 3 (s ph thu c tuy
84
3
. Trong r , , = (3, 4, 8), x = (11, 13, 29).
3
a. Ch ng t r ng (B) = ( c a .
b. c a x trong (B).
L i gi i.
a.
3
(B) g m 3 vecto trong ,x p nh th c:
3
=1 (B) c l p tuy c a .
b.
Gi s ( c a x trong (
= ( , ) x=
(11, 13, 29) = ( )+( )+( )
c ( = (2, 3, 5).
85
III: H
I. Gi i h ng 1).
1. p.
.
Cho h
a 11x 1 a 12 x 2 .... a 1n x n b1
a 21x 1 a 22 x 2 .... a 2n x n b2
(1)
.........
a m1 x 1 a m2 x 2 .... a mn x n bm
Av l nh s nh s m r
N u m
N u m duy nh t
N u nghi m
ib i Gauss.
N u i ch h i nghi m t i ch
trong ma tr n h s .
is k 0 h i nghi m, t
a ma tr r ng v i s k 0.
L ym ng ho c tr k l h
it cl ng ho c tr k l o ra 1 ma tr n cho k t qu
u.
:
Khi h huy h a
x r 1 ,...., x n sang v ph ch t qu t
N i xu t hi
86
s k t lu n h p.
2. .
Cho h Cramer:
a 11x 1 a 12 x 2 .... a 1n x n b1
a 21x 1 a 22 x 2 .... a 2n x n b2
(2)
.........
a n1 x 1 a n2 x 2 .... a nn x n bn
a 11 a 12 ..... a 1n
a 21 a 22 ..... a 2n
= s .
....
a n1 a n2 ...... a nn
N u det A h m duy nh nh b c:
det Ai
xi
det A
b1
b2
Ai c t ma tr n A b t i b i c t h s t do .
...
bn
N u detA = nt ij 1,2,3,...., n sao cho A j 0 m.
N u detA = Aj 0 j = 1, n m duy nh t (t c
m ho nghi m). N u x ng h
gi
Nh :
H n nh
ch nh th c c a ma tr s b ng 0.
gi i h ng s n.
3. n ngh o.
Gi s h Cramer: A.X = B
87
X = (x1, x2 n); A =
Khi A kh ngh ch t n t i ma tr n ngh o c a A: A.X = B (*)

B c 1: ) A-1 c: A-1.A.X = A-1.B X = A-1.B
B c 2: n th A-1 v i A-1 = (A* = Aij = (Aij )
A11 A12 ..... A n1

A 21 A 22 ..... A n2
A* v i Aij = (-1) i+j.Mij
...
A1n A 2n ..... A nn
II. Bi n lu n s nghi ng 2).
c 1: n.
c2 i Gauss n v d ng ma tr .
c 3: .
N u h m.
N u h nghi m.
N u h m.
ng h c bi t: n lu n s nghi m c a h theo tham s m.
p:
m 1 1
n 1
1 m 1 m (n 1) m 1
...
1 1 mn n
88
V i - h m duy nh t
V i : h nghi m.
V i - h m.
H qu :
H thu n nh m.
H thu n nh ng
H thu n nh t v ng
H thu n nh t v ng
H m duy nh t .
89
P
n.
. Gi i h
a. d.
b.
e.
c.
f.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
L p ma tr n h m r ng:
90
L y tk , theo
V yh nghi m v i theo tk .
c.
L ph r ng:
V yh m.
d.
L p ma tr n m r ng:
91
V yh m
e.
92
x1 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 0
x2 2 x3 3
2 x3 3x4 5
3x4 4 x5 7
98 x5 98
f.
Ta l p h r ng:
V yh m
mt ah
a.
93
b.
L i gi i.
a.
ch
0 13 5
= (0, 7, ), X1 = (1, 6, 7, )
3 3
b.
94
ch
h m duy nh t:
a.
b.
c.
L i gi i.
95
a.
h m duy nh .
b.
h m duy nh t
c.
m duy nh t
h m:
a.
b.
96
L i gi i.
a.
D2
2 ho c
V i
D1 ,h m.
V i
D1 ; D2 ; D3 ; D4
,h nghi m .
V h m
b.
V h m
. Gi n nh t:
97
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
ch
H m duy nh
b.
98
ch :
V ng.
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
|A| =
mt ng.
b.
V im ) <n
99
.V nghi m
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
h nghi m
b.
h nghi m .
h nghi m.
a.
100
b.
L i gi i.
a.
H nghi m s n
b.
h nghi m
.V m:
L i gi i.
101
A
h m .
. Bi n lu n v nghi m s c a h :
a.
b.
c.
L i gi i.
a.
102
N u: m.
nghi m.
m duy nh t.
b.
A=
A1
A2
A3
: =
103
V i nghi m.
m.
h crame m duy nh t.
c.
i c t 2 sang c t 1:
C :
V i
D1 h m.
V i h nghi m.
V i
104
D1 h m.
V i( ) m duy nh t.
. Bi n lu n v nghi m s ih
a.
b.
c.
L i gi i.
a.
V
N u
h m duy nh
N u tr
105
h nghi m, nghi m t (v
N u h m.
b.
V
n h s b sung:
N u h m duy nh t.
u tr
N u h m.
c.
n h s b sung:
N u m duy nh t (do ).
106
N u
h nghi m, nghi m t ( .
107
. Gi au:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
t:
b.
108
:
. Gi i h
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
109
H
b.
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
110
:
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
H nghi m.
i h sau:
L i gi i.
111
H i:
. Gi i h
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
A=
H i:
112
b.
A=
i h sau:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
113
t ,
. Gi
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
H ng:
t n
114
b.
V yh p nghi m
i h sau:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
D= = 18 = = 18
115
= = 36 = = 18
= 1; = 1
b.
= = 6
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
116
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
D= .
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
D= .
117
. Gi i h b
L i gi i.
D=
. Gi i h sau b
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a. b.
= 14
118
.B sau:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a. b.
119
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
D=
. Gi i hpt sau b
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
120
A= det A m duy nh t.
= = :( )= =1
= = : )= =2
= = : )= =3
b.
A=
= = : =
. Gi i h
L i gi i.
D=
D H m duy nh t.
121
= = 2; = = 0; = =
; ;
. Gi n lu n h :
L i gi i.
m 39 r(A) = 3 < r( ) = 4 H m.
m = 39 A= r(A) = 3 = r( ) H nghi m.
. Cho h . nh k sao cho:
a. H m duy nh t.
b. H m.
c. H nghi m.
122
L i gi i.
V y: a. H t nghi m duy nh t khi k .

b. H m khi k .
c. H nghi m khi k .
. h m:
L i gi i.
H m r(A) = r( ) = 3
123
. Cho h . nh k sao cho:
a. H t nghi m duy nh t.
b. H m.
c. H nghi m.
L i gi i.
V y: a. H m duy nh t khi .
b. H m khi .
c. H nghi m khi
. Bi n lu n theo tham s m c a ma tr n: A =
L i gi i.
A=
124
V y: N
N um
. Gi n lu
L i gi i.
m = 1 h tr =
r(A) = r( ) = 1 H nghi m ph thu c 2 tham s . Nghi
( a,b )
m= 2 , h tr H m.
125
m ,h m duy nh t :
h m duy nh t:
L i gi i.
Ta th y = 1 V ik m duy nh t
126
: nghi m.
L i gi i.
Ta th y: r(A) = 2. r( ) ph thu n a.
N u ) = 2 = r(A) < n = 4
h nghi m.
N u ) = 3 > r(A)
h m.
. Gi n lu n theo tham s m h
L i gi i.
D=
127
Bi n lu n:
N u
N u tr
N u .
. a tham s h
nghi m:
L i gi i.
128
. Bi n lu n theo m s nghi m c a h
a.
b.
a.
b.
129
h m duy nh t:
D=
: Gi n lu n h sau :
a.
b.
a.
130
m=7
b.
m m.
nghi m.
. Gi n lu n h sau:
. Cho h
131
a.
b.
a.
A=
b.
u ki h ng
132
h p y:
nh.
tz=t
. h m:
133
. Gi n lu n h heo :
r(A) = 3 < 4
. Gi i h
134
. Gi i h
=C
135
:
= =
. Gi i h
= r(A) = 3 < 4
136
(t
137
IV: D
.
D
n.
1. M uv d
: Cho n bi n th c .
(DTP).
. Khi
hay
138
.
trong , sao cho .
2.
:
(1)
(1)
(1):
1.
139
;
3.
4.
n
V sao cho: .
Vector V
:
.
140
:
-
hay
-1.
-1.
II. d c, chu n t c.
Gi s 1; f2; ...; fn e1 , e 2 nb i ma tr n bi i
S. N c 1; f2; ...; fn
n
c .V ym i tuy .
Ta mu i tuy m id
c. D c nh t.
1.
n
.
: Gi s k1; k2; ...; kn m (k c nghi m b i) c
kE| = 0 c a d ng to 1; x2; ...; xn) =
3. d c, chu n t c.
Ma tr n c a d
=0
k = 9; k = 9; k = 0
V yd c:
141
Nh H n ch l n nh t c i n > 2, vi
c a ma tr
2.
Gi s A =
nh th
T Al 1, i2, ..., ik
i1, i2, ..., ik t i1, i2, ..., ik g
m nh th p k c a A.
nh th u.
D1 =
D2 =
Dn = = |A|
i 0, G(Y) =
-
A=
; =5
3: N u r(A) = r, , = 0,
142
F(x1; x2; ...; xn) = G(y1, y2,..., yn) =
N u r(A) n t i ma tr nh th c
, i = 1, 2, ..., r.
5 d c:
L i gi i.
nd 1 = 0; D2 = ; D3 = 1
K 1; x2; ...; xn) = G(y1, y2, ..., yn) =
1 = 1 ; D2 = 1 ; D3 = 4.
: F(X) = G(Y) = H(Z) = .
3. .
N i dung: Th c hi i tuy ng
d ng t d m c bi it tc
c a m t bi bi n m t kh i t h ng:
).
ng h p 1: t m t ph n t a ma tr n A,
nt i tt s
1:
143
S= =
F=
: ij = 0,
ij
ij 12
11 =1 =
=K .
144
4. nh lu
n
c a bi u th c c a d
c th nh cd th t n,
v tr tuy ic s s mang d cb
i.
Cho m t d s ,b i tuy
cd c.
s mang d c b ng 0 c c
nh t bi .
y, b i tuy n, m t d
th t. Tuy
tn d nt cv im nh th
t s c quan : khi th c hi n bi i tuy n,
a ma tr n d c thu c (-
Khi
145
n
n
s
d nh th u thay cho vi c s d nh th
v a tham s vi c s d nh th i r t ti n l i.
7. nh d u c a d i A= .
L i gi i.
= 0, r = 2.
i tuy t
5. M ng d ng c a d .
Ma tr nh d c ng d ng r
nhi ch
u khi n t u khi n nh . Trong ph m vi c
ch c p t i hai ng d ng nh trong vi c nh n d ng, m t b
d u ki cho c c tr c u bi n .
nh n d ng, m t b c hai.
i tr c giao.
n
v tr c chu i tuy n bi n
n tr c g i tr c giao. Ma tr n bi i tr c giao
146
cl pt h c l p tuy a ma tr n A. Vector X = ( ; ;
1/2
...; + +...+ ) cg
AX.
N u ma tr n c i tuy a ma
tr cd d c.
N u ma tr n c i tuy
n tr cd d
t c.
8. Cho d
vector
.
, vector
147
:
Nh n d ng cong
Trong h to tr c chu n c ng
Vi t l
nh n d ng elip,
ng parabol hay hypebol, ta t nh ti n, quay h tr c to , sao cho m t v c
i tuy ng ma tr n tr c
giao th c ch to .
2
i tr nh ti n h tr c to
.
9. Vi c, nh n d ng b c hai: .
L i gi i.
148
hai .
ng v i .
Vector ng v i .
Chu ;
Ma tr n = S'.
V i ma tr n i .
i,
hay
149
P
n.
nh d id uc ad
a.
b. - -
c. -
d.
e.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
c.
F(1, 0, 0) = -6 < 0
F(0, 1, 0) = 5 > 0
i d u.
d.
F=0
i d u.
e.
150
F(1, 1, 0) = 6
F(1, -1, 0) = - 6
i d u.
2 nh d id uc ad
a. F(x1, x2, x3) = x12 + 3x22 + 5x32 + 4x1x2 - 8x2x3 - 4x1x3
b. F(x1, x2, x3) = x12 + 5x22 + 7x32 + 2x1x2 - 4x2x3 - 2x1x3
c. F(x1, x2, x3) = x12 + 2x22 + 3x32 + 4x42 + 2x1x2 - 2x2x4
d. F(x1, x2, x3) = -2x12 - 6x22 - 10x32 - x42 + 2x1x3 - 6x2x4 - 8x2x
L i gi i.
a.
A=
D1 = 1 ; D2 = = -1
D3 = =(
D c: y12 - y22 + y32 ng kh nh d u.
b.
A=
D1 = 1 ; D2 = =4
D3 = =
D c: y12 + y22 + y32
151
c.
A=
D1 = 1 ; D2 =
D3 =
D4 =
D ht c:
d.
A=
D1 = 2
D2
D3
D4
D c: D
nh d ng c a tham s d
a. F( , , , )=5 + +2 +4 + 2m 4 .
152
b. F( , , , )=2 +3 + 10 + 5m +2 6 .
c. F( , , , )=m +7 + +7 + 2m 4 .
L i gi i.
a.
=5>0; = =5>0 = = 10 .
= = 1. . = 40 8 4 = 32 4
b.
A=
=2>0; = =6>0; = = 31 > 0
= = 5m. . = 155m
F(x) n nh
c.
153
=m>0; = =7m ; = = 7m 7 3m = 7 + 3m > 0
= = 7. . = 7.( + 3m ) > 0
F(x) n cm=
. tham s d : ;
.
a. F(x) = F =m + 2m
b. F(x) = F(x1,x2,x3,x4) = +5 4 + 2m +5
c. =
a.
D1 = m ; D2 = = 2m2 4; D3 = = 2m2 4
D4 = = 5 . (-1)4+4 .D3 = 10m2 20
2m2 4>0 m>
10m2 20 m
b.
154
D1 = 1 ; D2 = 5
D3 = = =
D4 = 5. 3 =5
c.
D1 = 1
D2 = = 3m
D3= =3m.(m = (m
. d c ho c chu n:
a. F( =
b. F(
c. F( =
d. F(
e. F(x1, x2, x3, x4) = x12 4x1x2 + 5x22 + 6x32 + 6x2x4 + 10x42
f. F(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5) = x12 4x1x2 + 5x22 + 6x32 + 6x2x4 + 10x42 + 2x1x5 x52
155
g. F(x1, x2, x3, x4) = x12 + 4x1x2 + 2x22 + 9x32 + 6x1x3 5x42 + 12x2x3
h. F(x1, x2, x3, x4) = 4x1x2 + 6x2x3 + 10x3x4
L i gi i.
a.
t (d ng chu n t c).
b.
F( ]+4
= )
c.
F( =
156
=
d.
F(
= +
e.
A=
D1 = 1 0 ; D2 = =1 0
D3 = =6
D4 = = 6. = 6. (50 - 49) = 6 0
D c c a A: F(y1, y2, y3, y4)= y12 + y22 + 6y32 + y42

D ng chu n t c c a A: F(y1, y2, y3, y4) = y12 + y22 + y32 + y42
157
f.
F(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5) = x12 4x1x2 + 5x22 + 6x32 + 6x2x4 + 10x42 + 2x1x5 x52
= +
D c:
D ng chu n t c:
g.
A=
D1 = 1 0 ; D2 = = -2 0 ; D3 = = 18 0
D4 = 18. = 18.10 = 180 0
D c c a A:
D ng chu n t c c a A: F(x1, x2, x3, x4) = y12 y32 y42
h.
158
F(x1, x2 , x3, x4) = -4(y1 + y2)(y1 y2) + 6y3(y1 y2) + 10y3y4
= 4(y12 y22) + 6y1y3 6y1y2 + 10y3y4

= 4y12 + 4y22 + 6y1y3 6y1y2 + 10y3y4
= (2y1 y3)2 + y32 + 4y22 6y2y3+ 10y3y4
= (2y1 y3)2 + (2y2 y3)2 + 10y3y4
D 1, z2, z3, z4) = z32 + z42 + 10z12 10z22

D ng chu n t c: F(z1, z2, z3, z4) = z12 + z22 z32 z42
. d n t c.
a. F(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4) = 4x1x2
b. F(x1 ; x2 ; x3) = 3x12 + 2x22 + x32 + 4x1x2 + 4x2x3
c. F(x1 ; x2 ; x3) = 2x12 + 3x22 + 4x32 + 4x1x3
d. F(x1 ; x2 ; x3 ; x4) = 3x12 + x32 + 2x2x3 + 4x3
L i gi i.
a.
nA=
= =0
k(k2 4) = 0
k = 0 ; k = 2 ; k = -2
F(y1 ; y2 ; y3) = 2y12 2y22
t z1 = y1
159
z2 = y2
z3 = y3
F(z1 ; z2 ; x3) = z12 z22
b.
= =0
(3 k)(2 k)(1 k) 4(1 k) 4(3 k) = 0

(3 k)(k2 - 3k +2) 4 + 4k 12 + 4k = 0
3k2 9k + 6 k3 + 3k2 2k + 8k 16 = 0
k = -1 ; k = 5 ; k = 2
F(y1 ; y2 ; y3) = 2y12 + 5y22 y32
c.
A=
= (2 k)(3 k)(4 k) 4(3 k) = 0

(3 k)(k2 6k 4) = 0
k = 3; k = 3
F(y1 ; y2 ; y3) = y12 + y22 + y32
d.
160
= =0
. =0
(3 k)(k2(1 k) + k + 4k) = 0
(3 k)(k3 + k2 + 5k) = 0
k = 3 ho c k = 0 ho c k =
F(y1 ; y2 ; y3 ; y4) = y12 + y22 y32
c, nh n d ng cong b c hai:
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a.
td i v i ma tr n)
A=
| |= = =
A. = . =
161
c: =
=1
. = .
k = 1, =
c ma tr n tr c quan =
A = S.B
t = ; =
=0
t+ Z=5
t + a
( , )=
c c a 1 hypebal.
, )=
| |= =(
162
10 = 0
n tr c giao =
= . = ;=
10 Z=
c.
(
t a2 + b2 = + =1
ng elip.
163
d.
|=0
( ) 0
k = 0 ho c k = 25
V i k = 0: ;
V i k = 25: ;
S=
= ;y=
c:
25
125
164
. Cho d
d c.
L i gi i.
2. Cho d
n t c.
L i gi i.
t G(Y)
t H(Z) H(Z)
t M(T)
. Cho d
165
d n t c.
L i gi i.
t G(Y) = .
. Cho d :
d :x ,x
L i gi i.
nd
A=
= <0
= 40m 25
166
d
D th y c d
. c:
F(x1,x2,x3) = x12 + x22 + x32 + 4x1x2 + 4x1x3 + 4x2x3
L i gi i:
F = (x12 + 4x1x2 + 4x1x3) + x22 + x32 + 4x2x3

= (x1 + x2 + 2x3) 2 (2x2 + 2x3)2 + x22 + x32 + 4x2x3
= (x1 + 2x2 + 2x3) 2 3 x22 3x32 4x2x3
= (x1 + 2x2 + 2x3) 2 3(x2 + x3)2 x32
2
1 3y22 y32
i 6. Vi i d ng ma tr n :
F(x) = x12 + x22 + 3x1x2 2x1x3 + x3x4
L i gi i.
Ma tr n c a d cc a :A=
167
ng ma tr n c a d
: Vi i d ng ma tr n:
F(x) = ax12 + bx22 + cx32 + x1x2 + x2x3 + x3x4
L i gi i.
Ma tr n c a d cc a :A=
nc ad
. c:
F(x1, x2, x3) = 2x12 + 3x22 + x32 4x1x2 + 2x1x3 2x2x3
L i gi i.
Ma tr n c a d ng: A =
V nh th c con:
; = = 2; =1
= + + =2 + + .
168
c:
F( , , )= +2 7 +8
L i gi i.
Ta , , )= 4 ( 2 )+2 7
= +2 7
= 2( 8 ) 23
= 2( 8 + 16 ) + 9
= 2 +9
V i
c : F(x) = G(x) = 2 +9 .
. c:
F( , , )= +4 4 4
L i gi i.
F( , , )= +4 4 4
= +
t F(x) = G(y) = +8
t +8 8 .
c c a F(x).
sau v d c:
F(x) = 2 +3 +4 2 +4 3
169
L i gi i.
F(x) = 2 +3 +4 2 +4 3
= 2( + +2 )+3 +4 3
=2 2 +2 +3 +4 3
=2 + 2
=2 + +
d cc ad + +
. Kh nh c a d
F(x) = +5 +4 2
L i gi i.
F(x) = +5 +4 2
F(x) = + +3 0
F(x) = 0 =0
.
,t
F( ) = F(
L i gi i.
170
F( 2
G( ) =
.
F = F(
.
F = m[
G( ) =
171
id u:
. d c:
L i gi i.
F( )
c:
G( ) = c c a F( ).
t c:
G( ) = 4(
=
172
t c:
H( ) = ).
. Cho d )=
c c a F( ) b
L i gi i.
A = F( ) =
ht
Thay , ta gi i h c
V m
173
. d nh d u:
. d nh t c:
a. x12 + 2x22 + 2x1x2 + 4x2x3
b. x12 + 4x22 + x32 - 4x1x2 + 2x2x3
.
a.
x12 + 2x22 + 2x1x2 + 4x2x3
= (x12 + 2x1x2) + 2x22 + 4x2x3
= [(x1 + x2)2 x22] + 2x22 + 4x2x3
= (x1 + x2)2 + x22 + 4x2x3
= (x1 + x2)2 + (x2 + 2x3)2 - 4x32
t cd c: x12 + 2x22 + 2x1x2 + 4x2x3 = y12 + y22 4y32
174
b.
x12 + 4x22 + x32 - 4x1x2 + 2x2x3
= (x12 4x1x2) + 4x22 + x32 + 2x2x3
= [(x1 2x2)2 4x22 ] + 4x22 + x32 + 2x2x3
= (x1 2x2)2 + x32 + 2x2x3
= (x1 + x2)2 + (x3 +x2)2 x22
t cd c : x12 + 4x22 + x32 4x1x2 + 2x2x3 = y12 y22 + y32
3
. Trong v
s :
Q(u) = 2x12 + 3x1x2 + 4x1x2 + x22 + x32
Ma tr n c
nh th
1= 2; 2 = = ; 3 = det(A) =
11 = = ; a22 = = -8 ; a33 = =
V y Q(u) = x12 - 8x22 + x32
175
Thay a33 = c a31 = ; a32 =
V m
. Cho d :
f(x1, x2, x3) = 5x12 x22 mx32 4x1x2 + 2x1x3 + 2x2x3
V .
nc ad
Do ( 1)1 1 = 5) > 0
( 1)2 2 = ( 1)2 =1>0
( 1)3 3 = ( 1)3 = 2+m
d m 2 > 0 hay m > 2.
. Kh nh c a d sau :
f(x1, x2, x3) = 5x12 + x22 + 5x32 + 4x1x2 8x1x3 4x2x3
L i gi i.
nd f:M=
Do 1 = 5 > 0; 2 = = 1 > 0; 3 = =1>0
n Sylvester, d
176
. d cb i Lagrange.
a. F(x1, x2, x3) = 3x12 + 6x22 + 3x32 - 4x1x2 + 8x1x3 + 4x2x3
b. F(x1, x2, x3) = 4x1x2 + 4x1x3 + 4x2x3
L i gi i.
a.
F = (3x12 4x1x2 + 8x1x3) + (6x22 + 3x32 + 4x2x3)
4 8
F = 3(x12 x x + x x ) + (6x22 + 3x32 + 4x2x3)
3 1 2 3 1 3
2 4 16 4 2 16 2
F = 3(x1 x2 + x3)2 + xx x x + (6x22 + 3x32 + 4x2x3)
3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
2 4 14 28 7 2
= 3(x1 x2 + x3)2 + ( x22 + xx x )
3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
14 2 28 7 2 14 2 7 2
x + x2x3) x = (x + 2x2x3 ) x
3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
14 14 2 7 2 14 7 2
(x2 + x3)2 x x = (x + x )2 x
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
2 4 14 7 2
F = 3(x1 x2 + x3)2 + (x + x3)2 x
3 3 3 2 3 3
14 2
D cc : F = 3y12 + y 7y32
3 2
b.
i bi n: -
F = 4y12 4y22 + 4(y1 + y2)y3 + 4(y1 y2)y3

F = 4y12 + 8y1y3 4y22
F = 4(y12 + 2y1y3) 4y22
177
F = 4(y1 + y3)2 4y22 4y32
i bi n :
D cc 1, x2, x3) = 4z12 4z22 4z3
. d c r i bi n lu n v d u c a q theo m.
q(x1, x2, x3) = mx12 4mx1x2 + 2mx1x3 + (5m+1)x22 2(3m+1)x2x3 + 3(m+1)x32
.
q = m[x12 2x1(2x2 x3) + (2x2 x3)2] m(2x2 x3)2 + (5m + 1)x22
2(3m + 1)x2x3 + 3(m + 1)x32
= m(x1 2x2 + x3)2 + (m + 1)x22 2(m + 1)x2x3 + (2m + 3)x32
= m(x1 2x2 + x3)2 + (m + 1)(x22 2x2x3 + x32) (m + 1)x32 + (2m + 3)x32
= m(x1 2x2 + x3)2 + (m + 1)(x2 x3)2 + (m + 2)x32
t : X = x1 2x2 + x3
Y = x2 x3
Z = x3
D c c a q = mX2 + (m + 1)Y2 + (m + 2)Z2
qx nh m>0
m 2
m< 2
id u 2 < m <0
178
. 2x12 + 2x22 + 3x32 2x1x3 2x2x3 16 = 0
2
1 + 2x22 + 3x32 2x1x3 2x2x3.
= =0
k1 = 1, k2 = 2, k3 = 4.
1= 1 P1 =
2= 2 P2 =
3= 4 P3 =
-
2
1 + 2x22 + 4x32 = 16
179
. nh d u c a d
F(x1, x2, x3) = 7x12 + 2x22 x32 + 6x1x3
n A=
D1 = 7 > 0 , D2 = = 14 > 0 , D3 = = 32 < 0
nh d u.
. Cho d
f( , ) =3 +6 +3 4 +8 +4
a. Ma tr i bi n?
b. D cc ad
.
a.
T c
= .
P=
180
b.
i bi c:
f(y) = . A.P .A.P = f(y) = 3 + 7
. Trong , nh d u c a d :
f(x) = f ( =-2 - 4
T d n:A=
. Nh n d ng b :
+2 xy - - 2(1 + )x 2(1 - y+2=0
+2 xy -
Ma tr n c a d :A=
a ma tr mc
=0 (
= 2 ho c = -2
T vector ng v = -2 th
181
V (-1, )
T c a vector ng v = 2 th
V =( )
t =( , )
= =(
nP= n tr =
t =P
ng con =1
tX= ;Y=
V ng b ng
. d cb .
F( = +2
nh th :
=1
= = -1
182
= =1
V yd c lad G ( )=
. Vi t d ng c t ma tr n c a d :
A=
D a ma tr n c
V y h ng c a d .
. Cho ma tr n:
a. Vi t d ng c a d
b. c.
.
a.
rank ng c a d
b.
183
t cc m
V i
V yd cc ad
. Cho d
Ma tr n c a d ng t
nh th hc 1
2 3
F 3
. Nh n d ng cong b c hai sau:
Ma tr n c a f: .
aM:
184
V i
V i
Ma tr n c i tr c giao: P =
V i X = PY hay
V c:
S d nh ti n, ta vi i d ng:
t c E-lip
. d c:
a. F( )= + +
b. F( , = +5 -4 +2 -4
L i gi i.
a.
F= + +( + ) +( - )
= +2 + - -
= - -
185
F= - -
b.
F= +2 ( -2 )+ - + -
F= +4 +4 -8
F= +4 -8
F= -9
F= + -
186
g.
. p c nh tranh thu n xu t 2 lo i s n ph m v t
2 2
h p : TC = 3Q1 + 2Q1Q2 + 2Q2 + 10
V ng c a s n ph a s n ph nm t
us ng (Q1, Q2 i nhu t
= 160Q1 + 120Q2 (3Q12 + 2Q1Q2 + 2Q22 + 10)

= 3Q12 2Q22 Q1Q2 + 160Q1 + 120Q2 10
= 6Q1 2Q2 + 160 = -6, = 2
= 4Q2 2Q1 + 120 = -2, = 4

sau:
c tr duy nh
= = = 20 > 0 x,y
mc i.
V i (Q1, Q2 t
0,4
. Gi s y0,9 u ki n
th nh
nh gi il
0,4
y0,9 + k(260 8x 3y)
= 0,4x-0,6 y0,9 8k L11 = = 0,24x-1,6y0,9 ; L12 = = 0,36x-0,6 y-0,1
187
= 0,9x0,4 y 0,1
3k L21 = = 0,36x-0,6 y-0,1 ; L22 = = -0.09x0,4 y-1,1
= 260 8x 3y; g1 = gx = 8; g2 = gy = 3
nh th c c p 3 :
D= = = 48L12 9L11 64L22
12 > 0 ; L11 < 0 ; L22 < 0 x, y, k > 0
D = 48L12 9L11 64L22 > 0 x, y, k >0

m M(10, mc i.
Gi y) = (10, 60).
188
, gi i h c
, GI I H C
I. S th m t bi n s .
1. T p s th c
Ta nh c l i:
th n tu c vi id c a hai s n.
cg h ut th
ch cg .T pt tc h ut cg
s th c. T th (ho c )
tt c s p th t i hai s th c a;b b t k bao gi y ra

m c a < b ho c a > b ho c a = b.
i hai s th t k a < b bao gi nt i

m t s th c c sao cho a < c < b.
M t , ch ng h nh th cg
m t bi n th t bi n bi n ph
b nh m l n). Bi n ch nh n m duy nh cg t h ng, ch ng h n x = C v i
C = const. Gi u ki u quan h ; quan h ; quan h logic; quan
h n m t s ki u quan h r t ph bi u
ng d .
2. m t bi n s
n, h t xOy c a cm th t a
tr c chu ng nhau.
:
Cho X . M t quy lu tm x ng duy nh t v i
m tg yb ng th c y = f(x) g
n ch . Bi n x g c l p. Bi n y g n ph
189
, gi i h c
thu c hay bi pXg nh. T p f(X) g tr . T
t trong h t xOy c a m t ph ng g th c
ch quan h
f:X R:x y = f(x)
1. x y = f(x) = v i: X = ; f(X) = ( )
n.
ng b
n nh t, g n. Ti p theo, b
ta s nl c nh ct
n:
a: y = ( ng s )
y= ng s : 0 < a 1)
nh ( )
y= ng s : 0 < a 1)
cc y= .
nh .
th c a y = y= i x ng v
ph h nh t.
V y= ng bi nh.
V y= ch bi
t -1; 1] tu n
.
ng bi n: - ;k .
ngh ch bi n: ;k .
n, ngh ch bi n: ]; k
ng bi n: [- ;k .
190
, gi i h c
, tu
.
nh v i x v ik ng bi
nh.
y = cotx nh v i x v ik ch bi
s nh.
c:
y = arcsinx. ng h th c sau:
y = arcsinc
-
nh [-1;1], t - ng bi
nh.
y = arccosx
nh [-1;1], t ch bi
nh.
y = arctanx
-
nh ,t - .
y = arccotx
nh R, t - u gi .
.
pX c
hi im ix X.
191
, gi i h c
(f )(x) = f(x) g(x)
(fg)(x) = f(x).g(x)
(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x) (g(x) 0)
p.
s y = f(x) v i t nh X, t i
t nh ,t .N uY cm t
z = g[f(x)] h(x); x X
X uh g fg pc .
Vi
c.
Cho f: X pX .G c
yv im iy f(x) = y ph t m t nghi
nv :T a bi n y?
y = f(x) v i t nh X, t Y = f(X). N u v i m i
y t nghi m x :
g:Y X
sao cho : y = f(x)
-
yg cc ug .
-
V x= (y); y = f(x) Y
ngh ch n c gi
nm ts n bi u th c gi
c c cho cg uc
m r ng t nh.
i ta d ch bi c l p, y ch bi n ph thu c.
thu n ti n khi v th t h tr c t il
-
hi bi c l p, y ch bi n ph thu y= (x), x Y.
y, n u ngh
192
, gi i h c
-
[f(x)] = x, x X
-
[f(y)] = y, y Y
-
N u bi u di th c th t tr c chu n
th c i x ng v n
th nh ba).
m c ti p.
u hai bi n x;y cho nhau c
s y = sinx : - . , y = arccosx u l i hai bi n c a
[0; ].
2. - v it nh .
V im iy - m duy nh t x = 1 +
v iy Y= cc
ngh .
3 c c a y = sinx v i t nh .
L i gi i.
x -
- sin( hay sin( )=-yv i -
- -
y: - - - -
- -
Ta c ng th c sau:
arcsinx + arccosx = ,
arcsin(sinx) = x, - sin(arcsinx) = x,
arccos(cosx) = x, cos(arccosx) = x,
193
, gi i h c
arctan(tanx) = x, - tan(arctanx) = x,
arccot(cotx) = x, cot(arccotx) = x,
arcsinx + arcsin(-x) = 0, arccosx + arccos(-

arctanx + arctan(-x) = 0, arccotx + arccot(-
4. Ch ng minh r ng: arccosx + arccos(-
L i gi i.
- arccos(-x)) = - cos(arccos(-x)) = x = cos(arccosx).
M - arccos(- u thu n
V - arccos(- - arccos(-
5 ; sin[arccos(-0.1)].
L i gi i.
arcsin(cos = arcsin(sin( = arcsin(sin ) =
- -
-
sin( - = - - = - =
6 nh c :
a. y= - - -
b. y= -
L i gi i.
a.
T nh c ng x th u ki n: - -
194
, gi i h c
- -
- - -
- )( - )
- -
-
V yt -3; 1].
b.
T nh c ng x th u ki n:
-
-
V y X = [-1;
7. T nh c sau:
a. y= - - -
b. y = arccos
L i gi i.
a.
-
-
- -
, (k )
-
D - - -
195
, gi i h c
b.
V y X = [-1; 1].
p
n nh t. B t
ib nh cm tl
v n gi c nhi tc n. M t bi u th c
g t bi u th u th c ch logic, v quan h t p
h ng ph u th c gi
t mi
Gi s t t p h p thu c m t trong b n lo i t p sau: (a, b); [a, b]; [a, b); (a; b] v i a
< b. M cg bi u di n ch b i m t
cb n b ng m t s h u h
c ng, tr
y, n ch bi u di n b c gi
s
8.
y = f(x) = + arctan(16 - )
-
y = f(x) = -
y=
-
ph ng t p con ( ho c (0;
ph p.
196
, gi i h c
Vi t gi t c n thi t.
ub ih
t c,..) ch p. Vi u khi r t c n s t m ,
ch ng h iv y= ng b d u tr tuy ib :
r
= = pc .
II. Gi i h n c .
1.
Gi i h n c khi x .
nh n h uh n t thi
nh t i i h n khi x n u t n t i m t s L sao cho:
u: hay f(x) L khi x
h uh n t thi
nh t i
khi x u: ) n u:
- khi x u: - ) n u:
khi x u: ) n u:
Nh :
T y gi i h ut nt i duy nh t.
ng c ch n ph thu .
ih c hi ih uh ng h p f(x) ti n t i
i h n b ng .
197
, gi i h c
9. ng minh : .
L i gi i.
V i y:
|(2x - 1) - 3| = |2x 4| = 2|x 2| < |x 2| <
V y ch c n ch n , ta s 2| <
- 1) - 3| < .
nh .
-
10 ng minh:
-
L i gi i.
-
nh khi x = 2.
-
V i
-
L y - -
-
-
V : .
-
ih a f(x) khi x n u:
u: f( )
gi i h n ph i:
f( )
t c a gi i h qu :
H qu 1: u ki n c i h n khi x i h n ph i
ih i ih
198
, gi i h c
- =
11.
t: -
- - -
-
12 ih nc khi : -
L i gi i.
-
-
-
i h n khi 2.
Gi i h n c khi x .
nh t i m l i h n khi x
n u t n t i m t s L, sao cho:
u: hay f(x) khi

khi u hay f(x) khi
n u:
ng h i h n b ng
i h n sau:
199
, gi i h c
13. ng minh:
L i gi i.
Gi s
- khi .
Gi i h c ch ng minh.
Nh :
hay - ud nt
m t gi i h i h n ph thu th khi .
Khi nt t gi i h n, ch ng h n t th
u ng n g x ih n
ho c - , n n thi t ph t v d u u ng n g n
ng h
ki i h n sau:
N - ;
N - ;
n: x ,
h qu .
H qu 2: Trong m u gi i h n c t nt nh duy nh t.
i h n trong m
d nt
14. Ch ra r ng gi i h n t i:
L i gi i.
ih , k, h .
200
, gi i h c
D th nh
t c a gi i h
V n t i gi i h n
B th ch ih n t i:
M ts tc i h n.
Ta ch . K t qu
N u f(x) = C = const
N u nt i
- .
N ut nt it i sao cho f(x) ho
gi i h n
N u x , i h n h u h n, ch ng h n
n u
n u
py=f
N nh trong m a nh t i
201
, gi i h c
N nh trong m a k c t i
H qu 3: (Gi i h n c p khi )N nh t i
n
f( )
2. M t s gi i h n d nh.
Khi gi thi t c i h n b vi ph d
n sau, g ng d nh, s
x d nh).
a. D ng (gi thi t a
15.
b. D ng (gi thi t
16.
c. D ng (gi thi t h uh
17.
d. D ng (gi thi t h uh nk
18.
202
, gi i h c
D ng d ng ho c .
e. D ng (gi thi t h uh
19.
- -
(Khi - -2)
f. D ng (gi thi t
g. D ng (gi thi t h uh am
Ba d cx ng nhi
nt gi i quy
p theo.
3. Hai gi i h n quan tr ng.

Hai gi i h quan tr p nhi x
ng h nh ho c .
a. Gi i h n th nh t.
H qu 4:
b. Gi i h n th hai.
203
, gi i h c
ts nh m px b
H qu 5:
4. n.
t .
a. n.
:
g n u .
g n (VCL) khi n u .
20.
Khi
ih nb
Khi - - -
b. gi ih
c. t c a VCB, VCL.
T ng c
m t VCB v i m ch t VCB.
Ngh oc am t VCB, ngh o cu m t VCB t VCL.

:
T t cu i, ta ch c uv t qu v
204
, gi i h c
t th m r ch n cu .
suy ra: M t t h p tuy t
21. C t hai gi i h n sau:
d. n).
Gi s c VCB khi .
N u ng b
c bi t, n
u .
N u c th
N u nt c trong
V i .
V .
H qu 6:
Khi ng:
Khi ng:
ih t.
22. Khi
205
, gi i h c
pc
e.
N u :
ih
thay b
23.
a.
( Khi ).
b.
( Khi ).
ch thay
th t (ho c m u) b
N u c .
c thay h ng t ng, tr ) VCB b
ng thay m t VCB ph c t p b i m t bi u th
24.
206
, gi i h c
25.
Khi - -
D th y, khi i
26.
-
sau:
-
- -
ih u thay sinx b s
- -
c ph d ng h ng t
ph n c a ph ng, tr ).
f. t b VCB b c cao, VCL b c th p.
N ut s u s c a m t gi i h ng c a nhi a gi i
h c n gi l h c th p nh t c a t u.
N ut s u s c a m t gi i h ng c a nhi a gi i h n
c n gi l h c cao nh t c a t u.
27.
III. S cc m t bi n s .
1.
ct m n u:
nh t i nc a .
207
, gi i h c
N ut i nc a .
ct im mx .
m n ut nt i , sao cho
-
-
c ph i t m n ut nt i , sao cho
c ph i t i
i b.
H qu 7: ct m c
ph i t i
n)
Gi s m nc .N ih i h n ph i
u h u h n khi n lo i m t.
ng h n lo t m t trong hai gi i h n
m il n lo c.
nt i
nh t i .
cc c.
N n th c ng cong li n n m
28 cc t i x = 1.
L i gi i.
208
, gi i h c
T i x = 0:
nh t n c a x = 0.
a:
V c t i x = 0.
T i x = 1:
n (lo nh t i x = 1 .
29 cc t m x = 1:
L i gi i.
nh t n.
2. c.
T gi i h ch c k t qu sau:
Gi s
.
.
n u .
N u ct i ct i p
ct m .
209
, gi i h c
H qu 8: ( S cc p): N u
.
30 cc p .
a.
-
b.
-
L i gi i.
a.
c cho b
nh .
T -
c t i x = 0. V t p .
b.
T mb -
V y, nt n kh .
31. cc : .
L i gi i.
t c.
- c.
210
, gi i h c
-
ct ix=1 a = 1.
V y: khi .
khi n t i x = 1).
32. : .
L i gi i.
- , nh).
cn ct i x = 1.
-
-
ct ) n u:
211
, gi i h c
P
n.
. Cho f(x) = arc
-
.
L i gi i.
f(
-
- -
f( -
f(100) = arc
. :
a. -
b. -
c. arc
d. -
L i gi i.
a.
[arcsin(-0,1)] + -
- - - = - =
b.
212
, gi i h c
-
- = -( - =
c.
-
arc
d.
arc - = arc - -
-
= arc = arc =
nh c
a. Y=
b. Y =
c. Y=
d. Y=
e. Y=
f. Y= +
g. Y=
h. Y=
i. Y=
j. Y=
L i gi i.
a.
T nh c ng tho u ki n :
213
, gi i h c
V yX= .
b.
V y .
c.
TH3:
V y .
d.
T nh c ng x tho u ki n :
214
, gi i h c
V y .
e.
V y .
f.
V y .
g.
V y .
215
, gi i h c
h.
V y .
i.
V y = .
j.
V y = .
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a.
216
, gi i h c
b.
c.
d.
i h n sau :
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
c.
d.
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
217
, gi i h c
d.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
c.
d.
= = =
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
d. , (m = const)
L i gi i.
a. = = =
b. = =e
218
, gi i h c
c. = =e
=e
d. = = =1
e. (m = const)
= =1
v i =0
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a. =
b. =D=
V =0
219
, gi i h c
V i0<a tt=
C =
c. = =- =
d. = =
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
I=
L i gi i.
a. =
b.
c.
N ux>0
(1)
N ux<0
(2)
220
, gi i h c
d.
N um>n I= =
N um=n I=
N um<n I=0
ih nm
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
c.
= ; =-
d.
= = 1; =0
i h n sau b
221
, gi i h c
a.
b.
c.
d.
L i gi i.
a. = = 15
b. = =1
c. = = = =
d. = =1
cc sau:
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
. Ta
=0
=0
V ct i n t i x = 0.
b.
222
, gi i h c
=2
=2
f(0) = 2 =
V ct ix .
. :
L i gi i.
=2
f(1) = 2
=3 a
3-a=2 a=1
V yv .
. :
L i gi i.
223
, gi i h c
L i gi i.
f(x) =
f(1) =
224
, gi i h c
. Cho f(x) = . f( ), f( )
L i gi i.
f(1) = = sin(0) +
f(3) =
f( ) = = sin( + =
f(
sau:
a. y = b. y =
-
c. y = + cos (2x) d. y = + -
L i gi i.
a.
V )
b.
nh khi: (k
V yD= \
c.
(k
225
, gi i h c
d.
nh khi:
-
V y D = [-1;1] [2; )
a. A=
b. B = sin(arccos(0,4))
c. C = arcsin(sin
L i gi i.
a.
= = < <
= sin( =
b.
Ta c nh: arccos(0,4)
ty= )
cosy = cos(arccos(0,4)) = 0,4
sin(arccos(0,4)) = siny = - = - =
c.
t lu n: arcsin(sin = do -
Tuy v y: -
226
, gi i h c
sau:
a. y=
b. y=
L i gi i.
a.
nh khi:
V y D = [-1;1]
b.
nh khi:
V yD=
sau: y =
L i gi i.
nh khi:
227
, gi i h c
V yD=
:y=
L i gi i.
-1
nh khi: (k
V yD= \
ih nc sau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
228
, gi i h c
c.
ih sau:
a.
b.
c.
L i gi i.
a.
229
, gi i h c
c.
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
230
, gi i h c
c.
i h n sau:
L i gi i.
a.
b. t :
L i gi i.
a.
231
, gi i h c
b.
k = 3L
nt n.
. . V i a, b, c hS= .
L i gi i.
a = 1; b = 5; c = 2
= 12 + 52 + 22 = 30
i h n sau:
232
, gi i h c
a.
b.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
cc t ix=0:
L i gi i.
233
, gi i h c
-
i h n sau:
-
L i gi i.
B i h n sau:
L i gi i.
i h n sau:
L i gi i.
234
, gi i h c
i h n sau:
L i gi i.
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
L i gi i.
a.
b.
235
, gi i h c
c.
d.
Khi
e.
i h n sau:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
L i gi i.
a.
236
, gi i h c
b.
c.
Khi
d.
e.
c cao nh t khi :
?
L i gi i.
237
, gi i h c
B i.
V c cao nh
ih n:
L i gi i.
i h n sau:
L i gi i.
238
, gi i h c
i h n sau:
L i gi i.
V y
cc :
a.
b. cc t i x = 1.
L i gi i.
a.
T
239
, gi i h c
V c t i x = 1.
T nh.
V c t i x = 2.
b.
nt i .
. Kh cc sau:
L i gi i.
c t i (0,0)
V ct im t ph ng.
. : . nh h ng s c.
240
, gi i h c
L i gi i.
nh t i ct
ct ix=- (1)
T i x = 0:
V y ct khi b = 3 (2)
. nh h ng s c:
L i gi i.
nh t i ct m
T i x = 1:
241
, gi i h c
ct khi a + b = 5 (1)
T i x = 2:
V ct
T
V yv .
. : . c t i x = 1.
L i gi i.
ct ix=1
khi
V p s th
.G i
cc .
L i gi i.
242
, gi i h c
V i m i x, x0
T i x = 1:
243
t bi n
T BI N
m.
1.
: Gi s t n (a, b) ch m x. N u
gi i h n t n t uh n
u h n hay kh vi t a y = f(x) t mx
ub c .
N u gi i h n b ng + ng + t m x.
ng h vi t i x.
c hi uh
cm vi t i x n u gi i h n t i ho c b
: Gi s ( . N u gi i h n sau
t nt uh n
ih uh nt m i c a y = f(x) t m
ub ).
i b ng + t i n u gi i h n b ng + .
-
, i ).
T t c a gi i h qu sau c
H qu 1: f(x0 u h n (hay kh vi) t m
ih uh uh nt i ng nhau.
244
t bi n
-
) )=
: u h n (hay kh u
uh nt im mx .
u h n (hay kh o
u h ih uh nt u h n t i b.
: c kh vi t i x =
-
) ),
c:
N uh n t m (ho
m
ct i uh nt i ng g i
( m c th .
N uv th c t tr c chu s
c a ti p tuy n v ng cong y = f(x) t m( ).
gi c
: y = f(x) kh vi t ct cl
H qu 2: nt i vi t i .
1. : a. ng s )
b. y = x
c. y = sinx
d. y =
L i gi i.
a.
V i y = C, t
-
= 0=0
b.
245
t bi n
V i y + x, -
-
= =1
c.
V i y = sinx, -
-
=
= cosx
d.
V iy= , -
- -
= = =
2. c.
Vi n ti i h n. V i
m tl , ta mu m t l n nh c
cho t t c thu c l il u
t
ng, tr p nhau.
a. B
ng s )
-
( (
( lna ( 0 < a )
( (0<a 1)
246
t bi n
sinx
b. t.
p y = f[u(x)]: =
H qu 2:
ng s )
( ng s )
2: c. a. y = + 2arctan4x + 5x
b. y = ln
c. y = (
L i gi i.
a.
b.
y = .ln( ln(
c.
a bi u th c d ng y = am
b e:
247
t bi n
lny= (3x cosx).ln(2x + sinx)
= (3 + sinx).ln(2x + sin x) + = A(x)
: vi c
c ng kho ng tr n ch
ng
ng h
vi t y=
- -1;1], kh -
vi t i x = .
N n
kh um =
x=b. N nh t i x = k t lu n r
s vi t mx= k t lu c ta c ),
f )b
Gi s , c t i x = b. N u t i x = b
nh vi t u
ct ic
s n d ng bi u th ,
( ), f ( c vi ih n
ph c t
3. nh kh c : f(x) = -
L i gi i.
T i x = 0, d th cb t l i:
f(x) = -
248
t bi n
-
- kh - )= x = 0) = 2.
kh )=2 .
kh vi t .
4 vi t mx=1c : f(x) =
L i gi i.
D th ct ct t l i:
f(x) =
-
.(1 + lnx) )= x = 1 = 1.
)= x = 1 = 1.
-
kh vi t i x = 1.
5. vi c :
a. f(x) = t i x = 0.
b. f(x) = t ix=0
c. f(x) = .
L i gi i.
a.
Ta th n c a 0, ch ng h - ; )
sin + nh t i x = th ( ) =
=0.V kh vi t i x = 0.
ng h ih nm i
249
t bi n
t nh
b.
Ta th nh v i m i x nh t i x =
th =+ (gi i h ng ngh o c a m t VCB). V

vi t i x = 0.
c.
nh :
- - kh )=- (x=0) = 0. D th
s c t i x = 0, v vi t f(x) = 2 + khi x
nh t kh 1);
(1; + )= (x=0) =
T ix= ng h n: )= .
T ix=0 vi.
c cao.
: Gi s b). N u f
f(x) = cg c hai c b)).
M cnc a u nh b i:
(x) =
a. .
uh nt m x, g i gia (m ng
cb nh ) c a bi :
t VCB khi .
N uy :=
t VCB b i khi khi
250
t bi n
S gia t bi u th c phi tuy iv i t bi u
th c b c nh i v i u t a s gia khi | nh n
l ph c nh t a
:N u th
cg m x:
(x) .
Do dx = c vi
(x)dx.
Nh
T c cu u di ho .
B c suy ra tr c ti p t b
b. t bi n c
Gi s py=y
do du =
dy = dx = . dx = du.
ng th t bi n c i bi
III. M t s ng d ng c .
1. .
u th c d ng tuy u th c d ng phi tuy
ph c t p. Thay m t bi u th c d ng phi tuy n b i m t bi u th c d ng tuy
nh chu u
hi uh s li u trong th c ti c thu th p m
n thi t.
M 1: N h p x sau:
f(x)) = f (x + f(x)
hay
f (x + f(x) + (x)
251
t bi n
Nh :
c ch c bi t c (theo
bi f(x), v ph i ch ng,
tr c bi t c cg n
V s li u c th , k t qu c d ng s
th p p
ch s
theo d u ph x px v c.
Sai s c , lo
px ng t t n u | l nc a|
ng h p c th . Ch ng h n iv
th n.
ng h p f cx px c cao
ng h p | f (x0 b p x ch
th | r t nh .
2. ih nd nh
Quy t kh d nh ho c )
: ih n ( u h n ho ng
nh ho c ut nt i nt i =K
nt k t
lu n n t i.
Nh t thi t ph i ki m tra d c khi s d ng
nh quy t c sai.
Bi u th th
.
D d ng ho c
252
t bi n
ph ng quy t u l n cho m t gi i h n.
3. c tr c
a. c tr .
: tc it m n u tong t i m nc a
sao cho f(x) f( ) v i m i x thu t c c ti u t i n ub t
ng th chi c l i: f(x) f( ) v i m i x thu
c mc i (c c ti u cg c i (c c ti c
c i hay c c ti c tr u .
b. u ki n c n c a c c tr .
:N c tr t i = 0.
cl ic t lu
s c tr t i .
m nghi ng n c c tr t m, g m
nghi ng
T m nghi ng lo i 1:{x }.
T m nghi ng lo i 2: {x t nh n t i}.
c. u ki ic .
: Gi s u:
(a, b].
(a, b].
, (a, b].
d. u ki c a c c tr .
n : Gi s m nghi ng c a y = ct i
N id ut tc it i .
N id ut t c c ti u t i .
N cd c tr
t i .
253
t bi n
:N nt m nghi ng c tr ph ng
c th .
: Gi s c nh t, b ng (a, b) ch a
m
N tc it i .
N > t c c ti u t i .
e. l n nh t.
c i hay c c ti u ch mang
l n nh t hay nh nh t trong m nh m c c tr .
:N n [a, c ch t GTLN,
GT tm tl hi u :
y(a); y(b); }
u ch c
, = y(a); y(b); }.
254
t bi n
P
n.
1. D ng 1: c .
a. Y=
b. Y=
c. Y= arc
d. Y=
e. Y=
f. Y=
255
t bi n
g. Y=
= )= +1)
h. Y= =
= =
c :
a.
b.
2. D ng 2: vi c .
c 1: nh.
c 2: i.
N ut vi t m.
N ut m c th t nh c
th m nghi m .
256
t bi n
c 3: K t lu n.
a. y=
=
- = vi.
+ = vi.
T ;
vi t kh
b. y=
- = vi.
= vi.
T ix=
vi t
c. Y=
vi.
vi.
T ix=
kh vi t i x 0.
257
t bi n
d. y= v i c t i x=2, kh \ .
Y=
- - +
kh vi v i m i x ,t vi.
e. y=x
Ta th nh t i x =
V vi t i x =
f. Y= arc
vi t i x
Ta th nh t i x =
V kh vi t i R .
g. y=
= h vi t i x
Ta th nh t i x = 0
258
t bi n
=0; =0
vi t i x = 0 .
. :
V c vi t i x = 0.
L i gi i.
vi.
vi.
T ix= a;
kh ngh ch t
c sau kh vi t i x = 0:
L i gi i.
ix=
V kh vi t
.V u ki an :Y=
a. c t i x = 0.
b. Kh vi t i x = 0.
c. c t i x = 0.
259
t bi n
L i gi i.
a.
ct i
V c t i x = 0 khi .
b.
kh vi t i x = 0 khi n .
c.
V i
ct i
3. D ng 3: .
D ng 3.1: L c.
260
t bi n
D ng 3.2:
c 1: Ch p (ch x x u
i t t o s x u).
c 2: .
c 3:
Ch n ng s p sao cho
tr nh ).
t i .
c 4: c:
4. D ng 4: ng d ng c ts
D ng 4.1 ih nh: s d ng quy t
c 1: Ki m tra d c khi s d .
c 2: N u d d ng ho c .
ng quy t ul n)
D ng 4.2: Kh d nh
c 1: tA= r i h n v d ng 0.
c 2: p v gi i h n d ng ho c .
c 3: ih n.
c 4: l i.
D ng 4.3: c tr .
c 1: .
c 2: .
c 3: c tr t m nghi ng .
261
t bi n
T m nghi ng lo i 1 .
T m nghi ng lo i 2 {x n t i}.
D ng 5.2: l n nh in i
c 1: .
c 2: mc 0.
c 3: L p b ng bi n c i hay c c ti u.
p n (n c :
a. y=
-1).(-2)
-1).(-2).(-3)
b. y=
= )
t = ; =
c. y=
262
t bi n
g ng c u th c b
a. (b qua sai s nh
cg =4+ .
b. arc (b qua sai s nh
= t ix= v i
g = 0, 4849
arc = arc arc
= arc t i x = 0, 5 v i
arc = ;
g arc .
c. arc v i .
t ix=
cg = 1 + 0.01 = 1.01
arc arc
= arc t ix=1v i
263
t bi n
arc ;
cg arc =
d.
arc ;
cg =
i h n.
a. g.
b. h.
i.
c.
j.
d.
k.
e.
l.
f.
m.
L i gi i.
a.
= = = = =6
b.
= =
264
t bi n
= = 2. =1
c.
= = =
d.
= =
e.
= =
= =
f.
=0
g.
)= = =
h.
= = =
i.
= =0
=1
j.
ln = = =4
265
t bi n
k.
= = 2
l.
= =
= =
= =-
m.
)=
= =
266
t bi n
x y (1, 2) bi t f (x, y) = ln(x2 + 2y2).
L i gi i.
x (x, y) = (ln (x2 + 2y2 x
x (x, y) = x (1, 2) =
y (x, y) = (ln (x2 + 2y2 y
y (x, y) = y (1,2) =
i 2. Cho f(x, y) = x (0, 0).
L i gi i.
x (0, 0) = =
tt= suy ra t
x (0,0) = = 0 (Quy t
x y (1, 2) bi t f (x, y) = ( .
L i gi i.
x (x, y) = (( )x x (x, y) = y.( x (1, 2) = 10
=y
= +y
y (x, y) = ( . y (x, y) = 25.( )
267
t bi n
. Cho f(x, y) = x y (x, y).
L i gi i.
x (x, y) = ( x= x = .
u th i x ng v i ch
y (x, y) = .
. Cho f(x, y) = x x y (0, 0).
L i gi i.
x (x, y) = ( )x= x (1, 1) =
x (0, 0). Ta s d :
x (0, 0) = = =
n t i gi i h ih i h n ph ng nhau.
y (0, 0) = = =0
(x).
L i gi i.
(x) = = x= =
= =
. Cho z = 2 3 + 4xy 10. xy.
L i gi i.
268
t bi n
x = (2 3 + 4xy x= (2 x ( x x ( x
=8 0 + 4y 0 = 8 + 4y
xy x y= (8 y = (8 y y =0+4=4
y= (C). ix=1b
L i gi i.
V i gia c is t = =
= =
V .
. i x = 0: f (x) = .
L i gi i.
)= = = 1
= = = )
f(x) kh vi t i x = 0
. Cho f(x) = .
L i gi i.
- +1 2 kh vi.
1 +x 2sinx + 1 kh vi.
269
t bi n
1) f(x) = 3sin(x 1) kh vi.

T ix=
f ( 1) = = 1+ 2cos1 = 1
f (1+) = =3
f ( 1) f (1+) n t i x = 1.
vi t i x = 1.
T i x = 0:
f( )= = = = 2
f( = =
= +2 = 1+ 2 =1+ =1 =1
f( f( v t ix=0
kh ; (0; 1); (1; + vi t i x = 0; x = 1.
. f(x) =
c i x = 0.
L i gi i.
= .a = a
( = =3
vi t =f ) = a = 3.
vi c f(x) t i x = 0: f(x) =
L i gi i.
= = =3
270
t bi n
Do 1 + 3x khi x
f = 6. =6
D th f
vi t i x = 0.
. i x = 1: f(x) =
L i gi i.
f = a
f(x) kh vi t i x = 1 f = .
i h n:
L i gi i.
= = =
cc theo m: f(x) =
L i gi i.
=
x > 0: f(x) = nh v i cv i .
x < 0: f(x) = a nh x < 0.
271
t bi n
x = 0: f(0) = a + sin(2.0) = a
= = =
N u
a= ct ix=0 ct i .
Cho f(x) = x.(x + 1).(x+2)....(x + n).
L i gi i.
= = n!
Cho f(x) = . uh nt i = 0.
L i gi i.
n = 0: + u h n.
n t i.
n > 1: .
Cho .Kh a f t i x0 = 0.
L i gi i.
= =
ct i =0 i = 0.
272
t bi n
. g ng c a .
L i gi i.
: f(x) =
= t
= f (1 +
f(1) = 1
0,02
:Y= (x > 5).
L i gi i.
ln y = ln
= 2.ln(x - 2) + ln(x + 1) 3.ln(x - 5)
= + -
+ - ).
. p hai f(1, 1) bi t: f(x, y) = .
L i gi i.
.(1+xy)
=
p hai :
+ 2.
273
t bi n
f(x, y) = [ + 2.(1 + xy)dxdy + ]
f(1, 1) = e(d + 4dxdy + d )
p1 A= .
L i gi i.
Ch
Ch g nv : x0 = 1, y0 = 2
dx = =x x0 = 1,03 1 = 0,03
dy =
dx + dy
f(1,03; 1,98) f(1; 2).( 0,02)
= f(1,03; 1,98) 3 + .(0,03) + ( 0,02) = 2,98
L i gi i.
Ta c t i 15,8 = 16 0,2
t = 16, = 0,2
+ f(
= = =
c: =2 0,00625 1,9938.
B p f = f(u) = , u = sin(xy).
L i gi i.
274
t bi n
F = f(x, y) =
= 2u .ycos(xy) = 2sin(xy) .ycos(xy)
= 2u .xcos(xy) = 2sin(xy) .xcos(xy)
bi t f = f(u, v) = v + ln(uv), u = ,v= .
L i gi i.
v + ). +( + ).sin(2x)
. p 1 c a f(x, y) = + 3xy + y 1.
L i gi i.
+ 3xy + y
+ 3xy + y
p1c a , bi t f(x, y) = + 10.
L i gi i.
y) = 4
p 1 c a f(x, y) = y.sinxy.
L i gi i.
cosxy
275
t bi n
p 1 c a f(x,y) = . (1; 2) (1; 2).
L i gi i.
p 1 c a:
a. z(x, y) = +
b. z(x, y) = ln(tan
L i gi i.
a.
( ) 4 6
b.
= =
dx + dx
276
t bi n
p ng d ng.
. Cho n xu t ng n h n Q = f (L) = 24 . L t c L = 64
t qu .
L i gi i.
MPPL = 24. ( = 24. . = 24 . . =
T i m c L = 64 MPPL 0,5
N px s n ph m.
T i m c L = 125 MPPL
N px s n ph m.
M n xu s n ph ng c nh tranh v
bi n xu t Q = 12 (L) = 40USD . nh m c s
d ng cho l i nhu n t
L i gi i.
i nhu n c n xu
= 20.12 40L = 240 40L
BBT:
Q 0 64
+ 0
Theo BBT, ta suy ra t GTLN t i L = 64.
. l i
c s n xu t m t chi
277
t bi n
- . c iv im cs n
xu c u n u m c s n xu t
L i gi i.
n xu t Q s n ph m:
c -
Khi
y, n Q t ng 7, .
n sinh b
quay quanh Ox.
L i gi i.
Di n b ng t ng hai di sinh b i n ng
i khi quay quanh Ox.
Trong c ng h
V c:
S=
=4
= = =
278
NH TH C
T
ma tr n . 2
nh th c ... 2
III. H ng c a ma tr n . 4
IV. Ma tr n ngh o .. 4
P
b n ... 6
p b sung . 23
T
43
II. S c l p tuy thu c tuy . 44
III. H c a vector 47
51
P
b n ... 57
p b sung . 63
279
t bi n
C
T
I. Gi i h 86
II. Bi n lu n s nghi . 88
P
b n ... 90
p b sung . 108
T
m n 138
d ng t c, chu n t c ... 141
nh d u nh d u . 145
P
n ... 150
p b sung .. 165
p ng d ng .. 187
, GI I H C
T
I. S th m t bi n s 189
II. Gi i h . 197
III. S cc m t bi n s 207
P
b n ... 212
280
t bi n
p b sung . 225
T BI N
T
m . 244
c cao 250
III. ng d ng c 251
P
b n ... 255
p b sung . 267
p ng d ng . 277
281

BT chi tiết Toán CC1

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I: Ma tr nh th c

A=B aij = bij ( i, j)

1. Cho A det(A) = = a11.a22 a12.a21 = const

= a11.a22.a33 + a12.a23.a31 + a13.a21.a32 a13.a22.a31 a12.a21.a33 a11.a23.a32

3. = - .a11. + - .a12. + - .a13.

iv nh th c c p cao (c p n): tri c c t.

nh th c con c a A, x y ra k = min{m, n}.

(A) = k = min{m, n}. Thu

T nt im nh th c con c p k + 1 c k+1 ch nh th c con Dk

N u det(A) = n ngh o A-1.

d. = 4.sin sin sin

= y (x + y) (x2 + z2) + xy (z + x) (y2 + z2) + zx (y + z) (x2 + y2) yz (x + z) (x2 + y2) zx (x

VP = 2 = 2(a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2 - a3b2c1 - a1b3c2 - a2b1c3)

= 2.a3b1c2 + 2.a2b3c1 + 2.a1b2c3 - 2.a1b3c2 - 2.a3b2c1 - 2.a2b1c3 (2)

= (1 - x2) (a1b2c3 + a3b1c2 + a2b3c1 - a3b2c1 - a1b3c2 - a2b1c3) (2)

= sin( ) + sin( ) + sin( )

= 2sin cos + 2sin cos

= 2sin cos 2sin cos

= 2sin ( cos cos )

= 2sin ( 2sin sin )

= 4sin sin sin

c a ma tr n A kh ngh r n ngh oc aA:

A kh ngh ch 0 1 sin2 0 cos2 0 cos 0

Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th 2:

Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t th nh t: = 3. + 2.

+3 + 6. = 144 + 16 144 + 720 = 448

Ta khai tri nh th c theo c t 3:

Hai vector n chi cg ng nhau n ng c

Vector n chi u ub 0n g vector

Vector = ( x1, x2 xn) g i c a X = (x1, x2 n).

X = X + ( Y) = (x1 y1, x2 y2 n yn)

: Cho hai vector n chi u X = (x1, x2 n), Y = (y1, y2 yn). S th

<X ; Y> x1y1 x2y2 xnyn

II. S c l p tuy thu c tuy .

X k1X1 k2X2 kmXm (ki ,i

c l p tuy thu c tuy .

: H m vector n chi u {X1, X2, m} cg ph thu c tuy

k1X1 k2X2 kmXm 0 (1)

a. Gi s : k1X1 k2 X 2 0 b. th c: .X1 .X2 0

k1.(2.A1 A2 A3) k2.( A1 A2) k3.( 3.A1 2.A2) 0

(2. k1 k2 3.k3).A1 (k1 k2 2. k3).A2 k1.A3 0 (*)

V ng th c k1.X1 k2.X2 k3.X3 0 ch th k1 k2 k3 H {X1, X2,

M t h vector ch a hai vector t l PTTT.

M t h vector PTTT m t vector c a h h p tuy i.

H vector l chi u c a vector (m PTTT.

X1 (1, 2, 3); X2 (2, 1, 1); X3 (3, 3, 2); X4 (4, 5, 5)

H {X1, X2, X3, X4 n).

H {X1, X3 con {X1}, {X2}, {X3}

6. Bi u di n tuy vector X ( 1, 4, 1) qua hai vector:

7. Cho h or: ng c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.

X2 (3, 1, 2, 0) c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4}.

X3 (4, 3, 2, 2) d. Bi u di n tuy 4 {X1, X2, X3}.

r{X1, X2, X3, X4} r r

b. 1, X2, X3, X4} 3 nh H PTTT.

c. r{X1, X2, X3, X4} 3, v y m i h m ba vector s c ah

t X4 k1.X1 k2.X2 k3.X3,

8. Cho h ng c a h {X1, X2, X3, X4} theo m.

N um {X1, X2, X3, X4} 3.