25:31 - 34:00 ley
of the median value, we are
Properties of Median
- Unique and simple.
o Similar to mean which means
there is only 1 median per data
set and simple meaning
interpretation is easy. It’s the
middle most point in an array of
values.
o Does not make use of all
observations in computation.
 Compared to arithmetic
mean we will get the
sum of all the
observations and we
will divide it to the no.
of observations. In
median, it is odd
numbers we will only
get the one on the value
without concerning
other values. If the
number of observations
is even, we will only get
the mean of the 2
middle most position.
- Can be computed for quantitative
variables and variables in the ordinal
scale.
o Since in the ordinal scale it is
qualitative, since it has ranking
system, we can get the median
value of the ordinal. Example
we have survey questionnaire
and the manner of answering is
in a likert scale (1-5), if we
summarize those values the
most appropriate is the median
to see the middle most
observation. It can be 50% of
the respondents answered 2 and
below and then the others more
than 2.
- The median is not as drastically affected
by extreme values unlike the mean.
o It because in the determination
looking for the middle value. If
we arrange our values in an
array even though there are
extreme values on both ends we
will only make use of the
middle value.
MODE
- The values which occurs most
frequently in a set of observations or
values.
o Meaning this is the most
frequent seen number.
o It can be absent or multiple. We
can have only 1 mode that is
common or multiple modes,
meaning there are many
different common observations.
- Computation is generally not needed
o Because what we need to do
here is we need to tally the
answers on how many values
are common to each other.
- May be determined for any type of
variable or scale of measurement.
o It has a more general application
because even in the nominal
scale we can determine the
modes. There is no calculation.
Example:
Eleven (11) students were asked about their
favourite street food. The results were as
follows:
Student Street food
1. Fish ball
2. Kwek kwek
3. Kikiam
4. Kwek kwek
5. Cheese sticks
6. Kwek kwek
7. Fish ball
8. Kwek kwek
9. Kikiam
 10. Cheese sticks data set. Because if the data set
11. Kikiam have same values, for example
in a class of 40 students an
examination is conducted and
This are nominal scale date because the
all of the students got 30/40,
categories under street food are just labels or
there are no variation. But if
descriptors.
there are different scores such as
In order to determine the most frequent or mode 20, 15, 10, 40 so there will be
we just have to determine the street food with variability or variation.
the most response.
Arranged version by mode:

Street food
Cheese sticks
Cheese sticks
Fish ball
Fish ball
Kikiam
Kikiam
Kikiam
Kwek kwek
In the study of dispersion or variation, there
Kwek kwek
three frequency distributions with equal means
Kwek kwek
but different amount of dispersion. The graph
Kwek kwek
Therefore, by just looking by this arranged above that there are 3 frequency distributions
values we can see there are two (2) respondents that olds different colors. We have curve I, curve
that answered cheese sticks, two (2) for fish ball, II, and curve III. As we can see their central
three (3) for kikiam, and four (4) for kwek kwek. tendency is only one because their peaks are at
one place. However, their spread or width is
Kwek kwek is the mode of our data sets different where curve I has a narrow spread,
becauseit has the most observations. curve II has a wider spread than curve 1, and the
widest is curve III.
Interpretation:
What does this graph means?
The most common (or most usual) street food
favourite of students is kwek kwek (4/11). Meaning curve I has a smallest dispersion or
variation, where its data sets has nearer values to
That is all for central tendency. Again the central
the central tendency compared to curve II and
tendencies are the best representation our data
curve III. The widest curve is curve III meaning
sets. Usual value in the center.
its values has larger gap from the central
Measures of Dispresion tendency or far from each other. Curve I has
values near to each other within the data set.
Dispersion / Variation
- Refers to the variety or spread exhibited
by a set of observations.
o Dispersion or variation happens
if the data set is different or the
values are not the same within a