Mechanical PE Exam - Solution - Thermal & Fuild

Version 2.0.1
PE Mechanical Thermal & Fluids Exam

Solutions
J. de la Fuente P.E.

w w w . o u g h t r e d c o . c o m
Copyright © 2014 by Oughtred Co. All rights Reserved. No part
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Solution Key ........................................................................................................................... 4
Thermal and Fluids Afternoon Session Answers ...................................................................... 4
Thermal and Fluids Afternoon Session .................................................................................... 6

Solution Key
Thermal and Fluids Afternoon Session Answers

###121 PM Thermal Fluids [C]
###122 PM Thermal Fluids [A]
###123 PM Thermal Fluids [D]
###126 PM Thermal Fluids [B]
Notes:
A “(f)” next to the problem number indicates an accompanying figure is

used for the problem.
A “(t)” next to the problem number indicates an accompanying table of
data is used for the problem.
A “(g)” next to the problem number indicates Greek letters are used in
the problem or solution.
Thermal and Fluids Afternoon Session
O UGHTRED C O M ECHANICAL P E A FTERNOON T HERMAL F LUIDS S ESSION
## Q 121 (g)
At a particular temperature and pressure, the surface tension of water

is 0.065 N/m. Under ideal conditions, the contact angle between glass
and water is zero. A technician in a commercial laboratory observes
water in a glass capillary tube with a diameter of 0.11 mm. The height
of the capillary rise in (m) is most nearly:
#[A] .0004
#[B] .016
#[C] .25
#[D] .50
***************S OLUTION ***************
The height of the capillary rise is given by:
height = (4 * σ * cos(β) ) / (ρ * g * d)
σ = .065 N / m * ( (kg * m / s^2) / N )
β = 0 degree * 180 degree / pi
ρ = 1000 kg / m^3
g = 9.81 m / s^2
d = .00011 m
height => 0.241 m
### The answer is [C]
## Q 122 (g) (t)
A sliding plate viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of a

Newtonian fluid. It has the following characteristics:
gap between stationary and moving plate: 6 mm
plate dimensions: 70 cm x 50 cm
A force of 100 N is required to keep the top plate moving at a

constant velocity of 10 m/s. The viscosity of the fluid in N·s / m^2
is most nearly:
#[A] .1714
#[B] .2569
#[C] .35
#[D] .4879
***************S OLUTION ***************
The force required to maintain the velocity is given by:
force = (µ * velocity * area ) / gap
gap = .006 m
area = .70 m * .50 m => 3,500 lbm^2
velocity = 10 m/s
100 N = (µ * velocity * area) / gap
Solving for viscosity:
µ => 0.171 N*s/m^2
### The answer is [A]
## Q 123
A 300 lbm car top carrier measures 48 inch long by 36 inch wide by 12
inch high.
If a 3500 lbm sedan is driven at 80 mph into a 12 mph headwind, the

added net motor power required when the carrier is used in horsepower
is most nearly:
#[A] 4
#[B] 9
#[C] 12
#[D] 18
***************S OLUTION ***************
The required power can be determined using the equation(s):
Power = Drag Force * velocity
Where:
# Drag Force is the drag force caused by the carrier.
# velocity is the speed of the air relative to the carrier.
Drag Force = (air density * Cd * Frontal Area * velocity^2) / (2 *

g)
air density = 0.075 lb / ft^3
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
The carrier will be modeled as a flat plate:
width = 36 inch
height = 12 inch
length = 48 inch
Frontal Area = width * height * (1 ft / 12 inch)^2 => 3 ft^2
The relative wind speed is:
car velocity = 80 mile / hr * (5280 ft / mile) * (1 hr / 3600 sec)

=> 117.333 ft/sec
headwind = 12 mile / hr * (5280 ft / mile) * (1 hr / 3600 sec) =>
17.6 ft/sec
velocity = car velocity + headwind => 134.933 ft/sec
To determine Cd, the drag coefficient, first compute the Reynolds

Number:
Reynolds num = (velocity * height) * (1 ft / 12 inch) / kinematic

velocity
kinematic velocity = 1.58e-4 ft^2 / sec
Reynolds num => 854,008.439
To use the drag coefficient chart, the length to height ratio is

needed:
length / height => 4
Using the Reynolds number and the length to height ratio, the drag
coefficient can be calculated:
Cd = 1.17
The drag force is:
Drag Force => 74.425 lb
Now we can calculate the required power:
Power => 10,042.463 lb*ft/sec
Power = 10,042 lb * ft / sec
Power * (1 hp / 550 (ft*lb /sec)) => 18.258 hp
### The answer is [D]
## Q 124
Hot water at 80 °C flows through the pipe system, with a minimum ID of

15 mm. The flow rate is 185 L / min. There are two 90 degree bends and
one 45 degree bend in the system.
If the loss coefficients for the 90 degree elbows and 45 degree elbow
are 1.2 and 0.6 respectively, the sum of the minor (head) losses for
the system in meters is most nearly:
#[A] 9
#[B] 15
#[C] 24
#[D] 46
***************S OLUTION ***************
water velocity = volumetric rate / pipe cross section
volumetric rate = 0.185 m^3/min * (1 min / 60 sec)
pipe ID = .015 m
pipe cross section = pi / 4 * (pipe ID)^2
water velocity => 17.448 m/sec
The total minor loss is the sum of the loss contributions of each of
the fittings. The minor loss of each fitting is the velocity term from
Bernoulli’s equation multiplied by the loss coefficient.
minor loss forty five = ((water velocity)^2 / (2*g)) * loss

coefficient forty five
g = 9.8 m / sec^2
loss coefficient forty five = 0.6
minor loss forty five => 9.319 m
minor loss ninety = ((water velocity)^2 / (2*g)) * loss coefficient

ninety
loss coefficient ninety = 1.2
minor loss ninety => 18.639 m
Total minor loss = ((water velocity)^2 / (2*g)) * (1* loss
coefficient forty five + 2 * loss coefficient ninety)
Total minor loss => 46.597 m
## Q 125
A 3 inch diameter magnesium alloy sphere achieves a terminal velocity

of 75 inches/sec when dropping through a tall column of liquid. The
density of the liquid is 87 lbm/ft^3. The final drag coefficient of
the sphere is most nearly.
#[A] 0.08
#[B] 0.15
#[C] 0.22
#[D] 0.40
***************S OLUTION ***************
The drag coefficient is:
cd = (4 * OD * g * (density sphere - density liquid)) / (3 *

velocity^2 * density liquid)
Based on material properties, the magnesium alloy has a density of:
density sphere = 112 lb / ft^3
Assign the rest of the terms and solve for cd:
density liquid = 87 lb / ft^3
velocity = 75 inch / sec * (1 ft / 12 inch) => 6.25 ft/sec
OD = 3 inch * (1 ft / 12 inch) => 0.25 ft
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
cd => 0.079
## Q 126 (f)
The Darcy friction factor for both of the pipes shown is 0.035. The
total flow rate is 500 m^3 per hour. The flow rate in m^3 / second in
the 150 mm pipe is most nearly:
#[A] .005
#[B] .012
#[C] .026
#[D] .038
***************S OLUTION ***************
We can assume to neglect the minor losses through the pipe bends.
Calculate the area of each pipe:
L_1 = 1,000 m
L_2 = 325 m
d_1 = .500 m
d_2 = .150 m
area_1 = pi/4 * (d_1)^2 => 0.196 m^2
area_2 = pi/4 * (d_2)^2 => 0.018 m^2
Equate the head loss in each branch to be the same:
f = 0.035
f * (L_1 / d_1) * (v_1^2)/(2*g) = f * (L_2 / d_2) * (v_2^2)/(2*g)
(L_1 / d_1) * (v_1^2) = (L_2 / d_2) * (v_2^2)
v_1 => 1.041 v_2
Use the equality and the total flow rate to solve for v_2:
(area_1 * .913 * v_2) + (area_2 * v_2) = 500 m^3 / hr
v_2 => 2,538.863 m/hr
v_2 = 2,538 m/hr * (1 hr / 3600 sec) => 0.705 m/sec
Solve for Q_2:
Q_2 = area_2 * v_2 => 0.012 m^3/sec
### The answer is [B]
## Q 127 (f)
The rectangular wall of a pizza oven is made from 7 in. thick fire-
clay brick surrounded by 0.25 in. of steel on the outside. 0.20 inch
diameter mild steel bolts connect the steel to the brick. The furnace
is surrounded by 70 °F air with convection coefficient of 1.65 Btu /
hr-ft^2 x °F, while the inner surface of the brick is held constant at
500 °F.
The outside surface temperature of the steel in degree F is most

nearly:
#[A] 230
#[B] 300
#[C] 385
#[D] 420
***************S OLUTION ***************
Consider a thermal circuit that goes from the interior wall of the
brick (which is at 500 °F) to the outside steel exposed to outside
ambient air at 70 °F, where:
#T_inside
#T_inside_surface
#T_inside_brick
#T_inside_surface_steel
#T_outside_surface_steel
#T_inside <--> Rci <--> T_inside_surface <--> Rbrick <-->

T_inside_surface_steel <--> Rsteel <--> T_outside_surface_steel <-->
Rout <--> T_outside
Use the given convection coefficient, h_co = 1.65 Btu / hr Ã— ft^2 °F

to find the thermal resistance R_co per square foot.
h_co = 1.65 Btu / (hr * ft^2 * °F)
area = 1 ft^2
R_co = 1 / (h_co * area) => 0.606 hr* °F/Btu
Next, find Rbrick:
k_brick = 0.58 Btu * ft / (hr * ft^2 * °F)
R_brick = L_brick / (area * k_brick)
L_brick = 7 inch * (1 ft / 12 inch) => 0.583 ft
R_brick => 1.006 hr* °F/Btu
Next, find R_steel:
k_steel = 26 Btu * ft / (hr * ft^2 * °F)
R_steel = L_steel / (area * k_steel)
L_steel = 0.20 inch * (1 ft / 12 inch) => 0.017 ft
R_steel => 6.41e-4 hr* °F/Btu
T_inside_surface = 500 °F
T_outside = 70 °F
Since T_inside_surface and T_outside are the only known temperatures,

we'll consider the thermal circuit using these points as our boundary
conditions:
q = (T_inside_surface - T_outside) / (R_brick + R_steel + R_co)
q = > 266.675 Btu/hr
Given this unidirectional heat flow q, the outside surface temperature

is:
266 (Btu / hr) = (T_outside_surface_steel - T_outside) / R_co
T_outside_surface_steel => 231.212 °F
## Q 128 (g)
A solid ceramic sphere 250 mm in diameter is at a temperature of 500

°C. It is dropped into a large tank of 60 °C oil. The average
convective heat transfer coefficient is 600 W / (m^2 x K) and the oil
is stirred uniformly. The time in seconds it takes after submersion
for the sphere to reach 150 °C is most nearly:
#[A] 165
#[B] 410
#[C] 905
#[D] 3200
***************S OLUTION ***************
Since the problem involves transient heat flow, determine if the

lumped capacitance approximation is valid. The average temperature of
the copper is:
temp initial = 500 °C
temp final = 150 °C
temp average = (temp initial + temp final) / 2 => 325 °C
(temp average + 273 °C) * (1 K / 1 °C) => 2,990,000 lb/inch
temp average = 598 K
At this temperature, the sphere's conductivity (k), specific heat

(c_p), and density (ρ) are:
k = 379 W / (m * K)
c_p = 417 J / (kg * K)
ρ = 8933 kg / m^3
Calculate the sphere's characteristic length, L_c
L_c = volume / surface area
volume = 4/3 * pi * R^3
surface area = 4 * pi * R^2
R = .250 m / 2
L_c => 0.042 m
L_c = .042 m
Determine the Biot number, B_i.
B_i = h * L_c / k
h = 600 W / (m^2 * K)
B_i => 0.066
B_i = 0.066
A Biot number less than 0.1, the internal thermal resistance of the
sphere is negligible compared to the external thermal resistance in
oil bath. Thus the lumped parameter method can be used.
T_∞ = 60 °C
T_initial = 500 °C
T_final = T_∞ + (T_initial - T_∞) * exp(-1 * B_i * Fo)
T_final = 150 °C
Solve for the Fourier number, Fo, and substitute its definition:
Fo = -1 / B_i * ln ( (T_final - T_∞) / (T_initial - T_∞) )
(k * t) / (ρ * c_p * L_c^2) = -1 / B_i * ln ( (T_final - T_∞) /

(T_initial - T_∞) )
t = (-ρ * c_p * L_c^2) / (k * B_i) * ln ( (T_final - T_∞) /

(T_initial - T_∞) ) => 416.885 J/W
#Note: J / W = sec
## Q 129
A small distiller evaporates 10 L of water per half hour. Alloy tubing

exposed to the air serves a condenser to recover steam. The outside
surface of the tubing is at 99 °C. The ambient temperature is 20 °C.
The inside diameter of the tube is 0.85 cm, and the outside diameter
is 1.2 cm.
In order to condense all the steam, the tube length in meters is most
nearly:
#[A] .75
#[B] 1.2
#[C] 2.1
#[D] 2.5
***************S OLUTION ***************
The heat transfer is:
Q dot = mass * h_fg / time
time = 0.5 hr * 3600 sec / 1 hr => 1,800 sec
mass = 10 L * 1 kg / L
The heat of formation for saturated steam from the steam tables at 100
°C is:
h_fg = 2257 kJ / kg
Calculate Q dot in watts:
Q dot * (1000 W / (kJ / sec)) => 12,538.889 W
Q dot = 12,540 W
The difference in temperature is the same in °C and K. The equation

for heat transfer for a curved surface is:
L = (Q dot * ln (r_outside / r_inside)) / (2 * pi * k * delta T)
r_outside = 1.2 cm * (1 m / 100 cm)
r_inside = 0.85 cm * (1 m / 100 cm)
k = 600 W / (m * degree K)
delta T = 100 K - 99 K
L => 1.147 m
## Q 130 (g)
In one hour, the black body radiation that escapes a 5 cm by a 10 cm

rectangular opening in a furnace whose internal temperature is 700 °C
in kJ is most nearly:
#[A] 589
#[B] 647
#[C] 785
#[D] 916
***************S OLUTION ***************
Calculate the area and other parameters:
area = 5 cm * 10 cm * (1 m / 100 cm)^2
ε = 1
σ = 5.68E-8 W / (m^2 * °K^4)
T = 700 °K + 273 °K
Calculate the heat transfer rate and integrate for one hour:
Q dot black body = ε * σ * area * T^4 => 254.548 W
Q = Q dot black body * (1 hr * 3600 sec / hr) * ((1 J / sec) / W)
Q => 916,372.825 J
## Q 131
A high performance 12 inch bore, 18 inch stroke single cylinder four-

stroke engine runs at 6000 rpm. The gross weight of a pony brake is
200 pounds, the tare weight is 20 pounds, and the arm length is 66
inches. The indicator card shows an area of 1.30 inch^2 with an
overall length of 3 inches. The spring scale was 200 psi/inch.
The mechanical efficiency (%) of the engine is most nearly:
#[A] 70
#[B] 75
#[C] 84
#[D] 90
***************S OLUTION ***************
Find the indicated horsepower:
The mean effective pressure is calculated from the area of the

indicator card plot and the calibration of the plotting equipment:
pressure = (1.30 / 3) * 200 => 86.667
stroke length = 18 * (1 / 12)
piston area = (pi/4) * (12)^2 => 113.097
engine rpm = 6000
cylinders = 1
strokes per cycle = 4
power stroke per min = 2 * engine rpm * cylinders / strokes per

cycle => 3,000
The indicated horsepower is:
ihp = pressure * stroke length * piston area * power stroke per min
/ 33,000 => 1,336.605
Find the brake horsepower:
r = 66 / 12
gross weight = 200
tare weight = 20
net force = gross weight - tare weight
The brake horsepower is:
bhp = 2 * pi * r * net force * engine rpm / 33,000 => 1,130.973
The mechanical efficiency is:
bhp / ihp in % => 84.615%
## Q 132 (g)
A special species of coal in Alberta, Canada has the following

composition by weight:
#80% carbon
#4% hydrogen
#2% oxygen
The stack gases have a composition by volume of:
#5% carbon dioxide

#5% carbon monoxide
#10% oxygen
#80% nitrogen
The amount of pounds of air required to burn one pound of coal is most
nearly:
#[A] 11.6
#[B] 16.7
#[C] 19.3
#[D] 24.5
***************S OLUTION ***************
Find the mass of oxygen in the stack gasses:
R_CO2 = 35.1
R_CO = 55.2
R_O2 = 48.3
T = 460 + 60
p = 14.7 * 144
ρ_CO2 = p / (R_CO2 * T) => 0.116
ρ_CO = p / (R_CO * T) => 0.074
ρ_O2 = p / (R_O2 * T) => 0.08
O fraction CO2 = 32 / 44 => 0.727
O fraction CO = 16 / 28 => 0.571
Calculate the oxygen mass fraction of the stack gasses:
(.05 * 100 * O fraction CO2 * ρ_CO2) + (.05 * 100 * O fraction CO *

ρ_CO) + (.10 * 100 * 1 * ρ_O2 ) => 1.475
Since air is 23.15% oxygen by weight, the air per 100 cubic feet is:
1.475 / .2315 => 6.371
air per 100 cubic ft = 7.102
Find the mass of carbon in the stack gases:
C fraction CO2 = 12 / 44 => 0.273
C fraction CO = 12 / 28 => 0.429
(.05 * 100 * C fraction CO2 * ρ_CO2) + (.05 * 100 * C fraction CO *

ρ_CO) => 0.316
The coal is 80% carbon, so the air per lbm of coal is:
.80 / .316 * air per 100 cubic ft => 17.98
We need to include the air used to burn the hydrogen. The theoretical
air for hydrogen is:
34.34 * (0.04 - 0.02 / 8) => 1.288
Thus, the total lbm of air per lbm of coal is:
17.98 lbm air + 1.29 lbm air => 19.27 lbm air
## Q 133
A furnace is used to heat water with an efficiency of 50%. It goes

from 15 °C to 150 °C by burning 300 standard liters of methane.
Assuming a 20,000 Btu / lbm heating value, the amount of water (in kg)
that can be heated is most nearly:
#[A] 3.6
#[B] 5.3
#[C] 8.8
#[D] 10.2
***************S OLUTION ***************
One mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters:
gmol of CH4 = 300 liters / (22.4 liters / mol) => 13.393 mol
One mole of methane has a molecular weight of 16 g, so the methane has

a mass of:
weight of CH4 = (16 g / mol) * gmol of CH4 * (.0022046 lbm / g) =>

0.472 lbm
The available energy to heat is:
.472 lbm * 20,000 BTU / lbm => 9,440 BTU
Since we not have the energy available, calculate this using the
specific heat of water:
9,440 BTU = mass of water * cp * delta T / efficiency
efficiency = 0.5
delta T = (150 °C - 15 °C) * (9 °F / 5 °C)
cp = 1 BTU / (lbm * °F) * (2.2 lbm / kg)
mass of water => 8.829 kg
## Q 134 (t) (g)
An ideal compressible fluid is flowing from point A to point B. The

properties of the fluid at point A and point B are as follows:
At Point A
Density 0.456 lbm per cubic ft
Internal Energy 127.3 Btu / lbm
Pressure 73.2 psia
At Point B
Density 0.0201 lbm per cubic ft
Internal Energy 53.1 Btu / lbm
Pressure 3.62 psia
The change in enthalpy from points A and B, in Btu / lbm is most

nearly:
#[A] -91
#[B] -71
#[C] -20
#[D] 55
***************S OLUTION ***************
Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and pressure divided by

density:
enthalpy = internal energy + pressure / (J * density)
enthalpyA = uA + (pA / (J * ρ_A))
enthalpyB = uB + (pB / (J * ρ_B))
There are 778 ft x lb per Btu:
J = 778 (ft * lb) / Btu
Using our problem parameter, calculate the enthalpy at Points A and B:
uA = 127.3 Btu / lb
uB = 53.1 Btu / lb
pA = 73.2 lb/inch^2 * (12 inch / ft)^2 => 10,540.8 lb/ft^2
pB = 3.62 lb/inch^2 * (12 inch / ft)^2 => 521.28 lb/ft^2
ρ_A = .456 lb / ft^3
ρ_B = .0201 lb / ft^3
enthalpyA => 157.012 Btu/lb
enthalpyB => 86.435 Btu/lb
Calculate the difference in enthalpy between Points A and B:
enthalpyB - enthalpyA => -70.577 Btu/lb
## Q 135
A boiler burns 1.0 lbm of natural gas to generate 30 psig saturated

steam from 14 lbm of 80 °F feedwater. The natural gas has a higher
heating value (HHV) of 25,000 Btu / lbm. The combustion efficiency (%)
of the boiler is most nearly:
#[A] 63
#[B] 75
#[C] 82
#[D] 88
***************S OLUTION ***************
Combustion efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful heat extracted

to the heating value of the fuel. This can be stated in terms of steam
generation.
Combustion Efficiency = Useful Heat Extracted / Heating Value of

Fuel
First, let's calculate the numerator of our efficiency equation.
Useful Heat Extracted = mass of steam * (enthalpy of steam -

enthalpy of feedwater)
mass of steam = 14 lbm
From the saturated steam tables, the enthalpy of the feedwater at 80

°F is:
enthalpy of feedwater = 48 Btu/lbm
The absolute pressure of the steam is simply psig + atmospheric

pressure.
pressure absolute = 30 lb/inch^2 + 14.7 lb/inch^2 => 44.7 lb/inch^2
Interpolating from the steam tables, the enthalpy of the saturated

steam is.
enthalpy of steam = 1172 Btu/lbm
Useful Heat Extracted => 15,736 Btu
Second, let's calculate the denominator of our efficiency equation.
Heating Value of Fuel = mass of fuel * HHV
mass of fuel = 1.0 lbm
HHV = 25,000 Btu/lbm
Heating Value of Fuel => 25,000 Btu
Combustion Efficiency => 0.629
## Q 136
A two pound block of steel (c = .10 Btu / lbm· °F) is removed from an
oven and quenched in a four pound aluminum (c = .20 Btu / lbm· °F)
tank filled with ten pounds of castor oil (c = .43 Btu / lbm· °F). The
oil and the tank are initially in equilibrium at 75 °F. Their
temperature rises to 100 °F after quenching.
The initial steel temperature in °F is most nearly:
#[A] 785
#[B] 1125
#[C] 1200
#[D] 1375
***************S OLUTION ***************
Solve this problem with an initial energy balance:
m_steel * c_steel * delta T steel = (m_al * c_al + m_oil * c_oil) *

delta T water
We will solve this for delta T steel:
m_steel = 1 lbm
c_steel = .10 Btu / (lbm * °F)
m_al = 4 lbm
c_al = .20 Btu / (lbm * °F)
m_oil = 10 lbm
c_oil = .43 Btu / (lbm * °F)
delta T water = 100 °F - 75 °F
delta T steel => 1,275 °F
We can now solve for the initial temperature
1,275 °F = initial steel T - 100 °F
initial steel T => 1,375 °F
## Q 137
A 1500 m^3 room contains air at 60 C and 50 kPa at a relative humidity

of 30%.
The partial pressure of the water vapor in the room in kPa is most
nearly:
#[A] 1.0
#[B] 6.0
#[C] 15
#[D] 25
***************S OLUTION ***************
The relative humidity is the partial pressure of the water vapor

divided by the saturation pressure.
relative humidity = partial pressure of water vapor / saturation

pressure
To find the saturation temperature at T = 60 C, use the [Saturated

Water Pressure][1], which yields:
saturation pressure = 20 kPa
Our problem statement give us a value for relative humidity:
relative humidity = .30
Thus:
.30 = partial pressure of water vapor / saturation pressure
partial pressure of water vapor => 6 kPa
[1]: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-vapor-saturation-
pressure-d_599.html
## Q 138
A joint is made between two metal pieces by closely fitting their

surfaces and distributing a molten nonferrous filler metal to the
interface by capillary attraction. The pieces to be joined have a
melting point of 1400 °F, and the filler melts at 900 °F. This process
is most accurately termed:
#[A] Soldering
#[B] Brazing
#[C] Welding
#[D] Forge Welding
***************S OLUTION ***************
A discussion on [soldering][1] can be found on wikipedia. Joining of

two different metal parts using a filler metal melted at below 800 °F.
The filler material is nonferrous and has a melting point below the
two substrate parts. Solder is distributed between two surfaces
through capillary action.
A discussion on [brazing][2] can be found on wikipedia. Joining of two

different metal parts using a filler metal melted above 800 °F. The
filler material is nonferrous and has a melting point below the two
substrate parts. Filler metal is distributed through capillary action.
A discussion on [welding][3] can be found on wikipedia. Localized

heating is used to join two metal parts with or without filler metal.
The filler metal has a melting point approximately equal to the two
substrate parts.
A discussion on [forge welding][4] can be found on wikipedia.

Coalescence of two substrate parts by a combination of heating and
forging. The base parts are typically heated to 50 to 90 percent of
their melting temperature.
[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering
[2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazing
[3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding
[4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_welding
## Q 139
A 360 V electric pump adds 700 ft of pressure head to a 80 °F, 3.0 lbm
per second water flow. At operating speed, the motor is 90% efficient
and the pump is 60% efficient. The motor current draw in amps is most
nearly:
#[A] 5.5
#[B] 7.1
#[C] 14.6
#[D] 22
***************S OLUTION ***************
Calculate the hydraulic power:
power_hydraulic = head * mass rate * g / g_c
g_c = 32.2 (ft * lbm) / (lbf * sec^2)
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
mass rate = 3 lbm / sec
head = 700 ft
power_hydraulic => 2,100 ft*lbf/sec
power_hydraulic * (1 hp / (550 (ft * lbf)/sec ) ) => 0
Calculate the motor power:
motor power * motor efficiency * pump efficiency = power_hydraulic
motor efficiency = .90
pump efficiency = .60
motor power => 3,888.889 ft*lbf/sec
motor power = 3,889 (ft * lbf) / sec * 1 hp / (550 (ft * lbf)/sec)

=> 7.071 hp
Calculate the current draw:
7.071 hp * (746 (V * amp) / hp) = current * 360 V
current => 14.653 amp
## Q 140 (f) (g)
In the system shown, the flow rate of 68 °F water is 3000 gpm, and the
head loss (in feet) in the pipes is given by .02 (L/D)(v^2 / 2g) where
L is the length of pipe in feet, D is the pipe diameter in feet, v is
the velocity in ft/sec, and g is the acceleration of gravity in
ft/sec^2.
If the motor driving the pump is 75% efficient and the pump is 80%
efficient, the power that must be supplied to the motor in kw is most
nearly:
#[A] 130
#[B] 345
#[C] 500
#[D] 715
***************S OLUTION ***************
The power that must be supplied to the water is:
p = volume rate * γ *hp
Using the efficiencies and other data, this expression becomes:
volume rate = 3000 gallon/min * (1 ft^3 / 7.48 gallon) * (1 min / 60

sec) => 6.684 ft^3/sec
γ = (62.4 lbf/ft^3)
volume rate * γ => 417.112 lbf/sec
0.75 * 0.8 * power = volume rate * γ * hp
Use Bernoulli's Equation to determine the head pump.
p1 / γ + v1^2 / (2*g) + z1 + hp = p2 / γ + v2^2 / (2*g) + z2 + hL
Define points 1 and 2 to the the surfaces of the upper and lower
tanks:
p1 = 0
p2 = 0
v1 = 0
v2 = 0
z1 = 125 ft
z2 = 200 ft
Find V using the volumetric rate:
3000 gallon / min * (1 ft^3 / 7.48 gallon) * (1 min / 60 sec) = v *

(pi/4) * (8 inch * (1 ft / 12 inch))^2
v => 19.15 ft/sec
Use the given equation to calculate head loss:
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
L = 4000 ft
D = 8 inch * 1 ft / 12 inch
v = 19.15 ft /sec
hL = .02 * (L/D) * (v^2 / 2g) => 683.334 ft
Substitute known values and solve for the head pump:
p1 / γ + v1^2 / (2*g) + z1 + hp = p2 / γ + v2^2 / (2*g) + z2 + hL
hp => 758.334 ft
hp = 758 ft
The power supplied to the motor is:
0.75 * 0.8 * power = volume rate * γ * hp
power => 526,951.872 lbf*ft/sec
power = 526,951 (lbf * ft / sec) * (1 hp / 550 (lbf * ft / sec)) *

(745 W / hp) => 713,779.082 W
## Q 141
A steam turbine operates as a component of a Rankine cycle. Steam is

supplied to the turbine at 1400 psia and 1000 °F. The turbine exhausts
at 74 psia. The expansion is not reversible, and the exhaust is vapor
at 100% quality. The thermal efficiency of the turbine is most nearly:
#[A] 54%
#[B] 75%
#[C] 88%
#[D] 99%
***************S OLUTION ***************
Define states A and B' as the following:
p_A = 1400 lbf / inch^2
T_A = 1000 °F
Using [steam tables at 1400 psia and 1000 °F][1], the steam is
superheated:
h_A = 1493.2 Btu/lbm
s_A = 1.6093 Btu / (lbm * °R)
p_B = 4 lbf / inch^2
h_B represents the enthalpy that is 100% efficient. Since the turbine
is isentropic, s_A = s_B. Using the steam tables, find the appropriate
enthalpy and entropy values at state B' where B' = 7 psia. Vapor
quality is 100%, so use the [saturated steam table][2]:
Note:
#h_f is the enthalpy of saturated liquid

#s_f is the entropy of saturated liquid
#h_fg is the enthalpy of evaporation

#s_fg is the entropy of evaporation
h_f = 144.76 Btu / lbm
s_f = 0.2581 Btu / (lbm * °R)
h_fg = 992.1 Btu / lbm
s_fg = 1.5586 Btu / (lbm * °R)
The steam quality at the turbine exhaust (State B) for a 100%

efficient turbine is found from the entropy relationship:
s_A = s_f + x * s_fg
1.6093 Btu / (lbm * °R) = s_f + x * s_fg
x => 0.867
x = .867
The enthalpy at state B, h_B, is:
h_B = h_f + x * h_fg => 1,004.911 Btu/lbm
Since the turbine exhaust steam quality is 100%, the enthalpy at state
B' is equal to the enthalpy of saturated vapor, h_g. From the steam
tables at 4 psia:
h_B_prime = 1127.3 Btu/lbm
The efficiency of the turbine is:
Efficiency = (h_A - h_B_prime) / (h_A - h_B) => 0.749
[1]: http://www.efunda.com/materials/water/steamtable_general.cfm
[2]: http://www.efunda.com/materials/water/steamtable_sat.cfm
## Q 142 (g)
The power output from a generator that is driven by an impulse turbine

is 250,000 kW. The turbine wheel is mounted on a 2 ft diameter steel
shaft. It has a 15 ft diameter and is spun by a 2 ft diameter water
jet.
Assume ideal conditions such as v_jet = 2· v_vane and the jet is

deflected by 180 degrees. The angular speed in rpm of the turbine
wheel is most nearly
#[A] 85
#[B] 125
#[C] 187
#[D] 250
***************S OLUTION ***************
The power generated by the turbine is:
power = volumetric rate * water density * turbine head
The turbine head is:
g = 32.2 ft/sec^2
turbine head = v_jet^2 / (2 * g)
The flow rate is:
volumetric rate = v_jet * pi/4 * (2 ft)^2
Substituting known values and expressions in terms of v_jet to solve

for v_jet:
water density = 62.4 lbf / ft^3
250E6 W * (1 hp / 745.7 W) * (550 (ft * lbf / sec) / hp) = (v_jet *

pi/4 * (2 ft)^2) * water density * (v_jet^2 / (2 * g))
v_jet => 392.732 ft/sec
v_jet = 392 ft/sec
For ideal conditions, the tangential speed of the vanes is one half of
the speed of the jet. Find the angular velocity of the turbine wheel.
0.5 * v_jet = radius * ω
radius = 15 ft / 2
ω => 26.133/sec
ω = 26.1 rad /sec
rotation speed = ω * (60 sec / min) * (1 rev / (2 * pi * rad)) =>

249.237 rev/min
## Q 143
A two stage air compressor with an ideal intercooler takes air at 14.7
psia and 70 °F and compresses it to 400 psia. The pressure staging
area is ideal. The mass flow rate of air is 20 lbm per minute.
The heat removed by the intercooler in BTU/min is most nearly:
#[A] 900
#[B] 1540
#[C] 1600
#[D] 1700
***************S OLUTION ***************
For an ideal intercooler, T1 and T3 = 70 °F and p2 and p3 are

identical.
T1 = 70 °F
T3 = 70 °F
The heat removed from the intercooler is:
Q = m_dot_a * cp * (T2 - T3)
We will need to find T2. For isentropic compression:
T2 / T1 = (p2 / p1)^( (k-1)/k )
k = 1.4
T2 = 530 °R * ( p2 / (14.7 lbf / inch^2) )^( (k-1)/k )
Determine p2 first:
p2 / p1 = p4 / p3
p3 = p2
p1 and p4 are the intake and exhaust pressures, respectively.
p1 = 14.7 lbf / inch^2
p4 = 400 lbf / inch^2
p2^2 = p1 * p4
p2 => 76.681 lbf/inch^2
p2 = 76.7 lbf / inch^2
Find T2:
T2 => 849.708 °R
T2 = 850 °R
Q can now be calculated:
m_dot_a = 20 lbm / min
cp = 0.24 Btu / (lbm * °R)
T3 = (70 °F + 460 °F) * °R / °F
Q => 1,536 Btu/min
## Q 144
A parallel flow tube and shell heat exchanger is designed using 3 in.
OD tubing. 30,000 lbm / hr of water at 35 °F is used to cool 30,000
lbm/hr of a 95% ethyl alcohol solution (cp = 0.9 Btu / lbm x °F) from
170 °F to 100 °F.
If the overall coefficient of heat transfer based on the outer tube

area is 200 Btu / (hr · ft^2 ·°F), then the heat-transfer surface area
in square feet of the heat exchanger is most nearly:
#[A] 320
#[B] 710
#[C] 950
#[D] 1175
***************S OLUTION ***************
In a single pass, parallel flow heat exchanger, the exit temperatures

converge. In order to facilitate analysis, find the exit temperature
of the cooling water:
Calculate the heat exchanged from the ethyl alcohol:
q = mass rate alcohol * specific heat alcohol * temp diff alcohol
mass rate alcohol = 30,000 lbm/hr
specific heat alcohol = 0.9 Btu / (lbm * °F)
temp diff alcohol = 170 °F - 100 °F
q => 1,890,000 Btu/hr
q = 1,890,000 Btu/hr
Use this heating value to find the exit temperature of the water:
mass rate water = 30,000 lbm/hr
specific heat water = 1 Btu / (lbm * °F)
1,890,000 Btu/hr = mass rate water * specific heat water * temp diff
water
temp diff water => 63 °F
temp diff water = 63 °F
Our four boundary point temperatures are:
T_alcohol_entrance = 170 °F
T_water_entrance = 35 °F
T_alcohol_exit = 100 °F
T_water_exit = T_water_entrance + temp diff water => 98 °F
T_water_exit = 98 °F
The Log Mean Temperature Difference, LMTD, is:
delta Ta = T_alcohol_entrance - T_water_entrance => 135 °F
delta Tb = T_alcohol_exit - T_water_exit => 2 °F
LMTD = (delta Ta - delta Tb) / ln(delta Ta / delta Tb) => 31.575 °F
LMTD = 31.6 °F
The heat transfer area in the heat exchange is:
2,025,000 Btu / hr = U * area * LMTD
Where: U is the overall heat transfer coefficient of heat transfer

based on the outer tube area.
U = 200 Btu / (hr * ft^2 * °F)
area => 320.411 ft^2
## Q 145 (f) (g)
You are considering the attachment of a diffuser to a tank exit. With

the diffuser attached, the flow rate is 14.7 fps.
With the diffuser attached, the flow rate will increase percentage
wise by most nearly:
#[A] 10
#[B] 20
#[C] 30
#[D] 40
***************S OLUTION ***************
Define point 3 as the exit of the diffuser and point 1 as the top of
the surface. The Bernoulli equation is:
(p1 / γ) + (v1^2 / (2*g)) + z1 + hp = (p3 / γ) + (v3^2 / (2*g)) + z3
+ hL
p1 = 0 lbf/ft^2
p3 = 0 lbf/ft^2
z3 = 0 ft
hp = 0 ft
The head loss is a function of the entering velocity into the

diffuser, noted as point 2. The sharp exit of the tank has loss
coefficient of 0.5:
v2_normal = 14.7 ft / sec
hL = (K_entering + K_diffuser) * (v2)^2 / (2*g)
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
K_entering = 0.5
K_diffuser = 2.6 * sin(ϕ) * (1 - β^2)^2
ϕ = = 15 degree / 2 * (pi / 180 degree) => 0.131
D_small = 1 inch
D_large = 2 inch
β = D_small / D_large
K_diffuser => 0.191
K_diffuser = 0.191
The Bernoulli equation becomes:
5 ft = ((v3)^2 / 2*g) + (K_entering + K_diffuser) * ((v2)^2 / 2*g)
The relationship between v2 and v3 is dictated by the relative areas:
v2 * area 2 = v3 * area 3
v2 * (pi/4) * (1 inch)^2 = v3 * (pi/4) * (2 inch)^2
v3 => 0.25 v2
Substitute into the Bernoulli equation:
5 ft = (.25 * v2)^2 / (2*g) + (K_entering + K_diffuser) * (v2)^2 /
(2*g)
v2 => 20.672 ft/sec
v2 = 20.672 ft/sec
The percentage change is:
(v2 - v2_normal) / v2_normal in % => 40.626%
## Q 146
The input shaft of a steel gearbox for the 2014 Chevy Spark transmits
83.0 ft·lbf torque while rotating at 4800 rpm. The gearbox housing is
approximately 6 inches wide, 8 inches hight, and 8 inches deep and is
exposed to air on all sides.
The air outside the gearbox has a temperature of 68 °F and has a film
coefficient of 1.65 Btu / hr·ft^2· °F. If the output shaft delivers 76
hp, the maximum possible temperature of the gearbox in °F is most
nearly:
#[A] 300
#[B] 543
#[C] 660
#[D] 780
***************S OLUTION ***************
The maximum possible surface temperature is given by:
q = h * area * (Tsurface - Tinf)
Tinf = 68 °F
h = 1.65 Btu / (hr * ft^2 * °F)
The amount of heat that is absorbed by the gearbox is proportional to

the difference between output and input power.
power output = 75 hp
power input = torque * rotation speed
torque = 83.0 ft * lbf
rotation speed = 4800 rev / min * (1 min / 60 sec) * (2 * pi / rev)
power input * (1 hp / (550 ft * lbf / sec) ) => 75.855 hp
power input = 75.855 hp
q absorbed = power input - power output => 0.855 hp
Calculate the surface area of the gearbox:
area = ( 2(6 inch * 8 inch) + 2(6 inch * 8 inch) + 2(8 inch * 8
inch) ) * (1 ft / 12 inch)^2 => 2.222 ft^2
Use the heat flow to calculate the surface temperature:
.855 hp * ( 2545 (Btu / hr) / hp) = h * area * (Tsurface - Tinf)
Tsurface => 661.448 °F
## Q 147 (g)
Water at 280 °F and 80 psia empties through 100 feet of 1.5 inch
Schedule 40 pipe by a pump whose inlet and outlet are 25 feet below
the surface of the water level when the tank is full. Assume a
roughness of .0002 ft and a Reynolds Number of 8.85 x 10^5. The
density of water is 57.9 lbm / ft^3.
The pumping rate is 100 gpm, and the NPSHR is 10 feet for that rate.
If the inlet line contains three gate valves and three long-radius
elbows, and the discharge is into a 2 psig tank, the Net Positive
Suction Head Available (NPSHA) in feet is most nearly:
#[A] 5
#[B] 10
#[C] 15
#[D] 25
***************S OLUTION ***************
The NPHSA is given by the expression:
NPSHA = hp_inlet - hf - h_vapor_pressure
We will calculate each of the terms:
water density = 57.9 lbf / ft^3
hz = 25 ft
pressure head = 80 lbf / inch^2 * (144 inch^2 / 1 ft^2) / water

density
hp_inlet = pressure head + hz => 223.964 ft
The schedule 40 pipe has the dimensions:
Di = .1342 ft
Ai = 0.01414 ft^2
Q = 100 gallon / min * (1 ft^3 / 7.481 gallon) * (1 min / 60 sec) =>

0.223 ft^3/sec
v = Q / Ai => 15.756 ft/sec
Assume regular screwed steel fittings:
l_inlet = 3.1 ft
l_elbow = 3.4 ft
l_gate_valve = 1.2 ft
The total equivalent length is:
l_equivalent = 100 ft + l_inlet + 3 * l_elbow + 3 * l_gate_valve =>

116.9 ft
Calculate ε / Di:
ε = .0002 ft
ε / Di => 0.001
Given our assumed Reynolds Number, the friction factor is:
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
f = 0.022
hf = (f * l_equivalent * v^2) / (2 * Di * g) => 73.872 ft
The vapor pressure from 280 °F water is found in steam tables:
p_vapor = 50 lbf / inch^2 * (144 inch^2 / 1 ft^2)
h_vapor_pressure = p_vapor / water density => 124.352 ft
NPSHA => 25.74 ft
## Q 148 (g)
Water at 500 psig will be used to drive a 250 hp turbine at 1750 rpm
against a backpressure of 30 psig.
If the 6 inch diameter jet discharging 45 fps is deflected 85 degrees

by a single moving vane with velocity of 10 fps, the total force in
lbf acting on the blade is most nearly:
#[A] 150
#[B] 275
#[C] 490
#[D] 670
***************S OLUTION ***************
Calculate the net flow rate:
Q = pi/4 * (6 inch)^2 * (1 ft / 12 inch)^2 * 35 ft/sec => 6.872

ft^3/sec
net velocity = 45 ft/sec - 10 ft/sec
Q_prime = Q * net velocity / (45 ft/sec) => 5.345 ft^3/sec
Calculate the force in the x and y dimensions:
γ_water = 62.4 lbf / ft^3
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
deflection angle = 85 degree * (pi / 180 degree)
Fx = (Q_prime * γ_water / g) * net velocity * (cos(deflection angle)

- 1) => -330.938 lbf
Fy = (Q_prime * γ_water / g) * net velocity * sin(deflection angle)

=> 361.156 lbf
The net force is:
F net = sqrt(Fx^2 + Fy^2) => 489.851 lbf
## Q 149 (f) (g)
4 cubic feet per second of water is pumped from a feed tank mounted on
a platform to an open reservoir through a 6 inch schedule 40 (ε / D =
.002) steel pipe. The NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head Available) in
feet is most nearly:
#[A] 25
#[B] 36
#[C] 49
#[D] 62
***************S OLUTION ***************
Assuming standard conditions at 14.7 psia, the head available is:
ρ = 62.4 lbf / ft^3
h_atm = 14.7 lbf / inch^2 * (144 inch^2 / 1 ft^2) / ρ
h_atm => 33.923 ft
Get the dimensions for 6 inch schedule 40 pipe in order to calculate

the velocity:
D = .505 ft^2
A = .201 ft^2
Q = 4 ft^3 / sec
v = Q / A => 19.9 ft/sec
Get the equivalent lengths of the fittings:
l_entrance = 16 ft
l_90_degree_elbow = 5.7 ft
pipe length = 24 ft
l_equivalent = l_entrance + 3*l_90_degree_elbow + pipe length =>

57.1 ft
At 60 °F, the kinematic viscosity is 1.217EE-5, the vapor pressure is:
ν = 1.217E-5 ft^2 /sec
p_vapor = .2563 lbf / inch^2 * (144 inch^2 / 1 ft^2)
h_vapor_pressure = p_vapor / ρ => 0.591 ft
The Reynolds Number is:
N = D * v / ν => => 825,780.71 ft
From the Moody friction factor chart:
f = 0.024
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
hf = f * l_equivalent * v^2 / (2 * g * D) => 16.688
hf = 16.7 ft
Calculate NPSHA:
height = 20 ft
NPSHA = h_atm + height - hf - h_vapor_pressure => 36.632 ft
## Q 150
You are analyzing the initial design of a turbine. Steam at 300 psia
enters an isentropic turbine operating in a Rankine cycle. The steam
exits the turbine at 150 °F. Requirements state moisture content of
the steam in the turbine is not to exceed 25% in order to minimize
long-term corrosion.
The minimum temperature to which the high-pressure steam must be

heated is most nearly.
#[A] 470
#[B] 520
#[C] 600
#[D] 650
***************S OLUTION ***************
We know the temperature and steam quality at the output. Since the
turbine is isentropic, once we know the entropy at state 2, the
entropy at state 1 is also known.
s2 = sf + x * sfg
Using saturated steam tables at 150 °F:
sf = .2149 Btu / (lbm * °R)
x = .75
sfg = 1.8685 Btu / (lbm * °R)
s2 => 1.616 Btu/(lbm* °R)
With the entropy and the pressure of the steam entering the turbine,
we can find the temperature. We will use interpolation between the
temperatures of 600 °F and 500 °F:
(600 °F - 500 °F)/(1.6268 Btu / (lbm * °R) - 1.5701 Btu / (lbm *

°R)) = (T - 500 °F) / (1.6268 Btu / (lbm * °R) - 1.6163 Btu / (lbm *
°R))
T => 518.519 °F
## Q 151
At the start of the compression stroke of an air-standard Otto cycle,

the pressure is 14.7 psia and the temperature is 50 °F. The maximum
pressure in the cycle is 800 psia, and the compression ratio is
11.5:1.
The difference in efficiency percentage between this cycle and a

Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature is most nearly:
#[A] 6
#[B] 16
#[C] 27
#[D] 34
***************S OLUTION ***************
The thermal efficiency of an Otto cycle is:
otto cycle efficiency = 1 - r^(1-k)
For air:
k = 1.4
r = 11.5
otto cycle efficiency in % => 62.354%
The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is given as:
carnot cycle efficiency = 1 - T_L / T_H
T_L = (50 °F + 460 °F) * ( °R / °F ) => 510 °R
In order to get T_H, first solve for the temperature after compression
(T2)
T3 / T2 = P3 / P2
P3 = 800 lbf / inch^2
T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2)^(k-1)
V1 / V2 is equivalent to the compression ratio:
T2 = (T_L) * (11.5)^(k-1) => 1,354.719 °R
Find the pressure at P2:
P1 * V1 / T1 = P2 * V2 / T2
P1 = 14.7 lbf / inch^2
T1 = T_L
V1 = 11.5
V2 = 1
P2 => 449.05 lbf/inch^2
P2 = 449 lbf / inch^2
Solve for T3:
T3 => 2,413.754 °R
T3 = 2,413 °R
T_H = 2,413 °R
carnot cycle efficiency in % => 78.864%
The difference is:
(carnot cycle efficiency - otto cycle efficiency) in % => 16.511%
## Q 152
The net power output from a steam-based power plant operating on

Rankine cycle is 400 MW. The cycle has steam entering an isentropic
turbine at 1200 °F and 1800 psia., and the cooling water entering the
condenser at 56 °F and leaving as saturated liquid at 93 °F. Neglect
the pump work.
The condenser pressure is 10 psia. The mass flow rate in lbm/hr of the
steam is most nearly:
#[A] 8.9 x 10^4

#[B] 5.6 x 10^5
#[C] 7.7 x 10^5
#[D] 2.5 x 10^6
***************S OLUTION ***************
Normally, the net power input is determined by:
net power = turbine power - pump power
Since we can neglect the pump power:
pump power = turbine power
The turbine power is determined by the mass flow rate multiple by the
difference in enthalply from the turbine's entrance and exit:
net power = mass flow rate * (h1 - h2)
The enthalpy of state 1 can be found using the superheated steam

tables:
h1 = 1600.4 Btu / lbm
From a Mollier diagram, we can find the enthalpy at state 2 at the 10

psia curve:
h2 = 1060 Btu / lbm
We can now solve for the mass flow rate:
400E6 W * (3.412 (Btu / hr) / W) = mass flow rate * (h1 - h2)
mass flow rate => 2,525,536.64 lbm/hr
## Q 153
A refrigeration cycle uses Freon-12 to removed 10,000 Btu's per hour.

The refrigerant leaves the evaporator saturated at 0 °F. The pressure
of the refrigerant entering the condenser is 70 psia. The refrigerant
leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid. The isentropic efficiency
of the compressor is 70 percent.
The coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle is most

nearly:
#[A] .6
#[B] 2.7
#[C] 3.1
#[D] 4.7
***************S OLUTION ***************
At point C in a typical Dry Vapor Compression cycle, we have the

following parameters:
Tc = 0 °F
pc = 23.87 lbf / inch^2
hc = 78.21 Btu / lbm
sc = .17091 Btu / (lbm * °R)
At point D at the same entropic point as point C:
pd = 70 lbf / inch^2
sd = .17091 Btu / (lbm * °R)
Interpolating in the 70 psia region of the superheated Freon table:
(.17399 - .16765) / (87.96 - 84.94) = (.17091 - .16765) / (hd -

84.94)
hd => 86.493
hd = 86.49 Btu / lbm
Calculate hd_prime, which takes into account the isentropic

efficiency:
n = 0.7
hd_prime = hc + (hd - hc)/n => 90.039 Btu/lbm
Interpolate again to find Td_prime:
(60 - 40) / (87.96 - 84.94) = (Td_prime - 40) / (87.96 - 84.94)
Td_prime => 60
Td_prime = 60 °F
At stage A:
pa = 70 lbf / inch^2
Ta = (66.3 °F + 48.7 °F) / 2 => 57.5 °F
ha = (23.01 Btu / lbm + 18.96 Btu / lbm) / 2 => 20.985 Btu/lbm
hb = (23.01 Btu / lbm + 18.96 Btu / lbm) / 2 => 20.985 Btu/lbm
The COP is:
COP = Q_removed / Work_in
Work_in = hd_prime - hc => 11.829 Btu/lbm
Q_removed = hc - ha => 57.225 Btu/lbm
COP => 4.838
## Q 154 (g)
The relative velocity of a certain point on a marine propeller 12 feet

below the surface of sea water is approximately 6.1 times the boat
velocity. The mole fraction of water in the seawater is .99. Assume a
70 °F temperature.
The practical limit of the boat velocity in ft/sec is most nearly:
#[A] 3.3
#[B] 8.7
#[C] 12.3
#[D] 14.2
***************S OLUTION ***************
The operation of the propeller is limited by cavitation. In ft, this

occurs when the difference in atmospheric head and the velocity head
is less than the vapor pressure head.
Assume the density of water is 64.0 lbm / ft^3
ρ_seawater = 64.0 lbf / ft^3
h_atmosphere = (14.7 lbf / inch^2 * ( 12 inch / 1 ft )^2) /

ρ_seawater => 33.075 ft
h_depth = 12 ft
g = 32.2 ft / sec^2
h_velocity = v_propeller^2 / (2 * g)
The vapor pressure of pure water at 70 °F is:
h_vapor_fresh = .3631 lbf / inch^2
mole fraction = 0.995
ρ_freshwater = 62.3 lbf / ft^3
h_vapor_seawater = mole fraction * h_vapor_fresh * ( 12 inch / 1 ft

)^2 / ρ_freshwater => 0.835 ft
The relationship between boat speed and heads is:
h_depth + h_atmosphere - ( v_propeller^2 / (2 * g) ) =
h_vapor_seawater
v_propeller => 53.377 ft/sec
v_propeller = 53.4 ft/sec
The boat speed is:
boat speed = v_propeller / 6.1 => 8.754 ft/sec
## Q 155
A 6 inch pump operating at 1900 rpm discharges 1250 gpm of cold water
(s.g. = 1.00) against an 100 foot head at 70 percent efficiency. A
homologous 9 inch pump operating at 1000 rpm is being considered as a
replacement. The new power requirement (in hp) would be nearly.
#[A] 19
#[B] 25
#[C] 33
#[D] 49
***************S OLUTION ***************
The performance of one pump can be used to predict the performance of

another if they are dynamically similar (homologous). Solve for the
new head value first:
n1 * d1 / sqrt(h1) = n2 * d2 / sqrt(h2)
n1 = 1900 rev / min
d1 = 6 inch
h1 = 100 ft
n2 = 1000 rev / min
d2 = 9 inch
h2 => 62.327 ft
h2 = 62.3 ft
The new flow rate can now be calculated:
Q1 = 1250 gallon / min
Q1 / (n1 * d1^3) = Q2 / (n2 * d2^3)
Q2 => 2,220.395 gallon/min
Q2 = 2,220 gallon / min
whp2 = Q2 * 62.1 lbm / ft^3 * 1.0 / (3956 (gallon * lbm /min / ft^3)
/ hp) => 34.849 hp
efficiency = 0.70
bhp2 = whp2 / efficiency => 49.784 hp
## Q 156
You are tasked with selecting from 4 different motors:
#Motor #1: 5 hp, $1000

#Motor #2: 10 hp, $1500
#Motor #3: 13 hp, $1700
#Motor #4: 17 hp, $1700
Each pump has a variable rate of efficiency based on the following

table:
#specific speed = 1000 rpm / 60%

The pump needs to provide 50 feet of added head @ 2 cfs. Assume a

motor speed of 2400 rpm. What selection is the most cost efficient?
#[A] Motor 1
#[B] Motor 2
#[C] Motor 3
#[D] Motor 4
***************S OLUTION ***************
The crank horsepower required is:
head added = 50
whp = 50 * 2 * 1.0 / 8.814 => 11.346
whp = 11.34 hp
The flow rate is:
Q = 2 / .002228 => 897.666
n_assumed = 2400
n_specific = (n_assumed) * sqrt(Q) / (head added)^(.75) => 3,824.205
Based on the linearity of efficiency vs specific speed, the efficiency

is:
efficiency = .74
The required motor power is:
whp / efficiency => 15.324 hp
## Q 157
A 200 hp internal combustion engine burns propane at a rate of 0.02

lbm/sec when mixed with theoretical air. The engine takes in air and
fuel at 77 °F and 1 atm. The air-fuel mixture burns completely and
leaves the engine at 1240 °F. Assume The enthalpy of the products is -
685,000 Btu / lbmol. The rate of heat transfer from the engine
(Btu/sec) is most nearly.
#[A] -149
#[B] -83
#[C] -58
#[D] 39
***************S OLUTION ***************
The heat output from the engine can be solved using an energy balance:
Qdot_cv = Wdot_cv + n_dot * (h_products - h_reactants)
The work done is:
Wdot_cv = 200 hp * (2545 Btu / hr) / 1 hp * (1 hr / 3600 sec) =>

141.389 Btu/sec
The molar fuel flow rate is:
propane molecular weight = 44 lbm / lbmol
m_dot = .02 lbm / sec
n_dot = m_dot / propane molecular weight => 4.545e-4 lbmol/sec
The enthalpy of the products is given:
h_products = -685,000 Btu / lbmol
The enthalpy of the reactants is the enthalpy of formation for

propane:
h_reactants = -44,680 Btu / lbmol
With all terms collected, we can now calculate the rate of heat
transfer:
Qdot_cv => -149.666 Btu/sec
## Q 158
A six-cylinder 4-stroke engine has a 100.4 mm bore and a 84.4 mm

stroke. The brake mean effective pressure while running at 4200 rpm is
120 psig. The brake horsepower is most nearly:
#[A] 100
#[B] 155
#[C] 195
#[D] 225
***************S OLUTION ***************
The PLAN formula is used to determine the horsepower in an internal

combustion engine operating on the Otto Cycle.
P = p * L * A * N
The number of power strokes per second is:
n_cylinders = 6
N = (2 strokes / rev) * (4200 rev / min) * (1 min / 60 sec) *

n_cylinders / (4 strokes / power stroke)
N => 210 power stroke/sec
N = 210 / sec
The power developed is:
stroke = 84 mm * (1 m / 1000 mm) * (3.28 ft / 1 m)
bore = pi/4 * (100.4 mm * (1 m / 1000 mm) * (3.28 ft / 1 m) )^2
power = 120 lbf / inch^2 * (12 inch / 1 ft)^2 * stroke * bore * N *

1 hp / (550 ft * lbf / sec)
power => 154.831 hp
## Q 159
A trapezoidal channel has a 5 foot depth, a 7 ft width at its basin,

and a 9 ft width at its open top. The hydraulic radius in ft is most
nearly.
#[A] 5.00
#[B] 1.23
#[C] 2.32
#[D] 4.12
***************S OLUTION ***************
The hydraulic radius is:
r hydraulic = flow area / wetted perimeter
flow area = (7 ft * 5 ft) + (5 ft * 1 ft) => 40 ft^2
wetted perimeter = 2 * side + basin width
basin width = 7 ft
side = sqrt( (5 ft)^2 + (1 ft)^2 ) => 5.099 ft
wetted perimeter => 17.198 ft
r hydraulic => 2.326 ft
## Q 160
Based on a psychrometric chart (ASHRAE Psychometric Chart #1), sea

level air at a dry-bulb temperature of 100 °F and 50% relative
humidity has a dew point of most nearly.
#[A] 54
#[B] 62
#[C] 68
#[D] 78
***************S OLUTION ***************
Find the intersection of the 100 °F line and the 50% rh line. Go the
left horizontally (following the constant humidity ratio line) to
saturation condition where the dew temperature is 78 °F

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PE Mechanical Thermal & Fluids Exam

Thermal and Fluids Afternoon Session Answers

A “(f)” next to the problem number indicates an accompanying figure is

At a particular temperature and pressure, the surface tension of water

***************S OLUTION ***************

The height of the capillary rise is given by:

σ = .065 N / m * ( (kg * m / s^2) / N )

β = 0 degree * 180 degree / pi

height => 0.241 m

### The answer is [C]

## Q 122 (g) (t)

A sliding plate viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of a

gap between stationary and moving plate: 6 mm

A force of 100 N is required to keep the top plate moving at a

***************S OLUTION ***************

The force required to maintain the velocity is given by:

force = (µ * velocity * area ) / gap

area = .70 m * .50 m => 3,500 lbm^2

100 N = (µ * velocity * area) / gap

Solving for viscosity:

µ => 0.171 N*s/m^2

### The answer is [A]

If a 3500 lbm sedan is driven at 80 mph into a 12 mph headwind, the

***************S OLUTION ***************

The required power can be determined using the equation(s):

Power = Drag Force * velocity

Drag Force = (air density * Cd * Frontal Area * velocity^2) / (2 *

air density = 0.075 lb / ft^3

The carrier will be modeled as a flat plate:

Frontal Area = width * height * (1 ft / 12 inch)^2 => 3 ft^2

The relative wind speed is:

car velocity = 80 mile / hr * (5280 ft / mile) * (1 hr / 3600 sec)

velocity = car velocity + headwind => 134.933 ft/sec

To determine Cd, the drag coefficient, first compute the Reynolds

Reynolds num = (velocity * height) * (1 ft / 12 inch) / kinematic

kinematic velocity = 1.58e-4 ft^2 / sec

Reynolds num => 854,008.439

To use the drag coefficient chart, the length to height ratio is

length / height => 4

The drag force is:

Drag Force => 74.425 lb

Now we can calculate the required power:

Power => 10,042.463 lb*ft/sec

Power = 10,042 lb * ft / sec

Power * (1 hp / 550 (ft*lb /sec)) => 18.258 hp

### The answer is [D]

Hot water at 80 °C flows through the pipe system, with a minimum ID of

***************S OLUTION ***************

water velocity = volumetric rate / pipe cross section

volumetric rate = 0.185 m^3/min * (1 min / 60 sec)

pipe cross section = pi / 4 * (pipe ID)^2

water velocity => 17.448 m/sec

minor loss forty five = ((water velocity)^2 / (2*g)) * loss

loss coefficient forty five = 0.6

minor loss forty five => 9.319 m

minor loss ninety = ((water velocity)^2 / (2*g)) * loss coefficient

loss coefficient ninety = 1.2

minor loss ninety => 18.639 m

S OLUTION

S OLUTION

S OLUTION

S OLUTION

minor loss forty five = ((water velocity)^2 / (2g)) loss

minor loss ninety = ((water velocity)^2 / (2g)) loss coefficient

S OLUTION

S OLUTION

f * (L_1 / d_1) * (v_1^2)/(2g) = f (L_2 / d_2) * (v_2^2)/(2*g)

S OLUTION

S OLUTION