ETHICS- moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

MORALITY- Morality is personal ideals that guide every aspect of who we are. The behavior, attitudes,
and beliefs that we hold on for us to help to decide between right and wrong, good or bad.

ETHICS OR MORALITY

in the popular mind philosophy is something obscure weird and idiosyncratic. perhaps many could have
not even encountered nor to some just ignore due to it seemed vogue or insignificant meaning for some
Filipinos the concept of philosophy is the enterprise of people who try to outdo others through their
irrelevant and arbitrary reasoning.

the term "philosophy" cannot be defined precisely because the subject is so complex and so
controversial it is true to say that philosophy is and old man

PHILOSOPHY IS DEFINED IN TWO FASHIONS

1. etymological definition - The term philosophy was first coined by Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher.
Came from Greek word philos which means love, and Sophia which means wisdom. when compounded
its literal meaning is the LOVE OF WISDOM.

EROS (Greek erathai) use to refer to that part of love

PHILIA fondness and appreciation of the other, friendship

AGAPE refers to the paternal love of God for man and but is extended to include a brotherly love for all
humanity (MOSELY 2001)

PYTHAGORAS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEN

1. Lovers of pleasure

2. Lovers of success

3. Love of wisdom

LOVE OF WISDOM IS MORE POWERFUL

It pertains to the human endeavor of seeking the truth for its own sake.

2. Essential definition - Classically, philosophy is the "search of meaning". The 'search' means to look for
something more, to probe to go beyond. However, philosophy has been defined in carious fashion.
Many have described philosophy as the 'science of all sciences' as the 'mother of all sciences' or the
"search for t he ultimate meaning of reality".

PHILOSOPHY AND OTHER SCIENCES

1. PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE - fundamental truth about the universe. These fields study nature and life.

2. PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY - are interrelated fields that are dependent to each other. History serves a
the breeding grounds of philosophy, without it philosophical concepts will not be possible, will not
emerge nor conceive.

3. Philosophy and Mathematics - both logical bodies of knowledge. The approaches involved are
methodical and systematic giving emphasis in proving theoretical concepts and formulating standards of
truth in order to accept as general or universal foundation of learning.

4. Philosophy in religion - a separable field in a sense that one justifies the other. This means that
religion is generally a philosophical culmination of basic and complex ideas about almost everything
both justifiable or not, while philosophy is a religious context that tries to concretize divine beliefs,
ideas, opinions, facts and suppositions in order that the world will be aware of it and believe.

C. Importance of philosophy

as one of the general subjects offered to students in the tertiary education is not only to satisfy the
requirement in the academic curriculum, but also to develop a cultured, well-defined and well-rounded
individual.

In the academe, the role of philosophy is o vital that is develops students of their ability to comprehend,
systematized leaning and enhance their critical thinking ability in evaluating their gained knowledge and
information. To do so it becomes important for the student’s total development.

While the students are exposed to these philosophical thoughts (ethics/morality) they too can develop
their own philosophy in life which will provide student.

D. Major Discipline in Philosophy

1. Logic as the study of right and sound reasoning

2. Epistemology as the study of the validity of knowledge.

3. Metaphysics seeks to explain the fundamental concepts of being.

4. Aesthetics as the philosophical study of beauty

5. Cosmology deals with the study of real things in the universe.

6. Theodicy is the study of God and His nature.

7. Social Philosophy as the study of human and their relation to society.

8. Ethics as the science of the morality of human acts.

Notion of ethics

- ethics from its Greek word Ethos means a characteristics way of doing things of body of customs.
Ethics, therefore, is a practical science which meant to teach how humans ought to live.

E. Imperatives of Ethics

The practice of ethical/moral life implies imperatives of the "sine qua non" of ethics for without which,
ethics would collapse. In her book, Emerita Quito (2008) has expounded clearly these imperatives.

1. Human freedom - freedom is an inherent human power to act or not that makes them responsible for
their actions. Ethics in this sense will be irrelevant in the absence of human freedom. Responsibility is an
indispensable implication in human actions which would be meaningless unless a human is free. If
human is designed to only follow what they

2. Existence of God

God's presence is a salient factor that makes senses in the study of ethics. Without God's existence that
postulates human's belief, they (human) find no reason to do good and avoid evil. When no one talks
about morality, it refers to the goodness or evilness of the acts which presupposed rectification. This
means that a good act deserves reward while evil punishment. Reward an punishment can be dispensed
only by the supreme Being God alone can give the final judge.

3. Immortality of the soul

again, if there is no life after earth where the soul believed the perpetuate life beyond, then good deeds
are not rewarded nor evil doers are punished. Hence, there is no sense at all to lead a better life, neither
to make sacrifices nor to deny one's self from the lure of this world. Immortality of the soul is, indeed, a
corner in ethics.

F. Ethics and morals

The word moral is derived from the Latin word "mos" which means custom. On the other hand, if we
talk about ethics, it is also derived from a Greek word "ethikos" which means character. Put simply,
morals are the customs established by group of individuals whereas ethics defines the character of an
individual.
ethics and morality are set of rules that govern human actions to ensure mutual respect and
cooperation.

1. RULES are instructions that well what we are allowed to do what we are not allowed to do. (Collin's
Dictionary)

2. Importance of Rule are important because they tend to protect human rights and freedom specially
the "weaker members" in the society as they might be exploited if no rules to shield them. Once rules
are enforced within their mandate, they provide a stable environment and humorous human co-
existent.

G. Definitions of Moral

refer to the social, cultural and religious beliefs or values practiced overtime by an individual or group
which direct people to do what is customarily allowable as right or refrain from those that society
prohibits as "taboo" or wrong. Morals are the rules and standards made by us while deciding what is
right. Some moral principles are here to be examined:

a. Do not cheat

b. be loyal

c. be patient

d. always tells the truth

e. be generous

H. Definition of ethics - branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of conduct of an individual or
group. Ethics is also known as moral philosophy.

Some ethical principles are:

1. Truthfulness/Honesty

2. Loyalty

3. Respect

4. Fairness

5. Integrity
I. Key Differences Between Morals and Ethics

The majors’ differences between morals and ethics are as under:

1. Morals deal with what is right or wrong. Ethics deals with what is good or evil.

2. Morals are general guidelines framed by the society. Ethics is a response to a particular situation.

3. The term "moral" is derived from a Latin wors "mos" which refers to custom and the customs are
determined by group of individuals or some authority. On the other hand, ethics is originated from
Greek word "ethikos" which refers to character is an attribute.

4. Morals are dictated by society, culture or religion. While ethics is chosen by the person himself who
governs his love under the dictate of right person.

5. Morals are concerned with principles of right and wrong. On the contrary, ethics stresses on good and
evil conduct.

6. As morals are framed and designed by the group, there is no option to think and choose; the
individual conversely, the people are free to think and choose the principles of his life in ethics.

7. Morals may vary from society to society and culture to culture.

8. Morals do not have any applicability to business, whereas ethics is widely applicable in the business
known as business ethics.

9. Morals are expressed in the form of statements, while the principles of ethics are translated into an
explicit action.

1. moral standards

2. moral standards

3. non moral standards

4. moral standards

5. moral standard

6. non moral standard

7. non moral

8. moral standard

9. non moral standard

10. Moral standard

Dilemma - a difficult situation in which an individual is confronted to choose between two or more
alternative actions to resolve the problem or solution for the problem.

Types of dilemmas

a. classic dilemmas - different criteria, same behavior

b. temporal dilemmas - same process. different criteria applied at a different time.

1. Innovation/\Manufacturability

2. Speed (customer satisfaction) /\ Accuracy (process integrity)

c. orthogonal dilemmas - different behavior, different criteria.

Two different sets of behavior:

Diametrically

Hybrid

1. Centralization /\ Decentralization

2. Service orientation /\ Product orientation

d. sequential dilemmas - Different behavior, different times.

1. Performance/\Development

2. Work/\Home

e. unequal dilemma - The dilemma is split across unequal status.

1. high growth /\ organization integrity

2. fiscal

Moral dilemma - defined as any situation in which the person making the decision experiences a conflict
between the moral rightness of a decision and the

Types of dilemmas

1. PERSONAL DILEMMA - These are situation in which individual has a choice to be made between two
options
2. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA - Organizational ethics are the principals and standards by which
businesses

3, SYSTEMATIC DILEMMA - process of systematic morals.

Foundation of morality: Freedom as requisite on moral responsibility

Freedom comes in various meanings such as the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants
without hindrance or restraint.

Philosophical Notations of Freedom

KANT - that freedom is the source of all value.

SAINT AUGUSTINE - showed that human is free physically, yet bound to obey the law. It is, therefore,
clear that there is difference between "like to do" and "ought to do."

GORBACHEV (1988) - in his time asserted that the principle of freedom is a must. The right to freedom is
very fundamental to every nation as it is the heart of every democratic ideal, as much as it also inherent.

QUITO (2008) - explains that no ethics is likewise possible without human freedom.

REASON AND IMPARTIALITY: REQUISITES FOR MORALITY

- Reason enables us to think and reflect over actions that we intend to do and decide which of them to
take. Impartiality indeed is a good value.