CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL

GEOMETRY 2

LECTURE 4

WORK, FLUID PRESSURE &

FLUID FORCES
Work
Work Work = force x distance
W = Fd , N.m (SI unit) or ft-lb (British unit)

Example 1. If a constant force of 10 lb is required to move an object 3 ft,

the work done on the object is

W= Fd = 10 lb x 3 ft = 30 ft-lb

10 lb
Box

3 ft

However, this question is about constant force, how about if

the applied force is a variable force ????
 For Case dealing with variable force F

𝑾 = න 𝑭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

Where F(x) is force as a function of distance

x is the distance in which the object was moved from location
x=a to location x=b.
Example 2.
What is the work done to move an object from x= 0 to x =5 ft if the applied
force varies with displacement according to 𝐹 = (𝑥 + 4)1/2 pounds
𝒃

𝑾 = න 𝑭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

5
𝑊 = න (𝑥 + 4)1/2 𝑑𝑥
0

5
(𝑥+4)3/2
=
3/2 0

38
= 𝑓𝑡˗𝑙𝑏
3
Of practical importance in mechanics is the computation of the work done by a force in
stretching (or compressing) a spring.

Hooke’s Law for Springs

Hooke’s Law : The force it takes to stretch or compress a

spring x length units from its natural (unstressed) length is
proportional to x. F α 𝑥

F = kx
Where k is the force constant
Example 3
Find the work required to compress a spring from its natural length of 1ft to
a length of 0.75ft if the force constant is k=16lb/ft.
𝒃

𝑾 = න 𝑭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Hooke’s Law,
𝒂
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
𝐹 𝑥 = 16𝑥
0.25
W=
16xdx
0
2 0.25
= [8 x ]0

= 0.5 ft − lb
Example 4
A spring has a natural length of 1m. A force
of 24N stretches the spring to a length of
1.8m.

(a) Find the force constant k.

(b) How much work will it take to stretch
the spring 2m beyond its natural length?
(c) How far will a 45N force stretch the
spring?
Solution:
2

a ) F = kx b) W =  30 xdx
0
24 = k (0.8) 2 2
= [15 x ]
k = 30 N / m 0

= 60 J

c) F = kx
45 = 30( x)
x = 1.5m
Take home exercise 1

A force of 2 N will stretch a rubber band 0.02 m.

Assuming Hooke’s Law applied, how far will a 4 N
force stretch the rubber band ? How much work does
it take to stretch the rubber band this far ?
Tricky problem….Lifting a leaky object
Solution

a) Lifting the water alone

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑡, 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 16 𝑙𝑏 4

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑥 + 16
5
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 20 𝑓𝑡, 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0 𝑙𝑏

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 20 4
W= ‫׬‬0 (− 5 𝑥 + 16) 𝑑𝑥
(0 𝑙𝑏 − 16 𝑙𝑏)
𝑚= 20
(20 𝑓𝑡 − 0 𝑓𝑡) 4 𝑥2
= −5 2 + 16 𝑥
0
−4 𝑙𝑏
𝑚=
5 𝑓𝑡 = 160 𝑓𝑡˗lb
4
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑥 + 𝑐
5
Solution

b) Lifting the water + bucket

4
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑥 + 16
5
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 5 20 4
W= ‫׬‬0 − 5 𝑥 + 21 𝑑𝑥
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
4 20
= − 5 𝑥 + 16 + 5 4 𝑥2
= −5 2 + 21𝑥
0
4
= − 5 𝑥 + 21
= 260 𝑓𝑡˗lb
 Solution

c) Lifting the water + bucket + rope

4
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = − 𝑥 + 16
5
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 5 20 22 113
W= ‫׬‬0 − 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
25 5
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 = (0.08)(20 − 𝑥)
22 𝑥 2 113 20
= − 25 2 + 𝑥
5 0
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒
4
= − 5 𝑥 + 16 + 5 + 0.08 (20 −𝑥) =276 𝑓𝑡˗lb
22 113
= − 25 𝑥 + 5
 Work
Pumping liquid
 One Page Slide
4m a

Work 5m W =      r 2 (b − y) dy
Pumping liquid 0
10

Fully filled = න 9800 25𝜋 14 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

0
tank 10 m
= 22050000 𝜋 N. m

a
5m
W =      r 2 (b − y) dy
0

5
= න 9800 25𝜋 10 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10 m 0
Half filled
tank
=? ? ? ? N. m
 Problem dealing with work done in liquid pumping from a container/tank

• Consider the work needed to pump a liquid out of a tank

• Basic concept:
Work = weight × distance moved

17
Pumping Liquids – Guidelines r

• Draw a picture with the coordinate system b a

• Determine mass of thin horizontal slab of liquid y

• Find expression for work needed to lift this slab to

its destination
• Integrate expression from bottom of liquid to the 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

top
ab
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 W =      r 2 (b − y) dy
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 0
= 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦

𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙

= (b – y) 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 18
Example 5 How much work done to pump water from a full upright circular
cylindrical tank of radius 5 m and height 10 m, to a level of 4 m above
the top of the tank.
Note that you integrate from 0
to 10 because the liquid fill up
the tank up to 10 m b
a
W =      r 2 (b − y) dy
dy 0
4m 10
𝑊= න 9800 25𝜋 14 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
Radius of the slab = 5
10
Volume of the slab = 𝜋(5)2 𝑑𝑦 𝑊 = 245000𝜋 න 14 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
10 m
= 25𝜋𝑑𝑦 10
ym 𝑦2
𝑊 = 245000𝜋 14𝑦 −
5m Density of water = 9800 N/𝑚3 2 0

Distance to travel= 14 - y 𝑊 = 22050000 𝜋 N. m

x
0
 The conical tank in Figure 6.61 is filled to within 2 ft of the top with olive oil weighing 57
Take home exercise 2 𝑙𝑏
ൗ𝑓𝑡 3. How much work does it take to pump the oil to the rim of the tank?

Ans: 9728𝜋 ft-lb

Take home exercise 3

1 2
A reservoir is formed by revolving the segment of the curve y = 𝑥 ,
3
from x = 0 to x = 3 ft, about the y-axis. The reservoir is filled with oil (50
lb/𝑓𝑡 3 ). What is the work done in lifting the oil to a point 6 ft above
the top?

Ans: 4725𝜋 ft-lb

Fluid Pressure and Forces
We make dams thicker at the bottom than at the top because the
pressure against them increases with depth.
Fluid Forces calculation
The weight-density of water is 62.4 lb/ft 3 , so the fluid force at the bottom of a 10 ft x 20 ft rectangular
swimming pool 3 ft deep is

3m
Weight- depth area
density
Example 6 A flat isosceles right triangular plate with base 6 ft and height 3 ft is
submerged vertically, base up, 2 ft below the surface of a swimming
pool. Find the force exerted by the water against one side of the plate

6 ft 2 ft 6 ft 2 ft

3 ft 3 ft
 Thickness of the thin strip = dy

strip length = 2x = 2y

strip depth = 5- y
6 ft 2 ft
b
F =  w (strip depth) L( y ) dy
3 ft a
𝑥=𝑦 3
=  (62.4)(5 − y )2 y dy
0
3
=  124.8 5 y − y 2  dy
0  
3
 5 y2 y 3 
= 124.8  − 
 2 3 
 0
= 1684.8 lb
Example 7 In a pool filled with water to a depth of 3m, calculate the fluid force
on one side of a 1m by 2m rectangular plate if the plate rests
vertically at the bottom of the pool. (Water density = 9800 N/m3)

b
F =  w (strip depth) L( y ) dy
a
2
= න 9800 3 − 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
3m 0

y 2m 2
= 9800 න 3 − 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
0
2
𝑦2
1m = 9800 3𝑦 −
2 0

Thickness of the thin strip = dy

= 9800 4 − 0
strip length = 1
= 39200 𝑁
strip depth = 3 - y
Take home exercise 4

Ans: (a) 93.33 lb; (b) 3 ft

Extra Exercise
Q1
The workers in Example 3 (under sub-topic – work) changed to a larger
bucket that held 5 gal (40 lb) of water, but the new bucket had an even
larger leak so that it, too, was empty by the time it reached the top.
Assuming that the water leaked out at a steady rate, how much work
was done lifting the water ? (Do not include the rope and bucket.)
Ans: (400 lb-ft)
Extra Exercise
Q2
A vertical right circular cylindrical tank measures 30-ft high and 20-ft in
diameter. It is full of kerosene weighing 51.2 lb/ft3. How much work
does it take to pump the kerosene to the level of the top of the tank ?
(Ans: 7,238,229 lb-ft)
Extra Exercise
Q3
A force of 2 N will stretch a rubber band 2cm (0.02 m).
Assuming Hooke’s Law applied, how far will a 4 N force
stretch the rubber band ? How much work does it take to
stretch the rubber band this far ?
Ans: (0.08 J)