PELTON TURBINE

UNIT I PELTON TURBINE

Hydroelectric Power Plant

The main components of hydraulic power plant are (i) The storage system. (ii) Penstock or Large
size pipe (iii) Hydraulic turbine (iv) Electrical generator

The storage system consists of a reservoir with a dam structure and the water flow control in
terms of sluices and gates etc. The reservoir may be at a high level in the case of availability of
such a location. In such cases the potential energy in the water will be large but the quantity of
water available will be small. The conveying system may consist of tunnels, channels and steel
pipes called penstocks. Tunnels and channels are used for surface conveyance. Penstocks are
pressure pipes conveying the water from a higher level to a lower level under pressure. The
penstock pipes end at the flow control system and are connected to nozzles at the end. The
nozzles convert the potential energy to kinetic energy in free water jets. These jets by dynamic
action turn the turbine wheels. In some cases the nozzles may be replaced by guide vanes which
partially convert potential energy to kinetic energy and then direct the stream to the turbine
wheel, where the remaining expansion takes place, causing a reaction on the turbine runner.

Fig. Hydro Electric Power Plant

Gross Head, Net Head & Efficiencies of Turbine

Gross Head. The difference between the head race level and tail race level is known as Gross
Head. It is denoted by ‘Hg’

Net Head It is also called effective head and is defined as the head available at the inlet of
turbine. When water is flowing from head race to the turbine, a loss of head due to friction
between water and penstocks occurs.

Efficiencies.

ܴ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁݊݊ݑ‬
1

‫= ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݈ܿ݅ݑܽݎ݀ݕܪ‬
ܹܽ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁ݐ‬
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PELTON TURBINE

ܵℎ݂ܽ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݐ‬
‫ܿ݁ܯ‬ℎ݈ܽ݊݅ܿܽ ݂݂݁݅ܿ݅݁݊ܿ‫= ݕ‬
ܴ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁݊݊ݑ‬
ܵℎ݂ܽ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݐ‬
ܵℎ݂ܽ‫= ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݐ‬
ܹܽ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁ݐ‬

CLASSIFIC1TION OF HYDRAUUC TURBINES

The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the type of energy available at the inlet of
turbine, direction of flow through the vanes, head at the inlet of the turbine and specific speed of
turbines. Thus the following are the important classifications of the turbines:

1. According to the type of energy at inlet:

(a) Impulse turbine, (b) Reaction turbine.

2. According to the direction of flow through runner:

(a) Tangential flow turbine, (b) Radial flow turbine,

(c) Axial flow turbine, and (d) Mixed flow turbine.

3. According to the head at the inlet of turbine:

(a) High head turbine, (b) Medium head turbine, and

(c) Low head turbine.

4. According to the specific speed of the turbine:

(a) Low specific speed turbine, (b) Medium specific speed turbine, arni

(c) High specific speed turbine.

If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, the turbine is
known as impulse turbine. As the water flows over the vanes, the pressure is atmospheric from
inlet to outlet of turbine. If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses kinetic energy as well
as pressure energy, is known as reaction turbine. As the waters flows through the runner, the
water is under pressure and the pressure energy goes on changing into kinetic energy. The runner
is completely enclosed in an air-tight casing and the runner and casing is completely full of
water.
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PELTON TURBINE

Tangential flow turbine. If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known
as tangential flow turbine.

Radial flow turbine. If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner, the turbine is
called radial flow turbine.

Inward radial flow If the water flows from outwards to inwards, radially, the turbine is known
as inward radial flow reaction turbine

Outward radial flow turbine. If water flows radially from inwards to outwards, the turbine is
known as outward radial flow turbine.

Axial flow turbine. If the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis
of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called axial flow turbine.

Mixed flow turbine. If the water flows through the runner in radial direction but leaves in the
direction parallel to axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called mixed flow turbine.

Main Components of Pelton Turbine

Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket along the tangent
of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. Pressure at
the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmosphere. This turbine is used for high heads

The water from the reservoir flows through the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle
is fitted. The nozzle increases the kinetic energy of the water flowing through the penstock. At
the outlet of the nozzle, the water comes out in the form of a jet and strikes the buckets (vanes)
of the runner. The main parts of Pelton turbine are

I. Nozzle with Guide Mechanism

II. Runner with buckets
III. Casing,
IV. Breaking jet.

1. Nozzle with Guide Mechanism: The amount of water striking the buckets (vanes) of
runner is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle as shown in Fig. 4.1. The spear is a
conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial
direction depending upon the size of unit, when the spear is pushed forward into the
nozzle the amount of water striking the runner is reduced. On the other hand, if the spear
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is pushed hack, the amount of water striking the runner increases.

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PELTON TURBINE

Figure - Nozzle with Guide Mechanism

2. Runner and buckets

Fig. shows the runner of a Pelton wheel. It consists of a circular disc on the
periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the
buckets is of a hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided in to two symmetrical
parts by a dividing wall is known as splitter.
The jet of water strikes on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal
parts and the comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped in such a
way that the jet gets deflect through 1600 or 1700. The buckets are made of cast iron, cast
steel bronze or stainless steel depends upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.

Figure Runner & Bucket

3. Casing: Fig. shows a Pelton turbine with a casing. The function of the casing is to
prevent splashing of the water and to discharge water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard
against accident is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton
wheel does not perform hydraulic function.

4. Breaking Jet: When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward
direction, the amount of water striking the runner reduces to zero. But the runner due to
inertia goes on revolving for a long time. To stop the runner in a short time, a small
nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet of
water is called breaking jet.
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PELTON TURBINE

Figure – Casing

Specification:

1. Type - Impulse (free jet) turbine

2. Type of flow – Tangential
3. Head – more then 250 m
4. Main runner shaft is horizontal to Pelton turbine
5. Specific speed : 8 to 30 for one nozzle
Up to 50 for more then one nozzle
6. Discharge : Low

Work Done Per Second by Water on the Runner of a Pelton Wheel & Maximum Efficiency

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‫ݐ݁ܮ‬
‫݉ܽݎ݃ܽ݅ܦ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊ܫ‬

‫ݑ‬ଵ = Runner velocity at inlet m/sec

ܸଵ = Absolute velocity at inlet
ܸௐଵ = Whirl velocity at inlet
ܸ௥ଵ = Relative velocity at inlet
ܸ௙ଵ = Flow velocity at inlet
ߙ = Angle between ܸଵ & ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅ܦ‬
ߠ = Angle between ܸ௥ଵ & Direction of motion

ܱ‫݉ܽݎ݃ܽ݅ܦ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁ݐݑ‬

‫ݑ‬ଶ = Runner velocity at outlet m/sec

ܸଶ = Absolute velocity at outlet
ܸௐଶ = Whirl velocity at outlet
ܸ௥ଶ = Relative velocity at outlet
ܸ௙ଶ = Flow velocity at outlet
߮ = Angle between ܸ௥ଶ & ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅ܦ‬
ߚ = Angle between ܸଶ & Direction of motion

‫ = ߙ ܾ݁݊݅ݎݑݐ ݊݋ݐ݈݁݌ ݎ݋ܨ‬0 & ߠ = 0 ܽ݊݀ ݂‫ݑ ݎ݁ݐ݁݉ܽ݅݀ ݎ݁݊݊ݑݎ ݁݉ܽݏ ݎ݋‬ଵ = ‫ݑ‬ଶ = ‫ݑ‬

‫ܥ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫ݐ ݊݅ ݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋‬ℎ݁ ݀݅‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ‬

= ݉ܽ‫ܿ × ݏݏ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅݀ ݊݅ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݂݋‬

‫ܥ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫ݐ ݊݅ ݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋‬ℎ݁ ݀݅‫ܸܽߩ = ݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ‬ଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ + ܸ௥ଶ ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሻ

‫ܸܽߩ = ݁ܿݎ݋ܨ‬ଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ + ܸ௥ଶ ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሻ

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ܸ௥ଵ = ܸௐଵ − ‫ݑ‬ ݂‫݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊݅ ݉݋ݎ‬

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‫‪PELTON TURBINE‬‬

‫‪ + ܸௐଶ‬ݑ = ߮ݏ݋ܿ ‪ܸ௥ଶ‬‬ ‫݈݁݃݊݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁ݐݑ݋ ݉݋ݎ݂‬

‫ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ × ݁ܿݎ݋ܨ = ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ‬

‫ݑ × ‪߮ሻ‬ݏ݋ܿ ‪ = ߩܸܽଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ + ܸ௥ଶ‬ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ‬

‫ݑ × ‪ + ܸௐଶ ሻ‬ݑ ‪ +‬ݑ ‪ = ߩܸܽଵ × ሺܸௐଵ −‬ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ‬

‫࢛ × ‪࣋ࢇࢂ૚ × ሺࢂࢃ૚ + ࢂࢃ૛ ሻ‬‬

‫= ࢘ࢋ࢝࢕ࡼ‬ ‫ࢃ࢑‬
‫‪૚૙૜‬‬

‫ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽ݉ ݎ݋݂ ݊݋݅ݐ݅݀݊݋ܥ‬

‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁݊݊ݑܴ‬
‫= ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݈ܿ݅ݑܽݎ݀ݕܪ‬
‫ݕ݈݌݌ݑܵ ݕ݃ݎ݁݊ܧ ܿ݅ݐ݁݊݅ܭ‬

‫ݑ × ‪ߩܸܽଵ × ሺܸௐଵ + ܸௐଶ ሻ‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ଶ‬‬
‫‪2 × ߩܸܽଵ × ܸଵ‬‬
‫ݑ × ‪2ሺܸௐଵ + ܸௐଶ ሻ‬‬
‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬

‫‪ܸௐଵ = ܸଵ‬‬ ‫݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊݅ ݉݋ݎ݂‬

‫ݑ ‪߮ −‬ݏ݋ܿ ‪ܸௐଶ = ܸ௥ଶ‬‬ ‫݈݁݃݊݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁ݐݑ݋ ݉݋ݎ݂‬

‫ݑ × ‪ሻ‬ݑ ‪߮ −‬ݏ݋ܿ ‪2ሺܸଵ + ܸ௥ଶ‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬

‫‪ܸ௥ଶ = ܸ௥ଵ‬‬ ‫݈ܾ݁݀ܽ ݊݅ ݏݏ݋݈ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݅ݎ݂ ݋݊ ݏ݅ ݁ݎ݁‪ℎ‬ݐ ݁݉ݑݏݏܣ‬

‫ݑ × ‪ሻ‬ݑ ‪߮ −‬ݏ݋ܿ ‪2ሺܸଵ + ܸ௥ଵ‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬

‫‪ܸ௥ଵ = ܸଵ − u‬‬ ‫݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊݅ ݉݋ݎ݂‬

‫ݑ × ‪ሻ‬ݑ ‪߮ −‬ݏ݋ܿ‪2ሺܸଵ + ሺܸଵ − uሻ‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬

‫ݑ × ‪߮ሿ‬ݏ݋ܿ‪ሻ + ሺܸଵ − uሻ‬ݑ ‪2ሾሺܸଵ −‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬

‫ݑ × ‪߮ሿ‬ݏ݋ܿ ‪ሻሾ1 +‬ݑ ‪2ሺܸଵ −‬‬

‫= ‪ߟ௛‬‬
‫‪ܸଵ ଶ‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
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PELTON TURBINE

‫ݑ‬
ߩ=
ܸଵ

ߟ௛ = 2ሺߩ − ߩ ଶ ሻሾ1 + ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሿ

݂‫ߟ ݁ݐܽ݅ܿ݊݁ݎ݂݂݁݅݀ ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽܯ ݎ݋‬௛ ‫݋ݎ݁ݖ ݋ݐ ݁ݐܽݑݍ݁ ݀݊ܽ ߩ ݐݎݓ‬

݀ߟ௛
=0
݀ߩ

2−4ߩ =0

ߩ = 1/2
࢛
= ૚/૛
ࢂ૚

ࢌ࢕࢘ ࡹࢇ࢞࢏࢓࢛࢓ ࢋࢌࢌ࢏ࢉ࢏ࢋ࢔ࢉ࢟ ࢛࢘࢔࢔ࢋ࢘ ࢜ࢋ࢒࢕ࢉ࢏࢚࢟ ࢙ࢎ࢕࢛࢒ࢊ ࢈ࢋ ࢋ࢛ࢗࢇ࢒ ࢚࢕ ࢎࢇ࢒ࢌ ࢕ࢌ ࢐ࢋ࢚ ࢜ࢋ࢒࢕ࢉ࢏࢚࢟

ߟ௛ = 2ሺߩ − ߩ ଶ ሻሾ1 + ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሿ

ܲ‫ = ߩ ݐݑ‬1/2

ߟ௛ ௠௔௫ = 2ሺߩ − ߩ ଶ ሻሾ1 + ܿ‫߮ݏ݋‬ሿ

ሾ૚ + ࢉ࢕࢙࣐ሿ
ࣁࢎ ࢓ࢇ࢞ =
૛

Force Exerted by a jet of Water on a Series of Vanes

݂‫ = ߙ ݐ݈ܽ݌ ݁݊ܽݒ ݂݋ ݏ݁݅ݎ݁ݏ ݎ݋‬0 & ߠ = 0 , ߮ = 90 ܽ݊݀ ݂‫ݑ ݎ݁ݐ݁݉ܽ݅݀ ݎ݁݊݊ݑݎ ݁݉ܽݏ ݎ݋‬ଵ =
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‫ݑ‬ଶ = ‫ = ߚ ݑ‬90 ܸௐଶ = 0

PELTON TURBINE

‫ݐ݈ܽ݌ ݁݊ܽݒ ݂݋ ݏ݁݅ݎ݁ݏ ݎ݋݂ ݐ݁ܮ‬

‫݉ܽݎ݃ܽ݅ܦ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊ܫ‬

‫ݑ‬ଵ = Runner velocity at inlet m/sec

ܸଵ = Absolute velocity at inlet
ܸௐଵ = Whirl velocity at inlet
ܸ௥ଵ = Relative velocity at inlet
ܸ௙ଵ = Flow velocity at inlet
ߙ = Angle between ܸଵ & ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅ܦ‬
ߠ = Angle between ܸ௥ଵ & Direction of motion

ܱ‫݉ܽݎ݃ܽ݅ܦ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁ݐݑ‬

‫ݑ‬ଶ = Runner velocity at outlet m/sec

ܸଶ = Absolute velocity at outlet
ܸௐଶ = Whirl velocity at outlet
ܸ௥ଶ = Relative velocity at outlet
ܸ௙ଶ = Flow velocity at outlet
߮ = Angle between ܸ௥ଶ & ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅ܦ‬
ߚ = Angle between ܸଶ & Direction of motion

‫ܥ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫ݐ ݊݅ ݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋‬ℎ݁ ݀݅‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ‬

= ݉ܽ‫ܿ × ݏݏ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ݅݀ ݊݅ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݂݋‬

‫ܥ‬ℎܽ݊݃݁ ‫ݐ ݊݅ ݉ݑݐ݊݁݉݋݉ ݂݋‬ℎ݁ ݀݅‫ܸܽߩ = ݊݋݅ݐ݋݉ ݂݋ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݁ݎ‬ଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ + ܸ௥ଶ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬90ሻ

‫ܸܽߩ = ݁ܿݎ݋ܨ‬ଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ + 0ሻ

ܸ௥ଵ = ܸଵ − ‫ݑ‬ ݂‫݈݁݃݊ܽ݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁݊݅ ݉݋ݎ‬

ܸ௥ଶ ܿ‫ = ߮ݏ݋‬0 ݂‫݈݁݃݊݅ݎݐ ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ ݐ݈݁ݐݑ݋ ݉݋ݎ‬

ܲ‫ݕݐ݅ܿ݋݈݁ݒ × ݁ܿݎ݋ܨ = ݎ݁ݓ݋‬

ܲ‫ܸܽߩ = ݎ݁ݓ݋‬ଵ × ሺܸ௥ଵ ሻ × ‫ݑ‬

ܲ‫ܸܽߩ = ݎ݁ݓ݋‬ଵ × ሺܸଵ − ‫ ݑ‬ሻ × ‫ݑ‬

࡯࢕࢔ࢊ࢏࢚࢏࢕࢔ ࢌ࢕࢘ ࢓ࢇ࢞࢏࢓࢛࢓ ࢋࢌࢌ࢏ࢉ࢏ࢋ࢔ࢉ࢟

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ܴ‫ݎ݁ݓ݋ܲ ݎ݁݊݊ݑ‬
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‫= ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݈ܿ݅ݑܽݎ݀ݕܪ‬
‫ݕ݈݌݌ݑܵ ݕ݃ݎ݁݊ܧ ܿ݅ݐ݁݊݅ܭ‬
PELTON TURBINE

ߩܸܽଵ × ሺܸଵ − ‫ ݑ‬ሻ × ‫ݑ‬

ߟ௛ =
1 ଶ
2 × ߩܸܽଵ × ܸଵ
2ሺܸଵ − ‫ ݑ‬ሻ × ‫ݑ‬
ߟ௛ =
ܸଵ ଶ
‫ݑ‬
ߩ=
ܸଵ

ߟ௛ = 2ሺߩ − ߩ ଶ ሻ

݂‫ߟ ݁ݐܽ݅ܿ݊݁ݎ݂݂݁݅݀ ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽܯ ݎ݋‬௛ ‫݋ݎ݁ݖ ݋ݐ ݁ݐܽݑݍ݁ ݀݊ܽ ߩ ݐݎݓ‬

݀ߟ௛
=0
݀ߩ

2−4ߩ =0

࣋ = ૚/૛

݂‫ݕ݂݂ܿ݊݁݅ܿ݅݁ ݉ݑ݉݅ݔܽܯ ݎ݋‬

ܲ‫ = ߩ ݐݑ‬1/2

ߟ௛ ௠௔௫ = 2ሺߩ − ߩ ଶ ሻ

ߟ௛ ௠௔௫ = 1/2

ࣁࢎ ࢓ࢇ࢞ = ૞૙%

GOVERNING OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Hydraulic turbines drive electrical generators in power plants. The frequency of

generation has to be strictly maintained at a constant value. This means that the turbines should
run at constant speed irrespective of the load or power output. It is also possible that due to
electrical tripping the turbine has to be stopped suddenly.

The governing system takes care of maintaining the turbine speed constant irrespective of the
load and also cutting off the water supply completely when electrical circuits trip.

When the load decreases the speed will tend to rise if the water supply is not reduced.
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Similarly when suddenly load comes on the unit the speed will decrease. The governor should
step in and restore the speed to the specified value without any loss of time.
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The governor should be sensitive which means that it should be able to act rapidly even
when the change in speed is small. At the same time it should not hunt, which means that there
should be no ups and downs in the speed and stable condition should be maintained after the
restoration of the speed to the rated value. It should not suddenly cut down the flow completely
to avoid damage to penstock pipes.

In hydraulic power plants the available head does not vary suddenly and is almost
constant over a period of time. So governing can be achieved only by changing the quantity of
water that flows into the turbine runner.

As already discussed the water flow in pelton turbines is controlled by the spear needle
placed in the nozzle assembly. The movement of the spear is actuated by the governor to control
the speed. In reaction turbines the guide vanes are moved such that the flow area is changed as
per the load requirements.

The components of governing system are

(i) The speed sensing element which actuates the system (ii) Hydraulic power pack with suitable
pump and valves. (iii) Distributing valve also called relay valve (iv) Power cylinder which
provides the force required.

The mechanical centrifugal governor is driven by the turbine shaft. The weights carry a
sleeve which can move up and down the drive spindle. When the load decreases the turbine
speeds up and the governor weights fly apart moving the sleeve up. The reverse happens when
load increase on the turbine. The sleeve carries a lever which moves the control value in the
relay cylinder. Oil under pressure is maintained at the central position of the relay cylinder. The
top and bottom are connected on one side to the power cylinder and to the sump on the other
side. Under steady load conditions the value rod closes both inlets to the power cylinder and the
spear remains at a constant position. When the turbine speeds up, the valve rod moves down
connecting the oil supply to the left side of the power cylinder. The piston in the power cylinder
mover to reduce the flow. At the some time the right side of the power cylinder is connected to
the sump so that the oil in the right side can flow out. The opposite movement takes place when
the turbine speed reduces.

As sudden cut off is not desirable, a deflector is actuated by suitable mechanism to deflect the
flow when sudden and rapid increase in speed takes place.
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PELTON TURBINE

Governing system for Pelton turbine

In the case of reaction turbines, the power cylinder and the sensing system are the same.
The guide vanes are mounted on a ring and so mounted that these rotate when the ring rotates.
The rotation of the ring is actuated by the power cylinder when the load changes. This part of the
system is shown in figure

12

Reaction turbine governor linkage

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