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03 Amplitude Modulation
03 Amplitude Modulation
Part 3 :
Amplitude Modulation
Introduction
• Communication systems conveys information
through communication channel by shifting
baseband signal to a suitable frequency band.
• Modulation is a process for shifting frequency
range by a carrier signal.
• In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the
sinusoidal carrier wave is varied according to the
baseband signal.
g (t ) a (t ) cos(2 f c t (t ))
AM
E(t ) eˆ A(t ) cos(0t 0 )
PM
E(t ) eˆ A0 cos(0t (t ))
FM
E(t ) eˆ A0 cos( (t )t 0 )
3
Amplitude Modulation
m(t)
• Sinusoidal carrier wave c(t) 0 for carrier ka
suppressed
c(t ) Ac cos(2 f ct ) ka m(t)
c(t) 1
• Amplitude-modulation wave s(t)
s(t)
s (t ) Ac [1 ka m(t )]cos(2 f ct )
– Ac denote carrier amplitude, in unit: volt
– fc denote carrier frequency
– m(t) denote the baseband signal carries the
message, in unit: volt
– ka is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity, in
(volt)-1 unit
– This absolute maximum value of kam(t) multiplied by
100 is referred to as percentage modulation.
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 4
Amplitude Modulation – Requirement 1
• Baseband signal m(t )
• Note:
– the message of m(t) for negative frequencies extending
from –W to 0 becomes visible for positive (measurable)
frequencies.
– for positive frequencies, signals above carrier fc is
referred as upper sideband (USB), whereas the
symmetric portion is lower sideband (LSB).
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 7
Amplitude Modulation
• Note:
– for negative frequencies, the upper sideband refers
the signals below –fc, and the lower sideband is
defined by the portion above –fc .
– for positive frequencies, the highest frequency
component is fc + W, and the lowest one is fc – W. The
difference is defined as transmission bandwidth, BT,
for the AM signal. Thus BT = 2W.
Complex
Conjugate
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 8
Example 3.1 Single-Tone Modulation
• Considering a modulating wave m(t ) Am cos( 2f m t )
s (t ) Ac [1 cos( 2f m t )] cos( 2f c t )
• ka Am : modulation factor, or percentage modulation.
• If Amax and Amin denote the maximum and minimum
values of the
envelope:
Amax Ac (1 )
Amin Ac (1 )
Amax Amin
Amax Amin
USB power = 18 Ac
2 2
gT0 (t )
Switching Modulator
• Assume gT0 (t ) is a periodic pulse train of duty
cycle equal to one-half and period T0 1 / f c .
Thus v2 (t ) [ Ac cos(2 f ct ) m(t )]gT (t ) 0
2n t
2 T0 2
na
T
T0 g (t )cos
T
dt
0 2 0
bn 2 T 2 g (t )sin 2n t dt
T0
T0 0 2 T0
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 12
Switching Modulator
v2 (t ) [ Ac cos(2 f ct ) m(t )]gT0 (t )
1 2 ( 1) n 1
Ac cos(2 f ct ) m(t ) cos[2 f ct (2n 1)]
2 n 1 2n 1
1 2 2 1 21
Ac cos(2 f ct ) m(t ) cos(2 f ct ) cos 2 (3 f c )t cos 2 (5 f c )t L
2 3 5
1 A 2 Desired AM signal
m(t ) c m(t ) cos(2 f ct )
2 2
2 1 1
m(t ) cos 2 (3 f c )t cos 2 (5 f c )t L Images
3 5
c cos(2 f ct ) cos(2 f ct ) cos 2 (3 f c )t cos 2 (5 f c )t L Delta Func.
2A 1 1
3 5
V2 ( f )
-W W
-5fc -4fc -3fc -2fc -fc 0 fc 2fc 3fc 4fc 5fc
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 13
Switching Modulator
m(t)
• v2 (t ) consists of two components
ka
– Desired AM signal Selected by a BPF ka m(t)
A 4 1
v2 (t ) c 1 m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) at f c
2 Ac s(t)
s (t ) Ac [1 ka m(t )]cos(2 fct ) c(t)
4
• amplitude sensitivity ka
Ac
– Unwanted components
• Delta functions at 0, 2 fc , 4 fc , L
• Images at 0, 3 fc , 5 fc , L
V2 ( f )
-W W
-5fc -4fc -3fc -2fc -fc 0 fc 2fc 3fc 4fc 5fc
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 14
Envelope Detector (Demodulation)
• To demodulate an AM signal, what we need to do is to
detect the slow-varying envelope.
• Assume the diode is ideal with forward resistance rf
• We need to fast charge C and then input
slowly discharged, so
1 1 1
(rf Rs )C and Rl C
fC fC W
1 1
(rf Rs ) Rl
fC C WC
output
An RC
filter
Ring Modulator
outer diodes on
Multiplier
180 Phase change
Coherent Detector
• Coherent/Synchronous detection: Multiplying the
received signal s(t) by a locally generated sinusoidal wave:
v(t ) Ac cos(2 f ct ) s (t ) where s (t ) m(t ) Ac cos(2 f c t )
Ac Ac cos(2 f ct )cos(2 f ct )m(t )
1 1 LPF
Ac Ac cos m(t ) Ac Ac cos(4 f ct )m(t )
2 2
1
v0 (t ) Ac Ac cos m(t )
2
Costas Receiver
Using a negative
Feedback loop to
Form a PLL! I 12 Ac (cos )m(t ) 1
1
Q 2 Ac (sin )m(t ) tan
Q
tan 1
I
Quadrature
phase shift
• Best when Q/I = 0.
• If slightly deviated
from 0, i.e. is small,
Q
tan
I
• is applied to control
the phase of VCO.
• I – channel: in-phase coherent detector.
• Q – channel: quadrature-phase coherent detector.
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 22
Quadrature Carrier/Amplitude Multiplexing
• QAM applies two independent signals, m1(t) and m2(t), on two
carrier waves of the same frequency but differing in phase by
-90 degrees, which is expressed as:
s (t ) Ac m1 (t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac m2 (t ) sin(2 f c t ) Re[ s (t ) Ac e j 2 fct ]
s (t ) m1 (t ) jm2 (t )
Note:
These two independent
signals, m1(t) and m2(t),
Tx: occupy the same channel
bandwidth, thus it’s a
bandwidth-conservation
scheme. higher
spectral efficiency!
1 2
28
-W W - fc fc - fc fc
• Coherent detection
Ac
v(t ) Ac cos(2 f c t ) s (t ) V( f ) S ( f f c ) S ( f fc )
2
A
S ( f ) c M ( f f c ) M ( f fc ) H ( f )
2
V ( f ) Ac Ac M ( f ) H ( f f c ) H ( f f c )
4 LPF
Ac Ac
M ( f 2 f c ) H ( f f c ) M ( f 2 f c ) H ( f fc )
4
Vo ( f ) Ac Ac M ( f ) H ( f fc ) H ( f fc )
4
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 30
Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) DeModulation
H( f ) H ( f fc ) H ( f fc )
M(f ) H ( fc )
31
- fc 0 fc - fc 0 fc 2fc -2fc -fc 0 fc
A A
Vo ( f ) c c M ( f ) H ( f f c ) H ( f f c )
4
• To obtain a distortionless m(t), Vo(f) should be a scaled
version of M(f). [H(f – fc) + H(f + fc)] is independent of f.
H ( f fc ) H ( f fc ) 2 H ( fc )
where H(fc) is the value of H(f) at f = fc. H ( f fc ) H ( f fc )
M(f )
• Let
H ( f f c ) H ( f f c ) 1, W f W
1 Ac Ac
H ( fc )
2
vo (t )
4
m(t ) -2fc -fc 0 fc 2fc
-W W
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 31
For f > fc + W,
H(f) can be arbitrary
H ( f2 ) specified.
Required
H ( f1 )
H ( f1 ) H ( f 2 ) 1
f1 f2
NTHU EE364000 Communication Systems I Y.H. Huang & K.M. Feng 32
Frequency Translation
• SSB modulation is a form of frequency translation,
which is also referred to as frequency changing,
mixing, or heterodyning.
Mixer