PULSE-WIDTH

MODULATION (PWM)
&
PULSE-POSITION

MODULATION (PPM)
BY ALABA & YRAG

Communications 2 (ECE313)
PULSE-WIDTH

MODULATION (PWM)
&
PULSE-POSITION

MODULATION (PPM)
BY ALABA & YRAG

Communications 2 (ECE313)
COMMUNICATIONS 2 (ECE313) GOALS OF THE TOPIC

Be able to examine how PWM

and PPM works and analyze

OBJECTIVES its characteristics

Compare and contrast the

different analog

modulation (PAM, PWM, PPM)

Find out its usage and

applications
MODULATION TICHNEQUES
 TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION

WHAT IS
PWM?
 TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION

A modulation technique where the width of the pulses of the

pulsed carrier wave is varied according to the modulating signal.
It is also known as Pulse duration modulation (PDM).

The duration at which the signals stays high is called the "on
time" and the duration at which the signal stays low is called as
the "off time"
 ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES TO
MASTER

DUTY CYCLE
The percentage of time in which the
PWM signal remains high (on time)
is called as duty cycle

By controlling the duty cycle from 0% to 100%, we

can control the "on time" of PWM signal and thus
the width of signal.
FREQUENCY
The frequency of PWM signal
determines how fast a PWM
completes a period

F = 1/Time Period By controlling the duty cycle from 0% to 100%, we

Time Period = On time + Off time can control the "on time" of PWM signal and thus
the width of signal.
PWM WAVEFORM
REPRESENTATION
LEAD EDGE
MODULATION

TRAIL EDGE
MODULATION

CENTER PULSE TWO EDGE MODULATION

PWM TECHNIQUES
 ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES TO MASTER 20

THE THREE BASIC PATTERNS

 20
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES TO MASTER

LEAD EDGE

TRAIL EDGE

CENTRE PULSE

THE THREE BASIC PATTERNS

 TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION

PWM SIGNAL

GENERATION
 PWM GENERATOR

TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
The comparator compares the two input signals and generates a PWM signal as its output
waveform. The comparator output will remain high as long as the instantaneous amplitude of
x(t) is higher than that of the ramp signal else it's in a low state. Thus, the value of the input
signal magnitude determines the comparator output which defines the width of the pulse
generated at the output.
04
PWM CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE
 PWM
DEMODULATION
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PWM Techniques are used in
telecommunications for
encoding purposes

APPLICATIONS VOLTAGE REGULATION

OF PULSE adjusting the brightness

of the screen
controls the speed of

WIDTH motors

MODULATION AUDIO/VIDEO AMPLIFIERS

Generate audio signal
Can give sound effects
similar to chorus
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

OF (PWM) OF (PWM)

Provides accuracy and quick A considerably large

response time. bandwidth is required for

use in communication.
Provides high input Power
Factor with Low Power Loss.
As the PWM frequency is

Low initial cost as well as high, switching losses is

maintenance cost. considerably high.

It is a complex circuit

Helps the motors to generate with a fairly complex

maximum torque even when they process of working.

are running at lower speeds.
 TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
PULSE-POSITION MODULATION

WHAT IS
PPM?
PULSE-POSITION MODULATION

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is an analog modulating

scheme in which the amplitude and width of the pulses are
kept constant, while the position of each pulse, with reference
to the position of a reference pulse varies according to the
instantaneous sampled value of the message signal.
HOW DOES THE POSITION OF THE

PULSES SHOW VARIATIONS?

PPM signal is generated in reference to a PWM signal. Thus, the trailing edge of
the PWM signal acts as the beginning point of the pulses of PPM signal.

The transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses (or simply sync pulses) to keep
the transmitter and receiver in synchronism. These sync pulses help maintain
the position of the pulses.
m(t)

g(t)

s(t)
Using the sample m(nTs) of message signal m(t) to modulate the position of nth pulse,

PPM CAN BE

REPRESENTED AS:

where,
kp is the sensitivity factor of the PPM (in sec/v)
g(t) - standard pulse gate of interest
m(nTs) - sampled value of m(t) at t = nTs (in volts)
the adjacent pulses must be strictly non-overlapping
 the adjacent pulses must be strictly non-overlapping

requires:
the adjacent pulses must be strictly non-overlapping

requires:
 1. As is getting close to Ts/2 :
Standard pulse g(t) become narrow
PPM signal s(t) do not interfere with each
other
requires:
2. Above condition fulfill the requirement of the
recovery of the sampled signal m(nTs) perfectly.
 TO MASTER
ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES
PULSE-POSITION MODULATION

PPM SIGNAL

GENERATION
PWM CIRCUIT
PPM CIRCUIT
 PPM
DEMODULATION
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
It is used in the air
traffic control system
and telecommunication
systems.

APPLICATIONS
OF PULSE REMOTE CONTROLS
Remote controlled cars,

POSITION planes, trains use pulse

code modulations.

MODULATION STORAGE
It is used to compress data
and hence it is used for
storage.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

OF (PWM) OF (PWM)

As it has constant amplitude

In order to have proper
noise interference is less.
detection of the signal
at the receiver,
We can easily separate signal
transmitter and receiver
from a noisy signal.
must be in
synchronization.
Among all three types, it has
the most power efficiency.
The bandwidth requirement
is large.
Requires less power when
compared to pulse amplitude
modulation.
 REFERENCE
https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/Mini-Projects/PULSE-

WIDTH-MODULATION/

https://www.circuits-diy.com/how-to-generate-pulse-width-

modulation-pwm/

https://electricalfundablog.com/pulse-width-modulation/

https://wiki.analog.com/university/courses/electronics/elec

tronics-lab-pulse-width-modulation

https://electronicscoach.com/pulse-position-modulation.html