Chapter 19 Reproductive System

Chapter 19
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Figure 19.1
Mammary
gland
(in breast)
Uterine
Seminal tube
vesicle
Ductus Ovary
Prostate
deferens
gland Uterus
Vagina
Epididymis Penis
Testis
Figure 19.2
First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I) Second Meiotic Division (Meiosis II)

(continued from the bottom of previous column)
Early prophase I
The duplicated Centromere
chromosomes Chromosome Prophase II
become visible Each chromosome
Nucleus
chromatids. consists of two
chromatids.
Chromatids
Centrioles
Middle prophase I
Pair of chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes
synapse. Crossing
over may occur at
this stage.
Spindle
fibers
Metaphase I Metaphase II
Pairs of chromosomes align Chromosomes
along the center of the cell. align along the
Random assortment Equatorial center of the cell.
of chromosomes occurs. plane
Figure 19.2 Contd.
Anaphase I Anaphase II
Chromosomes move Chromatids
apart to opposite separate, and each
sides of the cell. is now called a
chromosome.
Cleavage
Telophase I furrow Telophase II
New nuclei form, New nuclei form
and the cell divides. around the
Each cell now has chromosomes.
two sets of half the The cells divide to
chromosomes. form four daughter
cells with half as
many chromosomes
as the parent cell.
Prophase II (top of next column)
Figure 19.3
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Urinary bladder
Ejaculatory duct
Rectum
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Anus
Urethra
Penis Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Glans penis Testis
Prepuce
Scrotum
Medial view
Figure 19.4
Basement
membrane
Interstitial cells Sustentacular cell

(Leydig cells)
Spermatogonia
Rete testis
Seminiferous tubule
Efferent Testis Primary and
ductules secondary
spermatocytes
Epididymis
Spermatids
Duct of
epididymis
Sperm cells
Septa Acrosome
Lobules
with coiled
seminiferous Head
Ductus
tubules Nucleus
deferens
Midpiece Centriole
Tail
Mitochondria
Tail
Figure 19.5
Spermatogonia
are the cells from Spermatogonium
which sperm (germ cell) 46
cells arise. The
spermatogonia
divide by mitosis.
One daughter 46 Mitotic division
cell remains a
spermatogonium
that can divide 46
again by mitosis. Daughter cell
One daughter
cell becomes a
primary Sustentacular
spermatocyte. cell
Primary
spermatocyte
46
The primary
First meiotic
spermatocyte
division
divides by
meiosis to form
secondary
Secondary 23 23
spermatocytes.
spermatocyte
The secondary Second meiotic

spermatocytes division
divide by meiosis
to form 23
Spermatid 23 23 23
spermatids.
Figure 19.5 Contd.
The spermatids Spermatid 23 23 23 23

differentiate to becoming a
form sperm cells. sperm cell
23
23 23
23
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Sperm
cells
Figure 19.6
Ampulla of
ductus deferens
Ureter
Ductus deferens
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle
Duct of seminal vesicle

Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Inguinal canal
Prostatic
urethra
Membranous
urethra
Ductus deferens
Bulbourethral
gland Testicular artery Spermatic
Testicular veins cord
Testicular nerve
Corpus cavernosum External connective

tissue
Coverings of
Penis Corpus spongiosum Cremaster muscle
spermatic cord
Spongy
Internal connective
urethra
tissue
Figure 19.6 Contd.
External urethral
orifice
Head
Epididymis Body
Tail
Dartos
Ductus deferens muscle
(arises from tail of Scrotum
epididymis) Skin
Glans penis
Testis
(rotated so the epididymis on the
posterior of the testis can be seen)
Anterior view
Figure 19.6 Contd.
Dorsal vein
Dorsal surface Dorsal artery
Dorsal nerve
Connective
tissue
Corpora
cavernosa
Corpus
spongiosum
Spongy urethra
Ventral surface
Figure 19.7
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) from the GnRH
hypothalamus stimulates the
secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH)
and follicle-stimulating hormone Hypothalamus
(FSH) from the anterior pituitary.
Stimulatory
LH stimulates testosterone
secretion from the interstitial
cells. Inhibitory
FSH stimulates sustentacular

cells of the seminiferous
tubules to increase Anterior pituitary
LH, FSH
spermatogenesis and to
secrete inhibin.
Testosterone has a
stimulatory effect on the
sustentacular cells of the LH FSH
Inhibin
seminiferous tubules, as well as on
the development of reproductive
organs and secondary sexual
characteristics. Interstitial Sustentacular
cells of cells of
testis seminiferous
Testosterone has a tubules
negative-feedback effect on the
hypothalamus and pituitary to Testosterone
reduce GnRH, LH, and FSH
secretion.
Inhibin has a negative-feedback

effect on the anterior pituitary to Development of
reduce FSH secretion. reproductive
organs and Spermatogenesis
secondary sexual
characteristics
Table 19.1
Major Reproductive Hormones in Males and Females

Hormone Source Target Tissue Response
Male Reproductive System
Gonadotropin-releasing Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary Interstitial cells of the testes Stimulates synthesis and secretion of testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Anterior pituitary Seminiferous tubules Supports spermatogenesis and inhibin secretion
(sustentacular cells)
Testosterone Interstitial cells of testes Testes; body tissues Development and maintenance of reproductive
organs; supports spermatogenesis and causes
the development and maintenance of secondary
sexual characteristics
Anterior pituitary and Inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion through
hypothalamus negative feedback
Inhibin Sustentacular cells Anterior pituitary Inhibits FSH secretion through negative feedback
Table 19.1 Contd.
Female Reproductive System
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

(GnRH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary Ovaries Causes follicles to complete maturation and
undergo ovulation; causes ovulation; causes the
ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Anterior pituitary Ovaries Causes follicles to begin development
Estrogen Follicles of ovaries and Uterus Proliferation of endometrial cells

corpus luteum
Breasts Development of mammary glands (especially

duct systems)
Anterior pituitary and Positive feedback before ovulation, resulting in

hypothalamus increased LH and FSH secretion; negative
feedback with progesterone on the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after
ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and
FSH secretion
Other tissues Development and maintenance of secondary

sexual characteristics
Progesterone Corpus luteum of ovaries Uterus Enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion
of fluid from uterine glands; maintenance of
pregnant state
Breasts Development of mammary glands (especially

alveoli)
Anterior pituitary Negative feedback, with estrogen, on the

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after
ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and
FSH secretion
Other tissues Secondary sexual characteristics
Oxytocin Posterior pituitary Uterus and mammary glands Contraction of uterine smooth muscle and
contraction of cells in the breast, resulting
in milk letdown in lactating women
Human chorionic gonadotropin Placenta Corpus luteum of ovaries Maintains corpus luteum and increases its rate
of progesterone secretion during the first
one-third (first trimester) of pregnancy;
increases testosterone production in testes
of male fetuses
Table 19.2
Effects of Testosterone on Target Tissues

Target Tissue Response
Penis and scrotum Enlargement and differentiation
Hair follicles Hair growth and coarser hair in the pubic area, legs, chest, axillary region, face, and occasionally back; male pattern baldness
on the head if the person has the appropriate genetic makeup
Skin Coarser texture of skin; increased rate of secretion of sebaceous glands, frequently resulting in acne at the time of puberty;
increased secretion of sweat glands in axillary regions
Larynx Enlargement of larynx and deeper masculine voice
Most tissues Increased rate of metabolism
Red blood cells Increased rate of red blood cell production; a red blood cell count increase by about 20% as a result of increased erythropoietin
secretion
Kidneys Retention of sodium and water to a small degree, resulting in increased extracellular fluid volume
Skeletal muscle A skeletal muscle mass increase at puberty; average increase is greater in males than in females
Bone Rapid bone growth, resulting in increased rate of growth and early cessation of bone growth; males who mature sexually at a
later age do not exhibit a rapid period of growth, but they grow for a longer time and can become taller than men who
mature earlier
Figure 19.8
Uterine tube Vertebral

column
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary
bladder
Anterior Cervix Posterior

Pubic
of uterus
symphysis
Mons pubis Rectum
Urethra
Clitoris Vagina
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Labia minora
Labia majora
Medial view
Figure 19.9
Uterine tube
Mesovarium Uterine cavity Suspensory

ligament
Ovary
Fimbria
Broad ligament Ampulla
Fundus
Ovary of uterine
tube
Uterine
tube
Broad
ligament Ovarian ligament
Uterus Body Round ligament
Endometrium
Myometrium (muscular layer)
Perimetrium (serous layer)
Broad ligament (cut)

Cervix
Cervical canal Vagina (cut)

Opening of cervix
Anterior view
Figure 19.10
Mesovarium
Blood vessels
Primordial follicles
Primary oocyte
Degenerated corpus luteum Primary follicles

Visceral peritoneum
Granulosa cells
Zona pellucida
Outer part of ovary
Inner part of ovary
Degenerating follicle
Secondary follicle
Vesicles
Zona pellucida
Corpus luteum Theca
Zona pellucida
Primary oocyte
Cumulus cells
Mature, or Antrum
graafian, follicle
Theca
Figure 19.11
Oocyte Maturation Follicle Maturation Age

Oogonia give rise to oocytes. Oogonia Before
Before birth, oogonia multiply by
birth
mitosis. During development of
the fetus, many oogonia begin
meiosis, but stop in prophase I 46 46
and are now called primary
oocytes. They remain in this state Mitotic division
until puberty.
Daughter 46
cell
Primary oocyte Primordial
Before birth, the primary oocytes First meiotic follicle
Primary 46 division begins
become surrounded by a single Granulosa
oocyte and then stops
layer of granulosa cells, creating a cells
primordial follicle. These are
present until puberty.
Number of primary oocytes Birth to
decreases to 300,000 puberty
After puberty, primordial follicles Puberty to

develop into primary follicles menopause
when the granulosa cells enlarge Primary
and increase in number. Primary oocyte follicles
Granulosa
cells
Zona pellucida
Figure 19.11 Contd.
Secondary follicles form when

fluid-filled vesicles develop and Primary
theca cells arise on the outside oocyte Secondary
of the follicle. Zona follicle
pellucida Fluid-filled vesicles
Granulosa
cells
Mature follicles form when the Theca
vesicles create a single antrum.
Mature (graafian)
Just before ovulation, the primary follicle
oocyte completes meiosis I,
creating a secondary oocyte and First meiotic Zona pellucida
a nonviable polar body. division
Cumulus cells
completed just
before ovulation Antrum
The secondary oocyte begins First polar body Theca
meiosis II, but stops at Secondary 23 23 (may divide to
metaphase II. oocyte
form two polar
bodies) Granulosa cells
Second meiotic
division begins being converted
During ovulation, the secondary
and then stops to corpus luteum
oocyte is released from the ovary. Ovulation
cells
Secondary Secondary
The secondary oocyte only 23
oocyte oocyte
completes meiosis II if it is
fertilized by a sperm cell. The
completion of meiosis II forms an
oocyte and a second polar body. Zona
Second
Fertilization is complete when the pellucida
polar
oocyte nucleus and the sperm cell body
nucleus unite, creating a zygote. Sperm cell Cumulus
unites with 23 cells
23 Zygote
secondary
oocyte
46
Following ovulation, the granulosa Corpus
cells divide rapidly and enlarge to luteum
Second meiotic division
form the corpus luteum.
completed after sperm
cell unites with the
secondary oocyte
The corpus luteum degenerates
to form a scar, or corpus albicans. Corpus
Fertilization albicans
Figure 19.12
Mons
pubis
Prepuce
Clitoris
Labia
majora
Urethra
Labia
minora Vagina
Vestibule
Pudendal
cleft
Clinical
perineum Anus
Figure 19.13
Lactiferous duct
Alveoli
Fascia
Rib
Lobe
Lobule Pectoralis
major
Adipose tissue Epithelium
Suspensory
ligaments
Nonlactating
Myoepithelial
Lactiferous cell
ducts
(b) Nonlactating breast
(c) Lactating breast
Nipple
Epithelium
Areola
Alveoli
Lobule
Lactating
Lobe
Figure 19.14
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary gland
LH
Pituitary
gland
FSH
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Corpus
Developing follicles Ovulation luteum
Estrogen
Ovary
Progesterone
Figure 19.14 Contd.
Endometrium
Uterus
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 days
Menses Proliferative Secretory Menses

phase phase
Table 19.3
Events During the Menstrual Cycle

Menses (day 1 to day 4 or 5 of the menstrual cycle)
Pituitary gland The rate of FSH and LH secretion is low, but the rate of FSH secretion increases as progesterone levels decline.
Ovary The rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion is low after degeneration of the corpus luteum produced during the previous
menstrual cycle.
Uterus In response to declining progesterone levels, the endometrial lining of the uterus sloughs off, resulting in menses followed by repair of
the endometrium.
Proliferative Phase (from day 4 or 5 until ovulation on about day 14)

Pituitary gland The rate of FSH and LH secretion is only slightly elevated during most of the proliferative phase; FSH and LH secretions increase near
the end of the proliferative phase in response to increasing estrogen secretion from the ovaries.
Ovary Developing follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen, especially near the end of the proliferative phase; increasing FSH and
LH cause additional estrogen secretion from the ovaries near the end of the proliferative phase.
Uterus Estrogen causes endometrial cells of the uterus to divide. The endometrium of the uterus thickens, and tubelike glands form.
Estrogen causes the cells of the uterus to be more sensitive to progesterone by increasing the number of progesterone receptors
in uterine tissues.
Ovulation (about day 14)

Pituitary gland The rate of FSH and LH secretion increases rapidly just before ovulation in response to increasing estrogen levels. Increasing FSH and
LH levels stimulate estrogen secretion, resulting in a positive-feedback cycle.
Ovary LH causes final maturation of a mature follicle and initiates the process of ovulation. FSH acts on immature follicles and causes several
of them to begin to enlarge.
Uterus The endometrium continues to divide in response to estrogen.
Secretory Phase (from about day 14 to day 28)

Pituitary gland Estrogen and progesterone reach levels high enough to inhibit FSH and LH secretion from the pituitary gland.
Ovary After ovulation, the follicle is converted to the corpus luteum; the corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and smaller
amounts of estrogen from shortly after ovulation until about day 24 or 25. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates
after about day 25, and the rate of progesterone secretion rapidly declines to low levels.
Uterus In response to progesterone, the endometrial cells enlarge, the endometrial layer thickens, and the glands of the endometrium reach
their greatest degree of development; the endometrial cells secrete a small amount of fluid. After progesterone levels decline, the
endometrium begins to degenerate.
Menses (day 1 to day 4 or 5 of the next menstrual cycle)

Pituitary gland The rate of LH remains low, and the rate of FSH secretion increases as progesterone levels decline.
Ovary The rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion is low.
Uterus In response to declining progesterone levels, the endometrial lining of the uterus sloughs off, resulting in menses followed by repair of
the endometrium.
Table 19.4
Possible Changes in Postmenopausal Women Caused by Decreased Ovarian

Hormone Secretion
Changes
Menstrual cycle Five to seven years before menopause, the cycle becomes irregular; the number of cycles in which ovulation does not occur
and in which corpora lutea do not develop increases.
Uterus Gradual increase in irregular menstruations is followed by no menstruation; the endometrium finally atrophies, and the uterus
becomes smaller.
Vagina and external The epithelial lining becomes thinner; the external genitalia become thinner and less elastic; the labia majora become smaller;
genitalia the pubic hair decreases; reduced secretion leads to dryness; the vagina is more easily inflamed and infected.
Skin The epidermis becomes thinner.
Cardiovascular system Hypertension and atherosclerosis occur more frequently.
Vasomotor instability Hot flashes and increased sweating are correlated with vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels; the hot flashes are related to
decreased estrogen levels.
Libido Temporary changes, usually a decrease in libido, are associated with the onset of menopause.
Fertility Fertility begins to decline about 10 years before the onset of menopause; by age 50, almost all the oocytes and follicles have
degenerated.
Pituitary function Low levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries cause the pituitary gland to secrete larger than normal amounts
of LH and FSH; increased levels of these hormones have little effect on the postmenopausal ovaries.
Figure 19.15
(a) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten
Figure 19.15 Contd.
(b) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten
Figure 19.15 Contd.
(c) ©Aaron Haupt/Science Source
Figure 19.15 Contd.
(d) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten
Figure 19.15 Contd.
(e) ©Martin Shields/Alamy
Figure 19.15 Contd.
Ductus deferens within

spermatic cord
Ductus deferens
(vas deferens)
cut and tied
Figure 19.15 Contd.
Ovary
Uterus
Uterine tube
cut and tied
Table 19.5
REPRESENTATIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS: Reproductive System

Condition Description
Infectious Diseases
Pelvic inflammatory Bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs; commonly caused by a vaginal or uterine infection with the bacteria
disease (PID) gonorrhea or chlamydia; early symptoms include increased vaginal discharge and pelvic pain; antibiotics are effective; if
untreated, can lead to sterility or be life-threatening
Sexually Transmitted Commonly known as STIs; spread by intimate sexual contact

Infections
Nongonococcal urethritis Inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrhea; can be caused by trauma, insertion of a nonsterile
(non-gon′ō-kok′ăl u-rē- catheter, or sexual contact; usually due to infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (kla-mid′ē-ă tra-kō′mă-
thrῑ′tis) tis); may go unnoticed and result in pelvic inflammatory disease or sterility; antibiotics are effective treatment
Trichomoniasis Caused by Trichomonas (trik′ō- mō′nas), a protozoan commonly found in the vagina of women and in the urethra of
(trik-ō-mō-nῑ′ă-sis) men; results in a greenish-yellow discharge with a foul odor; more common in women than in men
Gonorrhea (gon-ō-rē′ă) Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (nῑ-sē′rē-ă gon-ō-rē′ă), which attaches to the epithelial cells of the vagina
or male urethra and causes pus to form; pain and discharge from the penis occur in men; asymptomatic in
women in the early stages; can lead to sterility in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in women
Genital herpes (her′pēz) Caused by herpes simplex 2 virus; characterized by lesions on the genitals that progress into blisterlike areas, making
urination, sitting, and walking painful; antiviral drugs can be effective
Genital warts Caused by a viral infection; very contagious; warts vary from separate, small growths to large, cauliflower-like clusters; lesions
are not painful, but sexual intercourse with lesions is; treatments include topical medicines and surgery to remove the lesions
Syphilis (sif′i-lis) Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (trep-ō-nē′mă pal′i-dǔm); can be spread by sexual contact; multiple
disease stages occur; children born to infected mothers may be developmentally delayed; antibiotics are effective
Acquired immunodeficiency Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which ultimately destroys the immune system (see chapter 14);
syndrome (AIDS) transmitted through intimate sexual contact or by allowing infected body fluids into the interior of another person
Figure 19.16
SKELETAL
The rate of red blood cell
synthesis in the red bone
marrow increases.
INTEGUMENTARY MUSCULAR
If anemia develops, the skin can If anemia develops and is severe, muscle
appear pale because of the reduced weakness results because of the reduced
hemoglobin in red blood cells. Benign ability of the cardiovascular system to
Uterine Tumors deliver adequate oxygen to muscles.
Symptoms
• None in 75% of
cases
URINARY • Frequent and
severe menses CARDIOVASCULAR
The kidney increases erythropoietin
• Strong menstrual
secretion in response to the reduced A chronic loss of blood, as occurs in
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. uterine cramping
prolonged menstruation over many
The erythropoietin increases red blood months to years, frequently results in
cell synthesis in red bone marrow. An Treatment iron-deficiency anemia. Manifestations
enlarged uterine tumor can put pressure • Hysterectomy of anemia include pale skin, reduced
on the urinary bladder, resulting in hematocrit, reduced hemoglobin
frequent and painful urination. concentration, smaller than normal
red blood cells (microcytic anemia),
and increased heart rate.
RESPIRATORY
Because of anemia, the oxygen-carrying
capacity of the blood is reduced. Increased
respiration during physical exertion and rapid
fatigue are likely to occur if anemia develops.
Figure 19.17
Interstitial leiomyoma
Uterus
Submucous
leiomyoma
Subserous
leiomyoma
Vagina

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First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I) Second Meiotic Division (Meiosis II)

Prophase II (top of next column)

Penis Ductus deferens

Glans penis Testis

Interstitial cells Sustentacular cell

The secondary Second meiotic

The spermatids Spermatid 23 23 23 23

Duct of seminal vesicle

Corpus cavernosum External connective

FSH stimulates sustentacular

Inhibin has a negative-feedback

Major Reproductive Hormones in Males and Females

Male Reproductive System

Gonadotropin-releasing Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

Female Reproductive System

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

Estrogen Follicles of ovaries and Uterus Proliferation of endometrial cells

Breasts Development of mammary glands (especially

Anterior pituitary and Positive feedback before ovulation, resulting in

Other tissues Development and maintenance of secondary

Breasts Development of mammary glands (especially

Anterior pituitary Negative feedback, with estrogen, on the

Other tissues Secondary sexual characteristics

Effects of Testosterone on Target Tissues

Penis and scrotum Enlargement and differentiation

Larynx Enlargement of larynx and deeper masculine voice

Most tissues Increased rate of metabolism

Uterine tube Vertebral

Anterior Cervix Posterior

Mons pubis Rectum

Mesovarium Uterine cavity Suspensory

Broad ligament (cut)

Cervical canal Vagina (cut)

Degenerated corpus luteum Primary follicles

Corpus luteum Theca

Oocyte Maturation Follicle Maturation Age

After puberty, primordial follicles Puberty to

Secondary follicles form when

Adipose tissue Epithelium

(b) Nonlactating breast

(c) Lactating breast

Menses Proliferative Secretory Menses

Events During the Menstrual Cycle

Proliferative Phase (from day 4 or 5 until ovulation on about day 14)

Ovulation (about day 14)

Secretory Phase (from about day 14 to day 28)

Menses (day 1 to day 4 or 5 of the next menstrual cycle)

Possible Changes in Postmenopausal Women Caused by Decreased Ovarian

Skin The epidermis becomes thinner.

Cardiovascular system Hypertension and atherosclerosis occur more frequently.

(a) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten

(b) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten

(c) ©Aaron Haupt/Science Source

(d) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Jill Braaten

(e) ©Martin Shields/Alamy

Ductus deferens within

REPRESENTATIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS: Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Commonly known as STIs; spread by intimate sexual contact

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