PATCH ANTENNA FOR BLUETOOTH APPLICATION

A Report On Summer Internship

Submitted
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
(Osmania University, Hyderabad)

By

NANAMCHARLA NISHANTH Roll No. 2451-19-735-072

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR)

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Sponsored by Matrusri Education Society, Estd 1981)
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to OU)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC)

2022

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Summer Internship Report entitled, “PATCH

ANTENNA FOR BLUETOOTH APPLICATIONS”, is the bonafide

record of the summer internship carried out

NANAMCHARLA NISHANTH Roll No. 2451-19-735-072

in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, submitted in

the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maturi

Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College, Hyderabad, affiliated to

Osmania University.

Dr. S. Suryanarayana M.E, Ph.D.

Review Committee Member Head, Dept. of ECE.

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3
 ABSTRACT

The future advancements in wireless communication and the network technology is

facing new challenges under different circumstances. These challenges are emerging
out as revolutionary invention roadmaps. This study strives to contribute in wireless
communication and networking systems.

A rectangular patch antenna is a form of antenna which consists of a rectangular patch.

This patch is of any planar or non-planar geometry on one side of dielectric substrate
and a ground plane on the other side. Patch antenna has low profile configuration,
narrow bandwidth and is capable of dual and triple frequency operations. Patch used is
made of conducting material such as gold, tin and nickel. The rectangular patch can be
easily analysed using transmission line model and cavity model. Transmission line
model yields less accurate results and lacks versatility. In cavity model the interior
region of dielectric substrate is modelled as cavity bounded by electric walls on top and
bottom.

A rectangular micro strip patch antenna is proposed. Initially, some common mediums
of communication such as WIFI/WLAN and Bluetooth were targeted. The performance
and advantages of microstrip patch antennas such as low weight, low profile, and low
cost made them the perfect choice for communication systems engineers. They have
the capability to integrate with microwave circuits and therefore they are very well
suited for applications such as cell devices, WLAN applications, navigation systems
and many others.

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.3. OBJECTIVE
1.4. OVERVIEW OF DOMAIN
CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY 10
CHAPTER 3: THEORITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT and
DESIGN OF THE PROJECT 11
3.1 THEORITICAL CONCEPTS
3.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PROJECT
3.3 DESIGN OF PROJECT

CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE TOOLS USED 23

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE TOOLS

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

5.1 RESULTS AND EXPLANATION 25
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURESCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION 27
REFERENCES 28

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES NAME
FIG 1.1 Patch Antenna Design
FIG 1.2 Structure of Micros trip patch antenna
FIG 3.1 Shapes of Micro strip patch antenna
FIG 3.2 Return loss
FIG 3.3 Radiation pattern
FIG 3.4 Directivity
FIG 3.5 Top view of patch antenna
FIG 4.1 LOGO of sonnet software
FIG 4.2 Simulation Workspace
FIG 5.1 S Parameter
FIG 5.2 Z Parameter
FIG 5.3 Y parameter
FIG 5.4 VSWR

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NAME

Table 3.1.1 Comparison of feed Methods

Table 3.1.2 Parameters and values

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 CHAPTER 1

In Chapter 1, a brief introduction to the topics on introduction to antenna. The objective

of the internship and overview of the domain is discussed.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless communications. Some of
them are Parabolic Reflectors, Patch Antennas, Slot Antennas, and Folded Dipole
Antennas. Each type of antenna is good in their own properties and usage. We can say
antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless communication
without which the world could have not reached at this age of technology.
Patch antennas play a very significant role in today’s world of wireless communication
systems. A Micro strip patch antenna (Fig1.1) is very simple in the construction using
a conventional Micro strip fabrication technique. The most commonly used Micro strip
patch antennas are rectangular and circular patch antennas. These patch antennas are
used as simple and for the widest and most demanding applications. Dual
characteristics, circular polarizations, dual frequency operation, frequency agility,
broad band width, feed line flexibility, beam scanning can be easily obtained from these
patch antennas.

Fig.1.1 Patch antenna design

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A Micro strip patch antenna is a thin square patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
and the other side having a plane to the ground. The simplest Micro strip patch
antenna configuration would be the rectangular patch antenna.

Fig. 1.2 Structure of Micro strip Patch antenna

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

The main objective of the project is to design the patch antenna for Bluetooth
applications knowing the applications of the patch antenna in Sonnet software and also
the advantages and disadvantages of the patch antenna and characteristics of the patch
antenna.
This project helped us to learn about the patch antenna and the antenna parameters,
types of patch antenna and principle to design the patch antenna and applications of the
patch antenna which will be operating at a frequency of 2.4 GHz which basically works
for Bluetooth applications and Wifi, WLAN applications.

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1.3 OVERVIEW OF DOMAIN

In this Internship, we designed the patch antenna for Bluetooth applications which
operates at a frequency of 2.4GHz basically works for the Bluetooth application and
wifi and WLAN applications.
Here we basically followed the design flow of the patch antenna which mainly has six
steps followed by the simulation in the software where we used sonnet software for the
simulation.
We understood the principle behind the design of patch antenna and design flow of the
patch antenna and advantages, disadvantages and applications the patch antenna.
A Micro strip patch antenna is a thin square patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
and the other side having a plane to the ground. The simplest Micro strip patch antenna
configuration would be the rectangular patch antenna.

In the following chapters we discuss the theoretical aspects for the design of patch
antenna and we discuss the design flow of the patch antenna and we know about the
patch antenna and advantages and disadvantages of the patch antenna and also we know
some of the applications of the patch antenna and conclude with the results after the
simulation of the project.

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 CHAPTER 2
In this chapter we discuss about the literature survey of the project.

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Neha Parmar, Manish Saxena, Krishnakant Nayak, in this rapid changing world in
wireless communication, dual or multiband antenna has been playing a key role for
wireless service requirements. Wireless local area network (WLAN) and Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) have been widely applied in mobile
devices such as handheld computers and smart phones.

[2] M. Haroon Tariq, Saba Rashid and Farooq A. Bhatti, in this Project, A dual band
microstrip patch antenna has been designed for technology, oriented requirements of
high speed wireless local area networks (IEEE 802.11a standard) and other
communications systems covering the 5.15-5.825 GHz band. Three parallel slots have
been introduced in the radiating patch to get the maximum current distribution on the
surface. The position of center arm is set to get the radiation pattern in desired outward
direction.

[3] Udit Raithatha, S. Sreenath Kashyap, in this project the wireless communication is
revaluating rapidly in recent years. So, as per the comparative study of the different
types of antennas, microstrip patch antenna is having more advantages. Even it can
provide dual and circular polarizations, wide bandwidth, dual frequency operation,
flexibility in feeding line, beam scanning omnidirectional patterning. It is having a
variety of feeding technique applicable to them. Likewise, microstrip patch antenna is
having lots of parameters like VSWR, Gain, Bandwidth, Return loss, Directivity etc.

[4] Ahmed Shakir Al-Hiti, in this paper, it proposed a new design for micro-strip patch
antenna over WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna design uses
different frequency band and it is operating within narrowband at this band. This
adjusted antenna design provides better performance whence return loss, voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), impedance matching, gain and radiation pattern.

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 CHAPTER 3
In this chapter we discuss the theoretical aspects of the project design of patch
antenna, concepts and topics related to the patch antenna.

3.1 THEORITICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNSHIP

Antennas play a very important role in the field of wireless communications. Some of
them are Parabolic Reflectors, Patch Antennas, Slot Antennas, and Folded Dipole
Antennas. Each type of antenna is good in their own properties and usage. We can say
antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless communication
without which the world could have not reached at this age of technology.

Types of Micro strip Antennas

There are different types of Micro strip antennas which are classified based on their
physical parameters. There different types of antennas have many different shapes and
dimensions. The basic categories of these Micro strip antennas can be classified in to
four, which are: ‐ Micro strip patch antennas ‐ Micro strip dipoles ‐ Printed slot antennas
‐ Micro strip travelling wave antennas Going further let’s have a small description on
each of the type of the Micro strip antennas as it will give us good sound knowledge
on how each type is classified and on what basis:

Fig.3.1 shapes of micro strip patch antenna

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Micro strip Patch antennas

A Micro strip patch antenna is a thin square patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
and the other side having a plane to the ground. The simplest Micro strip patch antenna
configuration would be the rectangular patch antenna.

The patch in the antenna is made of a conducting material Cu (Copper) or Au (Gold)

and this can be in any shape Fig1.2, rectangular, circular, triangular, elliptical or some
other common shape. The basic antenna element is a strip conductor of length L and
width W on a dielectric substrate with constant εr; thickness or height of the patch being
h with a height and thickness t is supported by a ground plane. The rectangular patch
antenna is designed so as it can operate at the resonance frequency. The length that is
for the patch does depend on the height, width of the patch and the dielectric substrate.
The length of the patch for a rectangular patch antenna normally would be 0.333λ < L
< 0.5 λ, λ being the free space wavelength. The thickness of the patch is selected to be
in such a way that is t << λ.

The length of the patch can be calculated by the simple calculation,

The height h of the dielectric substrate that supports the patch usually ranges between
0.003 λ & 0.05λ so as the dielectric constant, εr of the substrate ranging between 2.19
and 12.

The patch of the antenna is being excited by feed which is done by edge feed or a probe
feed. When the patch is excited by feed a charge distribution is being established
between the ground plane and the underneath of the patch. The underneath of the patch
is charged to positive and the ground plane is charged to negative after the excitation
by feed. The attractive forces are being setup between the planes i.e., patch underneath
and the ground plane. The patch antennas radiate in the first case due to the fringing
fields between the underneath of the patch and the ground plane.

Feed Techniques and Modelling of Microstrip Antennas

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Microstrip patch antenna has various methods of feeding techniques. As these
antennas having dielectric substrate on one side and the radiating element on the
other. These feed techniques or methods are being put as two different categories
contacting and non-contacting.

1. Micro strip line

2. Coaxial probe

3. Aperture coupling

4. Proximity coupling and

5. Co planar wave guide feed.

1 and 2 being the contacting feed techniques and 3, 4 being non- contacting feed
techniques.

There are few factors which lead or involve in the selection of a particular type
of feed technique.

The first and the foremost factor is the efficient power transfer between the
radiating structure and the feed structure, i.e., the impedance that is matching
between the two. The minimization of the radiation and the effect of it’s on the
radiation pattern is one of the most important aspect for the evaluation of feed.

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 Table 3.1.1 Comparison of feed methods.

Return Loss
This is the best and convenient method to calculate the input and output of the
signal sources. It can be said that when the load is mismatched the whole power
is not delivered to the load there is a return of the power and that is called loss,
and this loss that is returned is called the ‘Return loss’.

This Return Loss is determined in dB as follows:

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|Г| is the reflection coefficient

During the process of the design of the rectangular patch antenna there is a
response taken from the magnitude of S11 Vs the frequency (this is known as
the return loss), as shown in the figure, just as the verification of the design.

Fig.3.2 S11 (return loss) for 20GHz rectangular patch antenna

Radiation Pattern

Micro strip Patch Antenna has radiation patterns that can be calculated easily.

Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the
function of angular position and radial distribution from the antenna. In the
figure below we can see the side view of the rectangular Micro strip element
associated with source, and also the radiating of E fields.

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 Fig. 3.3 Radiation Pattern of a generic dimensional antenna

Gain & Directivity

The gain of the antenna is the quantity which describes the performance of the
antenna or the capability to concentrate energy through a direction to give a
better picture of the radiation performance. This is expressed in dB; in a simple
way we can say that this refers to the direction of the maximum radiation.

The expression for the maximum gain of an antenna is as follows:

G=ηxD

η – The efficiency of the antenna

D – Directivity

The directivity of an antenna can be defined as – the ratio of radiation intensity

in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged in all
the directions. And the gain can be known as the ratio between the amounts of
energy propagated in these directions to the energy that would be propagated if
there is an Omni-directional antenna.

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 Fig.3.4 Directivity of an antenna

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

In the process of achieving this particular configuration for an antenna to
perform efficiently there is always a reflection of the power which leads to the
standing waves, which is characterized by the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR).

This is given by:

As the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, the VSWR ranges from 1 to ∞.

3.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PROJECT

Length
The length of the rectangular patch antenna, the resonate length, it determines
the resonate frequency and is λ/2 for a rectangular patch in its fundamental mode.
In a practical view due to the fringing fields the patch is a bit larger than the
theoretical calculated dimensions. The length is calculated by the formula,

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As we know that the dimensions of the patch antenna effect in the results as the
main part, especially length (L) and the width (W).

The width of the patch can be calculated by the formula:

c – The speed of light, fr – the resonant

frequency which is equal to 1GHz

Length Extension (ΔL)

The calculation of the extension of the length is given by a very popular relation
for the normalized extension of the length is:

h- Height

w- Width of the patch

εreff – Effective Dielectric Constant

3.3 DESIGN OF PATCH ANTENNA

Design Calculation
➢ Dielectric Constant of the Substrate (εr):

The dielectric material that is used in my design of the Microstrip Patch Antenna
is epoxy with εr = 4.4, as this one of the maximum values of the dielectric
substrate has been taken in order to reduce the size of the antenna.

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 ➢ The frequency of the operation (f0):

The frequency of operation for the Patch antenna I am trying to design has been
selected as 2.7 GHz.

➢ Height of the dielectric substrate (h):

Micro strip Patch antenna has been designed in order to rule out the conventional
antenna as the patch antennas are used in most of the compact devices.
Therefore, the height of the antenna has been decided as 2.7mm.

Fig.3.5 Top view of micro strip patch antenna

The parameters that are decided by default in order to continue to the design
process are εr

= 4.4

h = 2.7mm f0

= 2.7GHz

Let us continue with the calculation of the design of the patch antenna:

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A rectangular Patch antenna has been in the process of design; it is easy in the
fabrication analysis and also in the prediction of the performance. The design of
the antenna is being under process at 2.7GHz frequency using the Dielectric
material with εr = 4.4 with a dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) = 0.0001 with a height
of 2.7 mm.

The antenna is being excited with the coaxial feed point located at distance dx,
from the centre of the patch.

1) Calculation of Width(w):

By the formula:

With the substituting the values of c= 3x108 m/s fr = 2.7GHz and h = 2.7mm

Width w = 0.02866m = 28.66mm

2) Calculation of Effective dielectric constant(reffε):

From the equation,

3) Calculation of effective length(effL):

From the equation,

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With the values reffε= 8.89, c= 3x108m/s fr = 2.7GHz

L eff= 0.042=67m = 467.4mm

4) Calculation of the length extension(ΔL) with h=2.7mm, w=28.66mm From

the equation,

With the values from h, w and εreff the ΔL is being calculated as 0.744mm

ΔL= 0.744mm

5) Calculation of the length of the patch (L):

By the equation,

Where ΔL= 0.6mm, Leff = 23.9mm

L = 42.67mm

6) The feed point determination.

As their feed type has been specified and the parameters are calculated. The
matching impedance is 50Ω. In order to have a matching of the impedance the
connecter has to be placed at some distance from the edge which has a match of
50Ω. There is a trial and error method that has been adopted to check the
minimum value of the Return loss. That is the reason why the co-ordinate Yf is
set to be zero and Xf is varied to have the optimal feed point.

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 PARAMETERS VALUES

fr – Resonance frequency 2.4GHz

εr – Dielectric Constant 4.4

W - Width 28.66mm

h - Height of Antenna 2.9mm

Leff – Effective Length 42.67mm

ΔL – Length Extension 0.744mm

Table 3.1.2 Parameter and values

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 CHAPTER 4

In this chapter we discuss about the software we used which is sonnet software for
simulation.

4.1 OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE USED

Here we used sonnet software for simulation of the design of patch antenna for
Bluetooth applications

Sonnet is a multilingual spell checker program in KDE Frameworks 5 and KDE

Software Compilation 4. Sonnet replaced kspell2 that was created for KDE3. The two
main goals for Sonnet's development were a simpler API, wider language support and
performance. Notable improvements in Sonnet over kspell2 are

• Automatic language detection, a language can be identified with as little as 20

characters of text. Even multiple languages in the same document can be detected
and spell checked correctly
• Better performance
• Improvements in spell checking languages like Thai and Japanese
• Simpler design, kspell2 consisted of 7 components and a complicated API. Sonnet
is a single component and aims to provide a simpler API
• The user can select a primary and backup dictionary, an example given was a
doctor who frequently uses terms from a medical dictionary. Words that would
not appear in a regular dictionary would be corrected by the backup dictionary
that contains medical terms.

Features of the software

• Advanced EM Ports

• Advanced Model Extraction

• Efficient Modelling of Thick Conductors

• More accurate planar EM solver in the industry
• Versatile and Flexible
• Easy to learn and use
• Fast and demanding application use

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 Fig 4.1 Logo of sonnet software

Sonnet Software provides high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) analysis software.

Sonnet’s software extracts models for planar circuits and antennas, including spiral
inductors, filters, micro strip, strip line, co-planar waveguide, and both PCB and
integrated circuits incorporating large numbers layers of stratified dielectric material.
Sonnet operates completely from within the Cadence Virtuoso, National Instruments
Microwave Office, and Key sight ADS environments.

Fig 4.2 Simulation workspace

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 CHAPTER 5
In this chapter we discuss the results of the design of the patch antenna
5.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The aim of this project is to design a rectangular patch Micro strip antenna and
to study the responses and the radiation properties of the same. In this project an
antenna has been designed with a different design parameters.

Two different feed techniques were being adopted – Micro strip Feed technique
and Co-axial feed technique and Micro strip Line feed, Co-axial Feed and Micro
strip feed line.

For the design1, an antenna has been designed with the dimensions as Length –
23mm, width - 30mm, height – 1.5mm, with a dielectric constant of
9.8(alumina), which has a loss tangent of 0.0001 at 2.1GHz.

Fig 5.1 S parameters

Fig 5.2 Z parameters

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Fig 5.3 Y Parameters

Fig 5.4 VSWR

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 CHAPTER 6
6.1 CONCLUSION
The aim of this project is to design a rectangular patch Microstrip antenna and to study
the responses and the radiation properties of the same. In this project an antenna has
been designed with 2 different design parameters (Design1 & 2).

For the Design1 two different feed techniques were being adopted – Microstrip Feed
technique and Co-axial feed technique and Microstrip Line feed for the Design2, Co-
axial Feed for the Design3 and Microstrip feed line for Design4.

For the design1, an antenna has been designed with the dimensions as Length – 23mm,
width - 30mm, height – 1.5mm, with a dielectric constant of 9.8(alumina), which has a
loss tangent of 0.0001 at 2.1GHz.
It is good to see that the return loss has a negative value in all the cases which states
that the losses are minimum during the transmission. In the design the RL is -3.1dB in
Microstrip feed line technique and -21dB in Coaxial feed technique. For the Design2
the return loss measured was -16.2dB and for the Design3 it is -31.5dB and finally, for
the design4 RL is -10.2dB.

Taking all this in to consideration we can say that there are many aspects that affect the
performance of the antenna. Dimensions, selection of the substrate, feed technique and
also the Operating frequency can take their position in effecting the performance.

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REFERENCES

[1] Antenna theory: analysis and design / Constantine A. Balanis, third edition,
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005, ISBN 047166782X (hbk.)

[2] Antenna Engineering Handbook/ Richard C. Johnson, second edition, New York:
McGraw-Hill, cop. 1984, ISBN 0070322910

[3] http://ieeeaps.org/aps_trans/docs/ReturnLossAPMag_09.pdf

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_parameters

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