ქართული

ხუროთმოძღვრების
საკითხები
უძველესი
დროიდან
XX საუკუნის
ბოლომდე
დიმიტრი
თუმანიშვილი

დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
„წარსულმა შეიძლება ბევრი რამ გვასწავლოს, მათ
შორის, ძალიან ძველმაც. სწორედ ამიტომ ვიცავთ ჩვენ
მას. ძველი ნაშთების შენახვა თვითმიზანი არ არის.
ჩვენ ვიცავთ სიძველეს იმიტომ, რომ უკეთ ვიცოდეთ
დღევანდელობა და უკეთ გავიგოთ მომავალი. აწმყოს
ვერ გაიგებ, თუ წარსული არ იცი. ვერ გაიგებ, ვერ
მიხვდები, რატომ არის ის ასეთი თავისი კარგითა და
ქართული ავით. ამიტომ ამბობდა ილია ჭავჭავაძე, რომ უნდა ნახო
წარსული — ბალავრის ქვა, რომელზეც აწმყო დაშენდა
ხუროთმოძღვრების და დამპალი, უვარგისი კენჭი, რომელმაც დღევანდელი
სირთულეები მოიტანა. ამის მასწავლებელი მხოლოდ

საკითხები და მხოლოდ წარსულია, სხვა საშუალება არ არსებობს.

ამიტომ მოვალენი ვართ, მომავალ თაობებს დავუტოვოთ
წარსულის დანახვის საშუალება. ვინ იცის, თავიანთი
უძველესი დროიდან გადმოსახედიდან მათ იმ ნამყოში რაღაც ისეთიც
დაინახონ, რაც ჩვენ გამოგვრჩა. ჩვენი მოვალეობაა,
www.art.edu.ge
XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე შევუნარჩუნოთ მემკვიდრეობა მომავალს.“
 დიმიტრი
თუმანიშვილი
ქართული
ხუროთმოძღვრების
საკითხები
უძველესი დროიდან
XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე

Tbilisi • 2022
wigni gamocemulia SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli
samecniero fondisa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis mier.
SoTa rusTavelis saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondis
2021 wlis sagamomcemlo saxelmwifo samecniero grantebis konkursSi
gamarjvebuli proeqti SP-21-630 „dimitri TumaniSvili. qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis sakiTxebi uZvelesi droidan XX saukunis bolomde“.

proeqtis xelmZRvaneli nino WoRoSvili

koordinatori aleqsandra gabunia
teqstis redaqtorebi: marine yenia, marika erqomaiSvili
saredaqcio jgufi:
ana kldiaSvili, nino RaRaniZe, aleqsandra gabunia,
lola cicxvaia, nino WoRoSvili
damkabadonebel-dizaineri irma liparteliani
koreqtori maia SveliZe
audiomasalis myar diskze gadmotana:
lola cicxvaia, nino kopaZe, mariam miqaZe,
TinaTin batiaSvili, qristine sabaSvili, nino batiaSvili
garekanze: mcxeTis wm. jvris taZari. samxreTi karis timpanis reliefi

wignSi gamoyenebulia g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli

xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi
centrisa da maia manias pirad arqivSi daculi fotomasala.

fotomasalis gamoyenebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT g. CubinaSvilis

saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis
erovnul kvleviT centrs da qalbaton maia manias.

© Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia, 2022

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN 978-9941-8-4098-2
winaTqma

wigni Seiqmna cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, Tss

akademiis tenuaris, dimitri TumaniSvilis mier
2014-2015 wlebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxat-
vro akademiis samecniero-saswavlo radiosaTvis
gakeTebuli unikaluri Canawerebis _ leqciaTa
ciklis safuZvelze. leqciaTa cikli moicavs
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis vrcel
periods, dawyebuls Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebidan,
Tanamedrove epoqamde _ XX saukunis bolomde.
publikaciaSi ganxilulia qarTuli xuroTmo-
ZRvrebis dRemde aqtualuri da problematuri
sakiTxebi, mravalferovani, mravalSriani kul-
turuli da istoriuli konteqstebi, rac didi
mecnieris mravalwliani kvlevisa da fiqris
Sedegia.
wigni avtoris mier gamosacemad momzadebuli
ar aris. gamomcemlebi maqsimalurad Seecadnen,
SeenarCunebinaT saubris avtoriseuli manera,
rac mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi acocxlebs b-ni
dimitris sajaro gamosvlebis siRrmes, gansa-
kuTrebul mimzidvelobasa da artistizms.
Sinaarsi

1. arqeologiuri memkvidreoba.
saydrisis sabado .................................................... 7
2. uZvelesi samosaxloebi........................................16
3. qristianobis Semosvla da
sataZro arqiteqtura ..........................................31
4. V saukunis arqiteqtura ......................................46
5. VI saukunis arqiteqtura .....................................61
6. VII saukunis arqiteqtura ....................................75
7. gardamavali xanis arqiteqtura ........................91
8. afxazeTis arqiteqtura ....................................133
9. XI saukunis arqiteqtura...................................155
10. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa .................................174
11. XII saukunis arqiteqtura.
TiRvis wm. jvris eklesia..................................192
12. Tamaris xanis arqiteqtura ..............................202
13. XIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da
XIV saukunis arqiteqtura.................................233
14. gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtura .............247
15. XIX saukunis arqiteqtura ................................269
16. XX saukunis arqiteqtura .................................290
ilustraciebi .............................................................309
1. arqeologiuri memkvidreoba.
saydrisis sabado

ukve ramdenime xania, Cvens sazogadoebas kidev erTi sakamaTo

da saRelvebeli sagani gauCnda, romelic arqeologiur Zegls
_ yvelasTvis cnobil saydrisis sabados _ ukavSirdeba. pir-
vel yovlisa, samwuxaroa kamaTis done, romelsac mecnieruls
miaxloebiTac ver daarqmev. aseve Zalian samwuxaroa, rom erT-
maneTSi areulia srulebiT sxvadasxva aspeqti problemisa da
Tanac amas erTvis kidev iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic marTlac
mniSvnelovania, magram Zalian ucnaurad da umarTebulodaa
gagebuli.
rogoria kiTxvebis wre? pirveli kiTxva, yvelaze praqti-
kuli, amgvaria: SesaZlebeli da saWiroa Tu ara, SevinarCunoT
arqeologiuri Zegli? rodesac ismen ori specialistis ka-
maTs da erTi am Zegls Zv.w. XXX saukunisad miiCnevs, sxva ki _
Zv.w. XXV saukunisad, TiTqos Zv.w. XXV saukune an gindac Zv.w.
XV saukune ar Rirs imad, rom misi SenarCunebis sakiTxi ganvi-
xiloT, es ukve TavisTavad Zalian SemaSfoTebelia. es niSnavs,
rom RirebulebiTi sazomebi srulebiT aRreulia da adamia-
nebs, rogorc Cans, ar esmiT, ra qmnis qveynis saxes, ra aris
misTvis mniSvnelovani da umniSvnelo. saydrisi rom marTlac
gviani Sua saukuneebis sabado yofiliyo, Tuki is Segviqmnida
warmodgenas, ra xdeboda Tundac 300 wlis win, rogor moipo-
vebdnen, awarmoebdnen da amuSavebdnen liTons Cvens qveyanaSi,
es ukve sakmaod faseuli iqneboda. es savsebiT akademiuri ka-
maTia, Tu romeli saukunea _ XXX, XXVIII Tu XXII. mecnierebis
saqmea, erTmaneTSi ikamaTon, magram vidre diskusias daiwyeb-
dnen, kamaTis sagani unda gvqondes. verafers vityvi, viTareba
iseTia da ufro meti albaTobiT iqiTken midis, rom savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, es Zegli ver SevinarCunoT. es iqneba mxolod
kidev erTi sircxvili bevr im sircxvilTa Soris, romlebic,
samwuxarod, Cvens Tavs sxvadasxva mxridan grovdeba _ zogi
sityvieria, zogi moqmedebiTi, zogi kidev rogori. yoveli-

7
 ve amas daemateba kidev aseTi: mTeli msoflio geubneba, rom
mniSvnelovani Zeglis patroni xar da Sen mainc ar ginda amis
SemCneva. rbilad rom vTqvaT, es Zalian ucnauria.
arsebobs sxva mxarec: esaa kamaTi imaze, Tu visia Zegli.
SeiZleba, es kiTxva naklebad ismis, magram ramdenjerme yuri
movkari, viRac ambobda, rom es Zegli Cveni winaprebis aris,
sxva ki pasuxobda, TiTqos es salaparakoc araa da uvicobaa.
marTlac, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, Cven, rasakvirvelia, ar viciT,
vin iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebic im sabadoSi Cadiodnen, ma-
dans moipovebdnen da kldes CaquCs urtyamdnen. bunebrivia,
ar viciT, ra enaze saubrobdnen, ar viciT, ra tomisani iyvnen,
iseve, rogorc saerTod ar viciT, rogori iyo uZvelesi mosa-
xleoba Cveni qveynisa. vfiqrob, rom es arc aris upirvelesi
kiTxva, romelic amasTan dakavSirebiT unda daisvas. miT ume-
tes, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kulturebi, romlebic, daax-
loebiT, Zv.w. VII-V aTaswleulidan arsebobs da ufro gvian
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili, geografiulad
ufro sxvanairad vrceldeba. es kulturebi, rogorc Cvens,
dRevandeli saqarTvelos, miwa-wyalzea, aseve dRevandeli
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis miwa-wyalzecaa. visia es kultu-
ra? albaT ase xeldadebiT arc erTis aris, arc meoris, arc
mesamis, ubralod _ viRacisaa. Tumca sxva masalis magaliTze
me meCveneba, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg iq Cndeba ise-
Ti lokaluri nairsaxeobebi, romlebic Semdgom kulturul
sxvaobebs amzadebs. es kargad Cans wvril brinjaos plasti-
kaSi. magaliTad, somxeTSi mopovebul nimuSebSi raRac dros,
Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi, Cndeba sxvanairi dekoratiuloba, iseTi,
rogoric dRevandel saqarTveloSi mopovebul nivTebze ar
aris. samagierod, es raRacnairad exmianeba imas, rac Semdeg,
qarTuli ornamentikisagan gansxvavebiT, davuSvaT, somxur
ornamentikaSi iqneba. es mxolod varaudia, aranairad ar aris
zusti codna, magram SesaZlebelia, im uZveles dros isaxeba
is kulturuli sxvaobebi, rogorc dRes ityvian, paradigmebi,
romlebic Semdeg Cveni qveynebis kulturul da sulier ganvi-
Tarebas gansazRvravs, Tumca es mxolod varaudebia.

8
 rogor SeiZleba mivudgeT am uZveles danatovars? me vfiq-
rob, saqme SemdegSia: albaT ver gavigebT, vTqvaT, dRevandel
gorTan, mtkvris piras, Zv.w. V aTaswleulSi adamiani rom da-
dioda, vin iyo is da arc Rirs amaze maincadamainc mRelvareba.
am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, kiTxva unda iyos erTaderTi: rasac
es adamianebi akeTebdnen, mermindeli da dRevandeli saqarTve-
los cxovrebaSi ramenairad monawileobs Tu ara? magaliTad,
isini venaxs aSenebdnen. Cven es ukve viciT da didi xania, amis
eWvi arsebobda. mgoni, dRes ukve dadasturebulia da aRar
aris saeWvo, rom Cveni qveyana kulturuli vazisa da xorblis
erT-erTi upirvelesi keraa. viRac ityvis, rom es nacionalis-
turi molandebaa, magram ra vqnaT, Tuki damtkicebulia da es
mxolod qarTveli mecnierebis naTqvami ar aris?! sxvebma Tqves
uCvenod. xorblis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, akademikosma vavilovma
Tqva, qarTvels ar uTqvams. es kultura xom ar dakargula?!
es uSualod Cveni winapari iyo Tu odesRac saidanRac mosuli
qarTvelur tomebs Serwymuli romeliRac sxva tomi, ar vi-
ciT, magram Cvens kulturaSi vazic da xorbalic monawileobs
da amis dadastureba SegviZlia. maTi jiSebis gamoyvnas Zalian
didi dro sWirdeboda da yvela geografiul erTeuls Tavisi
jiSi hqonda, es faqtia. im adamianTa monapovari, ganurCevlad
maTi tomobrivi warmomavlobisa, Cvens dRevandel kulturas
qmnis. miuxedavad genetikisa, genebisa da ujredebisa, swored
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, Cven memkvidreebi varT imisa, rac
maT gaakeTes da amis Tqma SegviZlia.
es Zalian kargad Cans arqiteqturis magaliTzec, roca
vxedavT uZveles samSeneblo tradiciebs, romlebic erTimeo-
reSi gadadis da iq, sadac mosalodneli iyo wyvetili, es wyve-
tili ar Cndeba. Tu es marTlac sxva xalxis mosvlaa, rogorc
Cans, damxvdurisa da momxvduris urTierTSerwyma xdeba. isi-
ni erTmaneTTan raRacanairad amyareben sasicocxlo kavSirs,
simbiozSi Sedian da Semdeg albaT raRac axal erTobas warmo-
qmnian. Cven vxedavT, rom es tradicia (jer mrgvali saxlebi
iyo, Semdeg aris sworkuTxa Senobebi, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli,
rac srulebiT gaugebaria da es mxolod ase aixsneba _ arse-

9
 bobda Cveva imisa, rom saWiroa mrudi xazi da xisti kuTxe ar
unda iyos) am kulturaSi iyo da amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. TiTqos aris samSeneblo kulturis erTgvari mimReobac,
TiTqos im Zvelidan modis raRac xerxebi mSeneblobisa da, rac
yvelaze sainteresoa, miuxedavad imisa, rom mere sxvadasxva-
gvari Senobebi Cndeba, mTliani xazi, romelsac Cven vxedavT,
didwilad, mainc swored aseTi centruli nagebobebisagan Sed-
geba. rogorc wesi, Cveni sacxovrebeli sivrce, dRevandeli
oTaxic ki, miiswrafvis iqiTken, rom centraluri RerZis mi-
marT simetriuli iyos da umetesad kvadratulia. yovelTvis
veubnebi Cems studentebs, rom dResac ki, rodesac axasiaTe-
ben karg binas, amboben, iq kvadratuli oTaxebiao. gegoneba,
kvadratuli oTaxi raRac gansakuTrebuli iyos. ra moxda? arc
araferi. aris kulturebi, romelTac, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, wa-
grZelebuli sivrce moswonT. mgoni, Zalian mniSvnelovania ara
is, Tu vin iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic am saxlebs aSenebdnen,
aramed is, rom maT mier Seqmnili tipi sacxovrebeli sivrcisa
gadmovida da qarTuli kulturis nawili gaxda.
am TvalsazrisiT, es uZvelesi maRaroc Cveni kulturis
nawilia, radganac, Cemi azriT, aravis epareba eWvi, rom qarT-
veli tomebis, Semdeg ukve qarTvelebis, cxovrebaSi liTonis
mopovebasa da damuSavebas Zalian didi adgili eWira. naWe-
di iaraRi, sameurneo Tu saomari saWurveli, mxatvruli li-
Toni, liTonis WurWeli, samkauli _ Cvens qveyanaSi uamravi
ram keTdeboda da, rogorc Cans, es namdvilad iyo tradicia.
SeuZlebelia, mTlad SemTxveviToba iyos, rodesac kaxeTSi mo-
povebul oqros lomze aRmoCenili teqnikuri xerxebis msgavsi
2000 wlis Semdeg vanSic Cndeba. ver getyviT, rom vinmes esmo-
des, es tradicia rogor gadmovida, magram faqtia, amas versad
wauxval _ teqnikuri xerxebi emTxveva. rogor? ar viciT. Cven
SegviZlia, mxolod vivaraudoT, rom albaT arsebobs raRac
SemaerTebeli rgolebi, romlebic jerjerobiT mikvleuli
ar aris da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni qveynis arqeologiuri
Seswavlilobis xarisxs, es savsebiT SesaZlebelia. Cven aRmosa-
Ceni aRmoCenilze gacilebiT meti gvaqvs.

10
 rasakvirvelia, Zalian mniSvnelovania, met-naklebad xi-
lulad mainc SevinarCunoT winare qristianuli epoqa Tavisi
dasaxlebebiT, Tavisi nacixvrebiT. es uZvelesi nasoflarebi,
samwuxarod, miwis qveSaa Camarxuli. maT miwas ayrian imitom,
rom ver akonserveben. me vfiqrob, Zalian saCqaroa mofiqre-
ba, gacnoba raRac xerxebisa, romlebic msoflio praqtikaSi
albaT iqneba an Cveni sakuTari xerxis mogoneba, radgan yo-
velTvis sxvisi maCanCalebi ver viqnebiT. movifiqroT raRac,
rom im Zveli nasoflarebis nawili mainc SevinarCunoT da jer
TviTon SevxedoT da Semdeg sxvebsac vaCvenoT. miwis zeda-
pirze dResac arsebobs e.w. megaliTuri an igive ciklopuri
nacixvrebi. Tu maT kargad movuvliT es samSeneblo kulturis
araCveulebrivi magaliTia. nu gavejibrebiT egviptelebs, in-
kebs an kidev viRacas. maT naxelavs Tavisi adgili aqvs, Cvensas
_ Tavisi. CvenTan, pirvel yovlisa, is aris mniSvnelovani, rom
es ciklopuri cixeebi da nakoSkarebi dResac ki aSkarad qmnis
raRac sistemas. es aris uzarmazari saTavdacvo sistema, ga-
daWimuli dRevandeli TurqeTis im nawilidan, sadac qarTve-
luri tomebi cxovrobdnen, Cvens walka-TrialeTamde. saxel-
mwifos garda, sxva imas veravin aaSenebda. Cven es mSenebloba
gveubneba, rom arsebobda raRac socialuri Zala, romelic
am didi mSeneblobis, Semdeg misi meTvalyureobis, gamoyenebi-
sa da a.S. organizebas axdenda. amas, ubralod, mofrTxileba
unda. Tu ar gavufrTxildebiT, sabolood, 30-50 weliwadSi
yvelaferi lodebad daiSleba da aRaraferi gveqneba, magram
jerjerobiT es SeiZleba SevinarCunoT. amas garda, gvaqvs an-
tikuri arqiteqtura, romelic maincdamainc agreTve ver nar-
Cundeba. isev mosafiqrebelia, rogor gadavarCinoT, magali-
Tad, dedoflis mindvrisa da cixiagoras cecxlTayvanismce-
melTa taZrebi, rogor gamovaCinoT ukeTesad mcxeTis, vanisa
Tu, vTqvaT, sairxisa an noqalaqevis antikuri da gvianantiku-
ri naSTebi. yvelaferi es warmosaCenia. ufro farTod unda
icodes Cvenma sazogadoebam ufliscixe. rom CamoviaroT da
gamovikiTxoT, ganaTlebuli qarTvelobis 2% Tu iqneba namyo-
fi ufliscixeSi. esec bevria, amdensac ar veli. arada, bevrs

11
 SeuZlia Tqvas, rom aqvs cocxali antikuri qalaqi, sadac Seva
da quCebSi ivlis? qalaqi, romelic arsebobs, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, ukve ax.w. I saukunidan mainc... Zalian didi fufunebaa,
aseTi mniSvnelovani obieqti gqondes da yuradRebas TiTqmis
ar aqcevde, marto ucxoeli turistebisa da SigadaSig skolis
moswavleebis Casayvanad iyenebde.
amas SemTxveviT ar mogaxsenebT. es aris uzarmazari samSe-
neblo tradicia, romelzec ukve Semdeg Sua saukuneebis sa-
qarTvelo idga. is imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom jer kidev XIX sau-
kuneSi axdenda zemoqmedebas Cvens qveyanaSi Camosul rus da
evropel arqiteqtorebze, romlebic icvlebodnen. es aSkarad
Cans, Tu SeadarebT Tbilisur, quTaisur, baTumur, Telavur
Senobebs imas, rasac aSenebdnen igive arqiteqtorebi an maTi
profesor-maswavleblebi ruseTSi, germaniaSi, avstriasa da
sxva qveynebSi. raRac xdeboda. es samSeneblo kultura, misi
gemovnebiTi kriteriumebi, rogorRac ise SeeparebodaT xol-
me, rom Tavadac ver amCnevdnen. Tumca rasac isini akeTebdnen,
Cveni arqiteqturis suraTSi raRacnairad Caiwera da albaT
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom dRes, rodesac XIX saukunis meore
naxevarSi gaCenil Tbilisur ubnebSi dadixar, iseTi gancda
gaqvs, TiTqos aqauroba Zalian Zvelia, sinamdvileSi ki, sul
raRac 100, 110, sul bevri, 120 wlis winandelia. ver getyviT,
es ris xarjze xdeba. marTali giTxraT, TviTonac ar mesmis,
magram ver warmomidgenia, rom adamians, davuSvaT, zeda vera-
ze rom dadis, mayaSvilis, zandukelis quCebze, iseTi gancda
hqondes, TiTqos es XIX saukunis qalaqia. es raRac sxva aris,
es kuziani quCebi, aRmarT-daRmarTebi, Sukebi, mixveul-mo-
xveulebi saidanRac modis, Tumca ucxotomel arqiteqtor-
Ta meSveobiT ganxorcielda. ar aris advili, guSin Camosul
peterburgel arqiteqtors Tavs moaxvio Seni, Tan roca amis
gakeTebis aranairi saSualeba ar gagaCnia. Sens xelT ar aris
arc saxelmwifo, arc kanonmdebloba, saerTod araferi, yve-
laferi sxvis xelSia da TavisTavad es kultura moqmedebs
imaTzec ki, vinc SeiZleba misdami maincdamainc kargad ganwyo-

12
bili ar iyos. Tu ara aseTi Rrma da Soreuli fesvi, es albaT
ver moxdeboda.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom dRevandel viTarebaSi, roca
Cveni arqiteqtura Zalian mZime krizisSia da es ukve ram-
denime aTwleulia grZeldeba, cota gvaimedebs, rom yovel
aTwleulSi SegviZlia vnaxoT esa Tu is nageboba, romelic
namdvilad savsebiT Rirebuli arqiteqturaa, mTlianobaSi ki
gasaxareli suraTi mainc ar aris. Tu ram imeds gvaZlevs, rom
aqedan Tavs davaRwevT da samSvidobos gavalT, es kvlavac
Cveni tradiciaa, romelic imdenad Sors ar aris, rom misken
mibruneba, masze CaWideba ar SegveZlos. es ubralod xavsi ar
aris, sakmarisad Zlieri fesvebia. Tu kargad miudeqi, swor
adgilas CaeWide, namdvilad amogaZvrens wylidan an ufskru-
lidan da zeviT agiyvans.
es yvelaferi iwyeba iq, sadac Cven Zalian bevri ram ar
viciT. ar viciT, visi saxelmwifoebi iyo, ar viciT, visi Seqm-
nilia is, mosuli Tu mkvidri mosaxleobis. araferi ar viciT.
viciT erTaderTi, rom yvelaferi es Semdeg, rogorc nakade-
bi, rogorc nakadulebi, Sevida im saerTo kalapotSi, romel-
sac ukve karga xania qarTuli kultura hqvia. vfiqrob, rom
marto es gaamarTlebda nebismieri siZvelis dacvas, Tuki es
SesaZlebelia. ra Tqma unda, aq uamravi sirTulea. imave sayd-
risis dacva ar aris martivi ram. movismine im specialistebis
azri, romlebic amboben, rom misi gamagreba, eqsponireba Za-
lian rTulia. da mere ra? sirTule, TavisTavad, xom arafers
gveubneba imis mets, rom Cven ufro meti dafiqreba da ufro
meti moqmedeba gvmarTebs? sirTule, TavisTavad, akrZalva
xom ar aris? piriqiT, me ase mgonia, rom siZnele ufro meti
qmedebisaken mowodebaa, raTa viswavloT, movifiqroT raRac,
miT umetes, rom magaliTebi aris _ istoriuli maRaro polo-
neTSi, romelic daculia da mowyobilia muzeumad. isic ki gaa-
keTes, rom im gamoqvabulebSi qandakebebi gamoTales. marilis
sabadoa da Tlian ase gamWvirvale qandakebebs. aq raRac sxva
SeiZleba moigono, ubralod, fiqria saWiro, fiqri imaze, ras
warmoadgens es Zegli da CvenTvis ramdenad mniSvnelovania.

13
 Tumca Tavi da Tavi, me vfiqrob, is aris, rom yovelwamie-
rad gavacocxloT gancda kavSirisa imasTan, rac Cveni war-
sulia. saboloo jamSi, uimwarsulod Cven xom Cven ar varT?
yoveli Cvengani dabadebisTanave Sedis kalapotSi, romelic
manamde arsebobda. rasakvirvelia, is wveTi, romelic var me,
Tqvenc xarT da sxvac aris, manamde ar yofila, magram kalapo-
ti xom arsebobda? Sesabamisad, is raRacanairad Cvens fers
cvlis _ Tu iq Tixnaria, magaliTad, es wveTi albaT cota
mowiTalo an moyviTalo iqneba, Tu iq kiria, sxvanairad Sei-
Rebeba, xan gaiwriteba, xan ara. Cven vatarebT, viziarebT im
warsuls, romlidanac movdivarT. swored warsuli ayalibebs
did nawils Cveni raobisas. SeiZleba, es viRacas ar moswondes,
magram mainc asea. Tu Cven daviwyebT brZolas Cvenive bunebas-
Tan, es sasikeTos arafers mogvitans. qristianoba yovelT-
vis aswavlida, rom adamiani aris iseTi, rogoric aris, magram
es ar aTavisuflebs mas movaleobisagan, ganaxorcielos is,
rac absoluturia. am SemTxvevaSi, absoluturi iyo zneobrivi
movaleoba, romelic yvelas unda Seesrulebina, miuxedavad
Tandayolili monacemebisa, miuxedavad imisa, dabadebuli iq-
neboda mocekvaved, momRerlad, qvis mTlelad Tu mecnierad.
arc erTi am asparezTagan ar auqmebs zneobriv movaleobas,
arc erTi Tviseba ar aTavisuflebs adamians sikeTis msaxure-
bisagan. es erTaderTi absoluturi moTxovnaa, es aris ada-
mianis erTaderTi movaleoba. danarCeni damokidebulia Cvens
bunebaze, romelTanac Widili sakmarisad uazro saqmea. Cven is
sikeTisken unda warvmarToT da rac ukeT ecodineba adamians
Tavisi buneba (warsulis Secnoba ki sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis
namdvilad erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa), miT ukeT ecodi-
neba, ra SeuZlia, risi patronia. faqtobrivad, ukan Tu gavixe-
davT, ukeT mivxvdebiT, rogor gavikvlioT gza, win rogor via-
roT. Tuki ar ici, ukan ra aris, aucileblad araswor nabijebs
gadadgam. aseT dros sakuTar Tavs ar icnob, ar ici, vin xar,
ra SegiZlia da risi gamocdileba gaqvs. magaliTad, kenielebi
swrafad darbian. Cven ar viciT, SegviZlia Tu ara ase swrafad

14
sirbili, arc is viciT, varT Tu ara gamZleebi afrikeli mona-
direebiviT, romlebic dRedaRam darbian. amis Sesaxeb araferi
viciT, radgan ukan ar migvixedavs, ar mogvikiTxavs.
yvelaferSi, me vfiqrob, SeiZleba am gzas davadgeT. sxvaTa
Soris, rac xelovnebas Seexeba, iqidanac SegviZlia Zalian bev-
ri ram viswavloT, Tundac iseTi martivi ram, Tu rogor dga-
men uZvelesi xanis ostatebi ciklopur cixes. abulis cixe...
rogor Semodges es cixe mwvervalze, ar aris saintereso?
vnaxoT, msgavsi cixe rogor aaSenes, vTqvaT, sardiniaSi, ro-
gor aaSenes safrangeTSi, bretanisken aris amgvari ciklopuri
naSTebi. iq rogor dgamen? rogor aSenebs egvipteli, rogor
aSenebs cixes asureli? vnaxoT, iqneb aq aris raRac odnav gan-
sxvavebuli, rac gemovnebaze migviTiTebs, rac SesaZloa Cvens
istoriul mexsierebaSi Caleqiliyo.
warsulma SeiZleba bevri ram gvaswavlos, maT Soris, Za-
lian Zvelmac. swored amitom vicavT Cven mas. Zveli naSTe-
bis Senaxva TviTmizani ar aris. Cven vicavT siZveles imitom,
rom ukeT vicodeT dRevandeloba da ukeT gavigoT momavali.
awmyos ver gaigeb, Tu warsuli ar ici. ver gaigeb, ver mixvde-
bi, ratom aris is aseTi Tavisi kargiTa da aviT. amitom ambob-
da ilia WavWavaZe, rom unda naxo warsuli _ balavris qva, ro-
melzec awmyo daSenda da dampali, uvargisi kenWi, romelmac
dRevandeli sirTuleebi moitana. amis maswavlebeli mxolod
da mxolod warsulia, sxva saSualeba ar arsebobs. amitom mo-
valeni varT, momaval Taobebs davutovoT warsulis danaxvis
saSualeba. vin icis, TavianTi gadmosaxedidan maT im namyoSi
raRac iseTic dainaxon, rac Cven gamogvrCa. Cveni movaleobaa,
SevunarCunoT memkvidreoba momavals.

15
 2. uZvelesi samosaxloebi

Cven vsaubrobdiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu Zveli drois romeli xu-

roTmoZRvruli nimuSebi da movlenebi ayalibebs dRes qar-
Tulad miCneul tradicias. saubaria tradiciaze, romelic
dRevandeli qarTuli kulturis safuZveli gaxda. SeiZleba
amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTac vTqvaT. magaliTad, viciT,
rom Cvens qveyanaSi dRes dadasturebuli uZvelesi samosax-
loebi, daaxloebiT, Zv.w. VII an V aTaswleuls unda ganekuTv-
nebodes. arada VII da V aTaswleulebs Soris droiTi dacile-
ba sakmaod didia, TiTqmis iseTia, rogoric qristes ierusa-
limSi qadagebasa da Cvens dros Soris. am Sualedis ufro
metad dazusteba, daWeSmariteba imisa, Tu rodis ra gaCnda,
ubralod, jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba. arsebobs daTariRebis
sxvadasxva meTodi. amas garda, yovel wams Cndeba raRac ise-
Ti, rac gvaiZulebs arsebuli codnis gadaxedvas da amitomac
jerjerobiT ufro mkafio codna miRweuli ar aris da Zalian
bevri ram jer kidev bundovania. es aris is, rasac Cven ar unda
davTanxmdeT, magram unda SeveguoT. unda gvesmodes, rom es
dakavSirebulia garemoebebTan, romlebsac ase martivad ver
movicilebT. es muSaobisa da dasaTariRebeli meTodebis da-
zustebis obieqturi sirTuleebia. magaliTad, kvlevis qimiu-
ri da fizikuri meTodebi icvleba, axlebic Cndeba. cota xan-
Si albaT kidev raRac gamoCndeba da ufro dabejiTebiT metis
Tqmac moxerxdeba.
Cven vTqviT, rom im uZvelesi droidan modis sacxovrebe-
li sivrcisa da, saerTod, adamianis saarsebo sivrcis gancda,
Cveva, gemovneba, romelic dRevandlamde gamogvyva. saqme is
gaxlavT, rom mis miRma arsebul bunebiT sivrceze adamiani,
rasakvirvelia, didad ver imoqmedebs, Tumca, zogi ram mas
mainc SeuZlia. magaliTad, SeuZlia, dasaxldes ara xeobis
ZirSi, aramed zeviT, vTqvaT _ zeganze. SeuZlia, tyeebi ga-
kafos da Tavisi samosaxlos garSemo patara sicariele gaa-
Cinos an, piriqiT, baRi gaaSenos da Crdilian adgilas icxo-

16
vros. TavisTavad sivrcis Tvisebebs ver Secvlis, magram Tu
rogor dacilebas amjobinebs bunebriv reliefTan, Tundac
mcenareulobasTan, es adamianis asarCevia. sxva mxriv, xel-
qmnili sivrce asaxavs damokidebulebas, Tu rogor pirobebs
miiCnevs igi arsebobisaTvis saukeTesod. Cveulebriv, adamiani
amas maincdamainc ver acnobierebs. man ubralod icis, rom
moswons, vTqvaT, Crdiliani oTaxi an raime sxva. es didwilad
gemovnebaa, zogjer, sxvaTa Soris _ nervuli mgrZnobelobac.
droTa ganmavlobaSi sarkmlis zomac ki icvleba. Cvens Zvel
sasaxleebSi kolosaluri zomis sarkmlebia, XIX saukunis sax-
lebSi ki _ sakmarisad patara, XVIII saukuneSi _ kidev ufro
patara da mere, XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, uceb sarkmeli
Zalian izrdeba. saidan Semovida is CvenTan? vambobT, evropi-
dan movidao, magram manamde ratom aravin gaiSinaura es for-
ma? xom SeiZleboda, didi sarkmlebis gaWra 1830-ian wlebSive
daewyoT? ar moindomes. maTTvis simyudrove sxva ram iyo da
ara is, rac dRes Cven gvgonia. dRevandel adamians awuxebs,
Tuki fardebs ar gadaswevs da sinaTles ar SemouSvebs. adre,
piriqiT, adamianebs erCivnaT, garemosagan metad daculebi
yofiliyvnen. es, didwilad, gemovnebaa.
Zalian xSirad am gemovnebiseul arCevans adamiani viTomda
mecnierul axsnas gamougonebs xolme. magaliTad, XVIII sauku-
neSi gamoigones, rom sasaflaoebidan sneulebebi vrceldeba
da amitom sasaflaoebi qalaqis SigniT ar unda yofiliyo. mar-
Talia, Cven es ar Segvxebia, magram parizSi monastrebis SigniT
uZvelesi istoriuli sasaflaoebi daangries, Zvlebi pirdapir
urmebiT waiRes, sadRac qalaqgareT Cayares da iq damarxes.
ukve XX saukuneSi gairkva, rom saamiso safuZveli ar arsebob-
da. es Cemi daskvna ar gaxlavT, erTi friad aTeisti, oRond
kargi frangi mkvlevris mosazrebaa, rom adamianebi ubralod
sikvdilis siaxloviT Sewuxdnen. Sua saukuneebis adamianebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, romelTac sikvdili amdenad ar aSinebdaT,
XVIII saukunis ukve aTeizmisaken sakmarisad gadaxril ganaTle-
bul adamianebs es imdenad akrTobdaT, rom maT ama qveynidan

17
 wasvlis atributTa moSoreba moindomes, raTa TvalSi aRar
moxvedrodaT da amisaTvis viTomda bunebismetyvelebiTi sa-
fuZvelic moigones. es Sromebi eqimebma daweres da ara viRac
gareSe adamianebma. samwuxarod, rasakvirvelia, aracnobierad,
aseTi naxevrad politikuri angariSsworebisa Tu manipulire-
bis iaraRad xSirad mecnierebac gvevlineba.
garda imisa, rom Cven Tavidanve avaSeneT saxlebi, romleb-
mac qarTvelis damokidebuleba Tavisi sacxovrisisadmi, misi
kompaqturobisadmi, Tavmoyrilobisadmi mravali aTaswleu-
liT daayaliba, Cven gafantuli, uformo sivrce ar gviyvars.
Cven gvirCevnia, vxedavdeT mis sazRvrebs, yovelTvis gvqondes
Tvalis mosaWidi, rac sadRac iq, sxvagan, SeiZleba sulac ar
iyos. amas garda, gamoCnda sxva raRac-raRacebic. es, pirvel
yovlisa, exeba samosaxlos dagegmarebas. SemaRlebulze ganfe-
nili im uZvelesi qarTuli soflebidan garemo Zalian kargad
Cans. mravali aTasi wlis win ase CaibeWda Cveni winaprebis, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, kulturiT Cvens winmavalTa, Cveni kulturis
fuZisCamyrelTa cnobierebaSi, rom adamians unda hqondes ga-
dasaxedi. dRes qalaqSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebic ki wuxdebian,
rodesac fanjridan mezoblis saxls xedaven, Tumca qalaqSi
swored mezobeli saxli unda Candes da ara sxva ram. Tumca,
rogorc Cans, farTo Tvalsawieri Cvens aracnobier wadilad
qceula. Cven gvinda, gavixedoT da davinaxoT mTebi, Rrublebi
da kidev aTasi ram. es gemovnebaa, romelic im dros dayalibda
iseve, rogorc e.w. sivrcis gareTken xsniloba.
rasakvirvelia, xsniloba imas ar niSnavs, rom saxls ked-
lebi ar gaaCnia. ubralod, is mowyobilia ise, rom sacxovre-
beli da bunebrivi sivrce mozRuduli araa. es, ra Tqma unda,
sarkmlebzec aisaxeba. vTqvaT, quCaze gadakidebuli aivnebi an
lojia-aivnebi, romlebic XVIII saukuneSi namdvilad aris da
XIX saukuneSi xom aris da aris, sxvaTa Soris, Sua saukuneeb-
Si koSkebzec gvxvdeba. warmogidgeniaT cixesimagre, romelic
aucileblad mofargluli, daculi unda iyos da am dros koS-
kze gamobmulia aivani? imasac ki ar kmaroben, rom zemoT baqa-

18
nia da iqidan gadmoxedva SeiZleba. ara, kidev aivanic undaT,
rom gamovidnen da gadmoeyudon. swored es survili bunebriv
sivrceSi gasvlisa, saxelideba arqiteqturis xsnilobad da
yvelaze ucnauri isaa, rom Cvens garemomcvel samyaroSi ase-
Ti moxovnileba TiTqmis arsad aris. Tqven rom naxoT, mTeli
aRmosavleTi Caketili saxlebis arqiteqturaa. aRmosavleTSi,
Tundac Sua aziis yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi, sadac jerac
SemorCenilia Zveli ganaSenianeba, Tqven midixarT quCaSi da es
ori TeTri, sruliad yru kedelia. SegiZliaT daakvirdeT, ro-
gori aivnebia Turqul filmebSi _ gadmokidebulia Seficruli
aivani. sul iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom yuTi gadmokides,
Sig ki raRac aris Cawyobili. faqtobrivad, gareTa kedelze
karadaa Sekiduli. marTalia, gareTaa gamosuli, magram sivr-
cesTan mas urTierToba ar aqvs. ramdenadac vici, aseTi Ria
ganaSenianeba xeTebs hqondaT da aq isaxeba raRac kavSirebi ki-
dev erT Zvel civilizaciasTan. am kavSirebs xedaven sxvaganac,
magaliTad, TrialeTuri kulturis gamosaxulebebSi. Tumca,
marTali giTxraT, me mainc bolomde ar mesmis, es kavSirebi
ramdenad mdgradi iyo an rogor xorcieldeboda. erTjeradi
gavlena iyo, romelmac Semdeg saxe icvala Tu gacvla-gamocv-
la didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda? xalxi iqidan Camovida Tu
aqedan wasulma naxa da Camoitana? ar vici. Tumca, sxva mxriv,
ra unda Camoetana, roca es xsnilobis moTxovnileba ufro
adre Cans?! iq es Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi xdeba da CvenTan amgvari
ganaSenianeba ukve VII, V, III aTaswleulebSi namdvilad aris.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven Zalian adre vxedavT am tradicias,
vxedavT moTxovnilebas. ara mgonia, vinme Cvengans, ra ginda
myudrod myofs sakuTar saxlSi (da qarTvels amis moTxov-
nilebac aqvs), moswondes iseTi vilebi, rogorebic zogjer,
vTqvaT, aris SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac naZvnari pirdapir
minis kedelzea momdgari. mgonia, rom lamis oTaxSi Semosuli
toti Segvawuxebda, Tumca, sxva mxriv, Cven gvinda, is axlos
iyos. swored am, erTi mxriv, mozRudvilobasa da, meore mxriv,
gaxsnilobas, rogorc Cans, saukeTesod uzrunvelyofda aivani,

19
 romelic aCens Sualedur sivrces _ is saxls ekuTvnis, magram
bunebaSic gadis. me TviTon micxovria agarakze saxlSi, sadac
nisli aivanze Semodioda da pirdapir oTaxis karTan dgeboda.
aRarc aivnis boZi Canda da aRarc mdinaris gaRma saxli. ro-
gor xdeboda amis tradireba? ranairad moitanes? kulturuli
tradiciiT? rogori tradiciiT? rogor, ranairad? meqaniz-
mi rogori iyo? samwuxarod, Cven es ar viciT. gasagebia, rom
uZvelesi namosaxlarebi, ZiriTadad, TiTqmis saZirkvlis do-
nezea SemorCenili da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, imdenadaa dangreuli,
rom ver vityviT, sarkmeli an kari sad iyo gaWrili.
Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ase vTqvaT, teqnikur mxa-
resac, radganac garkveul teqnikur safuZvels moiTxovs
yvelaferi adamianismieri, kulturis araerTi dargi da, miT
umetes, xuroTmoZRvreba. amitom didi mniSvneloba hqonda
samSeneblo masalebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis dauflebas. am
mxrivac, CvenTan sakmarisad Zveli da Rrma fesvebia. uZvelesi
samosaxloebis arseboba gulisxmobs, rom adamianebma icod-
nen mSeneblobisaTvis Tixis gamoyeneba, cota xanSi ki daiwyes
wnelis gamoyenebac _ xis sarebs zed aqvs Semovlebuli wneli,
mere ki galesilia an gamoyenebulia alizi, gamouwvavi aguri.
daaxloebiT, Zv.w. VI-V aTaswleulebSi uZveles samosaxloebSi
gamomwvari aguri gamoCnda. es ra aris, jerjerobiT gaugeba-
ria. saidan gaCnda da mere ratom ar damkvidrda, ver gety-
viT, magram faqtia, rom aseTi ram moxda. SesaZloa, ubralod,
fexi ver moikida, maSin metismetad Zvirad da arapraqtikulad
moeCvenaT an rigiT sasoflo mSeneblobaSi didad arc sWir-
debodaT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mosinjes. amis SesaZlebloba, ar-
Cevis SesaZlebloba, arsebobda da airCies ufro martivi teq-
nika, Tumca TavisTavad is ukve gamoCnda. Semdeg, albaT wel-
TaRircxvaTa gasayarze, daaxloebiT, Zveli welTaRricxvis
bolosa da axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi Semodis
gamomwvari aguri, kramiti (kramiti, sxvaTa Soris, ufro ad-
rec gvaqvs, antikur xanaSi) da duRabi. Cvens wyaros Tu davu-
jerebT, duRabi sparselebma Semoitanes. Tumca Zalian sainte-

20
resoa (mgonia, es ufro kargadaa gasaazrebeli kulturul-is-
toriuli da, saerTod, zogadistoriuli TvalsazrisiTac),
rom, germaneli kolegebis azriT (isini masalaTmcodneebi
arian), Suasaukuneobrivi qarTuli duRabi, romelic swored
iqidan (welTaRricxvaTa gasayaridan) modis, Zalian axlo ana-
logiaa e.w. romauli betonisa, romauli duRabisa. maTi Tval-
sazrisiT (da, sxvaTa Soris, Cvenc aseve unda SevxedoT amas),
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxlavT Semdegi garemoeba: vinaidan
saqarTveloSi bunebrivi masala ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo,
qarTvel ostatebs (maTze ukve namdvilad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom qarTveli ostatebi iyvnen) SeurCeviaT misi fardi masala
_ sxva qvebi, romelTac iseTive Tvisebebi aqvT mSeneblobisas,
gamowvisas, gamoSrobisas, rogoric romaul fxvnilebs (la-
vis fxvnilebs). es, rasakvirvelia, Zalian kargi mowmobaa. jer
erTi, aq Cans SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba, gaazrebuli moq-
medeba, rac saerTodac etyoboda qarTul kulturas. cxadia,
SemTxveviT qvas ver ipovi. unda dafiqrde, ratom iReb amas
da ara sxva rames. albaT raRac cdac CautarebiaT, sxvagva-
rad ver daadasturebdnen, rom imave Sedegs miiRebdnen. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, aq Cans bma romaul samyarosTan. sxva ambavia, rom
Tavad duRabis Sesaxeb, romelic, vTqvaT, sparselis meSveobiT
Semovida, man SeiZleba romaelebisagan gaigo. Zalian ucnau-
ria, roca gveubnebian (es yvela wignSi weria), rom sasanuri
xuroTmoZRvreba (sasanianTa sparseTisa, romelic Zv.w. III sau-
kunidan modis) aris reaqcia elinistur-romaul xelovnebaze
da Tavisi sakuTari erovnuli aRmosavluri Zirebisaken mibru-
neba. arada, rodesac Sexedav maTi xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSebs,
gansakuTrebiT, uzarmazar sasanur sasaxleebs, TvalsaCinoa,
rom uamravi elementi pirdapir romauli arqiteqturidan mo-
dis, Tumca gardasaxulia, gadamuSavebulia. am arqiteqturas
wuni namdvilad ar daedeba, magram misi kavSiri romaul da
elinistur samyarosTan Zalian mWidroa. masSi aRmosavlursac
xedaven, Tumca romauli marTlac Zalian bevri Cans. savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, duRabi aseTi SemovliTi gziTac mosuliyo.

21
 antikuri xanidan, Zv.w. IV saukunidan, samSeneblo keramika
Cven ukve gamomwvari gvaqvs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia kramiti.
Tumca ratomRac mainc alizs iyenebdnen, Tan Zalian uxvad, im-
denad, rom, rodesac Tlili qvis arqiteqtura Semovida, naxev-
ramde Tlili qviT amohyavdaT da zemoTken aliziT aboloebd-
nen. ase Sendeboda zRudeebi, sasaxleebi. ratom akeTebdnen
amas, CemTvis mTlad gasagebi ar aris. SeiZleba alizis mozela
ufro iolia, vidre qvis gaTla, magram, sxva mxriv, is gasaaxle-
beli ufro xSiradaa. mas azianebs yinva, teni, didi sicxe. ar
vici ratom, magram faqtia, rom qvis kedlis erTxel amoyvanas
alizis xSiri cvla erCivnaT. SeiZleba, es mowmobs, rom Zalian
gaCveulebi iyvnen da am masalaze uaris Tqma ar undodaT an
raRac rTuli fsiqologiuri movlenaa, magram es asea.
sxva mxriv, CvenSi Tavad qvis mSeneblobac sakmarisad Zve-
lia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan namdvilad
Cndeba e.w. ciklopuri mSenebloba. ar vici, saqarTveloSi cik-
lopebi Tu cxovrobdnen, magram aqauri adamianebi didi qvebiT
ki aSenebdnen. dRes, roca did qvas dainaxaven, Zalian uyvarT
saubari imaze, rom am qvis moWra an transportireba Turme
adamianis Zal-Rones aRemateba. amisaTvis xan ucxoplanetele-
bi unda CavrioT da xanac vinme sxva. ra Tqma unda, es Zalian
didi Secdomaa. yvelaze komikuri isaa, rom srulebiT danam-
dvilebiT aris cnobili, rogor xdeboda aseTi didi qvebis
gadmotana an kldis gaxeTqva, raTa mas didi lodi mocilebo-
da. yvelaferi zedmiwevniT aris cnobili, arada swored sai-
dumloze saubroben. is ki, rac marTla gaugebaria, ratomRac
aravis awuxebs da iwyeba gauTavebeli fantastikuri romanebis
Txzva. rasakvirvelia, es cixeebi, samlocveloebi goliaTebsa
da, miT umetes, ucxoplanetelebs CvenTanac ar auSenebiaT.
TumcaRa ise Cans, rom ciklopuri cixeebi aqeT, javaxeTSi,
ufro walka-TrialeTSi da iqiT, dRevandeli SavSeTis mxare-
Si (iqac nacixvrebi da nasoflarebia), TiTqos raRac erTian
sistemas qmnis, magram maincdamainc daCemebiT Tqma, TiTqos
zustad asea da wyali ar gauva, ar SeiZleba. amgvari sistemis

22
miRma, cxadia, unda arsebobdes organizebuli sazogadoeba. es
aRar aris, davuSvaT, sami soflis kavSiri, radgan is amas ver
auvidoda. raRac tipis saxelmwifoebrioba unda arsebobdes.
istorikosebis saZiebelia, Tu ra saxelmwifo iyo es. Cven mxo-
lod SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es aris sazogadoeba, romelic ar
ufrTxis arc danaxarjs, arc didi Sromis gaRebas da sakmari-
sad kargad aris mowesrigebuli, radgan amas xalxis Tavmoyra
unda. kidev vambob, rom Cven viciT, rogor gadmohqondaT es
didi qvebi, magram viRacas unda waeRo da wamoeRo, amas ki
erTi da ori kaci ar yofnis, jgufebia saWiro. miT umetes, Tu
Tanadroulad bevri ram Sendeba, es gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs
Zala, romelic Tavs abams amdeni xalxis SeTanxmebul muSaobas
da axerxebs jgufebis Tanamoqmedebis mowesrigebas, rac dRe-
sac ki, roca amdeni teqnikuri saSualeba gvaqvs, Zalian Znelia.
bevri ram aris marTlac ucnauri. magaliTad, es cixeebi
Zalian maRalzea, sadac sakmaod civa da sacxovrebeli oTaxebi
ki, romlebic SemorCenilia, ar Tbeba. arc Rumelebi Cans, arc
buxrebi, arc keriebis kvali. gaugebaria, rogor cxovrobdnen.
Tuki zafxulSi adiodnen, ucnobia, zamTarSi sad iyvnen. Tu
qvemoT rCebodnen, maSin iq unda iyos samosaxloebi, romle-
bic TiTqos ar Cans. ra xdeboda? iqneb mxolod es cixeebi
SemogvrCa? iqneb sacxovrebeli mowyobili hqondaT xolme sa-
xlebSi, romlebic am cixeebs axlavs (Cveulebriv, isini ukve
Zalian dangreulia, zogjer mxolod maTi nakvalevia) da cixe
mxolod TavSesafari iyo? iqneb amitom ar aris is gamzadebu-
li didxans gasaCereblad? Zneli saTqmelia. iq jerjerobiT
met-naklebad seriozuli gaTxrebi ar Catarebula da arc ra-
mea mopovebuli. ar viciT, saqme raSia, magram es marTla sain-
teresoa. ra Tqma unda, isic Zalian mniSvnelovania, gavark-
vioT, Tu ra sazogadoebaa es, romeli saxelmwifoa. SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom es yvelaferi romeliRac Zvel aRmosavlur
wyaroSi dasaxelebul tomTa kavSiris cxovrebas asaxavs. ma-
Sin ufro danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu romeli tome-
bi iyo es. am mxareSi antikur xanaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv.w.

23
 X saukunidan, namdvilad Cans qarTveluri tomebi. da mainc
romel tomTa kavSiria? es Zalian sainteresoa. amas garda,
ciklopuri xuroTmoZRvreba uceb Tavs iCens afxazeTSi, anu
Zalian Sors. sad javaxeTi da sad afxazeTi _ SuaSi mTeli
dasavleTi saqarTvelo da samxreT saqarTvelos baria. cota
xnis win aRmoCnda, rom raWa-imereTis sazRvarzec aris aseTi
naqalaqari. SesaZlebelia, es aris raRac kultura, romlis
Sualeduri rgolebi CvenTvis dRes uxilavia, sadRac tyeebSi,
gaukacrielebul adgilebSi imaleba da iqneb is aris kidev
ufro mniSvnelovani da didmasStabovani romelime saxelmwi-
fo an patara saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba, yovel SemTxevaSi _
raRac didi. ai es, marTlac sarkvevi da sakvlevia.
wminda teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, es aris mowyvetili lo-
debi, romlebsac bunebrivad moipovebdnen. Cveulebriv, aseTi
mSenebloba iq warmoebs, sadac vulkanuri qanebia. vulkanu-
ri qanebi skdeba xolme da didi zomis qvebi kldes swydeba.
am qvebs agorebdnen an kidev sazidrebiT (savaraudod, mar-
xilisnairi sazidrebiT) zemoT aCoCialebdnen da erTmaneTze
Seawyobdnen. xsnari ar ixmareboda, magram es TiTqosda si-
martive (duRabi ar ician da qvebs erTmaneTze awyoben), si-
namdvileSi, specifikur sirTulesac Seicavs. marTlac, zoma
iseTnairad unda SeirCes, rom erTmaneTze dalagebisas qvebma
Sla ki ar daiwyon, aramed erTmaneTi gaamyaron. amitom aris
xolme, rom qvemoT jer didi qvebia, Semdeg _ momcro, zemo-
dan ki isev didi qva devs, romelic am SedarebiT ufro pata-
ra qvebs TiTqos xufiviT unda daedos. ase rom, primitiul
teqnikas ver vuwodebT. bolos da bolos, egvipturi taZre-
bi da piramidebi asea aSenebuli, uduRabod, ubralod Tli-
li qviT. raRac TvalsazrisiT, esec ciklopuri mSeneblobaa.
ciklopurs imitom eZaxian, rom didi qvebia. `odiseadan“ SerCa
adamianebis mexsierebas ciklopi polifemosi, romelic isvris
uzarmazar kldeebs, rakiRa Zalian didia, goliaTia. es namd-
vilad Serqmeuli saxelia da, rasakvirvelia, raime istoriul
sinamdvilze arafers ambobs.

24
 cxadia, es teqnika ase ver SenarCundeboda, raRac momentSi
misi daxvewa unda momxdariyo. aq, rogorc Cans, Cven antikur
samyarosTan urTierToba dagvexmara. CvenTan qvis Tla albaT
swored saberZneTidan an berZenTa mcireaziuri dasaxlebebi-
dan Semodis. romelime qvaTlili, bagineTisa an vanis, sadme
aTenSi rom waiRoT da daagdoT, SeiZleba, verc mixvdnen, rom
es Soridan aris motanili, radgan hgavs. iseTive odnav xaoiani
zedapiria, iseve Semovlebulia xolme raRac zoliviT, arSia-
saviT da damagrebis wesic msgavsia _ qvebi rom ar daSliliyo,
erT horizontalur rigSi erTmaneTis momijnave qvebis napi-
rebze CanakveTi keTdeboda da zemodan liTonis firfita, e.w.
gamiri, ideboda. erTmaneTze aseve uxsnarod dadebuli qvebis
rigebi amiT iyo ganmtkicebuli. am teqnikas Tan antikuri for-
mebic Semohyva. CvenTan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da dasa-
vleT saqarTveloSic napovnia Zalian kargi xarisxis antiku-
ri berZnuli kapitelebi (samxreT saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac
vici, jer ar upoviaT, magram arqeologiuri Seswavla iq didad
win waweuli araa). nawili SeiZleba Camotanilia, magram nawili
berZnuli nimuSebis mixedviT damzadebuli adgilobrivi pro-
duqtia. rogorc Cans, arqiteqtura, romelsac es kapitelebi
amkobda, sxvanairi unda yofiliyo. jer erTi, ar Cans svetis
tanebi. rogorc etyoba, isini xis unda yofiliyo. es, Tavis-
Tavad, sul mTlad umagaliTo ar aris. aseTi svetebi hqon-
daT, magaliTad, sparselebs persepolisis sasaxleebSi _ qvis
uzarmazari kapitelebia da tani xis iyo. SesaZloa, es swored
saerTo aRmosavluri tradiciaa, magram raodenobac ucnau-
ria _ svetebi erTi da ori ar aris xolme, bevri unda iyos.
CvenTan saqme gvaqvs raRac ucnaur arqiteqturasTan. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, me ver vxvdebi, ratom aris aq svetnarebi. magali-
Tad, vanSi aris yru kedeli, am yru kedels ki ratomRac mihy-
veba sami sveti da meti araferi. ra aris es? ratomaa svetebi
maincdamainc am yru sibrtyeze da ara meoreze, vTqvaT, sadac
kari iyo, mTlad kargad ar mesmis, magram es arafers niSnavs,
radgan isini, rasakvirvelia, sakuTari TavisTvis aSenebdnen

25
 da ara CemTvis. dRes CvenTvis es logika bolomde gasagebi ar
aris, Tanac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da dasavleTSic aseTi
suraTia. me yovelTvis momyavs es gasaocari magaliTi: kera-
mikuli biustebi, romlebic mopovebulia cixisZirSi (oRond
ara aWaraSi, aramed aqve, Tbilissa da gors Soris sofelSi,
Zveli nastakisSi), mSvenieri keramikuli namuSevarebia. isini
nakeTebia Zveli berZnuli modelebiT, magram adgilobrivi
masaliT da namdvilad aqaa damzadebuli, Tumca ver ityvi,
ostati, romelic Zalian kargad muSaobs, Camosulia Tu ad-
gilobrivi. absoluturad gaugebaria, es arqiteqturas rogor
ukavSirdeboda, magram namdvilad kedlebze iyo damagrebuli,
radgan aq samsWvalis budeebia. Tumca ra kedlebi iyo, rogori
iyo maTi urTierTmimarTeba, srulebiT gaugebaria. danamdvi-
lebiT mxolod is viciT, rom frizad isini ar ikvreba, magram
ver vxvdebiT, risTvis iyo, miT umetes, SigniT, interierSi
da ara gareTa kedelze, rac aseve Zalian ucnauria. antikuri
magaliTebi amasac maincdamainc mxars ar uWers. aq raRac sxva
ambavia. Cven gvaqvs saqme arqiteqturasTan, romelsac axlavs
antikuri detalebi, magram Tavad es arqiteqtura sul sxvaa,
sxva Ziridan momdinarea. samwuxarod, Cven masze cota ram vi-
ciT. aki vTqvi, rom naSTebi aris friad da friad sawyalobeli
_ 30-40 sm-ia xolme acilebuli miwidan, rac arqiteqturaze
azris gamosatanad Zalian cotaa.
da mainc, Cven imeds gvitovebs ufliscixis naqalaqari.
ufliscixis naqalaqari warmomCenia kidev erTi samSeneblo
tradiciisa, romelic Cveni qveynisaTvis Semdegac, Sua sau-
kuneebSic, sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo. aq Cans kldeSi kafvis
tradicia. kldeSi nakafi uZvelesi saxlebi da nasoflarebi,
romlebic Zalian bevri aRmoCnda, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bo-
lodan Tu Zv.w. II aTaswleulidan modis. jerjerobiT uamra-
via napovni qvemo qarTlSi, cota ufro gviandelebi _ Sida
qarTlSi da, bolos, es tradicia mwvervals aRwevs welTaRri-
cxvaTa mijnaze. ufliscixis daTariRebaze, misi mraval-
ricxovani sadgomebis daniSnulebaze uamravi azria gamoTq-

26
muli. amaze kamaTi mimdinareobs. isev da isev, ver daiCemeb,
rom maincdamainc ama Tu im droisaao, magram faqtia, rom
is antikuri xanisaa, albaT SedarebiT gviani safexuris, ma-
gram mainc antikuri xanis. am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba vifiqroT
imdroindeli arqiteqturis amokiTxvaze. saqme isaa, rom, ro-
gorc saerTod xSirad xdeba kldis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi (asea
indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, tajikeTSi), gamomkafavni naSen arqite-
qturas imeoreben. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, es ufro metad xis ar-
qiteqturaa. srulebiT aSkarad Cans, rom imitirebulia xis
sadgarebi da xis gadaxurvebi. es xan Zeluri gadaxurvaa, xan
ficruli, xan kesonirebulis msgavsi da xanac namdvili keso-
ni, oRond amjerad es ukve imitaciaa kamarisa, romelic cota
gviandeli unda iyos, albaT sadRac ax.w. II saukunisa. rakiRa
aseTi mravalferovnebaa, ori ram SeiZleba vivaraudoT: es
met-naklebad asaxavs erTi epoqis SenobaTa sxvadasxvanair ti-
pebs an arqiteqturis raRacanair ganviTarebas. amas sagangebo
muSaoba sWirdeba da miwaze nanax ganadgurebul SenobebTan
kldeSi gamokafuli modelebis Sejereba. amis Semdeg SeiZleba
movaxerxoT SenobaTa ramdenime tipis amocnoba.
amas garda, aris nasaxlari qarelTan (mgoni, bolomde je-
rac ar aris gaTxrili), e.w. dedoflisgora, sadac aRmoCeni-
lia saxli, romelic vilis tipisaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, viRac
mdidari meurnis qalaqgare saxlia. iq uamravi ram aris napov-
ni _ sursaTi da bevri sxvadasxva nivTi. orsarTuliani saxli
iyo da kedlebi iseT simaRlezea SemorCenili, rom SeiZleba
meore sarTulis simaRlec ki iyos. qveda donec daadgindes
da, Tu Zalian moviwadinebT, misi patara modelic ki SeiZleba
gavakeToT. es yvelaferi samuSaoa, jerjerobiT ki mxolod
imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom Cven gvqonda bevri sxvadasxvagvari
Senoba, araerTi gegmarebiTi tipi, magram sacxovrebeli arqi-
teqtura, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad, mainc xis iyo, Tumca qvis
detalebic gamoiyeneboda da samSeneblo keramikac.
maSasadame, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cven gvaqvs garkveuli
tipis sivrcis gancda, romelic im uZvelesi droidan modis.

27
 gvaqvs ganaSenianebis garkveuli tipi, romelic aseve tradi-
ciad iqceva. faqtobrivad, vicnobT yvela im teqnikas, ro-
melsac samyaro IV saukuneSi iyenebda. vicodiT, pirvel rigSi,
xiTxurooba, romelic, rogorc iTqva, aSkarad aris aRbeWdi-
li ufliscixeSi. amas garda, napovnia kidev ufro Zveli yor-
Ranebi da xiT naSeni Sida sadgomebi. es sakmarisad rTuli
nagebobebia, romlebsac ise, sasxvaTaSorisod, ver gaakeTeb,
codna unda. sxva Tu araferi, rodesac aSendeboda da ZelebiT
gadaixureboda, zemoT miwa da qva eyreboda da amisTvis unda
gaeZlo. Sesabamisad, imdroindeli ostati axerxebda, cxadia,
TvaliT da ara qaRaldze amis gamoangariSebas. amuSavebdnen
xes, ficrebsac Wridnen, ra Tqma unda, morebsac Tlidnen, yve-
lafers akeTebdnen. savaraudod, albaT aCuqurTmebdnen ki-
dec, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxvanairad ar xdeba _ iq, sadac xea,
xeze CuqurTmac aris xolme, Cveulebriv da, ra Tqma unda,
amas Zalian didi gasavali unda hqonoda. amasTanave viciT sam-
Seneblo keramika da qvis damuSaveba. qvas vxmarobT rogorc
duRabiT, aseve uduRabod, rogorc uTlels, aseve Tlilsac.
es gasaTvaliswinebelia, im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve Semdeg,
Sua saukuneebSi, did, ase vTqvaT, monumentur arqiteqturaSi
yvelaze gamosaCeni Senobebi ufro xSirad Tlili qviT Sen-
deba. gamonaklisia kaxeTi, magram es calke ambavia. zogadad
rom aviRoT, mTel Cvens arcTu ise did qveyanaSi asea miRebu-
li _ roca undaT, raRac gansxvavebuli, Tavmosawoni aaSenon,
Tlil qvas amjobineben imdroindeli qarTvelebic. Tumca uT-
leli qvac gamoiyeneba, miT umetes, xalxur mSeneblobaSi. ma-
galiTad, uTleli qviT Sendeboda arcTu ise mcire raodeno-
biT cixe-koSkebi da saeklesio nagebobebi. marTalia, rogorc
wesi, es meorexarisxovani eklesiebia, magram raodenobiT isini
sakmarisad bevria. ase rom, qristianobis Semosvlas Cven sav-
sebiT aRWurvilni SevxvdiT saimisod, rom arqiteqturis amo-
canebi gadawyvetiliyo.
es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos manamde arqiteqturis amo-
canebi saerTod ar wydeboda. Cven es, ubralod, kargad ar

28
viciT. Cven vxedavT, vTqvaT, uSvelebel cecxlis taZars de-
doflis mindorSi (is sveticxovlis zomisaa, kolosaluria),
magram mxolod taZris kvalia miwaze SerCenili. ucnobia, ta-
Zari ra simaRlis iyo da rogor viTardeboda zemoTken, iq ra
xdeboda. magaliTad, oTxi sveti dgas da gadaxurvad raRac
gvirgvinisnairi unda hqonoda, magram aravin icis, es gvirgvini
ori Zelisagan Sedgeba Tu maRalia, rogorc Zvel nagebobebSi,
darbazovan saxlebSi. arc is viciT, es rogor davadginoT. vin
ras varaudobs da vin _ ras. me mainc mgonia, rom es patara iyo,
or an sam rigad dalagebuli da adioda kramitis saxuravamde,
mere ki aRar viTardeboda, Torem darbazovani saxlis gvir-
gvini bans scdeba xolme da zemodan qudiviT adgas. Cven ar
viciT, uamravi xis detali ranairi iyo. SeRebili iyo? moxara-
tebuli iyo? ar viciT. Sesabamisad, Zalian Wirs saubari ima-
ze, rogori iyo arqiteqturis mxatvruli done. Wirs lapara-
ki imaze, rac ar viciT. fasadebis warmodgenac SeuZlebelia,
radgan gegma amis saSualebas ar iZleva. SeiZleba, iq Zalian
martivi elementebi iyo, magram, vTqvaT, sam ferad Rebavdnen,
raTa lamazi sanaxavi yofiliyo. amas winaT vuyurebdi samTa-
vroSi aRmoCenil samlocvelos, romelic Zeluri nagebobaa.
rekonstruqciisas daxates Cveulebrivi oTxkuTxa Zelebi. rom
Sexedav, ar mogindeba aseTi taZari, magram mere vfiqrobdi:
marTalia, ase davxateT, magram sinamdvileSi araferi viciT.
ki, batono, Zirze sworkuTxaa, magram mere im svetze ra xde-
ba? iqneb rogor iyo moCuqurTmebuli, rogori saxeebi iyo.
egeb moqandakebuli, moxatuli an SeRebili yofiliyo. iqneb
iyo kidev raRac, rac ukve veRarasdros verafriT dadginde-
ba. samwuxarod, qaRaldze naxati mxolod Zalian miaxloebiT
suraTs mogvcems. realurad, rogorc ukve vTqvi, arqitequra-
ze saubari mxolod ufliscixis magaliTiT SegviZlia da esec
kvlav samuSao da sakvlevi sakiTxia.
qristianuli arqiteqtura verasodes iqneboda iseTi, ro-
goric sinamdvileSia, Tuki manamde yovelgvari mxatvrulobi-
sagan daclili wminda wylis funqciuri mSenebloba gveqnebo-

29
 da. adamians foTlebisa da totebisagan agebul qoxSic ki Sea-
qvs odnavi proporcia, raTa Tvali gaaxaros. roca qalaqebsa
da taZrebs aSenebdnen, miT umetes, gaakeTebdnen raRacas mxat-
vruls, magram, ra vqnaT, rom ar viciT. magaliTad, bagineTSi,
armazcixeze, mcxeTis Tavze, aRmoCenilia kvali eqvsafsidiani
nagebobisa, romelic imdenad dangreulia, rom verc ki vxv-
debiT, gadaxuruli rogor iyo. ra iyo am eqvs afsids Soris,
srulebiT gaugebaria. Sua adgilze dgas raRacis kvarcxlbeki,
TiTqos svetis, magram es erTi sveti rom iyo SuaSi amoCrili,
mere zemoT ra xdeboda, ar viciT. samwuxarod, Cven SegviZlia
mxolod da mxolod samSeneblo tradicia davadasturoT. rac
Seexeba arqiteqturas, masze verafers vityviT. viciT mxolod
uzogadesi principi, romelic sivrcis agebasa da garemoSi na-
gebobis moTavsebas Seexeba. amis iqiT raimes Tqma jerjerobiT
ar xerxdeba. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT movlenebze mxolod
qristianobis Semosvlis xanidan, ufro mainc _ V saukunidan.

30
3. qristianobis Semosvla da
sataZro arqiteqtura

axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebi dedamiwis umetesi

nawilisaTvis da, maT Soris, Cveni qveynisaTvis axali, didi
movleniT iyo aRsaniSnavi. yvelasaTvis gasagebia, rom saubari
aris axali sarwmunoebis _ qristianobis _ aRmocenebaze. ra
iyo manamde, jer kidev sacilobelia, safiqrebelia. vgoneb,
eWvgareSea, rom mociqulTa qadageba Cvens qveyanaSi namdvilad
iyo. saqarTvelo moiares wm. andria pirvelwodebulma, wm. svi-
mon kananelma, SesaZloa mataTa mociqulmac. amaze sxvadasxva
gardamocema arsebobs, xolo, ramdenad SerCa maTi naqadagevi,
ramdenad moikida man fexi, es ukve sxva sakiTxia, romelsac
imaze meti rkveva unda, vidre dRemde Catarebula. SesaZloa,
gamoCndes arqeologiuri monapovari, romelic Cven gagvar-
kvevs. Tumca calkeuli miniSnebebi, raRac qristianuli Teme-
bi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, codna qristes qadagebisa da saxarebis
Sesaxeb Cvens qveyanaSi TiTqos aris. da mainc, wm. ninos qada-
geba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi is niSansvetia, romlidanac sa-
kuTriv saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria iwyeba. gasagebic aris.
maSindeli eklesiis struqtura iseTi iyo, rom ragind yofi-
liyo manamde, saubari rogorme SekavSirebul, ierarqizebul
struqturebze albaT mainc ar SeiZleba. swored konstantine
didis zeobis Semdeg ikveTeba sabolood miwieri eklesiis is
saxe, romelic man dRevandlamde SeinarCuna.
Cven dRes kargad ar gvesmis, ras niSnavda axali sarwmu-
noebis gavrceleba. bolomde ar gvesmis, ras niSnavs, aRiaro
axali rwmena. dRes eklesia Zalian bevr adamians warmoudge-
nia, rogorc raRac ucnauri wesdebis mqone sazogadoebrivi
organizacia, erTgvari klubi an politikuri partia, xolo
rwmenis aRiarebas ise uyureben, TiTqos axali astronomiuli
Teoria waekiTxoT, romelsac daeTanxmebian, nawilobriv dae-
Tanxmebian an uaryofen. arada, sinamdvileSi, aseTi ram dauS-
vebelia. warmarTi RvTaebis rwmenac ki niSnavs Tavis migebas

31
 am arsisadmi, arsebebisadmi, romlebzec wm. daviT winaswarme-
tyveli ambobs: `RmerTni warmarTTani eSmak arian~. es Zalian
kargad Cans Tundac qarTul gadmocemebSi nadirT RvTaeba
dalis Sesaxeb. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is iTxovs erTgulebas
masze gamijnurebuli monadirisagan, romelic mkacrad isjeba,
Tuki aRTqma daarRvia. es ar aris marto CvenSi. magaliTad,
ase daisaja berZnul miTosSi Wabuki ipolite imis gamo, rom
man qalRmerT afrodites Zala ar aRiara. afroditem mas saSi-
neli, ukuRmarTi mijnuroba Sehyara da ipolite daRupa. igu-
lisxmeba, rom Tqven raRacanairad am RvTaebis mokavSire, mis
mimarT garkveuli movaleobis mqone xdebiT da am movaleobis
darRveva ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, Zalian rTulad aris saq-
me, roca saubaria monoTeistTa RmerTze, bibliuri RmerTis
aRiarebaze. es nebismier monoTeistur religias exeba.
saqme is gaxlavT, rom warmarTi RvTaebebi, ase Tu ise,
saaqaos, wuTisofels ekuTvnian da maTTan urTierToba, Tu
SeiZleba iTqvas, wuTisoflis cnebebiT warmoebs daaxloebiT
ase: vTqvaT, me mogeci Sen qaTami, Sen momeci me mosavali.
ufro sworad ki _ ai, ase: Sen miiRe Cemgan, davuSvaT, 15 ire-
mi, keTili inebe da Cemi erTguli iyavi. es yvelaferi miwier
sibrtyeze xdeba. sul sxvaa, rodesac adamiani dgas RmerTis
pirispir da swored es aris bibliuri RmerTis rwmena, mudmi-
vi gancda imisa, rom Sen yvela Seni saqmiT, mTeli cxovrebiT
RvTis pirispir dgaxar. es Zalian rTulia. albaT Zalian cota
iyo adamiani, romelmac mTeli am saukuneebisa da aTaswleu-
lebis ganmavlobaSi ase icxovra, magram viRac uTuod iqne-
boda. iyo garkveuli raodenoba adamianebisa, romlebsac Cven
wmindanebs vuwodebT. Tumca maT Sorisac arian sxvadasxvanai-
rebi _ sxvadasxva Zalis, siRrmisa Tu simaRlis. gwamdes qvey-
nis Semoqmedi RmerTisa, garda yvelafrisa, niSnavs, sul sxva-
nairad warmogedginos Seni cxovreba. SevadaroT Tundac is,
Tu rogor wamoudgenia saiqio cxovreba nebismier warmarTsa
da bibliuri religiis mimdevars.
warmarTisaTvis warmoudgenelia sxva ram, garda miwieri
cxovrebis ase Tu ise gagrZelebisa. magaliTad, aris aseTi Ci-

32
nuri religia daosi. am religiis Tanaxmad, wmindanebi, romle-
bic ukvdavebi xdebian, cxovroben mTaze da srulebiT miwier
cxovrebas ewevian. ubralod, es droSi gangrZobili miwieri
cxovrebaa. ukidures mistikosebsac ki, magaliTad, piTagore-
lebs (piTagoraze metad mistikosi antikur religias ar hyo-
lia), sulebis cxovreba warmoudgeniaT varskvlavebze da es
xilul caze xdeba (Tavis droze, rodesac wavikiTxe, me es
Zalian meniSna). am xiluls, nivTiers, TviT usulieresi war-
marTic ki eTayvaneba. me Zalian Sors var im azrisagan, rom
warmarTobaSi saerTod araviTari suliereba ar aris. rogor
ar aris, Tuki gvyavda platoni, iyvnen indoeTis brZenni?! es
garkveuli tipis sulierebaa, magram ingliseli mwerlis, Ces-
tertonis, ar iyos, yovelgvari suliereba rodi gulisxmobs
suliwmindas, srulebiT gansxvavebuli ram SeiZleba iyos. sxva-
Ta Soris, arsebobs suliereba, romelic Zalian axlos aris
mSvinvierebasTan, mSvinvier gancdebTan, vnebebTan.
qristianma icis maradisi cxovreba, rogorc xorcielad
aRdgomis CvenTvis miuwvdomeli Sedegi, oRond es srulebiT
sxva qveynierebaSi aRdgomaa. is wuTisofeli, romelic Cven vi-
ciT, ki ar grZeldeba, aramed icvleba srulebiT sxva ramiT,
rac ar viciT, rogori iqneba. Cven SeiZleba mxolod viguma-
noT ise, Zalian Soreulad. codvisa da sikvdilis Semosvlamde
arsebul im sxvanair qveynierebaSi SesaZlebelia erTaderTi,
ase vTqvaT, saqmianoba da es isev RvTis pirispir dgomaa. am
SemTxvevaSi, is gulisxmobs sruli cnobierebiTa da sruli
sicxadiT yofnas maradisobaSi, es ki CvenTvis Zalian rTuli
gancdaa, radgan yvela droiT ganzomilebas moicavs. erT-er-
Ti, rac adamians RvTaebis winaswar gangebulebaze saubrisas
Zalian abnevs isaa, rom igi sakuTar Tavs warmoidgens Toji-
nad, romelsac RvTaeba Tavis nebaze daatarebs. aris reli-
giebi, romlebsac ase swamT, magram ase ar swams qristianobas.
qristianoba aRiarebs adamianis Tavisufal nebas da mxolod
amas gulisxmobs, Tumca ukve daviT winaswarmetyvelma ico-
da, rom ufalma Sesaqmis dros yoveli Cvenganis wuTisofe-

33
 li, yoveli Cvenganis nabiji uwyoda. Cven es nabijebi CveniT
gadavdgiT, ubralod misTvis, yovladmecnierisaTvis, isini
cnobilia. axla nu mkiTxavT, rogor Seefardeba amas saswau-
li, rogor Seefardeba amas xsna da saswaulTagan umTavresi _
uflis gankaceba, raTa Cven kvlav gagvexsnas samoTxis daxSuli
karibWe. es me, bunebrivia, ar vici da, cota ar iyos, mecineba,
roca vinme Cemulobs, rom icis. mgoni, Zalian sasaciloa, rom
adamiani, romelsac Tavisi mezoblisa veraferi gaugia, qvey-
nierebis Semoqmedis saidumlos amocnobas Cemulobdes. Tu
vinmes aseTi saidumlo gaexsna, Zalian kargia, magram meeWveba.
ubralod, ar mgonia, adamianma amgvari codna daitios da Tu
daitia, gamoTqma SeZlos, Tumca es ise vTqvi, sxvaTa Soris.
Cven unda gavigoT, rom, rodesac qristianoba Semovida,
adamianebma dainaxes srulebiT sxvanairi qveyniereba. maT da-
inaxes srulebiT sxvanairi saiqio, maT dainaxes sruliad sxva-
nairi RvTaebrioba, romelzec manamde miaxloebiTi warmod-
genac ki ar gaaCndaT. es marTlac sruli ganaxleba iyo, TiTq-
mis iseTive, rogorc gamocxadebis boloSia naTqvami wm. ioane
RvTismetyvelis mier: `da vixile caÁ axali da queyanaÁ axali,
miwaÁ axali“. rodesac adamianebma es axali sarwmunoeba miiRes
da gareT gavidnen (albaT ase xdeboda, rom sadRac sivrceSi
an Tugind baRSi iqadageboda, vTqvaT wm. ninos usmendnen da
iwames), zecas rom axedes, rasakvirvelia, sul sxva ram daina-
xes, TiTqosda igive sruliad sxvagvarad warmoudgaT. sulac
ar iyo advili amis miReba, ar iyo advili axali sarwmuno-
ebiT cxovreba. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom IV saukuni-
saTvis eklesias ukve bevri ram gadaxda _ dawyebuli devniT
(romelic, I saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, ar mTavr-
deboda) da dasrulebuli qristianuli xelovnebis SeqmniT.
es yvelaferi am axalnergi qristianobis qveyanas erTianad
unda mieRo. warmosadgenadac ki Znelia, Tu rogor moaxerxa
es kacobriobam.
qristianuli xelovnebis Seqmna vaxsene. saqme is gaxlavT,
rom qristianuli xelovneba umalve ar gaCenila. mociqulTa

34
xanaSi da, rogorc Cans, kidev didxans ar arsebobda Sinagani
moTxovnileba arc xuroTmoZRvrulad gaformebuli sivrci-
sa, sadac morwmuneebi Seikribebodnen da, miT umetes, arc im-
gvari saRvTo gamosaxulebisa, rogoric marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis xatia. bevri SeiZleba vimkiTxaoT imis Sesaxeb, ratom
iyo ase Tu ise, magram faqtia, aseTi moTxovnileba ar yofi-
la. yvelaze martivi axsna is aris, rom eklesias, qristianTa
salocavs, romelic Tavdasxmebis pirdapiri samizne iqneboda,
ver aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, III saukunemde aseTi Senobebi ar
arsebobda an, Tu arsebobda, es iyo sadme kerZo saxlSi gamo-
yofili oTaxebi, sadac qristianTa Sekrebebi uCumrad imarTe-
boda. amgvari sivrceebi, marTalia, mcire raodenobiT, magram
SemogvrCa. es arafriT gamorCeuli odnav mozrdili oTaxe-
bia, romlebsac adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba unda daetia.
maTSi gamoyofili unda yofiliyo adgili, sadac moZRvari,
presviteri, mRvdeli saqadagod da ziarebis Casatareblad da-
jdeboda an dadgeboda. amis meti saWiroeba ar arsebobda. ga-
mosaxulebebic ar sWirdebodaT. metsac getyviT, albaT maTi
ridic hqondaT, vinaidan gamosaxuleba, romelic idga da am-
bobda, rom es RmerTia, morwmuneebs warmarT RvTaebebs metis-
metad cxovlad agonebda.
qristianebma albaT moZRvarTagan miRebuli pirvelive gak-
veTilidan icodnen, rom kerpi usulo gamosaxulebaa, romelic
cocxal RmerTobas ibralebs. bunebrivia, aseTi kerpis gamo-
Cena TavianT salocavSi maT srulebiTac ar undodaT. saWi-
ro iyo, gasuliyo dro, Camoyalibebuliyo sxvanairi rwmeniTi
damokidebuleba da migveRo is, rasac xats veZaxiT. es gamo-
saxuleba, TavisTavad, ar aris RvTaebrivi, xelqmnilia, magram
garkveuli TvisebebiTa da kurTxeviT, romelic adasturebs,
rom mas es Tvisebebi marTlac aqvs. mas aqvs unari, Cveni azri
da gancda mimarTos imisaken, vinc am xatzea gamosaxuli an
masze gamoxatuli ambisaken, vTqvaT, lazares aRdginebisaken.
SevxedavT da TiTqosda swored im maradisobaSi gadavdivarT,
sadac warsuli agreTve awmyoa da sadac Cvenc varT da is amba-

35
 vic. nu mkiTxavT axla, es rogor xdeba. marTlac, Cven erT wam-
Si SevabijebT im mdgomareobaSi, rodesac varT iqac da aqac,
dRevandel dRes da kidev romeliRac dRes, romelic 3 000
wlis Semdeg iqneba.
aseTi cnobiereba umal ver gaCndeboda. amas dasWirda
dro. dro iyo saWiro aseve imisaTvis, rom Camoyalibebuliyo
qristianuli taZari, romelic ver iqneboda uflis saxli war-
marTuli gagebiT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom jer wm. stefane
pirvelmowamem da Semdeg wm. mociqulma pavlem Tqves zustad
erTi da igive winadadeba: `RmerTi, romelma igi Seqmna cani da
qveyanaÁ, ara xeliTqmulTa taZarTa Sina cxovrobs~.
es SemTxveviTi naTqvami ar aris. es aris ara mxolod erT-
gvari gamowveva warmarTobisa, aramed TviT Zveli aRTqmisac,
imitom, rom Zveli aRTqmis RmerTic evlineboda iudevelebs
erT adgilze. iudevelebmac ician, rom RmerTi araviTar ked-
lebSi ar aris momwyvdeuli. Tumca, rogorc Cans, warmarTuli
cnobierebis gavleniT, raki RmerTi erTi iyo da ar arsebob-
da bevri RvTaeba (gansxvavebiT warmarTuli Sexedulebisagan),
warmoidgines, rom unda yofiliyo erTi taZari da erTi adgi-
li, sadac is Cndeba. saWiro iyo macxovris mosvla, raTa Tqmu-
liyo, rom ase brZanebs ufali: is iqneba maTTan ara am mTaze,
ara sionze an kidev sadme sxvagan, aramed nebismier adgilas,
sadac ori, gindac sami Seikribeba. ar aqvs mniSvneloba ad-
gils, yvelgan SeiZleba RvTis Tayvaniscema, Tu Sen Tayvanis-
scem suliTa da WeSmaritebiT.
maSin ra aris qristianuli taZari da ra saWiroa misi age-
ba? swored es gaxda erTgvari lodi sacduri. SeiZleba am-
gvari msjeloba gadaWarbebulia, magram es sakiTxi, rogorc
Cans, ukve III saukuneSic sakamaTo da saCoTiro iyo. magaliTad,
arsebobs teqsti, romelSic naTqvamia, rom taZari igeba ara
qvebiT, aramed sulebiT. sinamdvileSi, ukve igulisxmeba ara is
taZari, romelSic Cven SevdivarT, aramed _ eklesia, rogorc
erTiani taZari. da ra aris eklesia? SemTxveviTi xom ar aris,
rom nagebobasa da morwmuneTa krebuls erTi da igive saxeli
hqvia? Tavidan es saxeli erqva swored morwmuneebis erTobas,

36
romlis Tavi ars qriste. es iyo eklesia. axla kidev es saxeli
Seerqva taZars da yvela enaSi asea. yvela enam Seinaxa amgvari
viTarebis mexsiereba.
ratom gvWirdeba Cven eklesia? imitom, rom morwmune aris
ara is rCeuli 10 kaci, romelTac gansakuTrebuli sasoeba
aqvT, aramed bevri iseTi adamianic, vinc RmerTi guliTa da
gonebiT _ an naxevari guliTa da naxevari gonebiT, an mTlia-
nad guliTa da gonebiT, an mTeli arsebiT, an naxevari arsebiT
_ aRiara da yvela maTgans unda gauadvildes RmerTTan misv-
la, locvis aRvlena, im Sinagani mdgomareobis Seqmna, romlis
gareSe religiuri Tanamsaxureba, Tundac msaxurebaze daswre-
ba SeuZlebelia. amitom aris saWiro gansakuTrebuli adgili.
sxvaTa Soris, amitomve xdeba, rom adamians sxva aRmsareblo-
bis taZarSi, cota ar iyos, uxerxuloba ipyrobs. magaliTad,
Cven marTlmadideblebi varT, magram rusul marTlmadideb-
lur taZarSi Sesuli qarTvelic ki cota uxerxulad grZnobs
Tavs da darwmunebuli var, qarTul taZarSi Sesuli rusic.
igive moxdeba, Tu berZnul taZarSi SevalT, radganac is sxva-
nairia. aq ukve saubaria ara sarwmunoebaze, aramed sarwmunoe-
bis gancdaze. qarTvelTagan erTs SeiZleba samTavisis taZarSi
Sesvla erCivnos, meores _ mcxeTis jvarSi. orive marTlmadi-
debelia, orive qarTvelia, magram, ase vTqvaT, sulieri agebu-
lebiT erTi midrekilia Tavisi religiuri gancdis erTgvari
gamovlenisaken, erTi rigis gancdebisaken, meores ki, romelic
sxvanairad ganicdis, Sesabamisad, garemoSic raRac sxva sWir-
deba. amis msgavsad, viRac salocavad xaxulis RmrTismSobel-
Tan miva da viRac _ anCisxatTan. yvelas romeliRac wmindani
uyvars. gana is sxvaze ukeTesia, magram adamiani Sinagan kavSirs
amyarebs ratomRac swored masTan da ara romelime sxvasTan.
pirveli qristianuli taZrebisaTvis amoirCies mSeneblo-
bis imgvari tipi, romelic warmarTul taZars SedarebiT
naklebad hgavda da es iyo ugumbaTo xuroTmoZRvrebis ti-
pebidan erT-erTi, e.w. bazilika, aseve _ nair-nairi mrgvali
da mravalafsidiani, mravalkuTxa Senobebi, romelTac gum-

37
 baTi hqondaT (aseTebi icoda elinisturma qveynebma, icoda
romis imperiis sxvadasxva centris aRmSeneblobam). saqme is
gaxldaT, rom es nagebobebi sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebda.
Tqven SeiZleba naxoT warmarTuli periodis mrgvali Seno-
ba (da aris aseTi Senoba), vTqvaT, panTeoni, romelic taZari
iyo, magram es mainc iSviaTia. roca adamiani Sexedavda mrgval
Senobas, pirveli, rac axsendeboda, warmarTuli taZari ar
iyo. asevea bazilika. arsebobda bazilikebi, romlebic taZris
msgavsia, magram swored RvTis saxlTan erTmniSvnelovnad ar
asocirdeboda.
amgvarad, aseTi arCevani gakeTda, moxda konstruqciuli
gamartiveba. Zalian ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom saqris-
tianos umetes nawilSi aRar aSeneben kamarebs, romelTa Se-
nebac romaelebma Zalian kargad icodnen. ratomRac gadadian
xiT gadaxuruli Senobebis agebaze. magaliTad, dasavleT sa-
qristianoSi gadaxurvis amgvarma xerxma fexi imdenad moikida,
rom XI saukuneSi iq kamaraTa mSeneblobis Seswavla lamis axli-
dan mouxdaT. pirvel xanebSi Zalian uWirdaT kamaris amoyva-
na, imdenad, rom, rodesac did samnavian nagebobas aSenebdnen,
gverdiT navebs kamarebs ukeTebdnen da Sua ganier navebs xiT
xuravdnen. ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom iseT kamaras aaSe-
nebdnen, romelic ar Camoingreoda. marTlac, iyo SemTxvevebi,
roca afsidebi Camongreula. nel-nela xelaxla iswavles da
SeimuSaves kamarebis amoyvanis sando meTodebi da ukve Semdeg
goTikuri xuroTmoZRvreba mTlad uSecdomo ara, magram bev-
rad gabeduli iyo, vidre romanuli arqiteqtura.
saqarTvelo im mcirericxovan qveyanaTa Sorisaa, sadac
kamarovani mSenebloba ki ar gaqra, piriqiT, damkvidrda da
Tanac damkvidrda swored saeklesio mSeneblobaSi, saidanac
sxva qveynebSi qristianobam is gandevna. ratom moxda ase, Zne-
li saTqmelia. ar aris advili asaxsneli kidev erTi ram: Cveni
qveyana adre gaqristianda, aq axali sarwmunoeba mosaxleo-
bamac aRiara da saxelmwifomac. qristianoba fexmokidebuli
iyo aRmosavleTSic da, Tumc Riad ar Tqmula, dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSic, radgan berZnebisa da, ufro metad, romaelebis

38
mier pyrobil biWvinTa-picunda-pitiuntsa Tu noqalaqevSi,
romelic, rogorc Cans, egrisis mefeTa erT-erTi samyofeli
mainc iyo, napovnia namdvilad IV saukunis ramdenime uZvelesi
eklesia. Cven ar viciT, egriselebTan rogor iyo, Tumca same-
fo saxli, TviTon Tu ar aRiarebda, hguobda mainc Tavis gver-
diT axal sarwmunoebas. maS, ratom moxda, rom aseT qveyanaSi
orad ori nagebobaa, romelzec dRes Cven SegviZlia dabeji-
TebiT vTqvaT, rom IV saukunisaa? gaviTvalisiwinoT isic, rom
es aris mxolod kvali miwaze. faqtobrivad, saZirkvels odnav
amocdenili gadarCenili nagebobebi imdenad dabalzea, rom
Tqmac ki ar SegviZlia, sad iyo kari da sad _ sarkmeli. mxo-
lod moxazuloba viciT: martivi, sworkuTxa darbazi momr-
gvalebuli aRmosavleTis kedliT, ara gamoyofili afsidiT,
aramed swored momrgvalebuli kedliT. sul es iyo. yvela
niSniT, is xiT unda yofiliyo gadaxuruli. isic saTqmelia,
rom, garda calnavianobisa (calnaviani eklesiebi CvenTan bev-
ri iyo yvela dros da SigadaSig dResac ki Sendeba), danarCeni
niSnebi CvenSi ar damkvidrda. amgvarma arqiteqturam _ aseTi
proporciebiT, xiT gadaxurulma, momrgvalebulkedlebianma
_ CvenSi fexi ar moikida. CvenSi aseTi arc aRmosavleTSi damk-
vidrda da arc dasavleTSi. Semdgom ukve sul sxva arqiteq-
turaa. Sesabamisad, es ori nageboba ar udebs saTaves qarTul
qristianul arqiteqturas.
maS, saidan modis is? dabejiTebiT raimes Tqmas dResac
ver vaxerxebT. erTaderTi, rac SegviZlia vivaraudoT, is
aris, rom Cvenma qveyanam, bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gaagrZe-
la imgvari mSenebloba, rogoric manamde hqonda. gasakviria,
Tu raoden ar hgavs Cveni qristianuli taZrebi, romlebic
danamdvilebiT adreulia da V saukuniT TariRdeba, imas, rac
antikur dros unda yofiliyo _ araviTari antikuri profi-
lebi, kapitelebi, wyoba, araferi, garda kamarisa, romelic,
zogadad, romaul wess misdevs. Tumca axlaxan xom mogaxse-
neT, rom taZrebs kamariT romis kultris uSualod gamgrZe-
lebel qveynebSic ki ar xuravdnen. Sesabamisad, mTlad tipuri
arc es unda iyos. raSia saqme?

39
 pirvel yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom jerac aris imedi (sul
ufro sustdeba, magram mainc aris) _ albaT vipoviT naSTebs,
mcired namusrevs uZvelesi eklesiebisa, romlebic werilobi-
Ti wyaroebis wyalobiT, viciT, IV saukuneSi namdvilad aSen-
da. aris ori eklesia mcxeTaSi, eklesiebi eruSeTSi, manglisSi,
wilkanSi, nekresSi. daaxloebiT, 330-iani wlebidan saukunis
bolomde es eklesiebi namdvilad aigo, magram sadaa?! yvela am
adgilze dgas eklesia, magram rasac Cven vxedavT, IV saukuni-
saa. is naSTebic, romlebic aRmoCenilia, vTqvaT, mcxeTis sam-
Tavros taZarSi da isic, rasac wilkanSi vuyurebT, namdvilad
IV saukunisaa. manglisSi gaTxrebi ar Catarebula. SesaZloa,
dRevandeli eklesiis qveS rame iyos. mikvleulia aseTi naSTe-
bi sveticxovelSi, magram im masalis damuSaveba, romelic 2006
wlis arqeologiuri gawmendisas moipoves, samwuxarod dRemde
ver moxerxda. ramdeni dro gavida (TiTqmis 8 weli) da kidev
ar viciT, iq ra aris. dResac verafers vambobT yvelaze qve-
da fenis Sesaxeb, romelic namdvilad mignebulia da romlis
qveSac, niadagis garda, araferia. ra aris uSualod mirianis
xanisa, Cven ar viciT. imedia, male gairkveva, Tumca, yvela
niSniT, es is ar aris, rac mere iqneba. rom gvqonoda raime im
eklesiebis msgavsi, romlebsac vicnobT, sxvanairi kvali dar-
Ceboda, es ki raRac gaugebaria _ raRacnairi iataki, ucnau-
ri moxazulobebi, romlebic, kargad ar gvesmis, rad SeiZleba
Seikras. moZebnilia erTi kapiteli, romelic antikur mcxe-
Tur kapitelebs hgavs. SesaZloa, is marTlac mirianiseuli
taZrisaa. ase varaudobs qalbatoni qeTevan abaSiZe, romelic
sruliad marTebulad ambobs, rom adreqristianuli da gvia-
nantikuri, drois TvalsazrisiT, zustad erTi da igivea. ub-
ralod, gvianantikuria is, rac am periodSi, III-V saukuneebSi,
agrZelebs warmarTul tradicias, xolo adreqristianulia
is, rac saTaves udebs qristianul kulturas, am SemTxevaSi
_ xelovnebas. rasakvirvelia, xelosanma, romelic mirian me-
fem moiyvana, gamoTala is, rac icoda. samuSaod dauZaxes da
sxvas verafers izamda. Tumca dabejiTebiT raimes saTqmelad
es jerjerobiT ar kmara. SeiZleba mxolod vivaraudoT, rom

40
aSendeboda raRac imdagvari, rac wm. ninos palestinaSi ena-
xa da, savaraudod, konstantines ostatebis mier sxvadasxva
qristianul (ufro zustad, axlad gaqristianebul) qveyanaSi
Sendeboda. Tu es asea, maSin albaT xiT daxuruli svetebiani
bazilikebi an ugumbaTo nagebobebi iqneboda, sam navad gayofi-
li svetebisa an boZebis rigebiT. Tumca jerjerobiT es mxo-
lod zepiri naTqvamia, radgan amis msgavsi Cven araferi viciT.
ratom ambobs saqarTvelo ase kategoriulad uars anti-
kur memkvidreobaze? aseTi ram arc roms, arc ierusalims,
arc antioqias da arc aleqsandrias uqnia. raSia saqme? kavSirs
antikur memkvidreobasTan ase radikalurad TiTqos Cveni
mezobeli somxebic ki ar wyveten. rogorc Cans, ase moxda imi-
tom, rom CvenSi TviT Zala antikuri tradiciisa, misi danaS-
revi, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre sxvagan. es martivad
aixsneba siSoriT: Cven ufro Sors varT antikuri kulturis
centrebisagan, vidre, davuSvaT, romelime mcireaziuri, si-
riuli an palestinuri qalaqi. CvenSi kamarisa da gumbaTis ase
Camkvidreba SeiZleba imiTac aris Sepirobebuli, rom gverdiT
aris iranuli samyaro, sadac kamarebi da gumbaTebi Sendeba
(sasanianTa arqiteqtura, didwilad, kamarovan-gumbaTovania).
SeiZleba asecaa, Tumca Cveni nagebobi didad arc am arqiteq-
turas hgavs. raRac saerTo elementebis moZebna SesaZlebelia,
magram imis Tqma, rom pirdapiri msgavsebaa, usamarTlo iqneba.
ase ar gaxlavT. msgavsebas vpoulobT, magram es sworedac rom
mxolod elementebis msgavsebaa.
maS, raSia saqme? isev da isev mxolod Teoriulad SeviZlia
vifiqroT, rom qristiani mSeneblebi CvenTan marTlac eZeben
raRac formas, romelic kargad TviTonac ar ician. ician mxo-
lod erTaderTi: is, rac zereled daefina qarTul kulturas,
maT ar undaT. ragind uyurebdnen konstantine didis mier ga-
mogzavnil qviTxuroebs (mirian mefem qviTxuroebi iTxova da
imperatorma isini marTlac gamogzavna), berZnebis, romaelebi-
sa Tu asurTa naSenebi eklesia, etyoba, is ar aris, rac qarT-
vel ostats an qarTvel damkveTs unda. undaT raRac sxva (te-
renti granelisa ar iyos, Cvenc xSirad dagvmarTnia, rom arc

41
 is gvinda, arc es gvinda, mTlad kargad arc viciT, ra gvinda
da mainc gvinda raRac sxva). is sxva ki, romlis ZiebaSic arian,
V saukunis Sua xanebSi gamoCnda, rac, me rom mkiTxoT, Zalian
sakvirvelia. wesiT, amas meti dro unda dasWirveboda. Tanac
Cven garkveuli wesebi unda davicvaT: eklesia aRmosavleTiT
unda iyurebodes da iyofodes orad _ unda arsebobdes si-
vrce, sadac mrevli ganTavsdeba da sivrce, sadac mRvdel-
msaxuri dadgeba. Tavis mxriv, es ukve gulisxmobs garkveul
konstruqcias, Tundac Zalian zogads, magram sqemas. am sqemis
Sesabamisi nageboba, bazilika, gindac is mravalwaxnaga, mrgva-
li Tu gumbaTiani nageboba garSemosavlelebiT arsebobs, ma-
gram, etyoba, Cven maTi msgavsis an zustad amgvaris aSeneba ar
gvinda. bazilikebs mimsgavsebuls vaSenebT, Tumca iq misuli
italieli an berZeni dResac ver mixvdeba, rom es bazilikaa
da im dros xom sul mTlad gaikvirvebda, es xalxi ra ucnaur
adgilas loculobso.
ratom vambob, rom es sakvirvelia? imitom, rom Cven gvaqvs,
Cemi azriT, Zalian mniSvnelovani magaliTi britaneTis kunZu-
lebze, norTamberlendsa da irlandiaSi, sadac kelti bere-
bis namonastralebia SemorCenili. es irlandiurad moubari
kelti berebi iyvnen iSviaTad gansawavlulni _ maT, rogorc
Cans, wminda miwasTan hqondaT mWidro kontaqti da icodnen
laTinuri, zogjer _ berZnulic. isini xatavdnen araCveuleb-
riv xelnawerebs da qmnidnen Zalze saintereso CuqurTmebsa
Tu naqandakev jvrebs. Tumca dainaxavT raRac Zalze ucnaurs,
Tuki SexedavT am SesaniSnavobaTa Tanadroul eklesiebs. ve-
ravin warmoidgens, rom es aris qoxi, romelsac aqvs oTxi ke-
deli da momrgvalebuli saxuravi. ori qanobi da gamouyofe-
li kexi _ sul esaa, amis mets arafers aSenebdnen. SigniT, am
dros, hqondaT araCveulebrivi xelnawerebi. raki xelnawerebi
aseTia, cxadia, aseTivea Sesamoslebi, samRvdelmsaxuro niv-
Tebi, Tavad eklesia ki araferi ar aris. es aixsneba im mar-
tivi mizeziT, rom qveyanas hqonda mxolod xiT mSeneblobis
tradicia. amitomac, daaxloebiT, IX-X saukuneebamde, vidre
gaiTavises, gana ubralod iswavles, maTTvis ucxo arqiteqtu-

42
ruli amocanebi, ucnobi arqiteqturuli formebi, am qoxebis
mets verafers aSenebdnen. rogorc Cans, xis eklesiebi ufro
mdidruli iyo, qvisa ki _ aseTi.
CvenTanac iyo xis nagebobebi. Cven arasworad vafasebT,
rodesac gvgonia, rom saerTod ar arsebobda xis saeklesio
nagebobebi. namdvilad arsebobda da, etyoba, arc ise cota.
Tumca faqtia isic, rom mniSvnelovan adgilebze, mniSvnelo-
van kerebSi, garda pirveli sveticxovlisa, romelic ratom-
Rac Zelis iyo, eklesiebi imTaviTve qviT igeba. isev qeTevan
abaSiZes davimowmeb. mas aqvs saintereso varaudi, rom sve-
ticxoveli, nawilobriv, swored xis unda yofiliyo. SeiZle-
ba, antikuri mcxeTis msgavsad, aq saSenad gamoeyenebinaT qva
da alizic. SesaZloa, ase yofiliyo, magram gavimeoreb, rom,
vidre ar davdebT kargad gaazrebul naxazs, romelic rames
mainc gamoaCens, es iqneba mxolod varaudi da dabejiTebiT
verafers vityviT. mere yvelaferi qviT Sendeba da, rogorc
etyoba _ kamara-gumbaTiT. Tumca napovnia erTi eklesia sak-
maod ganviTarebuli gegmiT (gegmis mixedviT, is daaxloebiT
V saukunis bolos unda iyos agebuli), romlis samSeneblo ma-
saladac, arqeologebis rwmunebiT, gamoyenebuli iyo alizi.
es, Cemi azriT Zalian ucnauria. ratom moundaT aliziT aSene-
ba, verc amas getyviT, magram aris aseTi monacemi. da mainc, es
erTeuli SemTxvevaa. ZiriTadad, yvelaferi, rasac vpoulobT,
qviTaa nagebi. winare saukuneebSi Cven gvqonda qviT mSeneblo-
bis tradicia (gamoviareT Tundac qvis Tlis an antikuri
formebisa Tu sparseTidan motanili samSeneblo elementebis
aTvisebis etapi da es yvelaferi zurgs gvimagrebs). etyoba,
es gvaZlevda saSualebas, am formaTa aTvisebisaTvis mogven-
domebina 100 weli an naklebi da ara 300 Tu 400, nagebobebi ki
ar SemogvrCa.
dResdReobiT aris sul ramdenime pawia nageboba, romelic
IV saukunis miwuruliT an V sakunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba.
maTze sagangebod saubari axla ar minda. mxolod vityvi, rom
isini Zalian aRizianebs Cveni sazogadoebis garkveul nawils,
romelic fiqrobs, rom qarTvelebs ar SeeZloT didi nagebo-

43
 bis aSeneba da es aris maTi uniWobis maniSni. ar SeiZleba ar-
SeZlebaze laparaki. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom sadRac gverdiT
idga didi eklesia, romelsac Cven ubralod ver vxedavT imi-
tom, rom is miwis qveS aris. es marTlac SesaZlebelia, magram
is, rac SemogvrCa, aseTi aris. arc is iqneboda gasakviri, rom
didi ar aeSenebinaT, Tu ar iyo bevri mlocveli. Zveli drois
qarTveli Zalian racionaluri arsebaa, araa racionalisti an
angariSiani, am sityvis uaryofiTi gagebiT, magram aris go-
nieri. is 500 000 adamianis damtev nagebobas ar aaSenebs, Tu
hyavs mxolod 5 mlocveli, arc 15 kacis samyofs aagebs, Tu
hyavs 500 morwmune. dRes es xSirad sxvanairadaa, roca uSve-
lebl saxlebs Soris Cadgmulia pawawina eklesia, sadac erTi
sadarbazos mosaxleobac ki ver daeteva. Zvel dros qarTveli
amas ar izamda. am mxriv, Cven winaprebs, samwuxarod, Zalze da-
vcildiT. davijereT, rom giJvracuebi varT, Citirekiebi da
ras vakeTebT, TviTon ar viciT.
es ar gaxlavT qarTuli xasiaTi. mTeli Cveni istoria mo-
wmobs, rom es Tviseba avadmyofobaa, romelic XIX saukuneSi
Segveyara, manamde ki ar gvWirda. esec ganviTarebaa, oRond im
erTi Zalian kargi Tvisebis ukuRmarTi ganviTareba, rom qarT-
vels unari aqvs, nivTiersa da materialurze ar gagiJdes da is
gverdiT gadados. Tuki arCevani nivTiersa da suliers Sori-
saa, mas SeuZlia, nivTiers cota msubuqad da ironiulad Sexe-
dos. SeeZlo odesRac, Tumca es Tviseba gadavida daudevroba-
Si, uTavbolobaSi, sisuleleSi, es ki namdvilad avadmyofobaa,
romelic gamosanelebelia. rac male moxdeba es, miT ukeTesia.
amisaTvis sakuTar warsuls cota ukeTesad unda davakvirdeT,
iq ra aris, cota ukeT unda davinaxoT da ara mruded, radgan
aq arc mxolod samoTxea (samoTxeSi myofni xom am dReSi ar Ca-
vcvivdebodiT) da, raxan dRevandlamde movediT, arc mxolod
qaosia. erTic tyuilia da meorec. unda davinaxoT realoba,
sadac bevri marTlac amaRlebulia, namdvilad saamayoa, sa-
sixaruloa, bevric naklulovania da nakli unda moviSoroT.
xarvezi, romlis gamosworebasac suli ver SeZlebs, ar arse-
bobs, mas Zalian bevri SeuZlia.

44
 im adreulze jer raRac kidev ar viciT da me vfiqrob, es
mxolod ori ramis maniSnia: jer erTi, meti unda veZioT da,
amas garda, vicodeT _ saqme gvaqvs iseTgvar istoriul gan-
viTarebasTan, romelic sxva qveynebSi ar iyo. Cven sxvanairad
vcxovrobdiT da ara imitom, rom viRacaze ukeTesebi varT an
viRacaze uaresebi. ubralod, Cven varT Cven. qarTveli ise
ver icxovrebs, rogorc egvipteli, arc egvipteli cxovrob-
da ise, rogorc berZeni da arc berZeni _ rogorc romaeli.
yvela Tavis rigze cxovrobda da Cvenc gvqonda Cveni rigi.
amitom gvindoda Cven sxvagvari saxli RvTisa, sxva locvis
saxli, sxvanairi sivrce, rom CvenTvis gulmisavali yofili-
yo, iq wynarad gavCerebuliyaviT, RvTis siaxlove gvegrZno.
amas veZebdiT, CvenTvis axlobels, aseTi ki sxvas ar hqonda da
mzas versaidan movitandiT (davuSvaT, ise, rogorc Sandals,
WaRs an raime sxvas, rac CamovitaneT da risi aslic SevqmeniT).
raki aseTi Senoba ver vipoveT, amitom veZebdiT da amas dro
dasWirda. amasac unda meti fiqri. me, yovel SeTxvevaSi, vfi-
qrob, qarTveli ostatebi am xnis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs uxa-
meben formebs, romlebic antikuri xanidan wamoiRes da im Zve-
li droidanve momdinare teqnikur codnas, fesvi rom RmerTma
uwyis, sad aqvs. SesaZlebelia, isini iyurebian xalxuri Zire-
bisken, sadac iseTi saxlebi da sacxovreblebia, romlebic
qarTvels siamovnebs, qarTvels pirobiTad vambob, Torem _
kolxs, ibers, mesxs, kuxs _ ra vici, rac gindaT, is uwodeT. ai,
am viRac adamians siamovnebs da SeiZleba iq eZebs. marTalia,
locvis saxlia, magram xom aris saxli? SeiZleba, yvelaferi es
raRac erT SemoqmedebiT qvabSi duRs da xan xelebis cecebiT,
xanac mosinjviTa da Semdeg uaryofiT TandaTan iZebneba is
sataZro forma, ufro zustad ki, is uzogadesi modeli taZri-
sa, romelic qarTvels TavisTvis mounda da mravali saukune
merec undoda.

45
 4. V saukunis arqiteqtura

mogaxsenebdiT, rom qristianuli xuroTmoZRvruli Semoq-

medebis sawyisebi CvenSi jerjerobiT TvalnaTlivi ar aris,
maT jer cxadad ver vxedavT. samagierod, sakmarisad kargad
ikveTeba, Tu ras eZebdnen qarTveli ostatebi ukve V sauku-
nis Sua xanebidan, rogori iyo maTi mxatvruli idealebi da,
Tu gnebavT, sulieri mdgomareoba. ras vxedavT Cven am dros?
ra Tqma unda, am periodSi jer kidev cota aris nagebobebi,
romelTa zusti daTariRebac xelgvewifeba. am Tvalsazri-
siT, dRevandel dRes saxelmZRvanelod, arsebiTad, orad ori
eklesia gvaqvs. erT-erTia bolnisis sioni, romelsac, mogex-
senebaT, samSeneblo warwera aqvs. misi qronologiuri miTiTe-
bebis erTmniSvnelovnad wakiTxva ver xerxdeba da amaze dava
mimdinareobs, Tumca erTi cxadia _ warwera ixseniebs peroz
mefes da, Sesabamisad, eklesia V saukunis miwurulisTvis unda
iyos aSenebuli. amis garda, me vgulisxmob nagebobebs, romle-
bic ama Tu im saxiT mainc dgas. magaliTad, gvaqvs anCisxatis
taZari, romlis agreTve dazianebul warweraSi sakmaod maRa-
li (TiTqmis 80-85%-iani) albaTobiT ikiTxeboda daCi mefis
saxeli. saqme is gaxlavT, rom iq amomtvreulia maincdamainc
saxeli, Tumca `mefe“ weria da aris kidev oTxi asos adgili,
sxva oTxasoiani saxeli ki am epoqaSi mefes ar hqvia. amasTana-
ve, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ cnobac Tbilisis daarsebis xanaze
migviTiTebs da sakmarisad naTelia, rom es swored daCi mefe
unda iyos. bolnisis sioni da anCisxati aris is ori mosaWidi,
romlebic ase Tu ise ukve sxva nagebobebis dasaTariRebla-
dac gvaZlevs gasaRebs. aq, ra Tqma unda, 100%-iani sizuste
SeuZlebelia, magram zogierTi maTganis daTariReba sakmari-
sad didi dabejiTebiT SegviZlia. modiT, vnaxoT ra Cans aq.
qarTveli ostatebi, ZiriTadad, iziareben im umTavres
amocanas, romelic saamdrood jerac aqvT xuroTmoZRvarT
qristianobis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. es iTvaliswinebs salo-
cavi sivrcis Seqmnas, Seqmnas mravali adamianis damtevi in-

46
terierisa, romelSic locva aRevlineba da amocana, rogorc
mogaxseneT, is aris, rom yvelaferi, rasac Tvali xedavs, qmni-
des ganwyobas, sivrce ki Tavisi mxatvruli zemoqmedebiT exma-
rebodes adamians, moemzados ziarebisTvis, locvisTvis. am
taZrebSi Sesul adamians, sul mTlad RvTis garegansac, mgo-
ni, dResac ki eufleba erTgvari ganwyoba, romelsac is sa-
xels ver uZebnis, Tumca visac met-naklebad esmis, ra xdeba
da risTvisaa es arqiteqtura, mas yovelive amisaTvis saxelis
darqmeva SeuZlia. rogoria ganwyobileba, romelic sufevs am
taZrebSi? pirvel yovlisa, es aris gancda erTgvari sidia-
disa da sakmao simkacrisa, ara sikuStisa, aramed raRacnairi
sisadagisa, zedmetobisgan gantvirTulobisa, Tu ase SeiZleba
iTqvas, arafufuneulobisa.
ratom vambob amas sagangebod? imitom, rom ase aris Ta-
nadrouli italiis nagebobebsa da im SenobebSic, romlebic
ukve aRmosavleT saqristianos maSindel dedaqalaqs, konstan-
tinopols, met-naklebad ukavSirdeba. asevea Tundac antio-
qiisa da misi mimdgomi qveynis arqiteqturaSi (Tumca darw-
munebuli ar var, rom es arqiteqtura _ siriisa, CrdiloeT
siriisa _ maincdamianc asaxavs antioqiurs, magram masTan ra-
Racanairad albaT mainc aris dakavSirebuli). italiaSi, sa-
berZneTSi, konstantinopolSi, ZiriTadad, Zalian mdidruli
interieria. sxvagvaradaa siriaSi, mcire aziis nawilSi, sadac
fasadebsac rTavdnen da interiersac, ufro metad _ qvaze
kveTilobiT, Tumca iyo mozaikebic. Tanac imdenia es mosar-
Tavi (pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ SigniT, meore SemTxvevaSi _ Sig-
niTac da gareTac), rom es arareligiuri ganwyobaa-meTqi, ra
Tqma unda, ver vityvi. Tumca es sul sxva aris. iq Sen TiT-
qos sasufevlis sidiades materialurad giCveneben. Cveni ar-
qiteqtura, romelic ufro miniSnebiT, ganwyobilebismierad
Segiyvans im samyaroSi, sxva gancdaSi, cdilobs, sxvanairad
aRamaRlos adamianis suli, ara fizikuri brwyinvalebis gamo
gancvifrebiT. gana amas cudad vambob, is Zalian mniSvnelova-
ni arqiteqturaa. aia sofiaa masze odnav gviani da misi brwyin-

47
 valeba sruliad aramiwier STabeWdilebas qmnis, magram sxva
gasaRebSi xdeba es, sxva tonalobaSi, sxva pirobiTobaSi. Cvens
mlocvels amdeni, rogorc Cans, ubralod, ar sWirdeba da
Zalian sagulisxmoa, am mxriv, rogor SevyavarT ostats bol-
nisis sionSi: iq mTavari Sesasvleli, mogexsenebaT, Crdiloe-
TiTaa. aqve iyo xuTi TaRiT gaxsnili galerea. nebismieri Ta-
Ridan rom SesuliyaviT, Tqven win iyo ori kari, karis Tavze
lunetebiT (sasinaTlo naxevarwriuli xvrelobebiT) da Canda
mopirdapire kedlis pilastrebi moCuqurTmebuli, ufro swo-
red, daqandakebuli kapitelebiTa da maTze gamosaxuli nair-
gvari mcenareebiT. mcenareebs Soris erTgan jvaric aris. me
darwmunebuli var, rom es samoTxis xati aris da gamoyvani-
lia ara oqros mozaikiT, aramed taZris saSen ulamazes mwvane
qvaze ase sadadaa gamosaxuli. ai, warmoidgineT gansxvaveba
TvalsaCinod: Tuki, ra Tqma unda, wagikiTxavT wm. ioane oqro-
piris qadageba _ da Tu ar wagikiTxavT, iqneb dasawyisi mainc
waikiTxoT _ poetikis TvalsazrisiT SeadareT is iakob xuce-
sis `SuSanikis wamebas~ da kargad gamoCndeba orives suliskve-
Teba, Tu raoden momWirnea iakob xucesi literaturuli sam-
kaulebis mxriv da ramdenad enawylian-samkaulmravalia ioane
oqropiri, udidesi xelovani.
es gana cudia, gana aklebs mis naubris sulier simaRles,
ubralod, miuTiTebs sxvagvar adamianebze, romlebsac am WeS-
maritebis aRsaqmelad aseTi forma sWirdebodaT. isini aseTs
elodnen, sxva maT ar daakmayofilebda. am mxriv, Zalian sain-
teresoa, ratom iTargmna meored laTinurad saRvTo werili.
wm. ieronime Targmnida da pirdapir ganmartavda, aqamde uwig-
nurTa wignad miaCndaT, radgan cudad iyo laTinurad daweri-
li, me ki axla ise vTargmni, rogorc saRvTo werils ekadreba
da ufro miiReben, rodesac dainaxaven, literaturulad ro-
gori gamarTuliao. gana saintereso ar aris?! saRvTo weri-
li, faqtobrivad, esTetikuri RirsebiT Sefasda _ ase fiqrobs
wm. ieronime da man xom albaT Cemze ukeTesad icoda Tavisi
xalxis ambavi. fasdeboda teqstis mxatvruli Rirseba da ara
is, rac mas mohqonda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viRac ase afasebda.

48
Tumca yvelas rom ase Seefasebina, ar iqneboda albaT ukve
I saukunis bolos mTeli mcire azia gavsebuli qristianebiT. da
mainc, iyo sazogadoebis garkveuli Sre, romlisTvisac saWiro
iyo garegnuli brwyinvaleba, CvenTan ki es naklebad aris.
iTqva, rom siriul aRmosavleTSi fasadebsac rTaven. es
mniSvnelovani ambavia, radgan nebismier wignSi qarTuli xu-
roTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb waikiTxavT _ qarTuli xuroTmoZR-
vreba wminda bizantiurisagan (pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, kons-
tantinopolur-aTenur-Tesalonikurisgan) imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom CvenTan adre wamoiWra da mudam Zalian mZafrad idga fa-
sadis problema.
fasads Suabizantiuri xanis, X saukunis mermindel, bizan-
tiur arqiteqturaSic amkoben, magram is fasadi, Cvens ekle-
siebTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, Semkulad ver CaiTvleba.
kontrasti Sida sivrcesa da fasadebs Soris, CvenTan Seda-
rebiT, iq gacilebiT didia. warmoidgineT Cveni X saukunis
ubralod moxatuli eklesiebi da moCuqurTmebuli fasadebi
da iq is mozaikebi da mxatvroba (romelic dRes, umravlesad,
aRar aris bizantiur eklesiebSi), is aguris kedlebi, Tun-
dac saxianad gawyobili, Tundac aqa-iq ferweris laqebiT. iq
iyo xolme fasadze raRaca mxatvroba, rogorc Cans, TaRebSi
moTavsebuli xatebiviT. Tumca ar aris TvalnaTlivi, Semor-
Cenili ar aris da literaturuli teqstebiT kargad ar Cans.
mTlianad rom ar iyo dafaruli, mgoni, es aSkaraa. aba ris-
Tvis akeTebdnen am saxian wyobas?! magram saqme is gaxlavT,
rom amgvari sxvadasxvaoba Cveni da bizantiuri arqiteqturisa
maSinve ar isaxeba. CvenSi, zrunvas ver vityvi, magram garkveu-
li gaTvaliswineba imisa, rom fasadic mniSvnelovania, ukve
V saukuneSi Cans. da mainc, fasadi, rogorc mxatvruli rag-
varoba, rogorc erT-erTi arqiteqturuli amocana, erT-er-
Ti aucilebeli piroba taZris arsebobisa, xuroTmoZRvruli
myofobisa, ufro VI saukunis bolodan imkvidrebs Tavs. bizan-
tiur samyaroSi ase ar aris. samagierod, siriul aRmosavleT-
Si IV saukunidan cot-cota, xolo V saukunis Sua xanebidan ki
ukve uxvad amkoben.

49
 winaTac iTqva, rom Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba, gansxvavebiT
araerTi sxva qveynis arqiteqturisagan, winare xanisas pirda-
pir ar mieba. siriul aRmosavleTSi ukve gvian antikur xa-
naSi, II-III saukuneebSi, Zalian aSkarad Cans e.w. gvianromauli
baroko da swored rom gamokveTilia siuxve xuroTmoZRvru-
li samkaulisa. am gaqristianebulma arqiteqturam cota xans
TiTqosda Tavi Seikavao, magram Zalian male is kvlav am ukve
gamzadebuli xuroTmoZRvruli eniT iwyebs metyvelebas. Cven-
Tan ase ar momxdara. am mxriv, uaRresad sainteresoa akaurTis
eklesia qvemo qarTlSi, samwuxarod, Zalze dazianebuli, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nabazilikari, radgan bazilikuroba axla
iq naklebad SeimCneva. mas Semkuli fasadebi hqonda _ kars aqvs
moCarCoeba (samxreTi karia SerCenili) da, amas garda, rogorc
Cans, sarkmlebsac hqonda TavsarTebi. sarkmelebi uzarmazaria.
cxadia, es mTlad siriuli arqiteqtura ar aris, magram aris
siriul aRmosavleTTan pirdapiri kavSiri. igrZnoba garkveu-
li muxti, erTgvari mcdeloba, raRac iqauris gamoyenebisa _
rac iq minaxavs da gamigia, modi, aq gamomadgeso. es aSkaraa,
Tumca ratomRac mere es aRar grZeldeba. amis Semdeg Cven
gvaqvs (mainc mgonia, rom amas mosdevs) bolnisis sioni, sadac
fasadebi srulebiT Seumkobelia. iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba,
rom es gadmoRebuli elementebi ar iyo damakmayofilebeli.
TiTqosda ostatisaTvis es mainc ucxoa. TiTqos moitana, mo-
argo, magram Tavisad ver aRiqvams. rogorc Cans, ar eTavisaT
da raRac droiT xeli aiRes. Semdeg VI saukunis Sua xanebisaT-
vis isev aris Semkobis mcdeloba, savaraudod, wilknis taZris
arqiteqturaSi, saidanac Cven agreTve mxolod fragmentiRa
gvaqvs SemorCenili. mere isev uars amboben da mcxeTis jvris
(ra Tqma unda, mcxeTis jvris didi taZris) ostati ukve qmnis
VI saukunis marTlac safasado arqiteqturul kompozicias,
Semkobis sistemas, sxva adgilidan motanils ki ara, Tavisas,
Seqmnils mTel aRmosavleT saqristianosTan saziaro elemen-
tebiT (vgulisxmob kar-sarkmelTa boloebSi gakecil TaRovan
TavsarTebs). am elementebidan qmnis is Tavis sistemas, ro-

50
melsac ganicdis, ara rogorc mosesxebuls, aramed sakuTars.
rogorc Cans, es ase iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adreuli taZrebi
rom umkobia, es mxolod gveubneba, rom saqarTvelos kavSirebi
gare samyarosTan martivi ar aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, Tu
Cven siria-palestinas ufro metad vuyurebT, am SemTxvevaSi,
sakuTriv bizantiasTan ufro meti kavSiri gvaqvs. SeiZleba ase
iyo, radgan Cvens qveyanaSi, Cvens kulturaSi iyo elementebi,
romelTagan zogi Tavisi ZiriT midioda im samyaroSi, zogi ki
amas ebmoda, am samyarosken modioda Tavisi boloTi. yovel-
gvari kultura rTuli naTxzia da CvenTan es sirTule, ro-
gorc Cans, arqiteqturaSi amnairad aisaxa.
axla vnaxoT rogor sivrces vqmniT. jer erTi, umTavresi
eklesiebi, romlebic gvaqvs da romlebsac V saukunis meore
naxevriT vaTariRebT, mainc bazilikuri eklesiebia. SeiZleba,
romelime erTi calnavianic iyos, magram jerjerobiT es cxa-
di ar aris. SeiZleba, Weremi iyos amdroindeli, wm. barbares
eklesia, ase mgonia, magram axla amis dasabuTeba ar gamomi-
va. bazilikebi da garSemosavliani darbazuli eklesia (albaT
VI saukunis dasawyisisa) imave WeremSi ugumbaTo sivrceebia.
aris kidev Zveli gavazis eklesia. vfiqrob, isec V-VI saukunee-
bis mijnisaa, magram faqti arc es aris, jerjerobiT varaudia.
esa Tu is argumenti maqvs, magram Tqma imisa, wyali ar gauvao,
zedmeti siTamame iqneba. amitom gumbaTovnebs jer Tavi dava-
neboT da sxva sakiTxs mivxedoT.
rogoria es sivrceebi? bazilika aris sivrce, sadac swor-
kuTxa sadgomi sabjenebis ori an oTxi wyebiT, Sesabamisad,
samad an xuTad iyofa. sabjenebze anu svetebsa da burjebze
(iqiTa samyaroSi ufro xSirad svetebze, aqeT ki, aRmosavleT
saqristianoSi, Zalian xSirad boZebzec) gadebulia arqit-
ravebi an gadayvanilia TaRebi. Tumca qarTul sinamdvile-
Si gvxvdeba mxolod TaRebi, arqitraviani bazilika Cven ar
gagvaCnia. SeiZleba, aseTi iyo biWvinTis V saukunis wmindad
bizantiuri bazilika, magram Cven es ar viciT. yvelaferi da-
kargulia da araferi gveubneba, zeviT rogori arqiteqtura
iyo. sivrce unda viTardebodes dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi-

51
 saken, dasavleTiT gaWrili mTavari karidan aRmosavleTiT
mdebare sakurTxevlisaken. aseTi aris qristianuli taZris,
bazilikuri taZris, normaluri struqtura. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, am wess icavs qarTuli bazilikebi V saukunis Sua xanebi-
dan. Tumca Tavidan, rogorc Cans, CvenTan cota raodenobis
_ oTxi _ sabrjenia. Semdeg raodenoba izrdeba da ukve ara
oTxi (anu ori wyvili) boZi, aramed rva (anu oTxi wyvili) an
aTi (anu xuTi wyvili) boZi gvxvdeba. Semdeg gegma isev mokl-
deba. TavisTavad simokle gegmisa ar aris maincdamainc ga-
sakviri, radgan damoklebuli bazilikebi konstantinopolmac
da siriamac icis. Tumca maTi mokle bazilikebis Wrili, rom
SexedoT, Zalian gegrZelebaT. saqme isaa, rom mniSvnelovania,
rogori sivrciTi STabeWdileba iqmneba da ara is, fizikurad
ramdenad grZelia an, vTqvaT, ramdeni sabrjeni aqvs. amgvari
surTi iqmneba: iq SeiZleba xuTi TaRi iyos (aris aseTi bazili-
kebi), magram ise Sori-Sors, rom mainc grZiv sivrces xedavT.
CvenTan kidev Zalian grZeli urbnisic ki, rodesac dasavle-
Ti karidan SexvalT (aqvs mas aseTi), grZlad ar gamoiyureba.
raSia saqme? vfiqrob, CvenTvis gasaRebad gamodgeba, erTi mx-
riv, bolnisis sioni, meore mxriv ki, anCisxati.
bolnisis sioni gveubneba, rom mTavari Sesasvleli dasa-
vleTisa ar aris. dasavleTi kari, rogorc cnobilia, bol-
nisis sions saerTod ar hqonia, is iq mxolod XVII saukuneSi
aRdgenisas gaiWra. maSin aRadgines kamara. dasavleTi kede-
li, rogorc Cans, Zalian dangreuli, didwilad, SeakeTes da
karic maSin moawyves, manamde namdvilad ar yofila. Sesasv-
leli iyo gverdebidan, am SemTxvevaSi, CrdiloeTidan, xolo
anCisxats samxreTidan hqonda karibWe (jvris amaRlebis Za-
lian dazianebuli reliefi, romelic dRes dasavleT fasadis
wyobaSia, Tavidan samxreTis karis arqitravi iyo), anu mTavari
Sesasvleli aqac samxreTidan iyo mowyobili. Cven dRes an-
CisxatSi dasavleTidan SevdivarT, isini ki samxreTidan Se-
diodnen. ratom? imitom, rom SediodiT taZarSi, gaivlidiT
or boZs Soris da pirvelad xvdebodiT oTxi svetis mier mo-

52
farglul sivrceSi, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, aRiqmeba, ro-
gorc maRali da mere, roca sakurTxevlisaken mibrundebiT,
raoden grZelic unda iyos sivrce, Tqven mas grZivad mainc
ver aRiqvamT. ar ifiqroT, rom es viRac erT adamians moelan-
da. yvelas SeuZlia Seamowmos, es rogor xdeba: SedixarT da
mere, roca mibrundebiT, oTx burjs Sua mainc vertikaluri
sivrce gaqvT aRqmis wertilad. amitom geCvenebaT, rom mTeli
sivrce aseTive centruli sivrceebisagan aris Sedgenili. ase-
vea bolnisis sionSi, ase aris kawareTis samebaSi. meore xerxi
kawareTis samebamde swored anCisxatma Semogvinaxa. anCisxa-
ti imitom vaxsene, rom is CvenTvis qronologiuri sayrdenia.
anCisxatSi Zalian didi sakurTxevlis sarkmelia. marTalia,
Sua navis Tavdapirveli zeda sarkmlebi ar gagvaCnia, magram
samagierod gverdiTi navebis sarkmlebi gvaqvs. isini pataraa
da kawareTis sameba pirdapir gveubneba, rom am taZrebs erTi
didi sarkmeli hqonda, xolo danarCenebi patara iyo. amiT
xorcieldeboda saocari ram: ragind grZeli yofiliyo siv-
rce, SexvidodiT da, Tundac dasavleTis karidan (romelic,
rogorc Cans, mTavari arasdros yofila), dainaxavdiT sakur-
Txevlis uzarmazar sarkmels, magram raki iqve, gverdiT, xe-
davdiT patara sarkmlebs, isic axlos geCvenebodaT da Sori
sakurTxevlis sivrce, TiTqosda, pirdapir karTan iyo mota-
nili. Tqven, bunebrivia, xvdebiT, rom is Sors aris, magram
gancdiseulad is Zalian axlosaa. Tavs uflebas mivcem da vi-
tyvi, rom metaforulad Tu warmovidgenT, aq TiTqos JRers
fsalmunis sityvebi: `axlosve xar ufalo“. ase ambobs daviT
winaswarmetyveli erTgan. es aris sasufeveli, romelic Tan
Zalian Sors aris da Tan, imavdroulad, aqvea. macxovarmac
xom uTxra mociqulebs: `TqvenTana viyo yovelTa dResa“. ra-
nairad iqneba CvenTan, roca iq aris, marjveniT mamisa? magram
CvenTanac aris. es aris paradoqsi siSorisa, romelic, amave
dros, sul axlosaa. sasufeveli, romelic Zalian Sors aris,
imavdroulad Tqven Soris ariso, esec uTxra macxovarma mo-
wafeebs. srulebiT idumali sityvebia da ar mgonia, vinmem

53
 SeZlos, am sityvebiT gamoTqmuli saidumloebis bolomde ga-
geba an srulad gancda. Tumca metaforad es SeiZleba wamo-
vidginoT: ai, sakurTxeveli, samoTxe, romelic Soria, magram
Sen, amave dros, aqve xar, masTan xar da misi karic aqvea.
me vfiqrob, rom sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs
qristianul-eklesiuri WeSmaritebis sxvadasxva aspeqti eax-
lovebaT. ar vici, ratom aris didi codva, gveaxlovebodes
sasufevlis swored aseTi gancda. Cven xom viciT _ is Soria,
magram meore saidumlo, rom es Sori axlosaa, CvenTvis ufro
mniSvnelovania, metad Zvirfasia. saerTod, qarTvelis emoci-
uri damokidebuleba zogadad yvelafrisadmi da, maT Soris,
sarwmuneobisadmi sxvaTa damokidebulebisagan, ra Tqma unda,
gansxvavdeba da zemoTqmulic amis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa.
arqiteqtura, am TvalsazrisiT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, davfi-
qrdeT imaze, rogori iyo qarTvelis wuTisofeli. Cven ver
CamovayalibebT amas, cxadia, zustad V saukunis enaze. es arc-
Tu myari niadagia, radgan yovelTvis iarsebebs eWvi, egebada
raRac gamovigoneT. Tumca faqtia, rom ar arsebobs romeli-
me, Tundac imdroindeli, qarTuli taZari, romelSi Sesvlisas
adamiani imwamsve zeviT ar aixedavs, arada es aucilebeli sul
ar aris. amis magaliTi aris rusuli taZrebi. maTSi Sesuli
adamiani iyureba win, daaxloebiT im simaRleze, sadac xatebi
iqneboda. amgvari taZrebi dResac aris, magram Zvelebs vgu-
lisxmob, iseTebs, romlebSic imdroindeli mowyobiloba Se-
morCenili ar aris. Cven zeviT viyurebiT, Cveni mzera sxvagan
aris, sxvanairad aris mimarTuli. rogorc gairkva, es gamoixa-
teboda locviT mdgomareobaSic da amas sxvadasxva teqstSi
sruliad SemTxveviT gadavwydi. qarTveli xelebapyrobiT lo-
culobda jer kidev 1920-ian wlebSi (mas aqeT 100 weli ar aris
gasuli) da Tu locvad aRmarTul xelebs gaaCerebT mcire
orantiT, anu mkerdis win, veranairad ver dadgebiT, rogorc
amas rusul saeklesio saxelmZRvaneloebSi gvTavazoben, qed-
dadrekiT. es, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, gasagebia,
rom mzera am viTarebaSi aucileblad zeviTken unda yofiliyo
mipyrobili. amgvaradaa erTmaneTSia SemsWvaluli Cveni reli-

54
giuri grZnoba da Cveni esTetikuri ideali. es kvercxisa da
qaTmis dilemaa _ romelia pirveladi da romelia meoradi. er-
Tad aris da visac rogor unda, ise ganixilos. piradad me amas
sazogado sityvas vuwodeb da RvTismosaobis formas veZaxi.
masSi nagulisxmevia emociuri momentic, Tu rogor gamoxatav
sakuTar sarwmunoebas, Sens locviT damokidebulebas.
zeviT axedva SemTxveviT rodi vaxsene. am eklesiebSi, sa-
dac, faqtobrivad, gauqmebulia sigrZivoba, SeiZleboda yo-
filiyo, magaliTad, siganivre. ase aris siriul eklesiebSi.
mTavari Sesasvleli xSirad iqac gverdiTaa. roca Sedis, ada-
miani mis win dabal svetze gadayvanil Zalian ganier, moCu-
qurTmebul TaRebs xedavs da es sivrce ganivad iSleba. ufro
zustad, Tqven ganicdiT sigrZiv RerZs, rogorc gans da sa-
kurTxevlisaken Semdeg mobrundebiT. CvenTan ase ar aris.
CvenTan, gverdidan rom Sedixar, pirvel yovlisa, Tvali isev
zeviT midis da Cven aRviqvamT ara sigrZes, ara siganivres,
aramed eklesiis simaRles, rogorc eklesiuri sivrcis mTavar
ganzomilebas. CvenTan yvelanairi sivrce, calnaviani eklesii-
sa iqneba, bazilikisa Tu, miT umetes, gumbaTuri eklesiisa,
ganicdeba, pirvel yovlisa, rogorc vertikalurad aziduli.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca uyurebT gegmas da xedavT sigrZivad
gaSlil sivrces. SedixarT SigniT da, ra Tqma unda, Tu win-
dawin ar daisaxeT miznad, rom es sigrZivoba rogorRac igrZ-
noT, azrad ar mogivaT, rom is sigrZivia _ pirvel yovlisa,
xedavT simaRles, asvetilobas.
aseTi gaxlavT qarTuli taZris esTetika da mniSvnelova-
nia kidev sxva ram _ Cveni taZrebi arc sxvafriv iyo Semkuli.
mdidruli mozaikebi xom ar gvqonda, magram, rogorc Cans,
arc mxatvroba iyo. Tu iyo, albaT _ mxolod sakurTxevelis
konqSi. aseTi wesi SemorCa CvenTan XI saukunis karamde da me-
rec, XI saukuneSi, sakmaod didi wvalebiT ikafavs fexs taZris
srulad moxatva, is, rac saqristianos zogierT regionSi im-
TaviTve aris. magaliTad, romsa da italiis sxva mxareebSi mT-
lianad yvelafers gamosaxulebebiT faraven. adreve, IV sauku-
nis bolos, IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, vrceli ciklebia Zveli

55
 aRTqmis, axali aRTqmis, wmindanTa cxovrebebis. CvenTan Za-
lian didxans ase ar aris. kidev ra iyo? namdvilad arsebobda
sanaTurebi, Cven ki, samwuxarod, ar viciT, ra raodenobiTa da
sixSiriT iyo, sad idga an ekida da rogor Tavdeboda. auci-
leblad iqneboda kandelebi. ar vici, iqneboda Tu ara, vTqvaT,
V saukuneSi sanTeli, radgan am dros eklesiebSi bizantiur
samyaroSic zeTis sanaTebia. SeiZleba, CvenTanac kandele-
bia. warmovidginoT bevri kandeli (faqtobrivad, ase naTdeba
eklesia) anda qorkandeli _ WaRi, romelSic aseve kandelebia
Calagebuli. erTi SemorCenili qorkandeli napovnia afxazeT-
Si, magram, iqauri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba berZ-
nebis eklesias ekuTvnodes an sulac Camotanili iyos. aqeT
jerjerobiT Cven aseTi nivTi mopovebuli ar gvaqvs, magram es
arafers niSnavs, radgan saeklesio arqeologiis ganviTareba
CvenSi, faqtobrivad, win aris. odesme, didi imedi maqvs, sa-
monastro arqeologiis ganviTarebasac veRirsebiT da is ras
mogvitans ase windawin Zneli saTqmelia. magaliTad, sul ra-
Rac 20-22 wlis win, rodesac nekresis naqalaqari da bazilika
gaiTxara, iq albaT swored V-VI saukuneTa mijnis ulamazesi
sanaTurebi aRmoCnda. Cven ar viciT, SeiZleba kidev aRmoCndes
sadme CvenTvis mniSvnelovani nivTebi. gvqonda Tu ara xati am
dros? Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. wminda nawilebi? Zalian Zneli
saTqmelia. samRvdelmsaxuro wignebi? ra Tqma unda, gvqon-
da, Tanac albaT Semkuli, moxatuli, magram rac mogvepoveba,
mxolod e.w. palimfsestebia, meored gamoyenebuli furcle-
bi, sadac qveda fenad aris V-VI saukuneebis samRvdelmsaxuro
wignebi da dasuraTeba ki ar Cans SemorCenilSi. SeiZleba, sad-
me calke Seinaxes, es aravin icis. rac darCa, msxvilad naweri
asomTavrulia, meti araferi da Tavad asoebis moxazuloba,
maTi ganTavseba, Tu ar vcdebi, singuris CanarTebi _ mTeli
esTetika es aris.
ase rom, me mainc vfiqrob, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, di-
dad ar gvatyuebs ase ganZarculi, ase gaubedurebuli Cveni
eklesiebi. esTetikuri zemoqmedebis faqtori, rogorc Cans,
iyo Zalian sufTa, Zalian kargad Sesrulebuli wyoba, albaT

56
qvis feric da mas rom sagangebod arCevdnen, amaze metyve-
lebs mwvane qviT aSenebuli bolnisis sioni da yviTeli qvis
anCisxati. feri rom SearCies, aSkaraa. SeiZleboda, sxva ar-
Cevanic hqonodaT. ramdenime arqiteqturuli detali _ maga-
liTad, kar-sarkmlebis TaRebis moxazuloba, moxazulobaTa
sisufTave _ aris is, riTac am dros muSaoben. kaxeTSi gvaqvs
uTleli wyoba. etyoba, iq qva amoileseboda _ an riyis qve-
bia (ZiriTadad, karg naSenSi), an natexi qva, ufro sworad,
arazusti, mosworebuli moxazulobis qvebi, romelTa Soris
RreCoebi rCeba da maT amolesavdnen. rogorc Cans, duRabSi
qvis fxvnils urevdnen. nalesoba qvis pirze ar gadmodioda
da amitom Tqven uyurebdiT jaWvis perangiviT naqsov zeda-
pirs, romelic erTi-organ aris SerCenili da Zalian lamazia.
samwuxarod, dRes ar gvyavs ostati, romelic aseTi tipis
restavracias SeZlebda. arada, Rirs, radgan arqiteqturul
tyuils vaCvenebT adamianebs, romlebic wyobis daglejil su-
raTs uyureben. sinamdvileSi, amgvari unda iyos mTeli zeda-
piri, Tumca cudad gadadRabnas jobia, jerjerobiT isev ase
iyos. iqneb odesme gaizardon iseTebic, romelTac gauCndebaT
Sinagani moTxovnileba, kedels Tavadac ase moesiyvarulon.
Tu Signidan ar wamovida, amas ver ubrZaneb, Torem simaxinjis
mets verafers miviRebT. es is mijnaa, sadac xelosani Tavs
Semoqmedad unda ganicdides, sadac qvis qvaze dadeba Semoq-
medeba aris da aseTi unda iyos namdvili mSenebeli. gvyavs ki
aseTebi? me ver vxedav. RmerTma inebos, sadRac iyvnen CemTvis
uCinrad, maSin saqme ukeTesadaa da ufro adre SevZlebT, im
uZveles arqiteqturas Tavisi saxe davubrunoT.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas dajamebad? V saukunis bolosTvis qar-
Tvel xuroTmoZRvarT SeuZliaT, ganaxorcielon zogadqris-
tianuli arqiteqturuli programa _ is, rasac eklesia mSe-
nebels saqristianos nebismier wertilSi mosTxovda da gana-
xorcielon ise, rom Seqmnan sxvagvari mxatvruli ragvaroba,
iseTi mxatvruli xati qristianuli WeSmaritebisa, romelic
swored am xalxisaTvis aris axlobeli. SeiZleba asec iTqvas:
saimdrood, rodesac qarTulad iTargmna saRvTo werili

57
 da, rogorc Cans, saRvTo werilis bevri ganmartebac, ukve
V-VI saukuneebSi (bevri Targmani xom swored am epoqiT Ta-
riRdeba), qarTuladve iTargmna qristianuli taZris uzoga-
desi struqtura _ Tuki viRac beri qarTulad wers, vTqvaT,
locvans, qarTveli xuroTmoZRvari qarTulad aSenebs zogad-
qristianul taZars.
me mgoni, es Zalian kargi modelia imis gasaxseneblad, rom
uazrobaa, erTmaneTs davupirispiroT universaluri da ero-
vnuli. universaluri swored imitomaa universaluri, rom
mas SeiZleba hqondes uamravi gamovlineba, xolo erovnuli,
Tuki faseulia, naziarebi unda iyos universalur Rirebule-
bas. gana SeiZleba, Rirebuleba kerZo iyos? sruli sisulelea
laparaki aRmosavlur, samxreTul an romeliRac mazris Rire-
bulebebze. Rirebuleba SeiZleba iyos erTaderTi _ mxolod
universaluri. SeuZlebelia, is iyos dasavluri, Crdilouri,
evropuli, aziuri, afrikuli, antarqtiduli. SeuZlebelia,
calke Rirebuleba hqondes pingvins da calke Rirebuleba _
irems. es uazrobaa. visac ra unda, is ifiqros. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, qristianuli Rirebulebebi namdvilad universaluria
da mTeli istoria qristianuli xelovnebisa imis samtkicia,
rom universaluri SeiZleba gardaiqmnas uamrav kerZo saxebad,
oRond, is marTla universaluri unda iyos. amxanagma stalin-
ma, romelmac odesRac seminariaSi iswavla, mogexsenebaT, Se-
qmna formula (misi xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna), rom xelovneba
unda iyos formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT socialisturi. es
sxva ramaa. socializmi aris sameurneo ekonomikuri mowyobis
srulebiT konkretuli, Zalian viwro modeli, romlis mixed-
viTac, sakuTreba unda iyos ara kerZo, aramed sazogado. es ar
aris universaluri idea, mas namdvilad ver eqneba erovnuli
forma an saerTod ramenairi forma sadme xelovnebaSi. am, ase
vTqvaT, ideis gamoxatva saerTodac SeuZlebelia. ra Sinaarsi
aqvs mas? ra Rirebulebaa? is SeiZleba saintereso iyos eko-
nomikis saxelmZRvanelosaTvis, magram mas adgili ar moeZeb-
neba xelovnebaSi. magaliTad, adamiani, romelic krefs Cais da
ratomRac, iRimis, gabadrulia, zogjer kidec mReris, aseT

58
viTarebaSi Cais ki ar Seagrovebda, im buCqs albaT saerTo-
dac Zirfesvianad amoiRebda. es sruli sisulelea. marTlac,
SeuZlebelia, aqedan raime Rirebuli gamovides.
qristianuli WeSmariteba swored imiTaa faseuli, rom is
absoluturad universaluria da mas uTvalavi ena SeiZle-
ba hqondes. oTxTavs albaT marsuladac ki Targmnidnen da
arafers daaklebdnen, Tuki marselebi iarsebebdnen. zustad
asevea nebismieri sxva gamovlinebac am rjulisa _ asevea qris-
tianuli galoba, yovelanairi qristianuli Semoqmedeba da,
Tu arsebobs, qristianuli meurneobac. darwmunebuli iyaviT,
rom norvegieli morwmune qristiani an vinme bolivieli sru-
liad sxvadasxvanairad ganaxorcieleben am erT ideas. da ra
iqneba safuZvelSi? adamianis urTierToba RvTivmocemul bu-
nebasTan, romelic ar unda gaanadguro, Tu ginda, raRac Ta-
vadac miiRo. masTan damokidebuleba ar iqneba qristianuli,
Tuki momxmareblurad moekidebi (arada ase xdeba XIX saukunis
Semdeg), gaaCanageb, radgan qristiani miwaTmoqmedi ver iqneba
gamveranebeli. is ver gakafavs, magaliTad, mTel tyes. man
SeiZleba puris mosayvanad gakafos monakveTi, magram ar gaa-
nadgurebs mTel mTas. Tumca aqac aqtivobis uamravi forma
SeiZleba iyos.
me vfiqrob, rom qarTuli xelovneba saerTod da am sawyisi
etapis xelovnebac amis Zalian kargi warmomCeni da damsura-
Tebelia. amitom erT-erTi mniSvneloba, garda esTetikurisa,
romelic mas namdvilad moeZebneba, universaluri Rirebule-
ba, garda erovnul-kulturulisa, garda erovnul-istoriu-
lisa, romelic Cvens uadres xuroTmoZRvrebas, zogadad Cvens
xelovnebas agreTve aqvs, aris is, rom igi araCveulebrivad
TvalnaTeli modelia. iSviaTia xelovnebis istoria, sadac
movlenebis Tanmimdevroba ase Seurevnelad da naTlad Cans.
aTasnairi ram CaexlarTeba xolme da qarTuli xelovneba ki
rogorRac naTel suraTs iZleva. sxva ambavia, rom es naTe-
li suraTi, sinamdvileSi, Zalian rTulia, magram misi zoga-
di msvleloba, bevri sxva qveynis mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT araorazrovania. masSi ar aris erTma-

59
 neTze daSrevebuli urTierTgamomricxveli movlenebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Zalian iSviaTia. ai, rogor aris, magaliTad, dasa-
vleTisa da sakuTriv bizantiis xelovnebaSi: metismetad xSiria
antikuri, elinistur-romauli formebis pirdapiri mibaZva. es
nebismier dros SeiZleba moxdes da amocnoba imisa, vTqvaT,
X saukunis nimuSia Tu XIV saukunisa, zogjer Zalian rTulia.
CvenTan aseTi magaliTi piradad me marto erTi vici _ frTebi
martvilis enkolpiumisa, Tanac mxolod Sida piri, sadac naWe-
di gamosaxulebebia, ukve danarCeni gamosaxulebebi ki aseTi
ar aris da Tavisi drois sakmaod zusti mowmobaa. iqiT kidev _
xelnawerebi, qandakebebi... magaliTad, germaniaSi, kelnSi, aris
qandakeba (jvarcmisa), romelsac XIII saukuniT aTariRebdnen,
arada, aRmoCnda, rom X saukunisaa. rogorc etyoba, ostatma,
romelic antikur models uyurebda, is imdenad zustad gad-
moiRo, rom qandakeba lamis gviangoTikurad miiCnies.
amgvarad, qarTul mwerlobaSic, qarTul xuroTmoZRvreb-
Sic da, didwilad, qarTul qvaze kveTilobaSic ukve V sauku-
nis miwurulisaTvis SegviZlia davadasturoT SemoqmedebiTi
simwife. es imas ar niSnavs, rom manamde es xelovneba saerTod
umwifari iyo. laparaki aris qristianul sataZro xelovneba-
ze, romelic CvenSi saukune-naxevriT an erTi saukuniT adre
Semovida.
kidev erTxel minda gavimeoro, rom es ar aris didi dro,
rodesac aseT rTul viTarebaSi qmni, rodesac ukve sadRac
sxvagan Camoyalibebuli ideebi Seneburad unda ganaxorcielo.
es mcire droa da qarTvelma ostatebma am urTules Semoq-
medebiT amocanas Tavi gaarTves _ sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
arqiteqturuli formebi da elementebi gadaaqcies sakuTar
sametyvelo enad, romelsac ukve maSin sruliad Tavisuflad
flobdnen. es maT gzas ukafavda ufro rTuli, ufro mrav-
lismomcveli amocanebis gadasaWrelad, Tumca es ukve VI sau-
kunis xvedri iyo.

60
5. VI saukunis arqiteqtura

xana, romelic mohyveba wm. vaxtang gorgaslis zeobas, sxvagva-

rad rom vTqvaT, VI saukune, Cveni qveynis istoriaSi sakmaod
rTuli gamodga, rac didad ucnauri ar aris, radgan sxvagva-
rad Cvens istoriaSi iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca amjerad viTareba
marTlac lamis uimedo aRmoCnda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirvel
xanebSi ase unda yofiliyo, vinaidan qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-
rioba moispo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ is pirdapir SeierTa
bizantiis imperiam, xolo raRac dros _ aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSic. me ramdenadac mesmis, es rogor moxda, sabolood
garkveuli ar aris imitom, rom mefeebis saxelebi erTmaneTs
ar emTxveva. Cvens wyaroebSi Cndeba farsman mefe, sxva wyaroe-
biT ki, TiTqos mefoba am dros ukve aRar aris, magram Se-
saZloa farsmani ukve Zalauflebadakarguli mefe yofiliyo
an vinme amdagvari. yovel SemTxvevaSi, daaxloebiT VI saukunis
pirvel mesamedSi sparselebmac moaxerxes aRmosavleT saqar-
TveloSi mefobis gauqmeba. iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, rom ero-
vnuli saxelmwifoebrioba TiTqmis mTel qveyanaSi gamqrali
iyo. sabednierod, arc bizantielebs da arc sparselebs az-
rad ar mosvliaT, qveynis Sida wyoba daerRviaT, rac, sxvaTa
Soris, Cvens istoriaSi mxolod da mxolod 1801 wlis Semdeg
moxda. dampyrobni Tu Cvenze moZalebuli sxva saxelmwifoebi
qveynis bedis amgvar gadagrexas ar fiqrobdnen, magram, asea
Tu ise, sakuTari xelisufali aRar iyo. sabednierod, aRmosa-
vleT saqarTveloSi es cota xans gagrZelda. ajanyeba moxda
da sparselebma, etyoba, ifiqres, rom mTavari iyo mefes mefe
ar rqmeoda, raTa ar earseba tituls, romelic vinmes wodebu-
lebiT maT SahinSasTan miaaxlovebda. am mizeziT, maT qarT-
lis samefos mkvidrT ufleba misces, rom sakuTari erisTavTa
mTavari, ase vTqvaT, mTavari erisTavi hyolodaT. es gaxldaT
guaram erismTavari, romlis saxli Semdeg erT xans qarTls
marTavs da erismTavarTa Tanamdebobazec monacvleobs. es ti-
tuli Semdeg droebiT sxva saxlma Caigdo xelSi. erTi sity-

61
 viT, erTob rTuli, areuli viTarebaa, magram, asea Tu ise, es
SesaZlo da Zalian saxifaTo wyvetili, sabednierod, ver mox-
da _ xana, romelic gavida mefobis gauqmebidan erismTavrobis
SemoRebamde, ar aRmoCnda iseTi, rom qarTlis samefos anu
dRevandeli qarTl-kaxeTisa da samxreT saqarTvelos cxovre-
baSi raRac arsobrivi morRveuliyo.
VI saukunis meore naxevari ukve kvlav saxelwifoebriobis
xanaa, Tumca TbilisSi sparselTa marzpani zis. rogorc Cans,
is metismetad ereva aqaur saqmeebSi da cdilobs, zemoqmede-
ba moaxdinos adgilobriv xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebebze,
bolos da bolos, amisaTvis iyo kidec dasmuli. da mainc, ro-
gorc Cvens istoriaSi araerTxel momxdara, qarTvelebi Tu
qarTlelebi (rogorc gnebavT, ise daarqviT) axerxeben, saku-
Tari cxovrebiT icxovron. amas didebulic axerxebs da ub-
ralo mosaxleobac. amis sabuTad Tundac is gamodgeba, rom
VI saukunis miwuruli mcxeTis wm. jvris taZris aSenebis xanaa
da albaT ar aris saWiro maincadamainc imis mtkiceba, rom es
taZari, Tavisi mxatvruli raobiT, Tundac adgilmdebareobiT,
erTgvari deklaraciaa. mTis Tavze agebuli taZari aragvisa
da mtkvris xeobas gadmohyurebs da TiTqos jvris triumfze
laparakobs. is marTlac uflobs sivrces da, cxadia, amas sim-
boluri mniSvnelobac aqvs. didad samtkicebeli albaT arc
isaa, rom Tavad mis arqiteqturaSi araviTari dabeCavebuloba,
Tundac dramtuloba, brZolisa da dapirispirebis an cilo-
bis aranairi anarekli araa. dgas gamarjvebuli sarwmunoebis,
gamarjvebuli qveynis suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli arqiteq-
tura. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is gamarjvebaze laparakobs da, Tu
gindaT, CavTvaloT, rom es uflis gamarjvebaa. Tumca, roca
adamianebis ganwyoba sxvanairia, maSin qristianuli simboloe-
bi, romlebic maradisobaze metyveleben, saRvTo istoriis
sxva mxares warmoaCenen, sxva kuTxiT aCveneben Tundac meo-
red mosvlas, mis dramatizms da es bunebrivia _ qveynierebis
aRsasruli da axali sufevis mosvla martivi ver iqneba. am
SemTxvevaSi, Cven gansxeulebul imeds vxedavT. CemTvis ase vam-
bob xolme: dgas gansxeulebuli imedi, romelic ukve sasoeba

62
da rwmenaa, radgan iq ar aris arc erTi fTila eWvisa, arc rai-
me xazi, mimaniSnebeli sevdasa an amqveyniur vnebaTaRelvaze.
amgvari araferia _ sufTa saxiT dgas sasoebis gansxeuleba.
rogor movediT aqamde? am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni sulieri
cxovrebisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania sxva ram: VI sauku-
ne Cvens qveyanaSi ber-monazvnuri cxovrebis damkvidrebis xa-
naa. ber-monazvnobas uzarmazari wvlili aqvs Sua saukuneebis
qristianul kulturaSi, Tumca es albaT salaparakoc araa.
monastria is kera, romelic qmnis zneobriv magaliTs, romlis
wiaRSi iSveba ideebi, ibadeba xelovneba, zneobrivi suliskve-
Teba. bolos da bolos, I aTaswleulis mTeli meore naxevari,
gansakuTrebiT, VIII saukunis aqeT, daaxloebiT, XII saukunis
bolomde, Cvens kulturaSi swored wminda berebis Taosnobis,
saxelmwifosa da qveynis cxovrebaze wminda berebis gavlenis
epoqaa da, faqtobrivad, yvela kulturuli niSansveti daka-
vSirebulia monastrebTan, winamZRvrebTan, wminda berebTan,
wminda mamebTan, dasawyisi ki am epoqisa swored VI saukuneSia.
piradad me usafuZvlod mimaCnia, eWvi SevitanoT Tundac
im cnobaSi, rom pirveli monastrebi, romlebic werilobiT
Cans, klarjeTSi wm. vaxtang gorgaslis daarsebulia. vfiqrob,
araferi warmoudgeneli amaSi ar aris. sxva ambavia, rom Cven
imdroindeli nagebobebis kvals ver mivageniT, magram miugne-
beli imdeni ram gvaqvs, rom amis gamorcxva, mgoni, maincda-
mainc swori arc am SemTxvevaSi iqneba. Tumca isic cxadia, rom
es forma qristianuli cxovrebisa, rogorc Cans, farTod ga-
vrcelebuli ar yofila. yovel SemTxvevaSi, VI saukunis Cveni
usaxelganTqmulesi saeklesio moRvaweebis _ aTcamet asurel
mamaTa _ `cxovrebebSi~ kargad Cans, rom imdroindel sazo-
gadoebas akvirvebs, vin arian es marto mcxovrebi adamiane-
bi. SesaZlebelia, rom qarTlis imdroindel macxovreblebs,
romlebic zogadsacxovrebel monastrebs icnobdnen, marto-
myofoba, calke yofna, uSen adgilas yofna eucxoebodaT. esec
SesaZlebelia da am yvelafers garkveva unda.
da mainc, asea Tu ise, rodesac iseTi araCveulebrivi moR-
vaweebi, rogorebic arian wm. ioane zedazneli, wm. daviT gare-

63
 jeli, wm. Sio mRvimeli da sxvani, Tav-TavianT adgilas mkvidr-
debian, maT maincdamainc bevri mimyoli ar hyavT. mimdevrebi
mere da mere Cndebian. ara mxolod imitom, rom maT Sesaxeb
ar ician, aramed imitomac, rom TavisTavad maTi moRvaweobis
forma, rogorc Cans, mTlad gasagebi araa. amas garda, Ta-
vad beruli ideali, romelsac isini amkvidreben, zogadad im
droisaTvis sakmaod ucnauri Cans. me, yovel SemTxvevaSi, yo-
velTvis makvirvebda, rom isini ar aSeneben eklesiebs. eklesie-
bi iq Cndeba karga xnis Semdeg, garkveuli daxanebiT. wm. Siom
aaSena eklesia mxolod maSin, roca bevri Zma moikriba, manamde
es mas azrad ar mosvlia. wm. daviT garejeli saerTodac ar
apirebs eklesiis aSenebas. madlierebis niSnad eklesias agebs
iq misuli da wm. daviTs Sevedrebuli bubaqari, rusTavis di-
debuli. taZris mSenebloba misi Taosnobaa, wm. daviTisa ar
aris. ra iyo es, ra formaa? me vfiqrob, rom es Cvens mkvle-
varT kidev gasarkvevi aqvT. samagierod, naTelia is, rom am be-
rebis moRvaweobisas (es, gansakuTrebiT, wm. daviT garejelze
iTqmis), xdeba ZvelTaZveli samSeneblo teqnikis, niSandobliv,
kldeSi nakafi xuroTmoZRvrebis aRorZineba. is, rogorc Cans,
ramdenime saukune aRar arsebobda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer-
jerobiT aseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba. II saukunis aqeT nageboba
ar Cans da SesaZlebelia, mitovebulicaa. asea Tu ise, SiomR-
vimis mermindeli senakebi, sadRac zeviT, ferdze arsebuli
sadgomebi, romlebSic berebi cxovrobdnen, arqeologiuri ga-
mokvlevis mixedviT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisis, savarau-
dod, mitovebuli sofeli yofila. saxlebSi xom ar Seuvarde-
bodnen?! Tan ukve carielia, daclilia. rogorc Cans, am Zveli
soflebis gamocarieleba moxda da axla iwyeba kldeSi nakafi
mSenebloba, romelic ukve Semdeg, Tamar mefis xanaSi, varZiis
monastriT dagvirgvindeba.
sxva mxriv, CvenSi monastrebis gaCena da momravleba mniS-
vnelovania imitomac, rom sakmaod xSirad swored monastreb-
Si Cndeba VI saukunis Cveni saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis erTi
mniSvnelovani qmnileba _ e.w. sameklesiiani bazilika. es aris
eklesia, romelsac garedan rom Sexedav, bazilikas hgavs _

64
SuaSi aziduli aris orqanobad gadaxuruli frontoniani mo-
culoba da aqeT-iqiT calqanobad Camodis. SigniT rom Se-
dixar, irkveva, rom es navebi ar aris da Sua moculoba gamo-
yofilia kedlebiT. ratom unda gaCeniliyo aseTi nageboba?
rogorc Cans (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT amis monacvle
damajerebeli varaudi ar arsebobs), marTali unda iyos gior-
gi CubinaSvili, roca fiqrobs, rom kerZo wirvebis saWiroeba
gaCnda. amitomac ZiriTad sakurTxevelTan erTad damatebiTi
sakurTxevlebi Cndeba, Tanac ratomRac _ ori. ratom aris
maincdamainc sami trapezi aseTi mniSvnelovani imdroinde-
li Cveni eklesiis cxovrebisaTvis, samwuxarod, aravin icis
da, jerjerobiT, ar Cans imis saSualebac, rom es ramenairad
gairkves. Tumca, ar gamovricxav, rom wyaroebis sxvanairad
wakiTxvisas raRacas mivagnoT kidec. yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer
Cveni codna amas ver Seswvdeba. Tumca faqtia _ iseTi nagebo-
ba, sadac sami trapezis arseboba meordeba, sakmaod bevria da
XI saukunemde arsebobs. Semdeg wyvetaa da XIV-XVI saukuneebSi
isev aris ramdenime amgvari Senoba.
ratom aris es mniSvnelovani? TavisTavad nageboba, sadac
sam egvtersa da sam sakurTxevels vxedavT, SeiZleba inaxos
sxvaganac. magaliTad, yofil iugoslaviaSi aris mTeli jgufi
amgvari adreqristianuli Senobebisa, oRond SuaSi iq cent-
ruli, gumbaTovani nageboba dgas. aseTive aris palestinaSi.
marTalia, es bazilikebia, magram aseTive kompoziciaa. Tumca
saqme isaa, rom imave samxreT slavebis qveynebSi am kompozi-
ciam tipis xasiaTi ver SeiZina. es, rogorc Cans, sami wminda-
nis Tayvaniscemis saWiroebasTan misadagebuli Senobebia. maT
Soris araviTari xazi ar Cans, ver mixvdebi, rom es adamianTa-
gan gardasaxuli erTi kompoziciaa. es aris gancalkevebuli
nagebobebi gansxvavebuli komponentebiT, sakmaod msxvaobri,
erTmaneTisac armgvani. CvenTan kidev vxedavT am birTvs sami
sadgomiT, sami trapeziT, romelic Semdeg, VI saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi, sakmarisad swrafad ganicdis transformacias da
VI saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi viRebT kompozi-
cias, sadac SuaSi aris darbazuli sivrce, calnaviani, aqeT-

65
 iqiT sakurTxevels, Sua afsids axlavs gverdiTi oTaxebi da
am gverdiTi oTaxebis dasavleTiT kidev afsiduri an swor-
kuTxa sakurTxevelia, magram aucileblad aris ori trapezi.
dasavleTidan es gverdiTi sivrceebi SeerTebulia derefniT
da gamodis garSemosavleli, sammxrivi garSemosavleli. es am-
gvari eklesiis marTlac optimaluri dagegmarebaa. mogviano
xanaSi isev xdeba am kompoziciis gamartiveba.
erTi ram aris kidev ucnauri: es kompozicia, martivi sa-
xiT, Cndeba qvemo qarTlSi da mere ratomRac yvelaferi ka-
xeTSi inacvlebs. qarTlSi is ukve mxolod VI saukunis bolos-
ken Tu sulac VII saukuneSi brundeba (ufliscixis naqalaqarze
Sendeba amgvari eklesia) da mere ukve, gardamaval xanaSi,
aris sxvaganac. ratom moxda aseTi minacvl-monacvleba, ver
getyviT, magram es faqtia. Zalian mniSvnelovania isic, rom
erT-erTi nairsaxeoba am e.w. sameklesiiani bazilikisa VI sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi aigo afxazeTSi, gagraSi. Tan is zus-
tad TariRdeba imis gamo, rom gverdiT dgas bizantiuri cixe-
simagre, romelic iustiniane keisris brZanebiT aSenda. wyoba,
faqtobrivad, igivea anu igive ostatebi aSeneben da ormagi
sakvirvelebaa: (1) ratom dgas eklesia cixis gareT, gaugebaria
da (2) ratom iSeneben bizantieli mecixovneni qarTuli yaidis
taZars, romelic maT qveyanaSi ar aris, ar viciT. iqneb imi-
tom, rom mSenebeli adgilobrivia, damkveTi ki _ bizantieli?
Tumca, rogor moxvda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi guSin wamo-
Cituli es dagegmareba ukve lixs iqiT, ai, es Zalze sagulisx-
mo da dasafiqrebelia.
es albaT kidev erTi maniSnia imisa, rom kulturul-su-
lieri erToba am politikurad jerac gauerTianebel qveyana-
Si ukve arsebobs da Tanac Rrmad fesvgadgmulia. sxvagvarad
amis axsna miWirs. es rom pirdapir gameorebuli nageboba yo-
filiyo, kidev gavigebdi, magram is gadasxvaferebulic aris _
hgavs aqaurebs, magram identuri araa. adamiani, romelic mas
aSenebs, Tavis Wkuaze akeTebs imas, rac aqeT, aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, naxa. sameklesiiani bazilikis gamoCena kidev erTi
dasturia imisa, rom qarTveli mSeneblebi, am sityvis namdvi-

66
li gagebiT, Tavisuflebi arian. maTi Tavisufleba Tavneboba
araa, maT mxolod ician, rogor ganaxorcielon da nivTier-
qmnan WeSmariti, swori da aucilebeli sakuTari moTxovnile-
bisa da qveynis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
amgvarive viTarebaa Cvens gumbaTovan arqiteqturaSi.
unda iTqvas, rom VI saukunidan gumbaTiani arqiteqtura aRmo-
savleT saqristianoSi, bizantiis ZiriTad centrebSi mainc,
wamyvani xdeba. am mxriv, Cven SeiZleba odnav CamovrCebiT ki-
dec, magram isev imitom, rom Tuki iustiniane didi aia so-
fias gumbaTovan taZars aSenebs (Tumca gumbaTovani taZrebi
im dros konstantinopolSi ukve aris da winandeli bazilike-
bis adgilas Sendeba, maT pirdapir enacvleba), is aSkarad ro-
mauli da elinisturi arqiteqturis gamocdilebas efuZneba.
magaliTad, nebismieri mamkobi detali korinTuli orderis
gardasaxvaa da Tumc korinTuli kapiteli srulebiT garda-
qmnilia, saboloo jamSi, Tu CaeZiebi, aRmoaCen, rom birTvi,
idea swored isaa. es ostatebis SemoqmedebiT wvas odnavac
ar akninebs, magram aseTia gza, romliTac isini midian, xolo
Cveni ostatebi Ziebisas sxva gzas adganan.
ra gaakeTes maT? am adrindel xanaSi Cven or tips vxedavT
da erT-erTi martivi jvrisebri gegmaa. warmoidgineT jvari,
masze amoyvanili moculoba da, faqtobrivad, igive jvriseb-
ri gegma, oRond ara erTi afsidiT aRmosavleTiT da sami
sworkuTxa mklaviT, aramed oTxi afsidiT. es oTxi afsidi ise
gamoiyureba, rogorc oTxyura yvavili. samwuxarod, uZvelesi
magaliTebi am eklesiebisa zustad ver gviTariRdeba _ maTgan
warwera erTsac ar aqvs da arc raime pirdapiri werilobiTi
cnoba mogvepoveba. Tumca, rac dro gadis, yuradRebas ufro
iqcevs ori maTgani da orive kaxeTSia. erTi aris e.w. Zveli ga-
vazi, eklesia romelic amJamad sofel axalsofelSia (ase rom,
sofel gavazSi nuravin wava) da meore _ e.w. erelaanT saydari
soflis gareT axmetasTan. Zveli gavazi oTxyura, e.w. tetra-
konqis tipis, nagebobaa, erelaanT saydari ki _ jvisebri, e.w.
Tavisufali jvris tipisa. me meCveneba, rom am eklesiaTagan
VI saukunis pirvel aTwleulebs erTic ar cdeba, Zveli gavazi

67
 V saukuniskenac ki aris (ase minda an meCveneba). samwuxarod,
IX saukuneSi Tu X saukunis dasawyisSi is Zlier gadakeTda,
mere XIX saukuneSi kvlav SekeTda da, ra Tqma unda, kvali ama-
nac waSala. amitom erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi Cvens SekiTxvebs,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT ar eqneba. iqneb arqeologiam
mogvces rame, magram Catarebuli gawmendiTi samuSaoebisas
araferi aRmouCeniaT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ar gamigia. Tumca
raRac niSnebi aq ufro meadreveba, vidre erelaanT saydarSi.
ra Cans aq? im uamravi tipidan, uamravi gegmidan, rome-
lic adreqristianul xanaSi arsebobda, qarTvelma ostatebma
es ori martivi tipi airCies. ver vityviT, rom maT sxva ar
icodnen, vinaidan gvaqvs II Tu III saukunis eqvsafsidiani nage-
boba bagineTSi, armazcixeSi, mcxeTaSi. Tumca arCevani, rome-
lic maT gaakeTes, swori iyo. ostatebi martiv, cxad da Tan
srulebiT simetriul kompoziciebs irCeven, rac mgonia, rom
Zalian mniSvnelovania. irCeven kompozicias, romelic yvela
mxaris absolutur identurobas gulisxmobs. ver vityvi, rom,
wirva-locvis TvalsazrisiT, es maincadamainc mosaxerxebe-
lia. adamiani eklesiaSi Sevides da sakurTxevels ver cnob-
des, cxadia, mTlad kargi ar aris. ra Tqma unda, Zvel droSi
saqmes Sveloda an kankeli, romelic albaT yvelgan iyo, an
trapezi, an raime sxva mowyobiloba, magram arqiteqturulad
iq yvelaferi Tanabaria da ar aris mabiZgi, romelic maincda-
mainc sakurTxevlisaken Semogabrunebda. da mainc, imdroinde-
li adamianis Sinagani gancdisaTvis es zedmiwevniTi garinde-
ba, rogorc Cans, mosawonia. Tumca garindeba araswori sityva
mgonia, radgan iq ar aris rindi, ar aris gaSeSebuloba, aramed
erTgvari SeCerebaa, Seyovnebaa. es is aris, rasac eZeben. ai, Se-
vida, dadga da, saiTac unda gaixedos, yvelgan erTi da igivea.
is koncentrirebulia raRacaze, TvalisaTvis wylis dasale-
vinebeli ki, ase vTqvaT, araferia da amis arc moTxovnilebaa.
am ariqiteqturas, gansakuTrebiT, Zvel gavazSi, kidev raRac
ucnauri siRonivris Tviseba aqvs. ucnauri Zalaa am kedlebSi,
did sarkmlebSi, did karebSi, rac agreTve raRac adreulis
maniSebelia. albaT viRacas es arc moewoneba. viRac indomebs,

68
rom CvenTan, rogorc bizantiis imperiis did centrebSi, ra-
Rac ufro brWyviala, mooqrul-moCuqurTmebuli iyos, viRac
mozaikas moisaklisebs, viRac _ iatakis Wrel marmarilos.
moTxovnileba da gemovneba bevrnairi arsebobs, magram faqtia,
rom Cvens winaprebs maSin, VI saukuneSi, aseTi arqiteqtura
undodaT da, radgan SeeZloT, akeTebdnen imas, rac surdaT.
me vfiqrob, es Zalian mniSvnelovania imis dasadgenad, rom
qveyanaSi SemoqmedebiTi muxti arsebobs.
Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba, rom SemoqmedebiToba ar niSnavs,
arafridan Seqmna raRac _ es adamians, ubralod, ar xelewi-
feba. roca cariel adgilze epotinebi raRac dids, es, ro-
gorc wesi, ukve gakeTebulis met-naklebad umweo gadmoRe-
ba-gameorebaa. esec gzaa da am gzazec SesaZloa warmatebuli
nabijebis gadadgma, magram Cvenma winaprebma sxva gza airCies.
maT arCies, Tavisive sargo, mosaxdeni da mosawoni TviTonve
SeeqmnaT. marTlac, Zalian cxadlivia, rogor xdeba arqiteq-
turuli formebis TandaTanobiT moxelTeba. ai, es amoirCies,
arsebobis es forma da cota xanSi, daaxloebiT, VI saukunis
mesame meoTxedSi, ninowmindaSi viRac (vin, ar viciT) aSenebs
taZars da am oTxyuras, tetrakonqs, umatebs kidev oTx sad-
goms. risTvis akeTebs amas? imisTvis, rom gumbaTuri sivrce
ufro didi gaxados. gumbaTqveSa kuTxeebi TiTqos gaiSala.
arada, Tavidan afsidebi erTmaneTs kuTxeebiT miadges. axla am
kuTxeebs Soris kidev monakveTi gaCnda da gumbaTi gaizarda,
gumbaTqveSa farTobi da sivrcec, bunebrivia, ufro warmosa-
degi, monumenturi da sazeimo gamovida. saubedurod, taZa-
ri Zalian dangreulia da Cven es mxolod unda warmovisaxoT.
Tumca, rodesac gadarCenil sakurTxevels uyureb, sakmaod
misaxvedria, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda is Tavidan.
Cven vxedavT Ziebas da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radgan cota xanSi amas mohyveba mcxeTis jvris taZari, sa-
dac gaTamaSebulia kuTxis oTaxebis Tema Tu motivi, oRond
kidev ufro gamdidrebulia kompozicia. ranairad? rodesac
ninowmindelma ostatma oTaxebi kuTxeebSi moaTavsa, isini ra-
Rac gaugebari mimarTulebiT iribulad damxobili gamovida,

69
 mcxeTis jvris ostatma ki aiRo da oTaxebi afsidebisadmi
kuTxiT daalaga da ara paralelurad. samagierod, adgilebSi,
sadac ninowmindaSi oTaxebi iyo, man moaTavsa niSebi, romle-
bic mTavari sivrcidan kuTxis oTaxebamde gardamavalia da es
Sua sivrcis erTgvari gamafarToebelia, im kuTxis sivrcee-
bis erTgvari winkaria. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom mcxeTis jvris
ostatma naxa ninowmindis taZari da kompozicia ase moifi-
qra. TiTqos araferia, magram sagulisxmoa, roca SegviZlia
ase TvalnaTliv davinaxoT, rogor midioda arqiteqturuli
azris ganviTareba, es ki arqiteqturis istoriaSi xSiri araa.
VI saukuneSi ori Tema _ tetrakonqi da sameklesiiani bazilika
_ gvaZlevs amis SesaZleblobas. Cven vxedavT, rogor eZebdnen
qarTveli ostatebi, ra undodaT maT, rogor midioda maTi
fiqri da Zieba.
nu vifiqrebT, rom es hgavs dRevandel Ziebas, rodesac
adamiani Tavis magidas miujdeba da dafiqrdeba, rogor Se-
qmnas raRac gaugonari da arnaxuli. is adamianebi ase ar fi-
qrobdnen. maT hqondaT garkveuli davaleba, mas asrulebdnen
da cdilobdnen, arsebuli SesaZleblobebiT kargad gaekeTe-
binaT. SesaZleblobaTa gamdidreba SemoqmedebiTi fiqrisa da
Rvwis gzaze _ ai, es aris albaT is, rasac SeiZleba daerqvas
xelovnebis ganviTareba, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom naklebad
rTuli ar varga da umjobesia ufro rTuli kompozicia. zo-
gjer, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, isini tolfasia an sulac
primitiuli jobs. marTlac rTulia mcxeTis jvarze ukeTesi
ramis warmodgena da, zogadadac, droSi momdevno, raRacis
gamTvaliswinebel-ganmaviTarebeli, maSinaTve ukeTesi rodia.
is ukeTesi unda iyos sxva niSnebiT da ara imiT, rom ufro
ganviTarebulia. ganviTarda imitom, rom win raRac samagali-
To hqonda da icoda, ra da rogor unda moeSvelebia. mniSv-
nelovania TavisTavad Zieba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cveni qveynis
SemoqmedebiTi istoria amas gveubneba: sadac iwyeba gameoreba,
iq misabaZis tolfasic ver iqmneba. rogorc Cans, gameorebu-
li mainc meqanikurobis erTgvar elements Seicavs, raRacis
bolomde ganucdel-gaufiqrebelobas _ raRac viciT, cota

70
SeiZleba kidec movakeliT an wavamateT, Tumca, arsebiTad,
gavimeoreT, ar gvinda, rom mas gavcdeT, ar gvinda, Tavi ga-
vicxeloT, rad gvinda gansacdeli, xom viciT, rogoric gamo-
dis da TiTqos vfiqrobT, dae, iyos aseTiveo. da mainc, Cveni
qveynis yvelaze didi SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebi swored iq
aris, sadac bedaven. kidev vambob, es ar aris ampartavnuli
`axla dagimtkicebT~. es naZaladeoba, Zalad siaxle, aCemebiT
mignebuli axleburoba yovelTvis TvalsaCinoa. Tundac kargi
xelovneba iyos, mainc dahkravs elferi, TiTqos vambobT, Se-
momxedeT, rogori varo. es SeiZleba, srulebiT konkretuli
niSnebiTac iyos naCvenebi, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTq-
mis, rasakvirvelia, zogadad Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaze da
arc am epoqis xelovnebaze. SemoqmedebiToba aseT principul
maZieblobas ar niSnavs, es ufro niWierebis Tvisebaa, vidre
raime lozungi. roca novatorobaze Zalian bevrs laparako-
ben, piradad me yovelTvis meeWveba, rom es adamiani raime
axlis Semqmneli iyos. geronti qiqoZes aqvs erTgan naTqva-
mi, Cveni winaprebi istorias imitom ar werdnen, rom isto-
rias qmnidneno. Tu axals qmni, siaxleze bevri laparakisa da
lozungebis Txzvis aRarc dro ar gaqvs da aRarc xalisi. ras
izam, rTulia es yvelaferi.
asea Tu is, es awewili droa _ xan ajanyebaa, xan xeli-
suflebaTa cvlaa, xanac, piriqiT, rRvevaa. bizantielebisa da
sparselebis erTgvari Widilia _ xan pirdapir omi, xan ki dip-
lomatiuri xrikebiT aq damkvidrebis mcdeloba. magaliTad,
marzapani TbilisSi zis, qarTlis erisTavebi ki bizantiis im-
peratoris naboZeb sakariskaco titulebs atareben. risTvis
mianiWes? ra Tqma unda, gadasabireblad. magram es xom rTuli
TamaSia? qarTlis erismTavari iZulebulia, bizantiels iseT-
nairad daukavSirdes, rom maincdamainc arc sparseli gaabra-
zos, ar ganarisxos. mgoni, stefanoz I-ze pirdapir uTqvamT,
ver ikadrebda mefed wodebas SiSisaTvis sparsTao. mefe iyo
sinamdvileSi, magram sityva `mefe~ ver warmoTqva, Tavis mo-
netebze ver dawera. moneta moWra da mefe varo, ver daawe-
ra, radgan ayridnen, gadaasaxlebdnen mTels Tu ara naxevar

71
 mosaxleobas. ra Tqma unda, xelisufals axsovda qveSevrdomTa
winaSe Tavisi pasuxismgebloba. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom qve-
Sevrdomis sicocxle Zvel dros metad fasobda. SekiTxvaze,
Tu vin aris kargi mxedarTmTavari, Tu ar vcdebi, Teimuraz
batoniSvilma upasuxa, is, visac naklebi jariskaci daeRupe-
bao. albaT dameTanxmebiT, rom es ar hgavs XX saukunis tra-
tegias. magaliTad, sabWoTa sardloba, oRondac miznisTvis
mieRwia, asiaTasobiT gawyvetil samxedros srulebiT ar naR-
vlobda. gavixsenoT qerCi, romelic amis klasikuri magaliTia:
naxevari jari pirdapir zRvaSi CaaxrCves da meore naxevari
zemodan gadaatares. amas qarTveli verc Zvelad da verc sxva
droSi ver gaakeTebda. Tavganwirva maSin sxvaTa gawirvas ar
niSnavda, Tavdadeba maT sxvanairad esmodaT. amas winaT erT
saubars Seveswari imis Taobaze, msxverpli rogor unda Seg-
vewira. marTlac uxerxulia, amas cocxali adamiani qadagebdes
da Tanac saR-salamaTi. nuTu anderZad unda daeweraT, axla
dasaRupavad mivdivarT da ager SemogvxedeT, qveyanas mtlad
rogor davedebiTo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zveli saqarTvelos
zneobisaTvis es namdvilad Seusabamoa. ase ar fiqrobdnen da
sxvis sicocxles iolad ver imetebdnen Cveni winaprebi.
maSasadame, amgvar viTarebaSi aSkarad mimdinareobs Semo-
qmedebiTi Rvwa da, am SemTxvevaSi, arqiteqtura, ubralod,
yvelaze kargad aris SemorCenili. eWvi ar aris, rom parale-
lurad mqandakeblobac namdvilad arsebobda, radgan e.w. qva-
jvrebi swored am dros vrceldeba. es iyo erTgvari swor-
kuTxa boZebi, romlebsac oTxive mxare morTuli hqondaT.
mxareTagan orze, zogjer samzec, reliefuri gamosaxulebebi
iyo, romelime mxares, erTs an ors, ornamentuli samkaulic
aucileblad hqonda da es jvriT gvirgvindeboda. VI-VII sauku-
neebSi amgvari qvajvrebi gansakuTrebiT bevri qvemo qarTl-
Si keTdeba, magram isini kaxeTSic da samxreT saqarTveloSic
moiZebneba. albaT iqneboda mxatvrobac. Tumca dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSin, iseve, rogorc momdevno sauku-
neebSi, XI saukunis daaxloebiT pirveli meoTxedis CaTvliT,
eklesiebi mTlianad ar ixateboda. SeiZleba ixateba sakurTxe-

72
veli an, mTlianad sakurTxeveli ki ara, mxolod e.w. konqi, af-
sidis meoTxedsferuli dagvirgvineba, sadac albaT macxovari
an jvari gamoisaxeboda. yovelive es SemorCenili ar gvaqvs
da amitom mxolod varauds gamovTqvamT. viciT, rom mcxeTis
jvris mcire eklesiaSi, romelic VI saukunisaa, sakurTxevelSi
namdvilad iyo mozaika, magram marto kenWebi gvaqvs da CvenTvis
ucnobia, is ras gamoxatavda. albaT iyo kidev sxva Zeglebic.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros iqneb sadme kidev gamoCndes
axali masala. am dros ukve kankelebic keTdeba _ keTdeba ad-
gilobrivad da zogjer kidec CamoaqvT. magaliTad, kankelisa
Tu zRudisaTvis mcxeTis jvarSi namdvilad gamoiweres mar-
marilos filebi konstantinopolidan. erTi zed gamosaxuli
jvriT SemorCenilic ki gvaqvs. kankelebi am drosac unda yo-
filiyo, Tumca gviani xanis ufro metia. cxadia, iqneboda mci-
re xelovnebis nimuSebic da moxda ise, rom viciT kidec, maga-
liTad, adrindeli liTonis nivTebi rodis daiRupa _ 620-ian
wlebSi, VII saukuneSi, rodesac herakle keisarma Tbilisi aiRo.
somex mematianes uweria, rom CamorTmeuli liTonis nakeTobe-
bis mTeli grova dadga. cxadia, es iyo WurWeli, magram ueWve-
lia, rom iqve kandelebi, jvrebi, samRvdelmsaxuro WurWeli
da, vin icis, ukve xatebic iqneboda. ar aris gamoricxuli,
ferweruli xatebi arsebuliyo, magram maTi kvali jerjero-
biT isev da isev ar Cans. vnaxoT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
romelime gadaweril xatze uceb aRmoCndes qvefena, romelic
Zalian adreuli iqneba. amis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba, magram
jerjerobiT aseTi suraTia. isic SesaZlebelia, arqeologiu-
ri gaTxrebis dros sadme liTonis nakeTobebic gamoCndes, Tu-
mca isini jerjerobiT isev ar gvaqvs. yvelaze adreuli, rac
mogvepoveba, VIII da IX saukuneebis nivTebia. Tumca arqiteqtu-
ra da es qvajvrebi, reliefur-CuqurTmiani svetebi, ramdenime
reliefi, romlebic qvemo qarTlSi eklesiaTa karebis Tavzea
(maTze, rogorc wesi, jvris amaRleba gamoisaxeba) Cven gveub-
neba, rom xelovnebis dargebi win midis. safiqrebelia, rom
mas mihyveba sxva dargebic, romelTa Sesaxeb xelmosaWidi Cven,
ubralod, araferi gvaqvs da mTeli es mcdeloba, mTeli es

73
 Zieba swored VI saukunis bolos da VII saukunis pirvel wlebSi
gvirgvindeba. kidevac amboben xolme, rom es pirveli ayvave-
baa. piradad me mainc Tavs vikaveb aseTi gansazRvrebebisagan,
radgan ayvaveba gulisxmobs, rom manamde fesvi iyo da axla ki
yvavilia. Zalian Zneli saTqmelia, ra ufro mniSvnelovania,
iqneb fesvi yvavilze ufro Rirebulic ki iyos. rac mTavaria,
darwmunebuli ar var, rom xarisxobrivad wromis taZari, vT-
qvaT, kawareTis samebaze an bolnisis sionze _ anu rac aSenda,
yvelaferze _ ukeTesia. ar vici, es ra sazomiT unda gavzo-
moT. namdvilad Zalian kargia, srulyofilebis maRali xaris-
xia, magram Cven unda visaubroT ara Sefasebaze, aramed imaze,
avida Tu ara mxatvruli Zieba garkveul safexurze, moniSna
Tu ara safexuri. erTi rkali Ziebisa moTavda da, marTlac,
mere vxedavT, rogor iwyeba sxva Zieba VII saukunis Sua xanebi-
dan da rogor iSleba is ukve VIII-IX saukuneebSi. Tumca swo-
red VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaa is pirveli SeCereba, ase vTqvaT,
xana, rodesac amdenma mcdelobam yvela mimarTulebiT aSkara
nayofi gamoiRo da Tu am safexuris moniSvna gvinda, 580-iani
wlebidan (SeiZleba 550-iani wlebidanac ki) 630-iani wlebis Ca-
TvliT, daaxloebiT, ormocwliani Sualedi gamodis. aqve vi-
tyvi, raTa mere aRar davubrunde, rom es xana SeiZleba ase
warmovidginoT: ukiduresad daZabuli dro iyo da, politiku-
ri TvalsazrisiT, araxelsayrelic. iyo gauTavebeli gawev-ga-
moweva, gamudmebuli omebi. aSkaraa, iyo msxverpli, dangreuli
qalaqebi, gadamwvari soflebi. sakvirvelia, magram adamianebi,
miuxedavad usasrulo glova-tirilisa, axerxebdnen da qmnid-
nen, Tanac qmnidnen aseT xelovnebas, xolo ra aris is, rac im
dros Seiqmna, ukve sxva saubris Temaa.

74
6. VII saukunis arqiteqtura

Cven saubari daviwyeT qarTuli arqiteqturis, sazogadod, xe-

lovnebisa da, Tumc sxva dargebSi masala mwiria, albaT mTeli
kulturis im umniSvnelovanes safexurze, romelic VI-VII sau-
kuneebis mijnas ganekuTvneba. rogorc Cans, swored im dros
daiwera Tundac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Cveni uZvelesi mati-
ane. wina jerze vTqviT, rom mcxeTis wminda jvris didi ta-
Zris xuroTmoZRvarma, romelsac albaT dakveTa hqonda, iqve
IV saukunidan mdgari uZvelesi jvrebis (am jvrebs gadmocema
wm. ninosa da wm. mirian mefis saxelebs ukavSirebs) adgilas
gumbaTovani taZari aeSenebina da erTgvarad moaxerxa, Tavi
moeyara im Zieba-miswrafebaTaTvis, ostatebs jer kidev sau-
kuniT an sulac saukune-naxevriT adre rom amoZravebdaT. ga-
vimeoreb da vityvi: es ar niSnavs, rom wina saukuneebis osta-
tebi masze nakleb niWierebi iyvnen an nakleb daxelovnebulni.
aris xolme xelovnebis istoriaSi etapebi, rodesac romelime
did ostats wilad xvdeba, winamorbedi epoqis miRwevebi Sea-
jamos. nu warmovidgenT, TiTqos es uniWo kompilatori iyos.
swored am Tavis mobmas, raRacis moTavebas sagangebo Semoqme-
debiTi niWi da Zalian didi SemoqmedebiTi muxtic sWirdeba.
Cveni kulturis istoriaSi, arqiteqturis istoriaSi, meore
aseTi movlena aris samTavisis taZari, romelmac agreTve erT-
gvarad daabolova didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare mxatv-
ruli Ziebebi. xandaxan ostati xedavs wina gamocdilebas da
rogor gamoiyenos is, esec zustad icis. icis, Tu saiT aris
mimarTuli winamorbedTa Zieba da isic, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos
am ZiebaTa saboloo mizani.
ra gaakeTa xuroTmoZRvarma? rogorc iTqva, wina drois
ostatebs moswonT gawonasworebuli sivrce. igi iyenebs
oTxafsidian gegmas, iseTs, rogoric iyo Zvel gavazsa da ni-
nowmindaSi, qmnis isev gawonasworebul sivrces, oRond RerZs,
romelic sakurTxevliskenaa mimarTuli, odnav sigrZes uma-
tebs da gasakvirvel Sedegs iRebs: adamiani Sedis taZarSi,

75
 ganicdis mas, rogorc gawonasworebul sivrces, magram sru-
liad gaucnobiereblad es sivrce mas ubiZgebs, gaixedos sa-
kurTxevlisaken. swored es aris, rac mcxeTis jvris ostats
unda _ vxedavdeT TanabarmniSvnelovan, TanabarRirebul nawi-
lebs. isea mowyobili ganaTeba, isea mofiqrebuli gareTa ma-
sebis gadawyveta, rom yvela elementi TviTRirebulia, yvela
dasrulebulia, yvela mkafiod aRqmadia, magram, amave dros,
martivi xerxiT, RerZis odnavi dagrZelebiT, Semodis urR-
vevi wesrigi. magaliTad, ninowmindis taZarSi, vTqvaT, davab-
zrialeT gegma da is gaCerda nebismier adgilas, uceb verc
mixvdebi, verc gaigeb, rom raRaca moxda, xolo mcxeTis jvarSi
es SeuZlebelia _ odnavi Zvra da imwams dairRveva simwyobre
gegmisa, simwyobre kompoziciisa. minda, kidev gavimeoro, rom
es aris Sedegi ostatis udidesi niWierebisa da, amave dros,
wina Taobebis fiqris, wvalebisa da gancdebis Sedegi. axla
ostats SesaZlebloba aqvs, isargeblos maTi gamocdilebiT.
aris xolme aseTi bednieri Jami. aseTive mdgomareobaSi iyvnen
odesRac berZeni ostatebi, rodesac aSenebdnen akropoliss
da aqandakebdnen parTenons, aseTive mdgomareobaSi iyvnen
XVI saukunis italiaSi rafaeli da miqelanjelo, musikis ma-
galiTze Tu vimsjelebT, SegviZlia beThoveni an mocartic
gavixsenoT. Tu ram gakeTda evropul musikaSi XVII saukunis
bolodan, swored maTTan hpovebs erTgvar dasrulebas, xolo
beThovenTan, rogorc miqelanjelosTan an imave akropolisis
cota mogviano nagebobebSi, ukve isaxeba axali veqtori, gezi,
romelsac daadgeba mxatvruli fantazia.
mcxeTis jvris ostatma gaakeTa kidev sxva ram. gakvriT
iTqva, rom adrindel xanaSi Cvens ostatebs fasadis morTva
gauWirdaT. erTi mxriv, zogadad, adreqristianuli arqiteq-
tura, garda ramdenime aRmosavluri regionisa, ar swyalobs
fasadis morTvas. sxva mxriv, Cvenma ostatebma ar moindomes
antikuri formebis Warbad gamoyeneba, rogorc sirielebma an
mcireazielebma. isini Tavidan eZeben da, sxvaTa Soris, iSve-
lieben elementebs, romlebic im antikuri sistemis daSlis Se-
degad V saukunis siriaSi warmoiSva. es aris karisa da sarkmlis

76
Tavze gavlebuli TaRi, romelsac boloebi Tarazulad aqvs
gakecili. Cven mas vuwodebT TavsarTs da, raxan warbs waagavs,
zogjer _ warbs. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mamkobi elementi swo-
red es warbi, TavsarTi Tu sulac gadanakecebiani TavsarTia
(asec veZaxiT). is Cndeba cota adre wilknis taZris fasadze,
magram iqac _ pirdapir siriidan mosesxebul sistemaSi. siste-
ma aseTia: kedelze aris vertikaluri Sverilebi, pilastrebi,
maT Soris aris gavlebuli horizontaluri sartylebi, koz-
midebi da TiTqos ase daliandagebulia kedeli. da, ai, am or
pilastrsa da qvemo TavsarTs Soris warmoqmnil oTkuTxedSi
zis sarkmeli da masze gadavlebuli TavsarTi, romelic am
Sverilebs Sua aris gaWedili. etyoba, metismetad mosesxebuli
aRmoCnda es sistemac da aRar moindomes qarTvelma ostateb-
ma. Catarda aseTi eqsperimenti, magram ar gagrZelda, oRond
es TavsarTi, Tanac Semkuli vazis ylortiT, Cans, WkuaSi dau-
jda mcxeTis jvris ostats.
ras akeTebs igi? yvela sarkmlis Tavze akeTebs TavsarTs
da sakurTxevlis afsidze, romelsac sami sarkmeli aqvs, am Ta-
vsarTebs erTmaneTs gadaabams. ai, es gadabmuli TavsarTebic,
rogorc motivi, modis siriidan da Semdeg sakmaod didxans
rCeba somxeTSi da saqarTvelos mTel miwa-wyalze. magaliTad,
IX-X saukuneebis afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Cven vxedavT
aseTive gadabmul TavsarTs gumbaTebze, saxeldobr, moqvis
gumbaTze. aseTive gadabmul TavsarTs vnaxavT atenis taZrisa
an martvilis taZris fasadebze. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mcxeTis
jvars Sexedes, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am motivis mdgradoba da
fesvgadgmuloba aSkaraa _ moewonaT is aq. Tumca danarCens
arafers siriuli arqiteqturisas mcxeTis jvris xuroTmoZR-
vari aRar iyenebs.
igi akeTebs ise, rom samxreT da CrdiloeT fasadebze erT-
maneTis Tavze iyos kari da sarkmeli, romlebic vertikalur
RerZs warmoqmnian. maT Tavze Cndeba gumbaTis sarkmeli da
iqmneba erTiani RerZi qvemodan zemoT, magram afsidebisa da
gverdiTi oTaxebis sarkmlebi yvela erT rigzea da Cven vxe-
davT horizontalur rigs, romelsac exmianeba TavsarTTa es

77
 maxvilebi. Cven vxedavT fasads, romelic aseTi mZlavri ver-
tikaluri da horizontaluri xazebiT iqmneba da Tanac am ver-
tikalur svlaSi Casmulia reliefebi. asea samxreT fasadze,
ase aris aRmosavleT fasadze, magram CrdiloeT da dasavleT
fasadebs ostati ar amkobs. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom er-
Tic da meorec, simboluri TvalsazrisiT, ase vTqvaT, ufro
naklebad Rirebulia, vidre aRmosavleTi da samxreTi fasade-
bi da kidev imitom, rom CrdiloeTidan ukve idga patara ekle-
sia da misi bWe (dResac dgas orive, sabednierod). yvela, vinc
mcxeTis jvarSi namyofia, dameTanxmeba, rom iq risame danaxva
srulebiT SeuZlebelia. miwaze Tu dawvebi, im sarkmlis Tavis
danaxva egeb moaxerxo, dasavleTis fasadTan ki misadgomic ar
arsebobs. erTaderTi, vinc mas xedavs mercxali an Ramuraa,
adamiani ki _ mxolod qvemodan, aragvis napiridan. Sesabamisad,
mcxeTis jvris taZris maSenebeli ostati dasavleT sibrtyeze
zedmeti danawevrebis Seqmnas moerida, raTa ar gaCeniliyo
Crdili, romelic Soridan gamoCndeboda, rogorc daWmuWnili
forma. veravin mixvdeboda, es ra aris, da iqneboda sakmaod
usiamovno. xuroTmoZRvarma esec gaiTvaliswina da, rasak-
virvelia, amaSic Cans ostatoba. aRarafers vambob imaze, Tu
rogor Seqmna man forma SigniT amdenad gawonasworebuli da
garedan kidev sakvirveli: is ar aris zemswrafi da, imavdrou-
lad, ar aris gawolili, TiTqos gaCerebulia im zRvarze,
sadac horizontalurad gaSla da zemoT gawelva erTmaneTs
xvdeba, imdenad Tanabarzomieria, rom arc win miiswrafvis da
arc zemoT, arc ganSi midis da arc sigrZeSi.
araCveulebrivad aris moTavsebuli TviT taZari mTel am
garemoSi. yvelasaTvis cnobilia gasaocari STabeWdileba, vi-
sac odesme mouwia, am gziT fexiT, manqaniT Tu matarebliT
gaevlo _ taZari TiTqos pirdapir kldidan aris amozrdili.
dRes verc ki warmovidgenT, rom odesme SeiZleba sxvanairad
yofiliyo. namdvilad iyo, magram amis warmodgena gviWirs.
mcxeTis jvari pirdapiri dasuraTebaa martin haidegeris naT-
qvamisa, rodesac taZari daidga, mTac maSin gamoCndao. oRond
igi amas berZnul taZrebze ambobs. da marTlac, rom ara es

78
taZari, ise CavivlidiT, yuradRebas albaT arc ki mivaqcevdiT
am mTadrekas ferdisas, aragvispiridan zemoT rom adis. Ti-
Tqos taZari qmnis iseT maxvils, rom Cven bunebasac sxvanairad
vxedavT. vxedavT mSvenierebas, romelsac warmosaCenad adamia-
nis xeli dasWirvebia. da Tumca verafers viqmT imis umjobess,
rac ukve ufals Seuqmnia, Cven Turme SegvZlebia, TanamoZmeT
davexmaroT, ukeT dainaxon bunebis amgvari harmonia.
mcxeTis jvari Zalian mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli ma-
galiTi aRmoCnda. qarTlSi ateni, kaxeTSi Zveli SuamTa, dasa-
vleT saqarTveloSi martvili (aSenebis TariRi sakamaToa, ma-
gram faqtia, rom es dasavleTi saqarTveloa) da kidev Camxusi,
samxreT saqarTvelos erTi Zalian dangreuli eklesia _ yvela
es taZari ambobs, rom ostatebma saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi
moindomes, TiTo-TiTo aseTi taZari hqonodaT. SeiZleba me-
ticaa da Cven ar vicnobT an sadme tyeSi imaleba, rogorc amas
winaT aRmoCnda sanagiris yvelasaTvis cnobili bazilikidan
marTla aT nabijSi. Turme mdgara patara eklesiis nangrevi,
romelic veravin SeniSna, daaxloebiT, 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
iq srulebiT SemTxveviT moxvda Cveni kolega, b-ni kaxa xim-
SiaSvili. iyo dacvenili foTlebi, iyo zamTari. uceb dainaxa
eklesia da Tavidan verc ki dauSva, rom cnobili ar iqneboda.
didad gaocda, roca gairkva, rom misi arsebobis Sesaxeb ka-
ciSvilma araferi icis. marTlac sakvirvelia. aseTi ucnauri
qveyana varT. amas vyvebi da Tavs vizRvev, radgan ramdenjerac
raRacaze iTqva, rom marto es gvaqvs, imdenjerve aRmoCnda,
rom kidev sadRac aris. sul ar gamovricxav, rom romeliRac
tyeSi, romeliRac koromSi kidev erTi amgvari dangreuli ta-
Zari imaleba. marTlac, yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos, Tumca jer-
jerobiT sul es aris, rac viciT.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi gegmarebis taZrebi aris
somxeTSi, Tumca axla ar Rirs maTze sityvis gagrZeleba. sru-
lebiT aSkaraa, rom es ori sxvadasxva movlenaa da sul sxva
sakiTxia, hqondaT Tu ara maT rame saerTo.
am arqiteqturis SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod mxatvruli xarisxi, aramed is, rac aq xdeba: Cndeba

79
 Camoyalibebuli fasadi. kavkasiisa da, kerZod, saqarTvelos
arqiteqtura, bizantiurisagan gansxvavebiT, svams fasadis
problemas da amis Sesaxeb Tavis droze, jer kidev 1876 wels,
Tqva nikodime kondakovma, Zalian cnobilma rusma mecnierma,
arsebiTad, saxelovnebaTmcodneo bizantinistikis Semqmnelma.
me ukve mogaxseneT, rom Tavidan es TiTqos ase ar aris, magram
gare saxes rom yuradRebas aqceven, Cans Tundac imiT, Tu ro-
gor SearCia ostatma bolnisis taZris feri. magram axla ukve
sxva ram xdeba: cxadia, roca rames aSeneb, iq aris Riobebi,
aris danawevrebuli zedapiri. mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor
aRiqmeba Sexedvisas garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. am mxriv, Za-
lian karg magaliTs gvaZlevs erelaanT saydris eklesia, rome-
lic winaTac vaxsene da vfiqrob, VI saukunis dasawyisisa unda
iyos (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli naxevrisa ueWvelad aris).
SevadaroT is VII saukunis mcxeTis jvris cotaTi momdevnod
(30-40 wlis Semdeg) aSenebul samwevrisis wminda jvris ekle-
sias, qarTlSi rom dgas, qarelis siaxloves. is, sxvaTa So-
ris, adgilmdebareobiT jvars Camohgavs. roca patara viyavi,
saidanRac momavals sul meCveneboda, rom ukve mcxeTaSi var,
Tumca irkveoda, rom raRac sxva aris, ar aris mcxeTa. es ori
nageboba aSkarad exmianeba erTmaneTs aRnagobiT, proporcie-
biT, albaT kidev raRaciT.
erelaanT saydarSic da samwevrisSic xdeba aseTi ram:
orivegan aris erTi kari, is moTavsebulia samxreT mklavis
samxreT kedelSi da dasavleTisaken aris odnav daZruli.
erelaanT saydarSi gverdiT, anu CrdiloeT da samxreT mkla-
vebSi, damatebulia patara afsidebi da amitom gamovida ase.
sameklesiian bazilikebSi sami trapezi dasWirdaT da etyoba,
aqac undodaT, hoda gaakeTes kidec, xolo imisTvis, rom ada-
miani taZarSi Sesvlisas pirdapir mklavis Sua xazze da gum-
baTis centrisaken gzaze daeyenebinaT, gaWres kari, mklavs
rogorc mouxda, magram fasadisaTvis asimetriuli romaa. am
asimetrias karis TavsarTi da mis mimarT sruliad gaugebrad
moTavsebuli sarkmeli metad amZafrebs, araTu Svelis. samwe-
vriselma ostatma es kari iseTnairad moaTavsa, Tu ar ici,

80
verc ki xedav, rom is daZrulia. roca iq pirvelad mivedi,
ukve vicodi, rom kari daZrulia (gamocda Cabarebuli mqon-
da da es yvelaferi zepirad vicodi), mainc kinaRam Tvalebi
daviTxare da amas yovelTvis vuyvebi xolme Cems studentebs.
vfiqrobdi: RmerTo, ai, xom vici, daZruli unda iyos da ratom
ver vxedav, ratom vxedav centrSi? da ram miSvela? bolos
aRmovaCine, rom karis aRmosavleTi kide da mis Tavze mdebare
sarkmlis dasavleTi kide erT xazze aris. ai, es davinaxe da
maSin ki mivxvdi, rom namdvilad daZrulia. Tumca karisa da
sarkmlis zoma ostats imgvarad aqvs SerCeuli, rom xedavT
maT, rogorc Tanazomiers. ai, es _ erT xazze asxma _ qmnis wes-
rigis STabeWdilebas. erelaanT saydris ostats is gamouvida,
am SemTxvevaSi ki, xuroTmoZRvari sruliad Segnebulad icavs
simetrias. SegviZlia, es analiturad vaCvenoT.
kavTisxevisa da winarexis maxloblad aris erTi patara,
aseve Tavisufali jvris tipis eklesia ufro gviani xanisa, me
vfiqrob, X saukunisa. iqac asea, oRond iq kari mozrdilia
da daZrulia dasavleTiT, sarkmeli ki aris patara. amgvarad,
Tqven xedavT kontrasts ori Riobisa _ didisa da patarisa,
romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT wavida da aseve xedavT am
Riobebis dacilebas. es sruliad Segnebulad agebuli diso-
nansuri kompoziciaa, kompozicia, sadac unda iyos kontrasti
da es kontrasti aris ara mxolod adgilmdebareobaSi, aramed
aris zomaSic. ai, swored amgvarad aris yovelTvis gaformebu-
li fasadi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul arqiteqturaSi da
ara im azriT, rom is aucileblad Semkulia. uamravi eklesiaa,
romelic umkobia, zogi sulac riyis qviTaa nagebi. kaxeTSi,
arsebiTad, XVI saukunemde saerTodac Zalian iSviaTia xuroT-
moZRvruli samkauli. XIV saukuneSi aris eklesiaTa jgufi,
romelsac uxvad morTuls namdvilad ver uwodeb. Tumca es
fasadebi, umkobia Tu Semkuli, yovelTvis aris komponirebuli
da Tqven xedavT, rogor agebs adamiani kompozicias. viRacas
gamosdis, viRacas ar gamosdis, magram amieridan yovelTvis
aris amocana, rom gakeTdes mowesrigebuli fasadi. ra Tqma
unda, es TvalsaCinoa, roca arsebobs morTuloba da Cven vxe-

81
 davT, rogor nawildeba mosarTavebi, rogoria maTi urTierT-
Sefardeba Tundac zomebiT an moxazulobiT, rogoria maTi Se-
Tanxmeba _ kontrastuli Tu Sexmatkbilebuli. amasTan erTad,
imave kaxeTSi aris uamravi eklesia, sadac karebisa da sarkmle-
bis urTierTmimarTebiT, SefardebiT, iqmneba urTulesi kom-
poziciebi, romlebic marTla gakvirvebs, nuTu adamians azrad
mouvida, gaekeTebina raRac aseTi. mcxeTis jvari am mxrivac
erTgvari mijnaa, erTgvari maniSni.
mas mosdevs kidev erTi VII saukunis taZari. wromis eklesia
istoriulad sainteresoa imiT, rom aris erT-erTi pirveli,
msoflio arqiteqturaSi sulac uadresi magaliTi gumbaTo-
vani taZrisa, sadac iqmneba sivrciTi jvari, magram gumbaTi
damyarebulia mklavebis kedlebze. es Zalian martivi war-
mosadgenia, Tu daxazavT Tavisufali jvris tipis gegmas anu
ubralod daxazavT jvars, gaukeTebT kedlebs sisqes da war-
moidgenT, rom SuaSi maT gadakveTaze gumbaTia.
axla warmovidginoT, rom aq kedlebi ki ar aris, burje-
bi dgas da sivrciTi jvari Cndeba kamarebiT, oRond kuTxee-
bi aris Sevsebuli, xolo kedlebi grZeldeba mklavis piris
aqeT-iqiT. aRmosavleTiT, bunebrivia, aris sakurTxeveli, da-
savleTiT kidev ori ube Cndeba. amas gabriel milem, frangma
mecnierma, 100 wlis win `Cawerili jvris~ tipi uwoda, Cven ki,
qarTvelma xelovnebaTmcodneebma, avitaceT es marjve ter-
mini da mas viyenebT xolme. CvenTan rom aris am tipis adrin-
deli nimuSi (CvenTanacaa da aris somxeTSic), es xom TavisTa-
vad sainteresoa, magram ufro sainteresoa kidev erTi faqti:
Cvens kolegebs ruseTsa da dasavleTSi saSinlad aSfoTebT is
garemoeba, rom amierkavkasiaSi aris aseTi tipi, konstantino-
polSi ki ar aris. amitom, ra Tqma unda, varaudoben, rom aseTi
taZari iqac iyo da sadRac gaqra. ivaraudon, ki, batono, es
arc aravis akninebs da arc aravis arafers matebs.
saqme isaa, rom wromeli xuroTmoZRvari didi arqiteq-
tori iyo, Zalian didi xelovani. mas, rogorc Cans, hqonda
rTuli davaleba, aego taZari, romelsac, ar viciT, risTvis,
sakurTxevlis aqeT-iqiT eqneboda damatebiTi samlocveloe-

82
bi, xolo dasavleTiT _ patronike, albaT, qarTlis erisTavi-
sa an adgilobrivi feodalis dasadgomad, Tumca dazustebiT
esec ar viciT. taZari ucnauri monumenturobiT gamoirCeva
da es didxans iyo srulebiT gaugebari, vidre 1980-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi, b-ni zaza sxirtlaZis publikaciis wyalobiT, ar
SevityveT, rom sakurTxevlis gverdiT niSaSi, rogorc Cans,
wm. raJdenis nawili unda yofiliyo. ai, warmodgineT sakur-
Txeveli da samkveTlos kari, maT Soris gaCenil sibrtyeze ki
_ niSa. aRmoCnda, rom iq aris adrindeli savedrebeli warwe-
rebi, IX saukunes rom ar gadmoscdeba, iseTi. etyoba, iq iyo
an sulac axlac aris dafluli raRac nawili wm. raJdenisa,
SesaZlebelia _ zardaxSaSi an raRac dasasvenebelSi, romelic
niSaSi idga. amas Cven axla ver gavarkvevT da amwuTas rac
viciT, es aris. es taZari, etyoba, aris am pirvelmowamis _
wm. raJdenis _ wamebis saxsovari. wm. raJdeni pirveli wminda-
nia Cveni eklesiisa, sakuTriv saqarTvelos eklesiisa, Tumca,
rogorc araerTi sxva, tomiT sparselia. da marTlac, radgan
gviandel wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom am adgilas ewama wm. raJde-
ni, Cans, es ase iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase icoda saqarTve-
los maSindelma eklesiam. saerTod, am mxriv, qristianobis
adrindeli xana Tavisebur suraTs iZleva: wmindanebi, ufro
xSirad, sxva qveynebSi wmindandebian. palestineli wmindanebi,
magaliTad, yovelTvis saidanRac mosulebi arian: vin _ saber-
neTidan, vin _ mcire aziidan da vin _ saidan. amas winaT vnaxe,
magaliTad, mcireazieli, romelic italiaSi damkvidrda da
wmindani iq gaxda, aleqsi RvTiskaci romSi iyo. Tundac slav-
Ta ganmanaTleblebi, kirile da meTodi, konstantinopoleli
berZnebi arian, yovel SemTxvevaSi, bulgarelebi an serbebi
namdvilad ar yofilan. erTi sityviT, win da ukan siarulis
rTuli suraTia da CvenTanac, daaxloebiT, asea.
swored am rTuli amocanis gansaxorcieleblad dasWirda
wromel ostats oTxi burji da maTze gadayvanili gumbaTi.
usuraTod da Tvalis Seuvleblad amaze laparaki amaoa. ubra-
lod, vityvi, rom es araCveulebrivad Sesrulebuli arqiteq-

83
 turaa. es ar aris magidasTan kalkulatoriT miRweuli gaaz-
rebuloba, romelic Sedegad mxolod usicocxlobasa da meqa-
nikurobas iZleva, es zedmiwevniTobaa, romlis wyaroc yvela
wvrilmanisadmi ostatis yuradRebaa. vuyureb xolme mcxeTis
jvris taZars, bolnisis sionis interiers, wroms, kumurdos,
vaCnaZianis yvelawmindis eklesias, Tundac samwevriss da yo-
velTvis mefiqreba: sad poulobda arqiteqtori ostatebs, ro-
melTagan yvela anTebuli iyo? iqneb gawafuli ostati arqite-
qtoris xelSi xdeboda Semoqmedi? amis magaliTad gamodgeba
orkestri, romelic sxvadasxva diriJorTan sxvadasxvanairad
ukravs. kargi orkestri cud diriJorTanac kargad daukravs,
saSualo donisa ki... warmoudgeneli gansxvavebaa, adamianebi
xom ar Secvaleso, xandaxan fiqrob. ara, maT gverdiT gaCnda
cecxli, sulieri energia, romelmac aiyolia da garkveuli mi-
marTulebiT waiyvana. raRac amdagvari xdeba arqiteqturaSic,
ase vfiqrob, Tumca albaT didi ostatebi gverdiT mxolod
aseTives gaiCerebdnen. albaT esec aris, sxvanairi momTxovne-
lobaa. amas kvleva unda, romelic me, marTali giTxraT, ro-
gor unda Catardes, kargad ver warmomidgenia.
wromelma ostatma, Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, moifiqra
ori ram. maT gasagebad unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: rodesac
Sendeba xolme sakurTxevlisa da aqeT-iqiT oTaxebis afsidebi,
maT Soris Cndeba qvis masa, romelic konstruqcias ar sWirde-
ba. masze arc kamarebis dawola gadadis da arc arafris. ami-
tom araerTi arqiteqtori, magaliTad, siriul aRmosavleTSi,
cdilobs, es masa rogorme mospos. ras aRar akeTeben, qmnian
raRac gaugebar kunWulebs, xandaxan win gamosweven gverdiT
oTaxebs da iqmneba sakvirveli suraTi: sakurTxeveli, mTavari
nawili, Cavardnilia da gverdiTi moculobebi win aris gamo-
suli. ver vityvi, rom es cudi arqiteqturaa, magram mTlad
logikuri albaT mainc ar aris, meorexarisxovani win modio-
des da mTavari SigniT Sediodes. Tanac es xom rizalitebia-
ni sasaxle ar aris, rodesac gvaqvs patara gamonaSverebi da
didi, grZeli fasadi. aseT dros, ra Tqma unda, es horizonta-

84
luri nawili mniSvnelobs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, aseTi Sefar-
deba ar aris. hoda, wromelma ostatma umartivesi ram gaakeTa
_ aiRo da fasadze moawyo samkuTxa niSebi. am niSebSi Cadga
Sewyvilebuli svetebi, romlebzec raRac idga _ an jvari, an
qandaki, an simbolo, erTi sityviT, raRac moculoba, rome-
lic Zalian ki gvinda gavigoT, magram jerjerobiT ar viciT,
ra aris. man gadawyvita konstruqciuli problema da Tanac
swori kedlis mqone nagebobas pirdapir Tu Sexedav, atyob,
rom SuaSi aris sakurTxeveli anu mTavari nawili da aqeT-iqiT
kidev _ ori sadgomi. am niSebma aCvena Sida danawevreba da,
imave dros, mospo kedlis arasaWiro masa. amas garda, ai, ro-
gor gaakeTa patronike _ ostatma taZars gaukeTa narTeqsi.
mas sWirdeba patronikeze asasvleli kibe. sad moaTavsos is?
aiRo da moaTavsa narTeqsis boloSi. is CrdiloeTiTaa da mis
sapasuxod samxreTiT aris raRac oTaxi. am oTaxis funqcia
Cven ar viciT, magram aSakaraa, rom maSin mas aSkarad hqon-
da raRac datvirTva da azri. maT SuaSi narTeqsia. narTeqsis
Tavze xuroTmoZRvari awyobs patronikes, romelic eklesiaSi
yovelgvari danawevrebis gareSe gamodis _ misi kamara, faq-
tobrivad, agrZelebs dasavleTi mklavis kamaras. es rom ar
yofiliyo, gamovidoda aseTi ram: mokle dasavleTi mklavi,
Rrma sakurTxeveli da asimetria. aman kidev aiRo, rogorc
pasuxi sakurTxevlisa, narTeqsis Tavze TvalisaTvis dauma-
ta sivrce da miviReT absoluturi gawonasworebuloba. TiT-
qos xom araferia, magram faqtia, rom aseTi ram TavSi azrad
ar mosvlia arsad arasdros aravis. aseTi genialuri ostati
gvyavda, magram es ar mowmobs imas, rom Cven varT magrebi. es
mowmobaa imisa, rom gvaqvs arqiteqtura, romelsac aqvs mwver-
valebi da hyavs amdenad martivisa da genialuris Semqmneli
didostatebi. aris kidev erTi detali, romelzedac yovel-
Tvis vaCereb msmenelis yuradRebas: jvrisebri burjebi da am
jvrebis mklavebs Soris Cadgmuli wvrili naxevarsvetebi. am
naxevarsvetebs pasuxobs gumbaTqveSa TaRebis safexurebi. aris
ganieri safexuri da am wvril svetebs eyrdnoba viwro safexu-

85
 ri. konstruqciulad is aucilebeli sul ar aris, magram moa-
SorebT Tu ara am naxevarsvets fotosa an naxazze, aRmoCndeba,
rom burji srulebiT sxvanairad, mZimed, gamoiyureba. arada,
wromis ostats es ar surs. mas unda, rom burjs ar hqondes
simZime, magram is iyos Ronieri. hoda, is ar aris mCate, magram,
ase vTqvaT, arc miwazea dabjenili. Cven ver aRviqvamT, rom mas
zemodan raRac daawva da am dawolas, ar waiqceso, SeaSveles
didi masa _ sabjeni. gancda gaWirvebisa, vai, ramodena burjia
da ramodena tvirTs zidavso, srulebiT ar aris. sakvirveli
ramaa es konstruqcia _ sivrciTi jvari arasdros dangreu-
la. gumbaTi ratomRac ingreoda da mklavebi ki ar ingreva.
iq dResac aris Tavdapirveli kamarebi, danakargebiT, magram
oTxive mimarTulebiT aris Tavisive didi kamarebis fragmen-
tebi, TaRebi aris Tavdapirveli. absoluturad ar mesmis, es
ra aris, magram faqtia, rom es kvanZi kidev myaric gamouvida
da esec, rasakvirvelia, arqiteqtoris Rirsebaze metyvelebs.
aRarafers vambob imaze, rogor gaanawila man dekoratiuli
aqcentebi, Tundac _ TavsarTebi. odnav aCuqurTmebs: es xan
rombebia, xan patara ylortia, xan am boloebgakecil TaRs
Rilisebri badroebi miuyveba. es sarkmlebisa da karebis Ta-
vebzea. amis garda, samxreTi da dasavleTi karis Tavze Cndeba
are da iqaa jvrebi _ dasavleTis jvari liTonisas hgavs da
aris mkacri, samxreTisa ganedlebulia da sul vfiqrob, rom
es SeuZlebelia. gana SesaZlebelia, es gakeTdes saWreTliT?
es SeiZleba yofiliyo akvarelis funji _ ai, ase gausves da
gaidrika... rainairad gamokveTa, gaugebaria, magram moaxerxa
da axla veRarafers uSveli.
es martivi maxvilebi aris araCveulebrivi saSualeba, raTa
didi sibrtye danawevrdes da es ar aris advili. SeiZlebo-
da, zedapirebi mosawyeni da usulguloc gamosuliyo. Tumca
man moaxerxa, sarkmlis zomisa da kedlis farTis SefardebiT,
erTi mxriv, daecva kedeli, Zalian mniSvnelovani zedapiri,
romelic sazRvravs moculobas. Cven ver vguobT mousazRvrav
sivrces, Cven is gvawuxebs da es qarTuli arqiteqturis Tvi-

86
sebaa dasawyisidan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, XX saukunemde. sacxov-
rebeli oTaxebi, romelic axdilia SeiZleba sadme naxo, magram
taZari, rogorc wesi, mofarglulia, mosazRvruli. sxva mxriv,
ostatoba imaSia, rom sivrce ar aris mkvdari, ar aris carieli.
amgvari danawevreba RiobebiTa da TavsarTebiT, kidev patara
jvrebiT frontonebis wverebSi savsebiT sakmarisia imisaTvis,
rom is cocxali iyos, sunTqavdes. es srulebiT araCveulebri-
vi arqiteqturaa. am epoqas erTgvarad ganasrulebs samwevri-
sis taZari. xolo karis daZvra odnav dasavleTiT SemTxveviTi
araa da, Tumc sxva saubris Temaa, mainc getyviT, rom es gax-
lavT garkveuli gemovnebiTi cvlilebis niSani.
axla ki mxolod ramdenime sityviT minda vTqva, rom am
adreuli epoqidan Cven gvaqvs saero arqiteqturis ramdenime
nimuSic. magaliTad, ujarmis naqalaqari, sadac dResdReobiT
yvelaze kargad misi zeda cixe Cans. iq aris patara Zveli ekle-
sia, romelic ramdenimegzis aris gadakeTebuli. aqac sakvirve-
li suraTia _ uTleli qviT aris nagebi, Tanac yvela qva TiT-
qmis erTi zomisaa da rom uyureb, sruli STabeWdilebaa, rom
es rustrirebuli zedapiri aris. arada, ar aris ase, ubralod,
maT es qvebi ar gaTales, magram iseTnairad daawyves, wyobas
imdenad kanonzomieri saxe misces, rom is savsebiT mxatvrulia
da ujarmul wyobad iwodeba kidec. garda koSkebisa, garda
zRudisa, romelic im Zveli droidan SemogvrCa, iq aris kidev
raRac nangrevi, romelic SesaZloa vaxtang gorgaslis sadgo-
mi iyos. Cven gvaqvs vaxtang gorgaslis kidev erTi nasasaxlevi,
romelic Weremis naqalaqarzea. iq ori Senoba dgas. samwuxa-
rod, isea dangreuli, rom kargad ar Cans, ase vTqvaT, sar-
Tulovneba, karebi rogor iyo gadaxuruli (ki adis maRalze,
daaxloebiT, 2 m-ze, magram ar etyoba, rogor ixureboda _
TaRiT iyo Tu brtylad), sad iyo sarkmlebi. es rTuli nagebo-
bebia. rogorc etyoba, iyo didi ezo, sadac idga ori sasaxle,
kidev raRac da ai, es raRac ar Cans. modiT, vTqvaT isic, rom
kar-midamos dagegmareba, sadac, sasaxlis garda, kidev bevri
sxva nagebobaa, CvenTan XIX saukunemde modis. dasavleT saqar-

87
 TveloSi, mgoni, dResac cal-calke aris sasiminde, samzadi,
sacxovrebeli saxli da asevea, sxvaTa Soris, saingiloSi. Za-
lian sainteresoa, rom qveynis kideebSi, dasavleT da aRmosa-
vleT ukidures wertilebSi, gegmarebis erTi da igive wesia.
ratom aris ase, Zneli saTqmelia, magram asea. magaliTad, ar-
sebobs XVIII saukunis erT-erTi kar-midamos aRweriloba, sadac
vkiTxulobT, rom saZineblebi calke aris gatanili da swori
giTxraT, es kargad ar mesmis. davuSvaT, zafxulSi, karg amind-
Si gamovidoda adamiani darbazidan da saZinebelSi wavidoda,
magram Tovlsa da wvimaSi ratom unda evlo ezoSi? Tan didi
ezoa, patara nakveTi ki ar aris da ratom unda ebodialaT
RamiT erTi Senobidan meoreSi, ver vxvdebi. isic ar mesmis,
rogor iyo mowyobili, rogor idga. es kar-midamo gaTxrili
ar aris, amitom bevri araferi viciT, magram principi rom er-
Tiania da, rogorc xedavT, V-VI saukuneebis mijnidan XVIII sau-
kunemde ucvlelia, es ki aris faqti.
samwuxarod, es Zalian cotaa. Cven ar viciT Zveli Tbi-
lisis gegmareba, ar viciT, aq rogori zRude aSenda, Tumca
zRude ueWvelad iqneboda, radgan mouzRudavi qalaqi aravis
gaego. Zalian cudad viciT, rogori iyo adre Sua saukunee-
bis mcxeTa. urbnisi gaTxrilia, magram mainc ar viciT, rogo-
ri qalaqi iyo. zRudeebi viciT, taZari viciT, magram ubnebi,
quCebis qselebi ar viciT _ zemodan dRevandeli dasaxlebebia
da araferi Cans. erTaderTi, rac am mciredi narCenebiT Se-
gviZlia vTqvaT isaa, rom samoqalaqo mSeneblobaSic, saero
mSeneblobaSic namdvilad ar vmconareobdiT da vmuSaobdiT _
raRacas veZebdiT da albaT mTel msoflioSi miRebul sqemebs
sakuTar saWiroebebsa da gemovnebas vargebdiT. am mxriv, sain-
teresoa daaxloebiT am epoqis nagebobebi, romlebic SemorCe-
nilia noqalaqevSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi. abano, magaliTad,
iq kvlavac savsebiT romaulia, sasaxle ki, Tu is imdroinde-
lia, TiTqos sxvanairia. samwuxarod, isic Zalian dangreulia.
qveyana aqtiurad cxovrobda. ubralod, Cven jerjerobiT
mxolod erT mimarTulebaze SegviZlia msjeloba. nugeSad,

88
rogorc adrec vTqvi, mxolod isa gvaqvs, rom gezis mimcemi
mainc iyo salocavis, taZris arqiteqtura, sadac Semoqmedebi-
Ti cecxli yvelaze Zlierad gizgizebda. es ase iyo yvelgan _
samahmadianoSi, budistebTan, induistebTan da, ra Tqma unda,
qristianebTanac. faqtobrivad, es asea mTel saqristianoSi
albaT XVII saukunemde. XVII saukunis ukve Sua xanebidan aSka-
rad iwyebs dawinaurebas sxva Temebi da Tumca taZrebi, maT So-
ris mxatvrulad RirsSesaniSnavic, cxadia, Sendeba, sayurad-
Rebo mainc ufro sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvrebaa. XVII saukunis
arqiteqturaze roca aris saubari, xelovnebis istoriaSi co-
taTi mainc Caxeduls pirveli rac gaaxsendeba, mainc versalis
sasaxle iqneba da ara vTqvaT wm. pavles taZari londonSi an
Tundac parizis XVII saukunis eklesiebi. epoqis saxe aris ver-
sali, arada, vTqvaT, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi ase araa. im epoqaSi,
pirvel yovlisa, gaxsendeba taZrebi. mere da mere gamoCndeba,
rom daaxloebiT im epoqaSi CvenTanac raRac amdagvari xdeba.
XVI-XVII saukuneebi da XVIII saukune _ ai, aq aris es gardatexa.
amgvarad, imis Tqmas, rom Cveni cxovreba evropul kalapot-
Si mimdinareobda, garkveuli safuZveli marTlac eZebneba. Tu
vityviT, rom pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobda, simarTle ar iqne-
ba, magram am saerToqristianul cxovrebas raRac iseTi aqvs,
rac mis TiTqosda gaTiSul (SuaSi Cndeba qveynebi, romlebic
erTmaneTTan ar gviSvebs) dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs erTi
mimarTulebiT miaqanebs.
Semdegi xana, romelzec unda visaubroT, emTxveva axal is-
toriul garemoebebs. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, arabTa
Semosevas, ufro zustad, arabTa saxelmwifos gamoCenas vgu-
lisxmob. es CvenTvis Semoseva iyo da misTvis _ axali, uzarma-
zari saxelmwifos formireba, saxelmwifosi, romelmac mTeli
msofliosa da Cvens cxovrebaSic Zalian bevri ram Secvala.
oRond, erTi ram SeiZleba axlave iTqvas: Cveni mxatvruli Se-
moqmedebis mimarTulebas arabebma veraferi mouxerxes, ro-
gorc Cans _ verc sulieri cxovrebisas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maT srulebiT ucvales saxe, magaliTad, iranis uzarmazar,

89
 Zvel saxelmwifosa da kulturas, Tundac sirias, siriul aR-
mosavleTs, amierkavkasiaSi _ saqarTveloSic da somxeTSic _
es sxvanairad aisaxa. ver moerivnen. iqneb imitom, rom maTi
Zala gailia, sanam movidodnen, sxva qveynebSi imdeni iomes,
iqneb aRar SerCaT mosarevi, kisermosagrexi Rone an raime sxva
mizeziT, magram maT danamdvilebiT ver moaxerxes Cveni cxov-
rebis wesis morRveva, Cveni sulieri mimarTulebisTvis ramis
daSaveba da verc mxatvruli Ziebebis gawyveta. Cveni cxovreba,
rasakvirvelia, garkveuli SeyovnebiT, garkveuli dabrkole-
bebiT, magram mainc grZeldeba ise, rogorc es umaTodac iqne-
boda. Tu ratom vfiqrobT ase da ra gvaZlevs amis safuZvels,
amaze ukve Semdgom visaubrebT.

90
7. gardamavali xanis arqiteqtura

VII saukunis Sua xanebSi Cvensa da ara mxolod Cvens istoriaSi

axali safexuri daiwyo. rogorc ukve windawinve vTqviT, ga-
moCnda axali didi politikur-religiuri Zala _ arabebi da
maTi xalifati. axlave unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo am samya-
rosaTvis, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze berZnul-romaulisaT-
vis, ganapira mxare aRmoCnda. SesaZloa, amanac gadagvatanina
arabTa da mahmadianobis moZaleba Cven ufro iolad, vidre
bevr sxva qveyanas, magaliTad, calkerZ irans da meorekerZ es-
paneTsa an CrdiloeT afrikas. asea Tu ise, mTel 300 weliwads
Cveni istoriisas _ VIII, IX, X saukuneebs _ Cven dResac arabo-
bis xanas vuwodebT. zogjer XI saukunesac vumatebT, magram
cota meti mogvdis imitom, rom iq sxva Zalaa, arabebi ukve
aRar arian. rasakvirvelia, es cneba met-naklebad pirobiTia,
radgan, rogorc Tavis droze, ra Tqma unda, erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad Tqves jer giorgi CubinaSvilma (xelovnebis
istoriis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT) da Semdgom simon janaSiam
(politikur istoriul masalaze dayrdnobiT), araboba aris
istoriuli saqarTvelos cxovrebis mxolod erT-erTi waxna-
gi, romelic srulebiTac ar asaxavs yvelafers, mTel sisavses
misi cxovrebisas. winaTac mogaxseneT, rom arabebma, iseve, ro-
gorc CvenTan 1801 wlamde mosulma sxva ucxo politikurma
Zalebma, ar Secvales qveynis Sida wyoba, rac umniSvnelova-
nesi aRmoCnda. amitomac, TumcaRa amiras dajdoma TbilisSi
garkveulad cvlida viTarebas, Zirfesviani gardaqmna im soci-
aluri urTierTobebisa, im gezisa, romelic sazogadoebas wina
xanaSi hqonda, man ver moaxerxa. sazogadoeba kvlav viTardeba
Tavisi bunebrivi Sinagani muxtiT da ara garedan moxveuli
ZaliT, raRac zemoqmedebiT.
marTalia, pirvel xanebSi arabTa mosvlis Sedegi is aris,
rom Tu manamde ori politikuri erTeuli iyo _ erTi gauq-
mebuli (magram mainc arsebuli socialur sibrtyeze, Tu sa-
xelmwifoebrivze ara) dasavleT saqarTveloSi da erTi aR-

91
 mosavleT saqarTveloSi, axla aRmosavleTi da samxreTi sa-
qarTvelo, romelic iyo qarTli, ramdenime erTeulad dai-
Sala. maT Soris, raRa Tqma unda, pirvelobisaTvis brZola
gaCaRda. zogjer miCumdeboda, miwynardeboda, zogjer ufro
gacxoveldeboda, magram, faqtobrivad, XI saukunis dasawyis-
Si saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde sul aris es dapirispireba _
qarTli, kaxeTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo. qarTli, umravlesad,
gamodis ukve, rogorc Tbilisis saamiro, magram, asea Tu ise,
xom arseboben kidev qarTleli feodalebi, romlebic xan vis
miemxrobian da xan vis da isic, Tumca Tavisi sakuTari poli-
tikuri Tavkaci ar hyavs, monawileobs am brZolaSi `erTobili
qarTlisaTvis“ _ momavali erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis.
es gezi, Camoyalibebuli, rogorc Cans, jer kidev anti-
kur xanaSi, iwyeba jer kulturuli gaerTgvarovnebiT qarTu-
li qveynebisa, Semdeg grZeldeba qristianul epoqaSi da axla
ufro gamokveTil politikur saxes iRebs, X saukuneSi xom
mainc _ srulebiT aSkarad. afxazTa erisTavsa da Semdeg mefe-
ebs, bagrationebs, romlebic klarjeTsa da taoSi damkvidrd-
nen Tu kaxTa xelisufalT _ yvelas unda lixis aqeT-iqiT er-
Tiani samefo. `ciloba qarTlsa zeda~ _ arsebobs kidec aseTi
termini, romelic gansakuTrebiT X saukunes axasiaTebs.
am rTul viTarebaSi, rodesac ukve mosulia arabi, dro-
dadro Tu aeSleba qarTveli romelime kuTxeSi, kvlav modis
damsjeli Zala. mTlad sasacilo ambebi xdeba IX saukuneSi:
arabi amira auxirdeboda xolme sakuTar xalifas da axla mis
dasasjelad modioda laSqari, romelsac saqarTvelo unda
gamoevlo. ase rom, isev Cvens kiserze tydeboda maTi erTma-
neTSi uTanxmoebac da usiamovnebac. sxva mxriv, iyo erTmaneT-
Tan gamudmebuli kinklaoba, xanac namdvili dapirispireba,
romelsac Zlieri politikuri muxti hqonda da samomavlod
sasikeToc ki, Tumca, cxadia, TavisTavad omi sikeTe veraso-
des iqneba.
am urTules viTarebaSi xdeba friad ucnauri ram _ aR-
mavlobas ganicdis yvelaferi, rac aris sulieri. sakmarisia

92
iTqvas, rom am dros, IX saukunis dasawyisSi, dasrulda saqar-
Tvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis damkvidreba.
saqarTvelos eklesiam moipova mironis xarSvis ufleba da
amiT ukve sabolood _ yvela ufleba. episkoposebs manamdec
is irCevda da xeldasxamda, TviTonve irCevda Tavkacs, magram
axla aRar darCa meti atributi, romelic SeiZleboda vin-
mes xelSi yofiliyo da saqarTvelos ki ar hqonoda. mas aqeT
mcxeTel kaTalikoss sruli TviTmwysoba aqvs da Semdeg ukve
patriarqadac iwodeba. didi aRmavloba aris qarTul mwer-
lobaSi. manamdec arian aSkarad xelovani literatorebi _
bibliis adreuli mTargmnelebi, Tundac `SuSanikis wamebis~
damweri iakob xucesi, `evstaT mcxeTelis wamebis~ avtori,
gindac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ avtori Tu avtorebi. yvelafe-
ri es garkveul doneze metyvelebs, magram axla ukve iqmneba
originaluri qarTuli himnografia. Tumca arsebobs mosaz-
reba, rom naTargmni literatura sulac ar aris naklebori-
ginaluri, magram albaT mainc aris sxvaoba, raRacis mixedviT
akeTeb Tu Tavad qmni, Tundac nimuSs Tvals usworebde. isic
marTalia, rom xSirad Zveli da ara mxolod Zveli Targmanebi
dednisagan ise gansxvavdeba, rom ukve damoukidebeli redaq-
ciebia. ra saWiroa Sors wasvla, es bolo drois Cvens sakuTar
kulturaSic SeiZleba inaxos. sakmarisia adamianma Caixedos
da wikiTxos, magaliTad, rafiel erisTavis ori leqsi da maTi
rusuli dednebi, raTa mixvdes, rom rafiel erisTavma amave
motivze sxva gacilebiT ukeTesi leqsebic dawera. sapiris-
pirod amisa, rodesac, vTqvaT, boris pasternakma qarTveli
poetebi Targmna, sinamdvileSi qarTvel poetTa Temebze sa-
kuTari leqsebi dawera _ es arc nikoloz baraTSvilia da arc
aleqsandre WavWavaZe, es boris pasternakia. bunebrivia, Sua
saukuneebSi, rodesac avtorobis cneba saerTod ar arsebobs,
arc saavtoro ufleba axsendeba vinmes _ azri azria, is yve-
las ekuTvnis. Tu viciT, vin ra Tqva, xom kargi, Tu ar viciT
da nu viciT, mTavaria, is, rac iTqva, WeSmariti iyos _ ase
fiqrobdnen antikur xanaSi, ase fiqroben Sua saukuneebSic.
maSin aseTi gardasaxva kidev ufro mosalodnelia.

93
 albaT ukve filologebis movaleobaa, gagvarkvion, rodis
gvaqvs saqme TargmanTan, gindac Zalian karg qarTul Targ-
manTan da rodis aris es raRac teqstis qarTuli versia. ma-
galiTad, roca kiTxulob XII saukunis prozaul `visramians~,
mgoni, sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTuli nawarmoebi ar aris _
sxva poetikaa, srulebiT sxva gancdaa, magram rodesac, da-
vuSvaT, XVII saukunis `Svid mnaTobs~ gadaSli nodar ciciS-
vilisas (ufro gviani magaliTi momyavs, magram principi igi-
vea), ver ityviT, rom es specifikurad sparsuli poetikaa.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisTvis, ar aris.
es ukve filologma unda Tqvas, me meCveneba, rom gadmoqar-
Tulebulia, Tu marTlac asea. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Targmanis
tradicia Zalian maRali donisa aris da Tan skolebi arse-
bobs. faqtobrivad, yvela monasterSi mTargmnelebi sxedan _
vin siriulidan Targmnis, vin _ arabulidan, vin _ berZnuli-
dan, vin _ somxuridan. Zalian bevria es Targmanebi. mere xdeba
maTi Sejereba, mravalgzisi redaqtireba. rasakvirvelia, es
gulisxmobs garkveul dones. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT,
redaqcia rom gavakeToT, xom dedans vadarebT? es imas niSnavs,
rom namdvili filologiuri muSaoba warmoebs, Tan _ samxreT
saqarTveloSi, im sxva qveynebis monastrebSic, sadac qarTve-
li berebi mravlad arian. esenia, pirvel yovlisa, sabawminda
da sinas mTa, Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, aris ierusalimi, Semdeg
_ ukve ulumbos mTa mcire aziaSi, Savi mTa antioqiasTan da,
bolos, aTonis mTa. aq yvelgan mTargmnelebi sxedan, yvelgan
gadamwerlebi arian, yvelgan asuraTeben, yvelgan nusxaven.
gamalebuli muSaobaa gaCaRebuli. es _ rac Cven viciT. ra xde-
boda saero literaturaSi, ubralod, ar viciT, magram dRes
isic Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom IX saukuneSi rus-
Tveluri Sairi ukve arsebobs, misi magaliTebi mopovebulia.
Tumca es rogor xdeboda, vin iyo amis damweri, sad iqmneboda
es literatura, Cven ar viciT, samwuxarod. SeiZleba raRac
varaudebi gvqondes, magram jerjerobiT ar viciT.
religiisa da eklesiis, qristianobis, mwerlobis moZliere-
bas Tan sdevs mTeli saqarTvelos saboloo gaqristianeba. pa-

94
radoqsia, magram swored am politikurad Zalian aramyar dro-
Si yvelaze myaria qristianoba saqarTvelos mTaSi. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, svaneTSi, qristianoba mxolod XVIII saukuneSi
mosustda, maSin, rodesac, gauTavebeli politikuri ZiZgila-
obis gamo, Sesustda kavSiri RvTismsaxurTa Soris, romlebic
iyvnen svaneTSic da barSic. raRac dros isini ukve aRar eqvem-
debarebian romelime episkoposs da, cxadia, eklesias veRar
ekuTvnian. Tumca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, rogorc
Cans, qristianobidan amgvari Camocileba ufro adre moxda.
yvelas gvaxsovs cnobili ajanyeba, romelic konstanti-
ne gamsaxurdiam XI saukunes miawera, magram, sinamdvileSi, is
XII saukuneSi iyo, Tamar mefis zeobisas _ fxovis ajanyeba. pir-
dapir wers mematiane, isini qristianobas Cemuloben imitom,
rom jvars eTayvanebian, magram warmarTebi ariano. Cven xom
viciT, ra salocavebi arsebobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTa-
Si, ra aqvs saerTo am yvelafers qristianobasTan _ Zalian
cota ram. samagierod, Tqven iq SegiZliaT naxoT naeklesia-
rebi IX, X an XI saukunis dasawyisisa. ufro gviani aRar aris,
vidre XIX saukunemde. da mainc, yvelaze Zlieri qristianoba
aris swored am dros. mere ukve mTiuleTsa da xevSi rCeba is
kvlav Zlierad da fSav-xevsureTSi ratomRac sustdeba. ver
getyviT, ratom aris ase, magram faqtia, rom am dros sulieri
Zala qristianobisa Cvens qveyanaSi aSkarad mwvervalzea.
aranakleb gasaocar viTarebas gvaCvenebs Cven arqiteqtu-
ra. xuroTmoZRvreba xelovnebis is dargia, romelic yvelaze
metad aris damokidebuli politikur da ekonomikur garemoe-
bebze. poetma nebismier nangrevSic SeiZleba daweros leqsi
da xelSi erTi lukma puriTac, ramis aSeneba ki, Tu ar ar-
sebobs amis saxsari _ ar aris mSenebeli, ar aris damkveTi,
ar aris araferi _ ar gamodis. Tanac, mSeneblobas dro unda,
anu Sen unda gqondes mSeneblobisTvis sakmao vada am dRidan
im dRemde da am dros ar unda mogivardes viRac da ar unda
dagamxos Tavze es Seni dawyebuli Senoba, xom asea? amitom am
dros arqiteqtura TiTqos sakmarisad unda dakninebuliyo da
damcrobiliyo, magram, ai, ra xdeba: erTi mxriv, didi nawili

95
 Zveli qalaqebisa marTlac ukan-ukan midis. magaliTad, ara-
bobis Semdeg aRar aris qalaqi urbnisi, aRar aris nekresic,
magram mere da mere, ukve X saukunidan, Cndeba axali qalaqe-
bi da zogi maTgani pirdapir axalqalaqad iwodeba kidevac,
zog axal qalaqs axalqalaqi ar hqvia, magram mainc axalia,
zogi Zveli qalaqic rCeba. samagierod, Zalian farTod aris
gaSlili mSenebloba soflad. aris uamravi sofeli, romelic,
rogorc Cans, am dros gaCnda, imitom, rom iq TiTqos ar Cans
ufro Zveli aRmSenebloba. Zalian farTod gavrcobilia sa-
monastro mSenebloba geografiuladac da intensiurobiTac
_ erT xeobaSi an axlo-axlo xeobebSi SeiZleba iyos, vTqvaT,
ori-sami patara monasteri. dRevandeli borjomis midamoebSi,
istoriul TorSi, ramden xevSic SexvalT, imdeni monasteri
dagxvdebaT. zogjer Tavsa da boloSi ori monasteria. maga-
liTad, axaldabasTan, qvemoT, aSkarad namonastralia, zeviT
waxvalT _ iqac namonastralia, erTi sityviT, bevria. unda
vicodeT oRondac, rom es monastrebi ar aris mravalricxo-
vani. Tu aRmosavleT saqristianos didi centrebSi, dasavleT-
Si, mere, ufro gvian, vTqvaT, ruseTSi, konstantinopolSi
monastrebSi asobiT da zogjer aTasobiT beria, CvenTan, ra
Tqma unda, es ase ar aris da verc iqneboda _ Cven arasodes
vyofilvarT imdeni, rom didi savaneebi agvevso. bevri patara
savane rom gvaqvs, esec ki sakvirvelia. sakvirvelia, im Tval-
sazrisiT, rom Tanadroulad mravldeba yanebi, venaxebi, selis
yanebi, mexileoba da ra aRar.
rogor xdeba es amden omSi, amden gawamawiaSi? ver getyviT,
ar vici, magram, rogorc Cans, aq moqmedebs raRac. piradad me,
rac xani gadis, sul ufro vrwmundebi, rom istoriaSi, garda
racionalurisa, imisa, rac logikurad aixsneba (moxda raRac
da amas mohyva raRac sxva), qmedebs kidev iracionaluri muxti
_ qveracionaluric, dakavSirebuli wmindad bunebismier vita-
lur ZalebTan da zeracionaluric. ai, xom amboben, wm. giorgi
didgoris omze qarTvelTa laSqars uZRodao. me, rogorc is-
torikosi, ver davadastureb, es wm. giorgi iyo Tu ara, magram
iyo raRac imdenad sulieri, rac wm. giorgis Tanayofnad ga-

96
nicadeboda. vinc sxvagvarad fiqrobs _ sxva saxeli daarqvas.
Tumca faqtia, rom es iyo raRac iseTi, rac ar momdinareobda
wmindad biologiuri energiidan. es iyo sxva tipis energia,
romelic Semovida iq da me mas warmovidgen, rogorc zeracio-
nalurs. gulwrfelad giTxraT, arc is gamikvirdeba, marTla
wm. giorgi an romelime mTavarangelozi rom exilaT. asea Tu
ise, sxvadasxva doneze qmedebs esa Tu is energia, romelTa
Semosvla ama Tu im sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da Semdeg iqi-
dan gasvla mTlad martivad ar aixsneba. sxvaTa Soris, kidev
ufro iolia, rom dainaxo, rogor xdeba gasvla da Tu ratom
Semodis da ratom qmedebs, es ki cota gaugebaria. bolomde
es energia Cvens sazogadoebaSi, RvTis wyalobiT, dRemde ar
dawretila, Tumca iyo raRac xana, rodesac aSkarad dakle-
bulia da es namdvilad Cans Tamaris mere _ aRar aris ener-
gia socialuri mSeneblobisa, saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobisa.
Tumca, rodesac vfiqrob, mainc sul im azramde mivdivar, rom
yvelaze marTali JamTaaRmwerelia, romelic amas zneobrivi
daqveiTebiT xsnida _ aRar aris zneobrivi simaRle, aRar aris
maRalzneobrivi etalonebi da, bunebrivia, pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba qveiTdeba, zrunvis muxtic iSriteba da yvelaferi
daRma-daRma midis. mgoni, es, am SemTxvevaSi, gasagebia.
isev Cvenda bedad, yvela epoqaSi Cndebodnen adamianebi,
zogjer _ TvalsaCino adamianebic, davuSvaT, episkoposebi da
berebi, romlebic amxeldnen didebulebs, vTqvaT, demetre
Tavdadebuls, roca is arasworad iqceoda da ar dagidevdnen
arc imas, rom mefe iyo, arc imas, rom Zala hqonda da bevri
ram SeeZlo da pirdapir pirSi eubnebodnen, ase moqceva ar
SeiZlebao. es imas niSnavs, rom momsmenic iyo da esec unda
gaviTvaliswinoT. roca marto mamxilebeli aris, mas an Tavs
aWrian, an yurs ar ugdeben. raki es daimaxsovres da matianeSi
Seitanes, e.i. gamgoni iyo. roca istoriaze vsaubrobT, mar-
to mTqmeli ar aris mniSvnelovani, gamgonis arsebobac Zalze
arsebiTia. yovelTvis, yvela etapze Cndebian iseTi adamiane-
bi, romelTac sityva eTqmiT, romlebic warmoadgenen sindiss,
gonebas sazogadoebisas. aseTi pirovnebebi arian, davuSvaT,

97
 Tundac wm. qeTevan wamebuli, sulxan-saba orbeliani da bev-
ri sxva. romeli erTi davasaxelo?! ai, Tundac XVIII saukunis
bolos gasaocari movlena, dRes wminda mowameebad Seracxi-
li dosiTeoz quTaTeli da eqvTime genaTeli _ adamianebi,
romelTac SeeZloT gamxdariyvnen dasavleT saqarTvelos,
imereTis, kaTalikosebi, magram isini Tavis win mcxeTel ka-
Talikoss ayeneben. ratom? aSkarad imitom, rom maT aqvT gan-
cda erTiani saqarTvelosi, erTiani saqarTvelos eklesiisa
da sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar didebas aRar dagideven. swored
isaa mniSvnelovani, rom amas akeTebs ara susti, ara uRirsi,
ara usaxelo adamiani, aramed iseTi, romelsac gavlenac aqvs,
gvariSvilobac, mxardaWerac da rasac moindomebs, yvelafris
mopovebis SeZlebac. rodesac aseTi adamiani am nabijs dgams,
es, mgoni, bevr rames mowmobs da me Rrmad mwams, rom aqamde
swored maTi wyalobiT movataneT. namdvilad ar vaknineb im
adamianTa Rvawls, vinc Tavi dado, xmali iqnia an, sindisis
mxriv da fizikuri TvalsazrisiTac, bevri SeiWirva, magram
mainc mgonia, rom, Tu ar arsebobs zneobrivi sazomi, zneob-
rivi simaRle, veraviTari xmali da zarbazani sikeTes ver moi-
tans. amitom aris, Cemi uRrmesi rwmeniT, rom giorgi brwyin-
valis brwyinvaleba ase male daqra _ rodesac xelmwife Tavis
qristianul qveyanas monRoluri wesebiT marTavs, rodesac
veragulad Seityuebs xalxs da daxocavs, rac man didebulebs
damarTa, misi taxti myari ver iqneba. faqtia, verc iyo da
mesame TaobaSi ise daemxo, rom imis iqiT ukve aRaraferia. be-
dia, rom misi SvilTaSvili, aleqsandre mefe, isev znekeTili
da znesruli aRmoCnda, magram ukve misma Svilebma maincda-
mainc veRar ivarges. ras izam, es rTuli sakiTxebia.
me mxolod imas mogaxsenebT, rom am dros, VIII, IX, X sau-
kuneebSi, piriqiT, Cven gvaqvs Zalian Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi
muxti, romelic yvelaferSi vlindeba da, aki geubnebiT, ra-
tomRac gaSlilia mSenebloba, Tanac ara mxolod eklesia-mo-
nastrebis (rac, TavisTavad, cxadia, didi ambavia), aramed qa-
laqebis, cixeebis, soflebis. vin aSenebs, ratom aSenebs da,
rac mTavaria, rodis aSenebs? rodis axerxeben omsa da oms

98
Soris amdeni ramis agebas? rogor xerxdeba es, marTali giTx-
raT, ubralod gaugebaria, magram es aris faqti. Tanac CemTvis
es aris mowmoba swored imisa, rom istoria ar daiyvaneba am
tipis martiv formulebamde _ Tu erTiani saxelmwifo gvaqvs,
yvelaferi kargad aris. ise aravin gamigos, rom me erTiani
saxelmwifo ar momwons, Zalianac momwons. es namdvilad Za-
lian kargi da sasikeToa, magram erTianoba ar aris erTaderTi
piroba, is unda iyos raRacis Sedegi, ai, maSin qmedebs sasi-
keTod. sxva ram xdeba, Tu es aris TviTmizani da Cven amis
Zalian kargi magaliTi gvaqvs CrdiloeTiT, sadac arsebobs
saxelmwifo saxelmwifosaTvis, qveyana ki Tvalsa da xels Sua
ingreva an normalurad ver viTardeba. ruseTi, es uzarma-
zari da petre didis dros Zlieri qveyana, rogorc erTiani
sazogadoeba, fexze verafriT damdgara, radgan, imis magiv-
rad, rom rac aqvs, imas mixedos da mouaros, sul gaxleCi-
lia, sul sazrunavad aqvs kidev raRacis Semateba. grigol
robaqiZe ambobda, rusebma imperia moindomes, arada maTi
saqme sakraluri monarqiaa, is unda hqonodaTo. iqneb marTa-
lic aris. albaT viTareba sxvanairi iqneboda, Tuki Seqmnid-
nen qristianobaze dafuZnebul myar sazogadoebas, romelic
ierarqiulad glexkacidan wamovidoda da mefiTa da patriar-
qiT damTavrdeboda, sazogadoeba erTiani rom yofiliyo da
ara gaxleCili qalaqad, soflad, sxvadasxva wodebad. isini
erTmaneTs Tvistomebadac ki ver aRiqvamdnen da, marTlac,
Tuki memamule frangulad laparakobs da glexi _ sxva enaze,
rogor unda gaigivdnen isini erTi sazogadoebis wevrebad?!
ra Tqma unda, amitom aris iq saSineli mtroba, amitom aris
aseTi saSineli rusuli ajanyebebi da revoluciebi, isini xom
SigniT arasdros arian erTianni. Cven, sabednierod, sxva ram
gvWirda, sxva ubedurebebi da sxva gansacdelebi gvqonda. Tu-
mca, am mxriv, am saukuneebma, saukuneebma bunebrivi zrdisam,
zrdisam Signidan, sulieri muxtidan da ara fizikuri siRo-
nivridan, Semdeg sulTan misvla mogvasurva. da es sxvanairad
SeuZlebelia, radgan sulTan kunTebiT, ubralod, ver mixval.
sulma SeiZleba kunTi Seimosos, mas amdeni SeuZlia, magram

99
 kunTi ver Sobs suls an Sobs raimes damaxinjebuls, gaubedu-
rebulsa da gaukuRmarTebuls.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom araTu bevri Sendeba,
aramed saintereso Sendeba. sityva `bevri~ vTqvi da barem ima-
sac mivayoleb, rom me arc ki vici Cveni xelovnebis istoriaSi
sxva epoqa, garda XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa, romelsac amdenive na-
geboba daetovebinos. zogjer xelovnebis istorikosebs, ro-
desac eqspediciaSi mivdivarT, gvrcxvenia kidec, vaxsenoT IX
da X saukuneebi. magaliTad, erTxel Cemi kolegebi javaxeTi-
dan dabrundnen. erT-erT eklesiaze vkiTxe, es ra aris-meTqi
da uceb moiwyines _ X saukuneao... xom ar SeiZleba, rom yve-
laferi X saukunisa iyos?! midixar sadRac da ar Tavdeba _ IX
an X, X an IX... marTla ramdeni SeiZleba iyos?! ra vqnaT, asea!
raodenobriobis gamo, es yvelaferi Zalian sainteresoa.
yvela Sedevri ar aris, geniosi, rasakvirvelia, yovelTvis co-
taa, magram am drois ostatebs aqvT survili, TavianT xma-
ze imReron. meqanikuri, cudi wambaZveloba, rodesac adamiani
sxvisi xmiT simReras etaneba, Zalian iSviaTia. aris, cxadia,
magram iSviaTia. samagierod, Zalian bevria SemTxveva, rodesac
cxadad xedav, rogor gamoigona ostatma raRac da rogor uxa-
ria, rom iseTi ram gaakeTa, rac sxvas ar moafiqrda. TviTonac
xarobs da albaT _ misi damkveTic. kvali, romelsac es Semoq-
medeba atarebs, aseTia. SeiZleba, me meCveneba da vigoneb axla,
radgan xelovnebis istorikosobas aqvs es xifaTi, rodesac
SenTvis raRacas warmoidgen da ggonia, rom es sinamdvilea,
arada sxvanairadaa. zogjer marTla meCveneba, rom adamiani
Tavs iwonebs, TiTqos ambobs, Semxede, damkveTo, ra SemZlebia
da Sen ki ar mendobodio. iqneb vinme provincieli kaci yo-
filiyo, romelsac damkveTi qedmaRlurad uyurebda da isic
tyavidan Zvreboda dasamtkiceblad, rom aravize naklebi ar
aris da yvelaferi SeuZlia. xom SesaZlebelia?
sityva `provincieli“ SemTxveviT ar gamaxsenda. saqme isaa,
rom es xana, IX-X saukuneebi, aris epoqa bevri kuTxobrivi
skolisa. patar-patarebia, magram Tan marTla skolebia. es
ar aris saxelosno, romelmac, vTqvaT, 2 weli aSena da mere

100
gaqra. iq aSkarad Cans im TaobaTa erTgvari kvali, romle-
bic erTmaneTs garkveul Cvevebs gadascemen. magaliTad, ase-
Ti aris javaxeTSi, aseTi aris Sida qarTlis zeda _ qsnis,
fciis, mejudas _ xeobebSi. iq es erTiani skolaa, TiTqos maT
saTaveebTan aris sadRac am skolis bude da xeobebze iqi-
dan vrceldeba. daaxloebiT, amdagvari suraTi ikveTeba. maTi
centri sinamdvileSi sad iyo, ar mgonia, vinmem icodes, me,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar vici. aseTi skolebi isaxeba dasavleT
saqarTveloSic. magaliTad, imereTSi X saukuneSi aSkarad ise-
Ti arqiteqturaa, romelic sxvebs ar hgavs. qarTlSi, kaxeT-
Sic bevri aseTi patar-patara saxelosnoa, romlebic Semdeg
tovebs memkvidreobas, aSkara skolebad gadaiqceva da ufro
met mravalferovnebas iZleva. es mravalferovneba zogjer
siWreledac SeiZleba mogveCvenos.
Zalian xSirad, rodesac am epoqaze laparakoben, gamodis
kidec, rom es siWrelea. magaliTad, Cven SeiZleba, vnaxoT,
erTi mxriv, Zalian rTulad dagegmarebuli Senoba, romel-
sac uamravi nawili aqvs. amisi erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi ga-
moxatuleba aris gurjaanis yvelawminda, romelic qveda
sarTulze bazilikaa, xolo zeda sarTulze _ sameklesiia-
ni bazilika, radgan navebis Tavze derefnebi gadadis, garSe-
mosavlels qmnis da, amasTanave, zemodan ori gumbaTi adgas.
aravis azrad ar mosvlia amisTana saocrebis gakeTeba da am
adamianma aaSena. Tumca imave kaxeTSi aris, vTqvaT, cota mo-
gviano xanis farcanis eklesia an odnav ufro gviandeli e.w.
gumbaTiani saydari. gviandelebia, magram tendecia xom mainc
unda iyos?! es eklesiebi amgvari tipsaa: gumbaTi oTx burjs
eyrdnoba, aRmosavleTi burjebi ki gauqmebulia, is pirdapir
Camoayrdnes afsidis kuTxeebs da ori burji datoves _ Za-
lian gaamartives gegma. erTma gaarTula, meorem gaamartiva.
aris aTasnairi darbazuli eklesia, zogi _ gamartivebuli,
SeiZleba sulac sameklesiiani bazilikebia gamartivebuli da
darbazuls emsgavseba, SeiZleba darbazuli iyos garTulebu-
li da sameklesiians emsgavsebodes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
TiTqos urTierTsawinaaRmdego veqtoriT midian: moculoba

101
 an umartivesia, an Zalian rTuli, maTSi elementebi an bevria,
an moklebulia. magaliTad, gurjaanis yvelawmindis ostati
VIII saukuneSi eklesiis fasadze uzarmazar jvars akeTebs. ima-
ve VIII saukuneSi zedaznis eklesiis fasadze, piriqiT, aTavse-
ben jvars, romelsac, Tu saZiebo samuSao ar Caatare, verc
ipovi. didxans unda aceco Tvalebi, Tu ginda SeniSno, rom
sadRac iqve sarkmlis Tavzea, Tanac pirdapir mis gaswvriv ki
ar aris, odnav gverduladaa. am ostatma, piriqiT, Camoaklo
da is safasado samkaulad ki ar aqcia, aramed mxolod damcav
niSnad datova, Sanad, avgarozad, sxvam ki igive niSani aqtiur
dekoratiul elementad gaiazra. ra aris am yvelaferSi? ra
xdeba? SeiZleboda, adamians Tavi bevri fiqriT arc Seewuxe-
bina da eTqva, rom amgvari duRilis xanaa, rodesac yovelnai-
ri Senoba iqmneba da amitom aris aseTi areuloba, magram ra
vqnaT, rom am nagebobaTa Soris aris mxatvrulad gamarTuli
nagebobebi? magaliTad, am xanis meore Sedevrze _ vaCnaZianis
yvelawmindis eklesiaze _ giorgi CubinaSvili wers, Cven rom
mogviano arqiteqtura ar gvcodnoda, verc vityodiT, rom
amas SeiZleba istoriulad rame kidev mosdevdes, imdenad Ca-
moyalibebuli arqiteqturuli koncefcia ariso.
asea saerTod, ramdenic unda ilaparakon postmodernistma
Teoretikosebma, xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobiT fasdeba.
maT ratomRac hgoniaT, rom mTlianoba niSnavs homogenurobas
anu erTgvar primitiulobas. ase warmoudgeniaT da hgoniaT,
rom, Tu Tqven SegiZliaT raimeSi aRmoaCinoT, davuSvaT, ori
sxvadasxva warmomavlobis elementi, es aramTlianobas mow-
mobs. yuradRebiT Tu waikiTxavdnen TavianT winamorbed fi-
losofosebs, aristotelesTan naxavdnen, rom harmonia aris
mravalferovneba erTianobaSi da swored amas gulisxmoben
xelovnebis istorikosebi, rodesac mTlianobaze laparako-
ben. iq SeiZleba sxvadasxva adgilidan motanili milionnairi
wvrilmani iyos da Tu isini mTlianobaSi ar moaqcie, miiReb
abdaubdas da gamogiva (teqstTan analogia rom moviSvelioT)
gramatikulad gaumarTavi teqsti, saidanac Sinaarss ver ga-
moitan. marTalia, zogjer mgonia, rom dRevandelobis ideali

102
swored es aris _ raRaca davwero da Sen ver gaigo, ra weria.
me Tavs nebas mivcem, vifiqro, rom gasagebi teqsti gaugebarze
ukeTesia da logikuri xelovnebis nawarmoebi abdaubdasa da
aragamomsaxvels unda sjobdes. gaumarTavi xelovnebis nawar-
moebi ver axdens mxatvrul zemoqmedebas. man SeiZleba Tqvenze
fiziologiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, magaliTad, dagTrgu-
noT imiT, rom Zalian mZimea, magram Tqven ar mogindebaT misi
yureba _ es iqneba Tavi da bolo, zurgs ibrunebT da waxvalT.
Tu mxatvruli asaxvaa gindac tragizmis, is aucileblad unda
iyos awyobili da Tu auwyobelia, gaugebaria, is qaosia da
sxva araferi, qaosi ki SeiZleba damTrgunveli iyos, magram
veranair gamokveTil emociur zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens. is
TqvenSi verafers gamoiwvevs, ubralod, ar mogewonebaT da
damTavrdeba amiT yvelaferi. Tuki arsebobs aseTi sawyisi, is
ramenairad unda gamoixatebodes. ar vici, sxvadasxva adamiani
amas albaT sxvadasxvanairad axsnis.
piradad me mgonia, rom am drois xuroTmoZRvrebas erTi
mxatvruli principi aqvs da zogjer momindeba xolme, raRac
erTi saxeli davarqva. mas zogjer `moulodnelobis prin-
cips“ veZaxi, magram es mTlad zusti ar aris. saqme isaa, rom
am drois arqiteqtura, ragind martivi iyos, TiTqosda ra-
Raca saidumlos ginaxavs. sul sami elementia, magram iseTi
Sefardebaa, rom rogorc ki Tvals moaridebT, warmosaxvaSi
aRdgena gagiWirdebaT. rodesac Tvalebs daxuWav da dainaxav
raRac struqturas _ ai, ras niSnavs, gaxsovdes arqiteqtu-
ra. amaSi albaT yvela dameTanxmeba. davuSvaT, Tqven gindaT,
auxsnaT nacnobs, rogor miagnos Tqvens binas. Tqven mas eub-
nebiT: Sexval sadarbazoSi, mere gauxvev marjvniv, axval ki-
beze, gauxvev marcxniv da win dagxvdeba kari. es niSnavs, rom
Tqvens warmosaxvaSi arsebobs garkveuli sivrciTi sistema,
elementTa garkveuli Sefardeba. aseTi struqtura, romelic,
vTqvaT, klasikur xanaSi, VI-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturaSi,
Zalian iolad warmoidgineboda, axla Znelad sarekonstruq-
cioa. SeiZleba raRac warmoidgino, magram uceb xvdebi, rom
raRac dagaklda. magaliTad, vaCnaZianis yvelawmindaSi aris

103
 gverdiTi oTaxebi. iq uamravjer vyofilvar da rom mkiTxoT,
gegmaze maxsovs isini sad aris, magram rodesac Sevdivar, yo-
vel jerze maviwydeba, romlis ukan raa. ramdenjer damixedavs
am naxazebisTvis, namyofic var da TiTqos vici, mainc maviwy-
deba. maviwydeba imitom, rom am elementTa Soris kavSirebi
mravalferovania da isini Znelad warmoisaxeba iseT sivrcul
formulad, romelsac Sen mere imaxsovreb. es ar aris nakli, es
am arqiteqturis gamomsaxvelobis nawilia. es ar gaxlavT fo-
riaqis, uamuri daZabulobis gamomwvevi arqiteqtura, magram
aris xelovneba, romelic TiTqos odnav SemarTuls gamyofebs,
ar mogadunebs. ar mogasvenebs-meTqi, getyodiT, magram cudi
naTqvamia. adamiani mxar-TeZoze wromsa da mcxeTis jvarSic
namdvilad ver warmogordeba, magram iqauroba giCens raRac
imgvari simSvidis gancdas, romelic mere SeiZleba TvlemaSic
gadaizardos. aq amis saSualeba ar aris. aq sul Cndeba raRac
iseTi, rac TiTqos ar unda yofiliyo. ratom _ es aq? ai, es
kiTxva am arqiteqturaSi Zalian xSirad Cndeba, Tumca es aTas-
nairad miiRweva.
ratom aris gadawyvetaTa aseTi simravle? me mgonia,
mizezi Zalian martivia: VI-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturam Seqmna
konstruqciuli da mxatvruli xerxebis sakmao raodenoba, mag-
ram, rodesac adamianebma moindomes maTi saSualebiT raRac
kidev gaekeTebinaT, bunebrivi gaxda am xerxebis Sereva. da-
vuSvaT, romeliRac erTi elementi gumbaTovan arqiteqturaSi
warmoiSva, romeliRac sxva ki _ ugumbaToSi. modi, SevaerTeb
da vnaxoT, ra moxdebao, fiqrobs axla VIII saukunis ostati da,
gurjaanis yvelawminda rom vaxsene, adgams bazilikas or gum-
baTs. ar ekuTvnis bazilikas gumbaTi, magram man xom erTic
icis da meorec. es ar gaxlavT im tipis siaxlis maZiebloba,
romelic axasiaTebs bolo saukuneebs, XVI saukunis aqeT mainc
_ me axla imisTanas vizam, rom yvelas davaCoqeb. mgoni, vTqvi
kidec, rom mosmenili maqvs, rogor Tqva adamianma, iseTi ram
unda Sevqmna, rom adamianebi muxlebze daecneno. mas aseTi sur-
vili hqonda. im droSi, ra Tqma unda, ase ar aris da, sxvaTa
Soris, es Tavs iCens Ziebis tempSi. imis msgavsi Zieba, romelic

104
CvenTan VII saukunis meore naxevridan X saukunis Sua xanebamde
grZeldeba, XVI saukunis dasavleT evropaSi 60, sul bevri, 70
weliwadSi Caetia. CvenTan 300 weli dasWirda, iq ki _ 70. swo-
red imitom, rom es muxti _ me axla yvelas unda davumtkico,
ra magari var _ qmnis sxva temps. amas, Cvens ostats, ar eCqare-
ba _ moafiqrda da xom kargi, ar moafiqrda da rac icis, imas
gaimeorebs. mainc ar imeorebs, mainc sxvas akeTebs, magram ar
eCqareba. viRac metad amsgavsebs Zvels, viRac _ naklebad ams-
gavsebs. imasac hyavs Tavisi momwonebeli, amasac hyavs Tavisi
muStari. es Cans, Zeglebs etyoba. Tavad es nimuSebi arqiteq-
turisa amas gveubneba da Cven vxedavT am nel, Zalian xalisian
mudmiv Ziebas. SeiZleba amitom Tanamedrove adamianisTvis, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, Cemi Taobis adamianebisaTvis, es TvalsaCino
daZabva gonebisa, TvalsaCino amofrqveva warmosaxvis Zalisa,
Zalian xibliani aRmoCnda _ Cven es arqiteqtura Zalian Se-
viyvareT. swored amitom Cven iq Zalian naTlad vxedavT, ras
rogor eZeben da pouloben ostatebi. kidev vambob, SeiZleba,
Cven ukve mere viwyebT mezRapreobas da mere vigonebT. marT-
la mgonia xolme, rom am Zeglebis amSenebli kaci amnairi unda
yofiliyo. SeiZleba, sul sxvanairi iyo, magram is, rac man
arqiteqturaSi aRbeWda aseTia da raRac mxare mainc am ada-
mianisa amis Sesabamisi iqneboda. faqti isaa, rom es adamianebi
gamudmebiT eZeben.
maS, ra xdeba? imis gamo, rom ostatebi arsebuli xerxebiTa
da elementebiT qmnian axals, roca am elementebs sxvanairad
Seanawevreben da SeaerTeben, bunebrivia, uwevT maTi Secvla
da am cvla-cvlaSi nel-nela xdeba erTi elementis meoriT
Canacvleba. ai, magaliTad, CvenTan, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisiT _
da amgvari gamonaklisi ori viciT, Tu kidev gamoCnda, davuS-
vaT, xuTamde avides, magram ar mgonia, meti iyos _ aSeneben ara
wreze, rogorc romaelebi, aramed kvadratze, rogorc sparse-
lebi da Tu Tqven wres daadgamT kvadrats, kuTxeebSi samkuTxa
monakveTebi rCeba _ wre ver avsebs kvadrats. es raRaciT unda
gadaixuros da Cven, rogorc aRmosavleTi, somxebi, sirielebi
da sparselebi, vavsebT amas e.w. trompebiT. es aris Zabriseb-

105
 ri moculobebi, romlebic mcxeTaSic, wromSic da saerTod
yvelgan gvaqvs. rodesac kuTxeebSi trompebs daadgamT, sa-
dac trompebia da trompebs Soris gumbaTqveSa TaRebi, TaRis
Tavze adis waxnagi, xolo trompebis Tavze adis damatebiTi
waxnagebi. amitom Tqven kvadratze iRebT rvawaxnagas. Semdeg
sarkmlebis Tavze kidev erT mwkrivs akeTeben trompebisas da
iq iqmneba Teqvsmetwaxnaga. mere ukve wrec SeiZleba gaakeTo,
magram Zalian natif formas qmnian, iseTs, rogorsac mcxe-
Tis jvris ostati _ kidev erT wres akeTeben, ukve gamodis
ocdaTormetwaxnaga da mTlianobaSi, faqtobrivad, wrea. aseTi
sistema aqvT da jer kidev VIII saukunis nimuSebSi _ rogorc
Cans, ase icnoba VIII saukune _ sruli trompuli sistema Senar-
Cunebulia. Tumca aRar moindoma nekreselma ostatma an, gum-
baTiani saydari rom vaxsene, misma xuroTmoZRvarma. aSenebs
gumbaTovan eklesias da aRar unda, rom gamoiyenos es rTuli
sistema. ras akeTebs? mTeli trompuli sistema Cawnexa, daa-
xloebiT, metr-naxevris simaRleSi da gaakeTa mrgvali gum-
baTis yeli. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom TiTqmis Tanadroulad
vaCnaZianis yvelawmindis ostatma gamoiyena e.w. afrebi. es
aris samkuTxa, erTgvari sferuli samkuTxedi, sferodan rom
amoWraT samkuTxedi, daaxloebiT im formisa. afra pirdapir
kvadratis kuTxeebSi Cajda da kvlavac Seiqmna wriuli fuZe
gumbaTis yelisa.
erTma Tu afra gamoiyena, sxvam trompuli sistema gaa-
martiva an, Tu gnebavT, gaarTula. rasakvirvelia, patara
moculobaSi Cawnexva gamartivebadac SeiZleba ganixilo da
garTulebadac, gaaCnia, saidan Sexedav. ase dabada ostatma,
rogorc b-ni daviT xoStaria ambobs, wreqmnadi trompuli sis-
tema. es aris gardasaxva, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori sivrce
undaT. da ratom undaT aseTi? saqme is gaxlavT, rom trom-
pi aCerebs Tvals, afra Tvals ar aCerebs. roca Tqven gaqvT
trompis erTi rigi, Tqveni Tvali Seyovndeba gumbaTis yelis
ZirSi da mere maSinve aiWreba gumbaTis sferoSi. yovel Tqven-
gans SeuZlia adgilze naxos da gadaamowmos, es namdvilad asea
Tu ara. roca ramdenime rigis trompia Tqven dainaxavT pir-

106
vel rigs, meore rigs, Tu aris _ mesamesac da mxolod mere
dainaxavT gumbaTs an, piriqiT, sferos dainaxavT da mere mis
gadasvlas kvadratSi, Tu zemodan wamoayolebT Tvals. asec
SesaZlebelia. axla kidev undaT sxva, ufro swrafi moZraoba
Tvalisa, amitom trompi, trompuli ganviTarebuli sistema,
Semaferxebeli xdeba da is gardaisaxeba am axali gemovnebis,
axali mxatvruli gancdis kvalad.
aris Tu ara es dakavSirebuli raimegvar msoflmxedvelob-
riv cvlilebasTan? ai, es aris axla sakiTxTa sakiTxi. aravi-
Tari safuZveli fiqrisa, rom am dros msoflmxedveloba Se-
cvlilia, ar gvaqvs. piriqiT, aki mogaxseneT, am dros xdeba
eklesiis gaZliereba da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli msoflmxe-
dvelobis gamyareba. albaT Seicvala sarwmunoebisadmi emo-
ciuri damokidebuleba. me momwons, rogorc liturgistebi
amboben, rom arsebobs msoflmxedveloba, arsebobs religiu-
ri msoflmxedveloba, arsebobs mrwamsi da kidev arsebobs
RvTismosaobis forma _ rogor xdeba am msoflmxedvelobis
gamovlena adamianis emociur da ritualur cxovrebaSi, ro-
gor avlens is mas. rituali, Tu is bunebrivia, swored Sina-
gan moTxovnilebas mihyveba. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, dayudebiT
ilocoT, Tqven aaSenebT garkveuli tipis eklesias, Tu sazei-
mo wirva gindaT da bevri xalxis Seyra gsiamovnebT, sxvanairs
aagebT. Cemi azriT, Cven swored religiuri gancdis erTgvar
niuansirebaze unda vifiqroT, Tumca msoflmxedvelobrivad
da dogmaturad aq araviTari ciloba, araviTari dapirispire-
ba ar Cans. laparaki mahmadianobis gaZlierebaze, rogorc amas
akeTebs ioane sabanisZe, me vfiqrob, Zalian gadaWarbebulia
imitom, rom maSin amas kvali unda daetovebina. sad aris misgi-
Tebi? TbilisSi Zveli misgiTi ar aris. marTali giTxraT, verc
ki warmomidgenia, is sad unda yofiliyo, radgan misgiTs didi,
swori adgili sWirdeba da aseTi monakveTi Zvel TbilisSi ar
Cans. nuTu zRudis iqiT dadiodnen mindorSi salocavad? mom-
ravlebuli rom yofiliyo, sadme erTi cali mainc darCeboda.
ratom ar aris? ki, aris dmanisSi da, rom ara mihrabi, imdenad
mokrZalebulia, saerTodac sacxovrebel saxlad CavTvlidiT.

107
 sxvaTa Soris, es mihrabi buxris mils hgavs da Tavidan egonaT
kidec buxari, oRond sakvamuri ar iyo. bedad, rodesac gaTx-
ra daiwyo, SigniT naZerwobis kvali dainaxes da amiT mixvd-
nen, rom mihrabia. Semdeg, roca Semowmda, aRmoCnda, rom me-
qisaken iyureba, rogorc wesi da rigia da amgvarad dadginda
misi funqcia, Torem imdenad rigiTi nagebobaa, rom saxlisagan
arafriT gansxvavdeba. am qalaqSi mahmadiani namdvilad bevri
iyo, magram sad aris mahmadianoba momravlebuli sxvagan? amis
araviTari kvali ar Cans.
me vfiqrob, rom Cven aq vxedavT xelovnebaSi im tipis cv-
lilebas, romelic dakavSirebuli aris specifikurad mxatv-
rul ZiebasTan. xelovnebaSi Zalian bevri faqtori moqmedebs
da yvela maTgani SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi
Sedegis momtani. Tumca arsebobs, ase vTqvaT, wmindad esTeti-
kuri faqtoric. swored maSin, rodesac Cven gvaqvs formebis,
am SemTxvevaSi, arqiteqturuli formebis, Camoyalibebuli sis-
tema _ Tavisi konstruqciebiT, mamkobi elementebiT da a.S. _
da xdeba arsebuli myari sistemis Sida gardasaxva, me vfiqrob,
SeiZleba vilaparakoT swored wmindad mxatvrul Ziebaze. Tu
rogoria es Zieba, Zalian kargad Cans mosarTavis magaliTze.
ukve vTqviT, rom sarkmels adreul xanaSi hqonda TavsarTi
_ Tavze gadavlebuli TaRi gakecili boloebiT. axla an misi
forma icvleba (magaliTad, TaRi izrdeba da pawawuna gadana-
kecebi aqvs an, piriqiT, patara TaRia uSvelebeli horizonta-
luri elementebiT), an masTan erTad CarCo Cndeba, an marto
CarCo Cndeba da, sabolood, XI saukunisaTvis iqmneba e.w. sa-
pire _ CarCo, romelic gars uvlis mTlianad sarkmlis Riobs.
mere da mere Tavad es sapire sarkmlis Riobze samjer, oTxjer
an metjer didi xdeba da mTlianad nTqavs mas. Tumca es Sida
ganviTarebaa, amas araviTari gare Semapirobebeli ar hqonda.
araviTari aucilebloba, rom sarkmeli yofiliyo viwro an ga-
nieri, ar arsebobda. sarkmelma Suqi unda SeuSvas da rogori
iqneba is, paralelurwirTxliani, saidanac Suqi erTian naka-
dad Sedis Tu gareT daviwroebuli, saidanac ganSladi Suqi,

108
sxivebis kona Sedis, amas funqciurad araviTari mniSvneloba
ar aqvs _ eklesia asec ganaTdeba da isec. mTavaria, Sen ro-
gori ganaTeba, STabeWdileba, ganwyobileba ginda, anu ra aris
is, rac ginda, Seagebo morwmunes. iqneb ginda, aseT sivrces
SeaCvio viRac da sTavazob, rom asec SeiZleba gakeTdes.
me vfiqrob, rom gardamavali xana romelime sxvas Semoq-
medebiTi ZaliT ar Camouvardeba, ubralod, mas ar gaaCnia Ca-
moyalibebuli arqiteqturuli sityvari. Tuki arqiteqturis
istorikoss hkiTxavT, rogori Senobebi arsebobda VII sauku-
neSi is, daaxloebiT, sam winadadebaSi CamogiTvliT ZiriTad
elementebs, magram Tu imaves SeekiTxebiT gardamaval xanaze,
mas albaT naxevari gverdis Sevseba dasWirdeba da SeiZle-
ba, isic ar eyos. es aris xana, rodesac xdeba gemovnebiTi
cvlilebebi da am cvlilebebis kvalad _ Zvel elementTa
gardasxva. oRond es nela xdeba, radgan arsad eCqarebaT.
amas sakmaod didi dro dasWirda. iqmneba Zalian saintereso
hibriduli formebi. magaliTad, X saukuneSi Seiqmna e.w. af-
ra-trompi. es aris afra, oRond TaRebs Soris kuTxeebi ar
emetebaT da maTSi Casmulia brtyeli dekoratiuli trompebi.
zogjer trompis TaRebis gakecvac xdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
raRac waxnagebi mainc aris, Tumca, realurad, amiT araferi
icvleba. Cndeba aseTi ucnauri SenaerTi. es Ziebis Sedegia
namdvilad. ukve, daaxloebiT, X saukunis bolosTvis yalib-
deba sxva arqiteqturuli sityvari da nebismieri xelovnebis
istorikosi sam winadadebaze naklebiT getyviT, Tu ra aris im
droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. mxolod CuqurTmebis saxeebis
CamoTvla gaWirdeba, radgan isini bevria. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
aris Zalian kargi kvlevebi, pirvel yovlisa, q-ni rene Smer-
lingisa, sxva mecnierebisac _ giorgi CubinaSvilis, vaxtang
beriZis da momdevno Taobis araerTi mkvlevris. am sakiTxs
ikvlevda mTeli dasi momdevno Taobisa: rusudan mefisaSvili,
ina gomelauri, nugzar andRulaZe... rodesac moxdeba am saxe-
Ta saboloo Seswavla da maT amosaval pirvelsaxeebs vnaxavT,
isinic dava 10 pirvelsaxemde, romlebidanac mere marTlac
gasaognebeli raodenobis saxeoba da variacia Cndeba. Tumca

109
 ise, CamoTvlad, vityvi, rom aris foTlovani, yvavilovani da
wnuli saxeebi. rogorc xedavT, erTi winadadebac meyo. aris
sapire sarkmlis da sapire karis, zogjer maT SeiZleba TaRi
axldes _ sul ori arqiteqturuli tipi, romlebic darCeba
XI saukunis Sua xanis iqiT. gaTavda daxasiaTeba, Camoyalibe-
buli arqiteqturuli leqsikonia!
SuaSi Cven gvaqvs sakuTari mxatvruli principis, mxatvru-
li xedvisa da bunebis mqone arqiteqtura, magram iseTi, ro-
melsac amgvari Camoyalibebuli leqsikoni jer ar gaaCnia _
erTi jer ar eTmoba da meore jer ar Seuqmnia. ai, amaSia am
epoqis gardamavloba. piradad me vityodi, rom es aris xana,
romlis erT-erTi stiluri niSani elementebis cvalebadobaa.
misi mxatvruli bunebaa, rom elementebi icvleba. es aris ara
nakli, ara Camouyalibebloba, aramed SesaZloa, misi Tavisebu-
ri upiratesoba. cxadia, im dasrulebul stilebs Tavisi upi-
ratesobebi aqvT. ai, aseTi aris es rTuli xana.
Cven ukve visaubreT qarTuli arqiteqturis mxatvruli
bunebis cvlilebebze VIII saukunidan, ufro zustad ki, VII sau-
kunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli da mTeli IX saukunis gan-
mavlobaSi, X saukunis Sua xanebamde. isic vTqviT, rom Zalian
Znelia, ilaparako calkeul elementebze da Tqva, rom 790-ian
wlebs, davuSvaT, axasiaTebs aseTi da 820-ian wlebs ki iseTi
formebi, radgan SeiZleba naxo erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxva-
vebuli konostruqciuli, mamkobi Tu sxva detalebi. mogaxse-
neT, rom aq am cvlilebebis, moZebnili axal-axali formebis,
xerxebis, mxatvruli gadawyvetebis gamaerTianebeli mimarTu-
lebaa. ai, rogoria es mimarTuleba: Tu VI saukunis an VII sau-
kunis arqiteqtura uryevi, urRvevi simSvidis STabeWdilebas
tovebs, aq ufro meti aris erTgvari daZabulobis STabeWdi-
leba _ TiTqosda forma moZraobisaken gibiZgebs. Zalian uxe-
Sad da sqematurad rom vTqvaT, es aris gza statikisagan da-
cilebisa da moZraoba-dinamikisaken svlisa. TavisTavad arqi-
teqtura dgas _ ase ambobs Cemi erTi kolega da gvijavrdeba
xolme, roca vambobT, rom forma moZravi aris. Senobebi dgas,

110
ra Tqma unda. svetebi ar darbis, kamarebi ar dafrinavs da
yvelaferi Tavis adgilze aris.
Tumca saqme is gaxlavT, rom xelovnebas qmnis ara mxolod
fizikuri, akustikuri Tu sxva tipis obieqtebi, aramed am obie-
qtTa Sexvedra Cvens aRqmasTan. amas aqvs rTuli filosofiuri
qveteqstebi, romlebic adamians Seityuebs da, me Tu mkiTxavT,
xSirad gvariani sisuleleebiskenac ubiZgebs, magram CvenTvis
es mniSvnelovani araa. Cven, ubralod, viciT yovelive es praq-
tikulad rogor xdeba. vambobT xolme, rom aris droSi ganvi-
Tarebadi xelovnebebi _ gansakuTrebiT musika da literatura
(literaturac xom droSi arsebobs, kiTxvis procesi xom dro-
Si aris ganvrcobili) da aris sivrceSi arsebuli xelovnebani
_ nebismieri saxviTi xelovneba. marTlac, ase gvgonia, rom
romelime suraTs, romelime nagebobas Cven erTianad vxedavT.
arada, vTqvaT, romelime nawarmoebs, Tundac patara simRerasa
an moTxrobas, erTbaSad ver aRiqvamT. Tqven gWirdebaT wuTe-
bisa an zogjer saaTebis garkveuli raodenoba, rom is Tavidan
bolomde waikiTxoT. am drois ganmavlobaSi Tqven sxvadasxva
raRacas aRiqvamT da boloSi rom CaxvalT, ukve garkveuli
STabeWdileba geqmnebaT. ar aris gamoricxuli, is arazusti
iyos da mibrunebisas gairkves, rom Tqven raRac gamogrCaT an
raRacas is mniSvneloba ar mieciT, romelic mas sinamdvile-
Si hqonda. sxva mxriv, Cven gvgonia, rom arqiteqturis, mxat-
vrobis, mqandakeblobis an e.w. mcire xelovnebis nawarmoebe-
bi myisierad aRiqmeba. sinamdvileSi, ase ar aris. rac Seexeba
arqiteqturas, aq Cven fizikurad gvixdeba gadaadgileba. am
Senobebs sivrce aqvs, es ki niSnavs, rom Tqven jer SenobasTan
midixarT, Semdeg masSi SedixarT, erTi bolodan meorisken ga-
daadgildebiT, xolo zogjer kidev giwevT erTi sadgomidan
meoreSi gasvla. amas garkveuli dro sWirdeba. asevea suraTi.
ragind patara suraTi iyos, Cveulebrivi melniTa da kalmiT
naxati patara furceli, misi aRqmac garkveul dros moiTxo-
vs. Tqven SexedavT mas da TiTqos erTianad aRiqvamT, magram
Tuki marTla gindaT ramis aRqma, kidev aTvalierebT da ai,
aq xdeba Zalian saintereso ram. magaliTad, Tvali sibrtyeze

111
 garkveuli mimarTulebiT moZraobs da garkveuli siCqari-
Tac. maSin, rodesac Tqven gadaadgildebiT realur sivrce-
Si, Tvals, vTqvaT, marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTavT an qvemodan
zemoT waiyvanT. am dros, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori aris es
xelovneba, rogori aris es nawarmoebi, aRqmis sxvadasxvanairi
siswrafea da aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac geCvenebaT, rom ukve
yvelaferi aRiqviT. sinamdvileSi, Tqven didxans dgaxarT da
uyurebT, magram vinaidan mxatvruli mTeli Tqven erTbaSad
aRiqviT, misi mTlianoba maSinve cxadad dainaxeT, geCvenebaT,
rom mere xdeba im aRqmulis mxolod dazusteba da es, gark-
veuli TvalsazrisiT, marTlac asea. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac mTeli uceb ar aRiqmeba da Tundac igive dro dagWir-
deT misi aRqmisTvis, Tqveni gancdiT, subieqturi SegrZnebiT,
ufro meti energia gexarjebaT, raTa gaerkveT, Tu ra xdeba am
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, rogoraa ganawilebuli maxvilebi da,
saboloo jamSi, es mxatvruli STabeWdileba ras geubnebaT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tqven giCndebaT moZraobis STabeWdileba.
magaliTad, Tu nawarmoebSi aris xazgasmuli centri, xolo
aqeT-iqiT ganlagebulia odnav naklebmniSvnelovani da masTan
arakontrastuli ori elementi da, vTqvaT, erTic kidev moTa-
vsebulia zeviT, Tqven amas uceb aRiqvamT da Tanac aRiqvamT,
rogorc statikurs. ase aris, miT umetes, Tu es gamosaxule-
bebi, es elementebi, Sekrulia konturiT, magaliTad, rodesac
Tqven SegiZliaT CaweroT figura samkuTxedSi, sworkuTxedSi
an, vTqvaT, ovalSi (SeiZleba ovaluri xazi darRveuli iyos,
magram imdenad umniSvnelod, rom Tqven, ZiriTadad, mainc
ovals kiTxulobT). Tu es asea da, miT umetes, masTan erTad
ikveTeba SemomsazRvravi xazi fizikurad arsebuli konturis
SemovlebiT an ararasebuli, TiTqosda nagulisxmevi konturis
moxazviT, maSinac SeCerebul formas xedavT da geCvenebaT,
rom araferi mimdinareobs, TavisTavad gamosaxuleba SeCere-
bulia da Tqven winaSe aris raRac statikuri da stabiluri.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva adgilas ramdenime maxvi-
lia, vTqvaT, qveda marcxena kuTxeSi, zeda marjvena kuTxeSi

112
an erT marcxena kuTxeSi _ davuSvaT, mifrqveulia kaSkaSa Tu
Ria feri, romelic Suqis STabeWdilebas badebas an nakleb-
mniSvnelovani sxva adgilia, Tundac naxtomisebri moZraoba,
romelic erTi kididan meoreze inacvlebs _ Tqven moZraobis
STabeWdileba giCndebaT.
arqiteqturaSi es ase aris. mgoni, adre kidec vTqvi, rom
adrindel eklesiebSi ar aris gamokveTili RerZebi _ grZi-
vi, ganivi, maRlivi _ isini TiTqos Tanabaria. rodesac aa-
nalizebT, mere arkvevT, rom maTSi mTavari vertikalia. da
mainc, Tqven ar ganicdiT am sivrceebsa an moculobebs, ro-
gorc zemswrafs, radgan ase aris Sefardebuli es, sinamd-
vileSi wamyvani, vertikali danarCen or ganzomilebasTan
_ ganTan da sigrZesTan. amas garda, calkeuli elementebi,
romlebsac xedavT, davuSvaT, Riobebi _ kari an sarkmeli,
aseve maTi mamkobi sakmaod mcirericxovani detalebi ikiTxe-
ba, rogorc damoukidebeli da TviTkmari. es imas ar niSnavs,
rom es elementebi cal-calkea gafantuli. maT Soris, sinam-
dvileSi, Zalianac mkacri kavSiri arsebobs, magram Tqven Se-
giZliaT yovel maTgans SemoavloT Tvali. magaliTad, jer
sarkmels waikiTxavT Ziridan wveramde da mxolod Semdeg _
mis damagvirgvinebel warbs an jer warbs dainaxavT da mere
CamoayolebT Tvals. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tqven SegiZliaT
maTi dacalkeveba. modis dro, Tundac XI saukuneSi (da, mgoni,
adre esec vaxseneT), rodesac srulebiT sawinaaRmdego ram
gvxvdeba. uyureb, magaliTad, sapireSi Casmul sarkmels da
ver ambob, ra aris iq mTavari da ra aris meorexarisxovani. am
elementebs veranairad ver acalkeveb, radgan sarkmlis Rio-
bis kide, imavdroulad, CarCos dasawyisia anu mamkobi ele-
mentisa da sarkmlis boloebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. maS, sad
aris iq Riobi, sad ra iwyeba? CarCoa misi nawili Tu is aris
CarCos nawili? amas garda, maxvilebi ganlagebulia imnairad,
rom Tvalma naxtomiseburad zemoT-qvemoT imoZraos an kidev
Tvali pirdapir kididan midis centrisaken da nagebobis (am
SemTxvevaSi, fasadis sibrtyis) napirebi TiTqosda saerTod
ar iqcevs yuradRebas _ aseTi arqiteqturac arsebobs.

113
 rodesac mcxeTis jvarSi, wromSi, samwevrisSi SedixarT,
orTogonalur (mgoni adrec vaxsene es cneba) Wrils uyurebT
_ xedavT zemodan, gumbaTis wveridan, TiTqos sibrtyeze gaS-
lil, gaWril nagebobas. aq saqme ar aris absolutur zomebSi.
es nagebobebi TxuTmetjer didic rom yofiliyo, sul erTia,
ase iqneboda, radgan isea proporcirebuli, rom umaRles da
umdables wertils, sivrcis sazRvrebs, maSinve xedavT. ganaTe-
ba iseTia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT Tavidan bolomde cal-calke
waikiTxoT yvela elementi _ nebismieri TaRi, nebismieri, Tun-
dac Zalze sada, imposti, romelic moniSnavs kedlis Sverils
an burjisa da TaRis sazRvars. rame CrdilSi rom moeqces da
ver dainaxoT, aseTi ram ar xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven xedavT
TiTqosda statikur, TiTqosda umoZrao xuroTmoZRvrul da
sivrciT sxeuls, oRond ara gaSeSebuls an, vTqvaT, xists, ara-
med mSvidad myofsa da ara amoZravebuls da Sesabamisi gaqvT
ganwyobilebac. axla ki ukve nel-nela iseTi xerxebi muSavde-
ba, rom, piriqiT, xedavdeT moZraobas _ Tqveni Tvali swra-
fad moZraobdes, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadiodes da, rac
mTavaria, is ganicdides am gadasvlis moments. vTqvaT, Tqven
TaRs an tromps aTvalierebT. ra Tqma unda, am dros Tva-
li moZraobs Tavidan bolomde, magram TaRi Tu trompi sul
Tanabrad mkafioa, amitom amas ver grZnobT _ ver grZnobT
moZraobas, romelsac am dros Tvalis kakali asrulebs. Tqven
erTianad xedavT formas, rogorc mTlians da absoluturad
mkafios da amitom geCvenebaT, rom Tavadac statikur mdgoma-
reobaSi xarT. Tuki, davuSvebT, rom trompis naxevari Crdil-
Sia da ar Cans, xolo meore naxevars sxivi ecema da gakaSkaSe-
bulia, maSin Tqven aq xedavT gadasvlas erTidan meoreze, am
SemTxvevaSi, naxtomisebrs, Tumca is SeiZleba iyos denadic.
asea Tu ise, forma Tu formaTa erToblioba yovelTvis gkar-
naxobT iseTnair aRqmas, rom Tqven grZnobT da aRiqvamT moZ-
raobas Tqveni mzerisas. Sesabamisad, mere ukve am formebsac,
rogorc moZravs, ise xedavT. kidev vambob, kamara ar xtis, Ta-
Ric arsad miabijebs, yvelaferi Tavis adgilzea, magram Cvens

114
aRqmaSi aris moZravi, radgan is Cven sakuTar fizikur moZ-
raobebs aRgvaqmevinebs.
Tuki sruliad mkafio, sruliad mSvid sivrceSi gare mo-
culoba an sivrce Tavisi umTavresi, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-
biT maSinve aRiqmeba, gardamaval xanaSi, VIII-X saukuneebSi, maT,
rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, maSinve ver xedavT da mravalgzisac
rom SemouaroT, es nawilebi warmosaxvaSi SeiZleba bolomde
mainc ver gadaabaT. mere es ase aRar iqneba. davuSvaT, XI an
XII saukunis eklesiaSi rom SexvalT, yovelTvis dainaxavT Sida
sivrcis raRac fragments. erTi wertilic ki ar aris iseTi,
saidanac SeiZleba dainaxoT, vTqvaT, qvaTaxevis eklesia ise,
rogorc xedavT mcxeTis jvars _ gumbaTis wveridan iatakamde.
Tu ZirSi dadgebiT da Tavs gadaagdebT, gumbaTs dainaxavT,
magram garSemo sxvas _ veRarafers. Tqven yovelTvis xedavT
fragments. me mas informaciul fragmentad miviCnev. gansxva-
vebiT gardamavali xanis arqiteqturisgan, is Tqven giqmniT
warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTma-
neTs, Tumca mTlianad ver xedavT TiTqmis verc erTs. verc
erTis Tqmisas gadavaWarbe, romelime erTi SeiZleba dainaxoT
mTlianad, danarCeni ki yvelaferi iqneba gadaWril-gadmoWri-
li. es propociebis gamo xdeba da imis gamoc, rom asea gan-
lagebuli TaRebi da asea SerCeuli simaRle-sigrZe-siganis
Sefardebebi, raTa Tqveni aRqma yovelTvis nawilobrivi iyos.
swored am sruli sicxadisken, aseTi moZravi arqiteqtu-
risken miemarTeba Zieba qarTveli ostatebisa, ase icvleba
gemovneba. Cemi SexedulebiT, Cven aq vxedavT, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, Ziebis Sida mxatvrul Tanmimdevrobas. SeiZleba
ganvasxvavoT sxvadasxva tipis Zieba. rogorc sul dasawyis-
Si iTqva, taZarma Seicvala funqcia _ unda Sekribos mrevli.
warmarTulma taZarma es ar icis. axla iwyeba Zebna imisa, ro-
gor Seiqmnas sivrce, sadac mrevli ganlagdeba. es aris Zieba,
romelsac gansazRvravs funqcia da es funqcia, Tavis mxriv,
gansazRvruli aris garkveuli msoflmxedvelobiT. ase rom,
Cven SegviZlia sxvadasxva doneze ganvixiloT am cvlilebis

115
 mapirobebeli, magram yvela es mizezi, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT,
iqneba TviTon xelovnebis gareT, radgan msoflmxedveloba ar
udris xelovnebas, Cemi warmodgena qveynierebaze ar udris
mxatvrobas an arqiteqturas. mxatvrobiTa da arqiteqturiT
me SeiZleba Tqven mogiTxroT, rogori mgonia qveyniereba, ma-
gram, TavisTavad, is mas ver gautoldeba. SeiZleba iyos cvli-
lebebi, romelTac iwvevs raRac gareSe gavlena. magaliTad,
XVI saukuneSi Cven vxedavT, rom Zalian bevria Seisruli for-
mebi da raRac iseTi xerxebi, romlebic aSkarad muslimanuri
iranidan aris Semosuli. am SemTxvevaSi, am cvlilebis erT-er-
Ti da sakmarisad Zlieri Tanagampirobebeli mainc is aris, rom
Cven kargad gavecaniT im xelovnebas, cota zedmetic mogvi-
vida. aseve aris dResac, rodesac ama Tu im JurnalSi nanaxi
formebi gadmogvaqvs. amas winaT, sxvaTa Soris, erTi proeqti
vnaxe, mere gadavSale romeliRac wigni da Turme avtors pir-
dapir gadmouRia. cota unda inamuso. marto Sen xom ara xar
dedamiwaze, marto Sen xom ar ici wignebis, albomebisa da Jur-
nalebis furcvla?! asea Tu ise, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac,
rasac apirobebs garedan, Tundac ukve sxva qveynidan an sxva
kulturidan Semosuli garkveuli muxti.
am SemTxvevaSi, me meCveneba, rom logikuri Tanmimdevroba
amgvaria: veZebT qristianuli taZris formas. veZebT mas da
vcdilobT, raRac saxe mivceT. am Ziebisas viSveliebT an ax-
lad vqmniT, vTqvaT, garkveul formebs, samSeneblo xerxebs
an mamkob elementebs. zogs movisesxebT, gardavqmniT an raime
axals gavakeTebT, xolo VI saukunis bolosken yvela is forma
da xerxi, romelic am amocanis gadasawyvetad gvWirdeboda,
xelT gvaqvs. ganviTarebis logika SeiZleba sxvagvaric iyos,
magram, am SemTxvevaSi, is iyo aseTi: raxan maqvs elementebi,
modi, Sevqmni maTgan kargad gawonasworebul da cxad mxat-
vrul mTels. amas mosdevs sirTule, romelic sxva drosac
dasturdeba xelovnebis istoriaSi, ara marto am SemTxvevaSi.
es ar aris universaluri kanoni xelovnebis ganviTarebisa,
ase mgonia, magram, erT-erTi SesaZlo Tanmimdevroba mxatv-
ruli Ziebebisa aseTic aris: jer vqmniT am srulebiT cxads.

116
SevqmniT mas erTxel, orjer, samjer, magram Semdeg irkveva,
rom, rodesac gvaqvs formaTa garkveuli raodenoba da gva-
qvs amocana, maTgan SevqmnaT raRaca Zalian gawonasworebuli
da mkafio, Turme amas Zalian bevr dros ver movandomebT da
verc did nairgvarobas miviRebT, aqedan Zalian bevr formas
ver CamovayalibebT, ver SevanawevrebT, Turme es sakmaod sas-
ruli raodenobaa.
aseTi e.w. klasikuri epoqebi, Cveulebriv, grZeldeba or-
mocdaaTiode weli. Semdeg nebismieri cvlileba, Tuki Tqven
cvlilebas moindomebT, am gawonasworebul da cxad mTelSi
Seitans raRac bzars. Tqven SeiZleba es ar mogewonoT, Caeb-
RauWoT im klasikur mTels da erTi xani is xelovnurad amyo-
foT. xelovnebis istoriaSi amis magaliTebic aris. Tumca,
saboloo jamSi, is mainc gaibzareba. mgoni, Cven amaze ukve
vilaparakeT, magram kidev erTxel SemiZlia davadasturo:
me mainc meCveneba, rom, rodesac iwyeba romelime arsebuli
formis gameoreba, Zalian mniSvnelovania davixsomoT, rom es
aris forma da ara Rirebuleba. Rirebuleba aris is, rac ma-
terialuri ar aris.
materialurze _ nagebobis garSemowerilobasa Tu moyva-
nilobaze, figuris gadmocemis xerxebze, yofis, Cacma-daxur-
visa Tu qcevis formebze da a.S. _ msjelobisas Rirebule-
basTan gaigivebiT mas Zalian cud samsaxurs vuwevT, radgan
yvelaferi materialuri aucileblad cvdeba. magaliTad avi-
RoT zrdilobis formebi. me maTi momxre var, magram isini Cem
Tvalwin icvleba. rac srulebiT warmoudgenlad eCveneboda
Cems did bebias, Cemi mSoblebisTvis ukve araferic ar iyo. q-ni
marika lorTqifaniZe aseT ambavs hyveboda: rodesac bebiamisi
mamulidan gamoagdes, misi mTavari gancda is iyo, rom quCaSi
uqudod da uxelTaTmanod gamovida. ambobda, ise momixda sax-
lidan wamosvla, rom qudic ki ar davixureo. Tavdauburavi qa-
lisa Tu kacis quCaSi gamoCena srulebiT warmoudgeneli iyo.
da ai, roca me viyavi skolis moswavle, adamianebma, romlebic
Tavze Camofxatuli nair-nairi qudebiT dadiodnen, uceb moiS-
vlipes es yvelaferi da Tavdauburavebma daiwyes siaruli. ra,

117
 hava Seicvala? ara, Seicvala damokidebuleba imis mimarT,
Tu rogori unda iyos Seni da gare samyaros urTierToba da
ratomRac adamianurobis _ am ybadaRebuli adamianuri Tavi-
suflebis _ erT-erT gamoxatulebad iqca is, rom Tavze qudi
ar maqvs. mere ra, rom Tavi meyineba, mere ra, rom Tma 10 wliT
adre gamcvivdeba, mainc ar davixurav imitom, rom minda, To-
vli, wvima Tu mze Tavisuflad vigrZno. aRarc qalebi ixura-
vdnen Tavsaburavs, rac bebiaCems pirvel xanebSi, magaliTad,
Zalian ukvirda, mgoni, ukve mere zogjer TviTonac Tavdau-
buravi gadioda. damokidebuleba icvleba. es SeiZleba cudi
iyos, magram es bunebrivi aris. es imas niSnavs, rom daikarga
azri, gageba imisa, Tu ratom atarebs adamiani Tavsaburavs.
ratom aris, davuSvaT, zrdilobis gamoxatuleba, xelis Ca-
morTmeva? me, magaliTad, es ar miyvars, magram amas xom hqonda
Sinaarsi?! es odesRac gamoxatavda, rom ori adamiani Seiara-
Rebuli ar aris da niSnad imisa, rom axla erTmaneTs xmlebiT
ar daerevian, xels CamoarTmevdnen. ra Tqma unda, didi xania,
es yvelas daaviwyda, magram Tu is mniSvnelobac dakarga, rom
amiT Cems keTilganwyobas gamovxatav, maSin gaTavebuli saqmea,
amas ukve araviTari azri aRar eqneba da tradicia aucileb-
lad gadavardeba. amitom aris Zalian saxifaTo da sakmaod
uimedo, rodesac adamianebi icaven raime formebs (ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, risas) da ar ician ratom, ver amboben, Tu ra Ri-
rebulebiTi safuZveli aqvs imas, rom maincdamainc es forma
undaT. maSin amgvari rameze unda SevTanxmdeT: mgonia, rom
es forma gamoxatavs ama da am Rirebulebas da, raki amwuTas
sxva forma ar maqvs, dae, es iyos gamomxatveli. nu gvaviwy-
deba _ ramdenic ginda iyviron da xelebi iqnion yvelanairma
memarcxeneebma da progresistebma, gvinda es Cven Tu ar gvin-
da, adamianebis urTierToba garkveuli pirobiTobebis gareSe
ubralod SeuZlebelia. Cven ramenairad unda vaniSnoT erTma-
neTs Tundac is, gvinda erTmaneTTan saubari Tu ara. es auci-
leblad unda gamoixatos raRac formiT da es forma SeiZleba
iyos aseTi an iseTi, magram forma unda arsebobdes. amitom,
sinamdvileSi, rodesac dRes amqveynad irRveva yovelnairi pi-

118
robiToba (Tumca sakuTar Tavze amas namdvilad ver vityvi),
yovelnairi wesebi, es mxolod imiT damTavrdeba, rom Zalian
cudi da xisti sxva wesebi Seiqmneba. amis Sedegi meti araferi
iqneba da ukve asecaa. viTomda Zalian Tavisufali adamianebi
imdeni wesiT arian Sekrulni, Tu rogor unda Tqvan is, rogor
ar unda Tqvan es, ra SeiZleba da ra ar SeiZleba, vin unda mo-
gwondes an ar unda mogwondes... sasaciloa, magram arseboben,
magaliTad, viRac konkretuli adamianebi, romlebic Turme
aucileblad unda mogwondes, Tu arada, cudi xar. unda mo-
gwondes raRac, rac sul ar aris mosawoni da Senc ici, rom ar
aris, magram ase unda.
es Zalian cudia, Cemi azriT, magram bunebrivia. roca ada-
mianebi uaryofen imas, rac normaluri, bunebrivad gaCenili
da Camoyalibebuli pirobiToba iyo, isini aucileblad Seqm-
nian pirobiTobis xelovnur da uazro sistemas _ es srule-
biT garduvalia. ase rom, TavisTavad formaTa rRvevam Cven
arasodes unda SegvaSinos. mxolod imas unda vakvirdebodeT,
rom am formebis Secvlam Tan ar waiyolos raRaca iseTi, rac
RirebulebiTad mniSvnelovania. es SeiZleba moxdes da ai, aq
aris saWiro Tvali da yuri. sul ar aris saRelvebeli, vTqvaT,
eklesiaSi Sesuli qali Tavze quds daixuravs Tu Tavsafars,
kaba lurjad dakoplili eqneba Tu mwvane koplebiT. amas ar
aqvs mniSvneloba, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom iyos tanisamosi,
romelic viRacas sacdurSi ar Caagdebs. es aris Rirebulebi-
Ti sazomi da ara is, vTqvaT, mamakaci grZelTmiania Tu Tma-
SeWrili, wveriani Tu uwvero. es yvelaferi srulebiT piro-
biTia, dakavSirebulia kulturebTan, geografiasTan. mniSvne-
loba aqvs sxva rames _ rasac adamiani garegnobiT gamoxatavs,
aris Tu ara qristianuli (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qristianobaze
vlaparakobT) Rirebulebebis matarebeli, rogor aris dakav-
Sirebuli misi qceva RirebulebiT sistemasTan da a.S. mTavari
es aris da formebze mere SevTanxmdebiT. adamiani, romelic
RirebulebebiT cxovrobs, imasac mixvdeba, rom, Tuki es yve-
las aRelvebs, daTmos is raRac formismieri da im sxva for-
masac miiRebs, Tu marTla icis, raSia saqme. zogjer es Znelia,

119
 es yvelaferi bevr sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram Tavi
da Tavi mainc es aris.
xelovnebaSic asea. Tu imeorebT formebs da am formebma
TqvenTvis Sinagani sazrisi dakarga, Tu es aris is, rac ubra-
lod unda gaimeoroT imitom, rom Tqvenma winamorbedma ase
gaakeTa, dRes Tu ara mazeg raRacas Tqven garduvalad sru-
lebiT usulgulos gaakeTebT. unda giTxraT, rom qarTul xe-
lovnebas es Tviseba, etyoba, gamZafrebulad aqvs. qarTvels,
etyoba, organulad ar SeuZlia, saerTod rame gaakeTos, Tu
Sinaganad amis aucilebloba gancdili ar aqvs. aziel ostats,
evropels SeuZlia, raRac akeTos guls gareT, gulmodgined,
faqizad. qarTvels ar SeuZlia! Tu ver ganicdis, rom es saWi-
roa, SeiZleba erTi saaTi gaZlos da mere ukve fiqri gaurbis
da xeli ras akeTebs, kacma ar icis, yuradRebas veRar ikrebs
da verc samuSaosken mimarTavs. aseTebi varT. es kargicaa, me
Tu mkiTxavT da, sxva mxriv, wamgebianicaa. unda viswavloT,
rom yuradReba ufro met xans SevaCeroT raRacaze, vidre es
bunebiT mogvdgams. Tumca arsebrivad, me mgoni, cudi sru-
lebiTac ar aris, rom mindodes, rasac vakeTeb, gancdili da
gaazrebuli iyos.
asea Tu ise, VI da VII saukuneebSi, rogorc etyoba, mkafiod
mowesrigeba maSin xelovanTa xelT arsebuli formebisa aRar
moundaT da daiwyes cvlilebebis Setana am principiT _ `modi,
vcadoT ase“. rogorc ki scades `ase~, gaCnda raRac, rasac
moZraoba-dinamikis elementi Sehqonda. mere kidev scades ra-
Rac da raRac da, saboloo jamSi, Cven vxedavT mudmiv cvale-
badobas. axlave unda ganvmarto (Zalian mniSvnelovania amis
codnac), rom amgvari ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, mainc sataZro
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi xdeba. sazogadod, Cven kargad unda gva-
xsovdes, rom xelovnebisa da, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, xuroTmoZR-
vrebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi istoriulad yovelTvis Ta-
nabrad rodi viTardeba. magaliTad, Cven vxedavT, rom XV sau-
kunidan dasavleT evropaSi saeklesio da saero arqiteqturis
formaTa cvalebadoba paraleluria. manamde es ase iqac ar
aris. amasTanave, iyo dargi xuroTmoZRvrebisa, soflis xu-

120
roTmoZRvreba, glexkacis saxlis xuroTmoZRvreba, romelic
imave dasavleT evropaSi merec ar icvleboda. gadaRebulia
da SegiZliaT naxoT kidec CrdiloeT safrangeTisa Tu ger-
maniis soflis saxlebi, romlebic wawvetebulia da goTikuri
xanis gegonebaT, arada, Turme XVIII saukuneSia aSenebuli. asea
imitom, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis am dargSi istoriuli cvale-
badoba Senelebulia, TiTqosda aq ar ixarjeba Semoqmedebi-
Ti muxti, is mTlianad uflis saxls xmardeba, sacxovrebeli
saxlze ki TiTqos fiqroben, mama-papebs auSenebiaT da modi,
Cvenc iseTive avaSenoT, sxva rad gvindao.
aseTi ganmeorebadoba, mudmivi, odnavi variaciebiT, imas
ar niSnavs, rom cvlileba saerTod ar aris, magram es gaci-
lebiT ufro nela xdeba da Tanac detalebSia. magaliTad avi-
RoT Cveni qarTuli darbazovani saxli. masSi ZiriTadi siax-
le, romelic, rogorc Cans, XVIII saukunis bolos Cndeba, isaa,
rom buxari moawyves. yvelafers Zveleburad aSeneben, rogorc
manamde da ukeTeben buxars. sinamdvileSi, am buxarma kerasa
da SuaSi azidul gvirgvins sanaxevrod azri daukarga, magram,
rogorc arqiteqturuli struqtura, is rCeba, ubralod, axla
cecxli ara SuaSi, aramed kedelTan anTia. ukve mere da mere
amgvarma cvlilebebma moitana kidevac darbazovani struqtu-
ris rRveva, magram es nela xdeba. Zvel dros, XV saukunemde,
sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvreba ara mxolod CvenSi, sxvaganac ga-
cilebiT ufro nela icvleba. dasavleTSi aris erTi ram, ra-
zedac amgvari ganviTareba moqmedebs. iq TaRebis moxazulobis
cvlileba moxda _ romanuli TaRi ufro metad naxevrad wriu-
lia, goTikuri ki XII saukunis meore naxevridan _ Seisruli da
Tqven amas atyobT, Torem es rom ara, struqturebi, formebi,
daaxloebiT, erTi da igivea, nela icvleba. ase iyo es CvenSic.
Tavidanve mogaxseneT, rom saero xuroTmoZRvreba, saekle-
siosTan SedarebiT, arc ki vici, raoden naklebi gvaqvs. Zalian
araTanabrad aris SemorCenili. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebac
Zalian dazianebuli, Selaxuli da daklebulia, magram saero
mainc bevrad naklebia. Tumca is, rac Cven viciT, mainc ufro
stabiluri Cans da ai, ra aris saintereso: Cven gvaqvs sasa-

121
 xleebis jgufi, romelic kaxeTSi SemogvrCa. erTi msgavsi sa-
saxle aris qarTlSic da, rogorc Cans, ufro meti iyo. es
orsarTuliani sasaxleebia. qveda sarTuli, ase vTqvaT, aris
an yru, an patara sarkmlebiT, xolo meore sarTuli TiTqmis
mTlianad TaRebiT aris gaxsnili. gaugebaria, ra xdeboda im
darbazebSi an xalxs zamTarSi ratom ar scioda da zafxulSi
ratom ar scxeloda. uzarmazari Riobebia, iatakidan iwyeba
da, rogorc Cans, TiTqmis WerTan mTavrdeba. Weri Cven ar gva-
qvs SemorCenili _ xisa iyo. es ar iyo kamarovani arqiteqtura,
rac ukve Zalian ganasxvavebs mas saeklesiosgan. Tumca cxadi
aris, Tu sad iyo adgili Werisa _ raRac SemTxvevebSi, Semor-
Cenilia da SegviZlia amis gansazRvra.
sainteresoa is, rom, Tumc kaxeTSi ramdenime sasaxlea, maT
Soris droiT sxvaobas ver vxedavT. erTaderTi, rac SeiZleba
iTqvas isaa, rom nekresSi, magaliTad, naliseburi TaRebia,
sxvagan _ ara. amitom SesaZloa, nekresis sasaxle ufro ad-
reulia, magram ramdeniT? ar viciT, ver vxvdebiT. erT-erT-
ma mkvlevarma, q-nma dinara vaCnaZem, scada isini droSi gae-
nawilebina. Zalian saintereso mosazreba hqonda, magram es
masala, samwuxarod, Cvenamde imdenad cudad aris moRweuli
da xelmosaWidi imdenad cotaa, rom misi Zalian sagulisxmo
mixvedra, romelsac kidev miyola, Cafiqreba unda, jerovnad
ver dasabuTda da ara imitom, rom man raRac daaklo, ubra-
lod, araferi aRmoCnda, rasac is CaeWideboda. mas naxevrad
intuiciurad mouxda msjeloba. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri azri
intuiciurad Cndeba, magram mecnieruli maSin aris, roca misi
met-naklebad dasabuTeba da dasaZirkvleba moxerxdeba. aq,
samwuxarod, bevri kiTxvis niSani darCa, Tumca ase mitoveba
am ideisa, ra Tqma unda, ar Rirs. vTqvaT, q-ni dinara vaCna-
Ze ar cdeba da Cven marTla SegviZlia es sasaxleebi IX-dan
XII saukunemde davanawiloT. modiT, vTqvaT ase da zogjer
mgonia kidec, rom marTla asea. ufro sworad, xan mgonia, rom
raRac davinaxe, rac amas misabuTebs da mere vxvdebi, rom ki
SeiZleba ase viwamo, magram arasdros meqneba amis dasabuTebis
saSualeba.

122
 Tavi da Tavi is aris, rom cvlilebebi mainc aris, oRond
Zalian mcire. amitomacaa ase Zneli raimes mtkiceba. garda
amisa, davuSvaT, rom SemorCeniliyo am sasaxleTa xis nawile-
bi, maSin maTi CuqurTmiT, motiviT mivxvdebodiT rames. nam-
dvilad viciT, rom xis CuqrTma qvisas hgavs. is mogvcemda
paralels, raRacas CaveWidebodiT, magram araferia, srule-
biT araferi. an naZerwoba yofiliyo, an moxatuloba, an rame
mainc _ araferi ar gvaqvs. TviTon forma imdenad statikuria,
imdenad naklebad ganviTarebadi, rom raimes garkvevis saSu-
alebas ar gvaZlevs. alaverdSi, magaliTad, dgas sasaxle da
srulebiT aSkaraa, rom is, albaT, ar aris X saukunis, magram
ver vityvi, rom amas raimenairad dagisabuTebT. Cvenda bedad,
iq aris satrapezo, romelic namdvilad XVI saukunisaa. da da-
narCeni? iqneb aris iq ufro Zveli nawilic? jerjerobiT, amis
Tqma Wirs. me mjera, rom nawili im sasaxlisa ufro Zvelia,
XV saukunisa mgonia, magram ver mogatyuebT da ver getyviT,
rom vici, ratom aris ase. ar vici, es mxolod mosazrebaa.
es mxolod imitom aris ase, rom TviTon tempi samoqalaqo
xuroTmoZRvrebis Ziebisa, masSi raime siaxlis Setanisa, gaci-
lebiT neli aRmoCnda _ siCqare iq bevrad daklebulia. sxva-
Ta Soris, qarTvel ostatebs SeeZloT, samoqalaqo xuroT-
moZRvrebaSi raRac pirdapirac gadmoetanaT, imaze srulebiT
daufiqreblad, rom iq rame sakuTari SeetanaT. aseTi aris Sua
saukuneebSi abanoTa xuroTmoZRvreba. magaliTad, dmanisSi,
aris cixis abano, daaxloebiT XIII saukunis bolosi an XIV sau-
kunisa, romelSic aris trompebi da, wesiT, X saukunis unda
iyos, magram mas qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan araviTari ka-
vSiri ar aqvs. is pirdapir aris gadmotanili islamuri samya-
rodan da isevea gakeTebuli, rogorc iq akeTebdnen. es merec
asea, abanoTa xuroTmoZRvreba sul sadRac iyureba. qarTveli
Tavs ar iwuxebs imiT, rom iq sxvanairi struqtura moifiqros.
ase aSenebdnen Cveni pitiaxSebi manamde romaul abanoebs da
sul ar Relavdnen, rom is CrdiloeT afrikaSi romeliRac
abanos Zalian hgavda. wyali modioda da cxeldeboda, adamiani
mowesrigebas SeZlebda da danarCens mniSvneloba ar hqonda.

123
 aseTi ucnauri damokidebuleba wmindad yofiTi, utilitaru-
li mSeneblobisadmi dResac ki Cveni kulturis nawilia. dRe-
sac ki, me mgonia, Cven SeiZleba ar gvindodes, rom romelime
Teatris Senoba zustad iseTive iyos, rogoric avstraliaSia,
magram, Tu rkinigzis xidi an romelime gza iseTive teqnolo-
giiT aSendeba, rogoric samxreT afrikaSi gamoiyenes, amaze
Cvengan aravin aReldeba. arc ki vikiTxavT, radgan Cven es sru-
lebiT ar gvainteresebs. ai, Tundac anZa, romelzec mavTule-
bia gabmuli! gana Zalian vwuxvarT imis gamo, rom zustad ase-
Ti anZebia sadRac CrdiloeT polusis siaxloves? vRelavT?
ara! Cven es ar gvekareba, arada aris qveynebi, romlebisTvisac
es didi ambavia, magaliTad, undaT, hqondeT avtomobili _ Ta-
visi da sxvanairi. maT es ase undaT! Tu romelime qarTve-
li avtomobils Seqmnis, ise moxdeba, rom mainc germaniasa an
amerikaSi gavakeTebT, radgan Cven saSualeba ar gveqneba da,
rasakvirvelia, gagvaxarebs Cvenianis naxelavi, magram avRel-
debiT ki imiT, rom is sxvagan gakeTda? iyo ori gasaocari
aviakonstruqtori, orive _ SeerTebul StatebSi, romlebmac
sanaxevrod Seqmnes amerikuli samxedro aviacia da piradad me
Zalian mixaria, rom am uzarmazar qveyanaSi qarTvelis gakeTe-
buli TviTmfrinavi dafrinavs. ra maxarebs, kacma rom Tqvas,
magram vici, rom aq amas ver SeZlebdnen da romc gaekeTebinaT,
sul erTia, mainc maTTvis unda mieyidaT. SeiZleba amitomaa an
SeiZleba imitomac, rom patara qveyana varT, yvelafris mwar-
moebel-gamkeTeblebi ver viqnebiT da gvirCevnia, davixarjoT
imaze, risi gakeTebac TviTonve SegviZlia da ar vidardoT yo-
fiTad mosaxmarze, romelsac pirdapir sxvisgan gadmoviRebT.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sagulisxmoa, rom am drois ramde-
nime aseTi nageboba arsebobs. is sxva ambavia, rom maT mov-
la unda da maT gadasarCenad raRac mosafiqrebelia. ai, erT-
erTs, nekresis sasaxles, axla gaukeTda gadaxurva, aRdga sar-
TulSua gadaxurvac da, sxvaTa Soris, amis Taobaze iyo didi
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. piradad me Zalian gamixarda imitom, rom
ocnebad mqonda, meore sarTulis fanjridan gadmomexeda.
marTalia, veRarasdros gadmovixedav, magram is rom arsebobs

124
da wvima aRar Cadis, Zalian maxarebs, miT umetes, pirvel sar-
Tulze aris Zveli marani, rogorc Cans, IX saukunis droinde-
li, romelic ar unda gaoxrdes da gafuWdes. axla Seinaxeba da
aRaraferi emuqreba. raRac mosafiqrebelia danarCeni amgvari
nagebobebisTvisac. es ar iqneba advili, magram, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, fiqri zedmeti da mavnebeli arasdros yofila, amitom
SeviwuxoT Tavi da egeb rame kargi movifiqroT.
mTeli es moZraoba _ Zalian cxoveli moZraoba fiqrisa
da gancdisa, romelsac Cvens xuroTmoZRvrebTan VII saukunis
Sua xanebidan X saukunis pirvel aTwleulebis CaTvliT vxeda-
vT, X saukunis Sua xanisaTvis dasasrulamde midis. es yvelaze
ukeT gamoixateba imiT, rom swored am dros yalibdeba raRac
elementebi, romlebic sul iqneba _ es, pirvel yovlisa, isev
da isev aris Semkulobis sistema da erTgvari proporciuli
sistema, romelic mere, aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis mixed-
viT, yovelTvis erTnairi araa, magram garkveul farglebSia.
Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, es ukve aris arqiteqtura, sa-
dac vertikali, maRlivoba Senobisa, aSkarad gamoxatuli unda
iyos da maSinve unda Candes _ metad an naklebad, magram unda
Candes. es ase iqneba mere, ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
amas garda, yalibdeba morTvis sistema, romelSic agreTve Se-
dis garkveuli cvlilebebi, magram isini ukve sxva raRacas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli da, pirvel xanebSi, X saukunis Suidan
XI saukunis Sua wlebamde, gamoixateba imiT, rom xdeba Sen-
obaTa TaRebiT Semosaltva. es aris mamkobi TaRebi, romle-
bic SeiZleba TiTqosda kedelSi iyos Caweuli, CaZiruli anu
kedlis sibrtyeebiT Seqmnili an kedelze zemodan dadebuli
lilviT moxazuli. SeiZleba, SeTavsebuli iyos erTica da meo-
rec. asea, magaliTad, iSxnis taZris kedlebze, sadac gasaoca-
ri plastika gamodis. mgoni, SeiZleba, calke daayeno es lil-
vovani TaRebi, romlebic imdenad Ronieria, rom albaT arc ki
daingreva. sarkmlebsa da karebs am dros ukve ukeTdeba sapire
moCarCoeba. kvlavac Sendeba nagebobebi, sadac dekori an sul
ar aris, an Zalian mwiria, magram Tu aris (ukve X saukunis
meore naxevridan), aseTia da ara sxvanairi. Zalian iSviaTia,

125
 rom vinme isev TavsarTs iyenebdes da Tu iyenebs, e.i. Zalian
ukan iyureba. mizezi SeiZleba arcodna iyos an warsulisken
Segnebulad Tvalis gapareba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es elementi
aucileblad iqneba.
am formebisa da elementebis saboloo Camoyalibeba da,
amasTanave, Camoyalibeba mxatvruli mTelisa, sadac Cven mud-
mivad vxedavT moZraobas, sadac formebi Cagvagoneben Tvalis
gayolebas da gancdas imisas, rom Cven Tvals vayolebT, ga-
davadgildebiT, radgan gvinda, davinaxoT SenobaSi kidev ra-
Rac _ am yvelafris pirveli dajameba X saukunis Sua xanebSi,
ufro zustad ki, 960 wlisTvis xdeba. am dros amgvari sami
sakvanZo nageboba igeba _ kumurdos taZari javaxeTSi, oSkis
taZari taoSi da moqvis taZari eTnografiul afxazeTSi, anu
Crdilo-dasavleT mxareSi Cveni qveynisa. ori maTgani dRes
CvenTvis miudgomelia. isini erTmaneTs Zalian naklebad hgva-
nan, Tqven rom erTmaneTis gverdiT fotoebi dagidon, albaT
verc mixvdebiT, maT saerTo ra aqvT, Tumca mxatvruli gana-
zreba _ mxatvruli xedva da mizani, is zemoqmedeba, romelic
Caifiqra xuroTmoZRvarma _ erTi bunebisaa. xuroTmoZRvre-
bi sxvadasxvani arian, maTi xedva erTnairi araa, magram erTi
mimarTulebisaa. SeiZleba, es daxasiaTdes ase: erTi mxriv,
es aris wagrZelebuli, SemaRlebuli nagebobebi, romlebSic
swrafva zeviT da win Zalian gamoxatulia. es aris nagebobebi,
romlebSic Tqven xedavT formis formaSi gadasvlas. Tumca,
amave dros, es aris nagebobebi, romlebSic mamkobi elemente-
bi Tu calkeuli formebi garkveul damoukideblobas mainc
inarCunebs. es amgvarad SeiZleba warmoidginos adamianma (es
saxe, Sedareba, bevri wlis win movigone da mrcxvenia, rom
erTsa da imaves vimeoreb, magram ra vqna, ukeTesi ar mafiqr-
deba): es zustad isea, rogorc mTis mdinaris Wavli, romelic
moedineba da uceb SeCerdeba, Tuki qva daxvdeba. SeCerebebi
rom ar iyos, Cven albaT mdinaris siswrafes ver davinaxavdiT,
Seyovneba rom ar iyos, siswrafes ver SevafasebdiT an davi-
naxavdiT, magram moZraobas ver aRviqvamdiT. Cven, am SemTxve-
vaSi, mas aRviqvamT imitom, rom qvam Seayovna. Semouara qvas

126
wyalma da gaagrZela moZraoba, dineba xom ar Sewyvetila? Tu-
mca Cven davinaxeT, rogor Seayursa man Tavisi energia, raTa
daZlios dabrkoleba.
CemTvis X saukunis arqiteqturuli forma aseTia. davuS-
vaT, kumurdos taZarSi SigniT SexvediT. maRali sivrcea, Tva-
li zeviT wavida da odnav Seyovnda. iq svetis Tavze festone-
bia, Semdeg svetis Tavia, Semdeg patara elementia gasaRebis
gasayreliviT, CuqurTmaa am elementebze da warmoidgineT,
isea mozomili am CuqurTmis siRrme Tu zoma, rom maRalzec
kargad Cans. Tvali Seyovnda, magram ar gaCerda. forma moZ-
raobs, magram odnavi plastikuri aqcentebi aqvs. formis aseTi
gancda CemTvis formulisebr aris gamoxatuli afra-trompiT,
romelic ukve vaxseneT. trompi aris zedapiri, romelic Tvals
aCerebs imitom, rom patara mRvimesaviTaa. afra is zedapiria,
romelic Tvals ar aCerebs. konstruqciulad aSeneben afras
da Sig svamen tromps. ratom? etyoba, undaT, rom Tvali Seyo-
vndes, magram ara ise, rogorc mas namdvili trompi gaaCerebda,
Seyovndes odnav mainc _ aRiqvas kvanZi, rogorc aseTi, dai-
naxos, rom es zemswrafi energia marTlac didi energiaa da
zeviT rom avides, kidev unda gadalaxos, ai, es elementi. da
marTlac, TiTqos ganicdeba Rone, energia, romelic cxovrobs
formaSi da romelsac SeuZlia, gaaerTianos es plastikurad
gamokveTili elementebi, Tanac, miuxedavad maTi arsebobisa,
SeinarCunos erTianoba. gava sul cota xani, naxevari saukune
da ostatebs aRar moundebaT aseTi dabrkolebebis Seqmna, maT
moundebaT swored erTianad medini forma, magram X saukuneSi
amgvari dauSromeli moZraoba Tvalisa jer mainc ar undaT
_ maT undaT, gangvacdevinon sxvagvari energiuloba. piradad
CemTvis X saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba (da marTali rom vTqva,
ar mgonia mTlad subieqturi viyo, Tumca me is Zalian momwons
da amitom SeiZleba ufro mZafrad aRviqvam) es aris arqiteq-
tura, romelic aSkarad gagrZnobinebT masSi Cadebul Zalian
did Zalas. es aris arqiteqtura, romelSic uzarmazari energia
feTqavs. ufro daxvewil (ara ukeTesobis, aramed Camoqnilobis
TvalsazrisiT) XI saukunis arqiteqturaSi es Zala naklebia,

127
 SeiZleba, mxolod alaverdis taZars aqvs _ iq imxela moculo-
bebia, rom es moaqvs, X saukunis sruliad rigiT, xuroTmoZR-
vrulad zogjer arcTu mniSvnelovan nagebobebSi ki Tundac
erTmaneTze Sewyobili ucnauri, didi qvebi Tqven am Zalas yo-
velTvis gagrZnobineben. TiTqos am nagebobebs sxva zomis ada-
mianebi aSeneben, mTlad devebi da goliaTebi ara, magram sxva-
nairad Ronierebi. TiTqos did qvebs mxarze ase TamaS-TamaS
wamoigdeben, mere mivlen da pirdapir kedels daadeben, iqve
duRabic gamzadebulia, daadeben da meore didi lodis mosata-
nad midian. Tanac am yvelaferSi Cans kidev erTi sxva Tviseba.
axla rasac vityvi, unda mapatioT, radgan albaT Zalian
elitaristulad da cudad JRers. marina cvetaevas aqvs erTi
leqsi, romelsac Tavisi gardacvlili nacnobis xsovnas uZRv-
nis. is moskovis samxatvro akademiaSi msaxiobebs qcevis wesebs
aswavlida da Tavadac cnobili iyo imiT, rom Tavis daWera uza-
dod icoda. 1918 wels gardaicvala. axali momxdari iyo bol-
Sevikuri revolucia da iyo umkacresi zamTari, SimSili, erTi
sityviT, yvelaferi is, rac nebismier omsa da gadatrialebas
mosdevs. cvetaeva aseT rames ambobs, koJrebiani xelebis bnel
samefoSi daikrifa Seni ulamazesi xelebio. Cveni xelovneba
da, mgonia, rom saerTod aranairi namdvili xelovneba, ise-
ve, rogorc araferi namdvilad azriani, ar iqmneba koJriani
xelebiT. koJriani xeli, Tu is namdvil Semoqmeds ekuTvnis,
iseTia, rom koJrs veRar xedavT, koJri am xelis nawili xdeba
da Tu amCnevT, rogori gawamebulia adamiani, ramxela jafa
CaanTxia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, e.i. raRac rigze ver aris mis
romanSi, filosofiur traqtatSi, simfoniasa Tu nagebobaSi.
aseTi kanonzomierebac arsebobs, araabsoluturi _ bevri ram,
rac aRiqmeba, rogorc Zalian iolad gakeTebuli, didi wva-
lebiTaa Seqmnili, magram es ver unda igrZnoT. ramdeni saaTi
dasWirda, vTqvaT, meviolines, rom Seesrulebina raRac pasa-
Ji, Cveni saqme ar aris. man me unda momasmeninos musika da masSi
ar unda iyos wvaleba. sxvaTa Soris, Sefasebis erT-erTi kri-
teriumi aseTia: Tuki grZnobT, rom adamiani swrafad ukravs,

128
es niSnavs, rom is mTlad kargad ver ukravs. kargad rodesac
ukraven, Tqven es imdenad martivi geCvenebaT, rom sul ver
aRiqvamT, raime teqnikuri dabrkoleba Tu arsebobda. Tuki
fiqrobT, rogor moaxerxa musikosma amodena akordis aReba,
raRac rigze ver aris, raRac daZleuli ar aris.
ai, am arqiteqturaSi aris energia, romelsac koJrebi ar
uCndeba, romelsac SeuZlia yvelaferi TamaS-TamaS Seqmnas,
oRond, es ar aris lazRandaroba. es aris TamaSi im azriT,
rogoriTac TamaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo romeliRac, cxadia,
araqristianuli, sataZro qmedeba an daviT winaswarmetyvelis
rokva kidobanTan. es TamaSia im gagebiT, rom ar aris aucile-
beli cxovrebiseulad _ arc muclis amosayorad, arc tkbi-
li ZilisaTvis da arc gasaTbobad. es raRac sxvisTvis aris
saWiro. is TiTqos Tavisufalia yofis borkilebisagan da aris
mxolod ise, rogorc Semoqmedeba. ai, am azriTaa TamaS-TamaSi,
TamaSi, romelic SeiZleba ufro seriozulia, vidre bevri sxva
ram, magaliTad, romelime ormos amoTxra, raTa mere qvemodan
wyali amovides. kargi ram aris Wa, magram albaT yvelaze kargi
maSin aris, rodesac xedavT imas, rom is lamazia da ara mxo-
lod imas, rom is sasargebloa. am xelovnebaSi, am azriT, mZime,
nawvalebi araferi ar aris. es aris didi energia, romelsac ar
eZneleba ragind mZime qvis atana, ragind CaxlarTuli formis
gakeTeba, ragind rTuli konstruqciis amoyvana. misTvis yve-
laferi aris advili. CemTvis aseTia X saukunis arqiteqtura
da ase aboloebs is gardamavali xanis xuroTmoZRvrebas.
aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am dros,
X saukunis meore naxevaSi, qarTul qveynebSi, SemoqmedebiTi
TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad winaurdeba samxreTi saqarTvelo, bag-
rationTa sauflo, sadac xerxdeba erTgvari dajameba yvelaf-
risa, rac maSin mTel saqarTveloSi xdeboda. es pirveli Seja-
mebaa, mere, rogorc Cans, kidev iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa
_ is aboloebs dekoratiuli elementebis Camoqnas. swored
aq, samxreT saqarTveloSi, Cven pirvelad vxedavT am elemen-
tebs Camoyalibebuli saxiT. aq vxedavT Tugind afra-tromps,

129
 vxedavT TaRTa amgvar sistemebs. dasrulebuli saxiT isini
aq, samxreT saqarTveloSia, Tumca maTi winasaxeebi qarTlSia,
kaxeTSia.
xdeba bagrationTa saxlis aRzeveba, Tumca, sxvaTa Soris,
TavisTavad bagrationebis SigniT am dros didi siamtkbilo-
ba araa da maincdamainc Zlieri Tavad es saxlic ver aris
imitom, rom erTmaneTs ebrZvian. mogexsenebaT, Tu Signidan
gaiyo ojaxi, es didi ubedurebaa, magram SemoqmedebiTad aq
raRac xdeba. axla rac unda vTqva, mistikas hgavs da amitom
jobia, axsnas Tavi davanebo, ubralod faqtia, rom es ase mo-
xda. ai, aq, am monastrebSi, romelTagan zogierTi jer kidev
TviTon wm. grigolma Seqmna, grigol xanZTelisagan micemuli
biZgiT wamovida mZlavri samonastro moZraoba. mis xanZTa-
Si Sendeba, magaliTad, X saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi taZari,
romelic momdevno arqiteqturuli ZiebisaTvis umniSvnelo-
vanesia, erT-erTi sakvanZoa. kidevac viciT misi avtoris sa-
xeli _ amona _ romelic Semogvinaxa giorgi merCulem da mas
araCveulebrivi daxasiaTebac aqvs: akurTxos RmerTma amona,
yovliTa sibrZniTa ganmasrulebeli xanZTisaÁ. ra Tqma unda,
merCulem is gamoarCia da sul 20 welia, rac gairkva, rom
srulebiT samarTlianadac gamoarCia. b-nma vaxtang jobaZem
aCvena, rom swored xanZTis taZari aris is mijna, romlis Sem-
degac iwyeba ukve raRac sxva. X saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba aq
aris. saboloo saxe mas jer ar miuRia, magram aqedan modis
yvelaferi, rac mere Camoyalibdeba. erTgvari Semobrune-
bis wertili aris aq da Semdeg ukve kvlavac bagrationTa-
gan daarsebul sxva monastrebSic _ oSkSi, xaxulSi, oTxTa
eklesiaSi Tu ramdenimegzis gadakeTebul-ganaxlebul iSxanSi
_ romlebic agrZeleben samxreT qarTul saeklesio tradi-
cias. samxreTqarTuli taZrebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Cndeba is
axali, rac Semdeg ukve XI saukuneSi nel-nela mTeli qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis wesi Seiqneba.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi Semoq-
medeba ar aris. ra Tqma unda, ara! mxolod, roca raimeze vam-
bobT, rom aris istoriulad progresuli, vgulisxmobT, rom

130
is Semdgom povebs ganviTarebas. sadRac is ufro adre gamoCn-
da da es aris progresuli. raime regresuli mxatvruli Rir-
sebiT SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos, magram is iqneba istoriulad
uperspeqtivo. Tumca SeiZleba iyos perspeqtiuli, oRond ara
uSualod Semdgomi aTwleulebisTvis aramed, dauSvaT, 2 sau-
kunis Semdeg. ai, ase aris Tundac XVII saukunisa da XVIII sau-
kunis dasawyisis evropuli musika, romelic Tavis droze da-
viwyebas mieca da Semdeg, XIX saukunis bolos, iZleva impulss.
is impulss aZlevs ara Tavis uSualo memkvidreebs, aramed
ufro Soreulebs, romlebic mas pirdapir baZaven. am azriT,
swored istoriuli progresulobis TvalsazrisiT, aris Za-
lian mniSvnelovani am xanis samxreTqarTuli, pirvel yovlisa,
taos, arqiteqturuli qmnilebebi. am nagebobaSi (ufro zus-
tad, or nagebobaSi, romelTagan erTi ar viciT da mxolod
vvaraudobT, rom aseTi iyo), romelic Tumc Zalian Selaxu-
li, nakluli, magram mainc SemogvrCa, gasaxierda istoriulad
sxvadasxva kuTxobrivi nakadebis Sexvedra da samxreTqarTuli
nakadis erTgvari gamarjveba moxda.
es is nagebobebia, romlebic bagrat III-is saxels ukavSir-
deba. mogexsenebaT, bagrat III is xelmwifea, romlis xelSic,
farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg, kidev erTxel mox-
da istoriuli saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela miwis gaerTianeba.
TiTqmis yvelasi, radgan darCa Tbilisi _ Tbilisis saamiro _
romelic man ver moipova, xolo danarCeni saqarTvelo raRac
dros gaaerTiana. albaT yvela mixvdeba, rom am taZarTagan
erT-erTi aris quTaisis e.w. bagratis taZari, sinamdvile-
Si _ RvTismSoblis miZinebis quTaisis saepiskoposo eklesia.
1990-iani wlebidan araerTxel dadga misi aRgenis sakiTxi da
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom erT-erTi argumenti, erT-erTi gu-
listkivili iyo swored is, rom ar SeiZleba, dangreuli iyos
saqarTvelos erTianobis ganmasaxierebeli taZari. amas pirda-
pir ambobda, Tu ar vcdebi, b-ni rezo WeiSvili: es aris gan-
saxiereba erTianobisa, rogor gvinda, gagvierTiandes qveya-
na, Tuki misi simbolo dangreuli da Tavgadaxdili gvaqvs?!

131
 SeiZleba, viRacisTvis es paTetika iyos, magram ase ar aris
imitom, rom yvelaferi, rac adamianma Seqmna, sxva adamianebi-
saTvis istoriis msvlelobisas damatebiT datvirTvas iZens.
Cven viciT, rom bagratis gvirgvinqveS gaerTianda saqarTve-
lo da man es taZari srulebiT sagangebod aaSena. mematiane
pirdapir ambobs, yvela kuTxis episkoposi moiyvana da ise
akurTxebinao. ratom? man TviTonve Cado es datvirTva, gana
Cven movigoneT, gana marto Cven amovikiTxeT. ase dainaxes es
mis dros, ase vxedavT Cven dResac da es imas niSnavs, rom misi
survili, misi idea marTlac xorcSesxmulia. is agrZelebs ar-
sebobas im formiT, romelic ostatisa Tu ostatTagan Seiqm-
na. ra da rogor aris aq, amaze ukve Semdgom visaubroT.

132
8. afxazeTis arqiteqtura

Cven, erTi SexedviT, davasruleT saubari X saukunis xuroT-

moZRvrebaze da kidevac vTqviT, rom XI saukunem erTgvarad
daabolova X saukunis ostatebis SemoqmedebiTi Rwva, Zieba,
da muSaoba. Tumca dagvrCa, ufro sworad, migvrCa, sakiTxi,
romelzec aucileblad unda iTqvas, vinaidan is ukiduresad
saWirborotoa. albaT saWiro ar iqneba bevri ganmarteba, Tu vi-
tyvi, rom es afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis problemaa.
afxazeTis, dRevandeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri respub-
likis, farglebSi moqceuli arqiteqtura ukve karga xania
aris viTom mecnieruli da sinamdvileSi Zalian gamWvirvale
politikuri miTqma-moTqmisa da pirdapiri spekulirebis sa-
gani. 1970-ian wlebSi, jer kidev 1960-iani wlebis bolodanac,
iwereboda xan wignebi, xan werilebi, romlebic iseT STabeW-
dilebas qmnida, TiTqos afxazeTi sadRac italiasa da saberZ-
neTs Soris yofiliyo ganlagebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, masze
raRacnairad mTeli qveyniereba axdenda gavlenas da erTa-
derTi qveyana, romelsac masTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda,
saqarTvelo iyo. savsebiT gasagebia, ratomac iwereboda ase,
magram faqtia, rom am Zalian saeWvo xarisxis msjelobebma da
kvlevebma (e.w. kvlevebma) nayofi moitana. faqtia isic, rom
Seiqmna ideologia, romelic afxazeTis dRevandeli mcxov-
reblebis albaT Zalian didi nawilis TavSi damkvidrebulia
da gansazRvravs sakuTari qveynis istoriis imgvar xedvas,
rogoric maT aqvT.
Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, is gamoiyureba ase: yvelaferi
bizantiuri iyo, Semdeg ki, X saukunis bolos an sulac XI sau-
kuneSi, Semovarda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, daipyro afxaze-
Ti da iq Tavis gemoze aSenebda eklesiebs. ai, ase gamoiyureba
es istoria imitom, rom erTaderTi, rac SeuZliaT daasaxelon
afxazeTis Taviseburebad isaa, rom is bizantiuria. magali-
Tad, xdeba aseTi ambebic: erTi iq mcxovrebi rusi qalbato-
ni, Zalian naklebad sindisieri mkvlevari, aTariRebs erT-erT

133
 filas, romelic ueWvelad X saukunisaa, magram mas unda, rom
is V saukunis iyos. rogor aTariRebs? aiRo XX saukunis na-
qargoba, gakeTebuli gaugebari warmoSobis nimuSiT, romelic
namdvilad araa Sesrulebuli V saukunis CanaxatebiT da ga-
moacxada, rom es aris afxazuri folkloris motivi. saocrad
uwignuri daskvnaa, radgan farSevangebis motivs afxazur
folklorTan dakavSireba sul ar sWirdeboda. Semdeg ufro
seriozulma mkvlevrebma am Taviseburebis ZiebaSi gamoTqves,
magaliTad, mosazreba, rom biWvinTis mozaikaze gamosaxuli
furi Tu xbo aris romeliRac afxazur leqssa Tu legendaSi.
ukiduresad araseriozulia, vifiqroT, rom V saukuneSi viRa-
cam an maincdamainc es legenda gaiTvaliswina, an maincdamainc
es leqsi da saerTodac, aris ki es imdroindeli? Tanac furi
nuTu dedamiwaze sxvagan arsad yofila da imdenad specifiku-
rad afxazuri movlenaa, rom marto am motiviT SegviZlia rame
saerTod davasabuToT? aseT msjelobebs, aseT wiaRsvlebs
SeuZlia, moitanos mxolod ziani da, ra Tqma unda, maT es
ziani moitanes. kidev erTi Zalian cudi ram, rac amgvar fse-
vdomecnierebas Wirs, is aris, rom, Semdeg, rodesac mas gaaba-
Tileben da gaamtyuneben, eWvis qveS dgeba saerTod yovelgva-
ri codna da saWiro xdeba imis mtkiceba, rom qva qva aris da
aguri aguria. amitom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gadavdgaT
aseTi daufiqrebeli da politizebuli nabijebi. mecnierebze
ver vityvi, magram, samwuxarod, am mxriv, arc garkveuli tipis
qarTveli gamomsvlelebi da oratorebi arian mTlad ucod-
velni imitom, rom maTac bevri daufiqrebeli da mouzomavi
uTqvamT, ramac uamravi ubedureba moitana da kvlavac moaqvs.
me mainc vfiqrob, rom jobs, yovelgvar Teorias Tavi
davaneboT da ubralod SevxedoT imas, Tu ra aris saqarT-
velos am mxareSi SemorCenili. pirvel yovlisa, gavixsenoT
misi geografiuli sazRvrebi. Cven xom viciT _ avtonomiuri
respublika ar emTxveva eTnografiul afxazeTs. eTnografiu-
li afxazeTi iwyeboda ufro CrdiloeTiT. kargi, amasac Tavi
davaneboT imitom, rom gansaxleba Tavad afxazebisa cvaleba-
dia da SeiZleba raRac dros isini aqeT iyvnen da mere iqiT

134
wavidnen an, piriqiT, jer viwrod iyvnen da mere gansaxldnen.
davaneboT amas Tavi da vilaparakoT imaze, rac am dRevan-
del sazRvrebSi dgas. jer erTi, rac SemorCenilia, bevri ar
aris _ aris nagebobebi, romlebic arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTaa
gamovlenili, aris Zalian dangreuli taZrebic, aris iseTe-
bic, romlebic dgas, magram amgvari viTarebis SemTxvevaSic ki
srulebiT aSkaraa ori movlena.
marTlac aris nagebobebi, romlebic bizantiuria. aseTi
iyo, magaliTad, gegmiT SemorCenili biWvinTis bazilikebi,
romlebic namdvilad mcireaziuri nimuSiT aris aSenebuli.
amaSi gasakviri araferia, radgan es qalaqi aris adgilas, ro-
melsac berZnuli saxeli hqvia. iq romauli garnizoni dgas
da mosaxleoba berZnulenovania. marTalia, imave bazilikis
mozaikuri iatakis warweraSi moxseniebuli saxeli arc romau-
lia da arc berZnuli da albaT adgilobrivi macxovreblis,
mkvidris saxeli unda iyos, magram xom cxadia, rom am qalaqSi
wamyvani Zala aris ucxotomeli da ara adgilobrivi kaci, ro-
melic iq dasaxlda da maT gverdiT cxovrobs, magram warweras
berZnulad wers. mas ostatebic iseTi hyavs, rom iqneb kidevac
iyvnen adgilobrivni, magram maTi xelovneba, yovel SemTxveva-
Si, me ase mgonia, ver CaiTvleba raime adgilobriv qarTul mo-
vlenad. es aris raRac zogadad aRmosavlurqristianuli _ is
hgavs palestinurs, hgavs siriuls. aki vambob, SeiZleba aqauri
ostatia an SeiZleba ar aris aqauri ostati _ amas principu-
li mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radgan, rogorc mxatvruli movlena,
is ar warmoadgens arafer specifikurs. gasakviri swored is
iqneboda, rom am qalaqebSi uceb sveticxovlebi da mcxeTis
jvris taZrebi mdgariyo. es iqneboda Zalian ucnauri, miT ume-
tes, rom, rogorc etyoba, es wminda wylis bizantiuri samSe-
neblo xelovneba sakmaod Semosulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi
da egriseli, berZnuli nomenklaturiT _ lazikis, mefeebis
dedaqalaqi noqalaqevi imdagvarivea. iqac mowveuli ostate-
bi aSeneben. rogorc Cans, adgilobriv xelisufals ase urCe-
vnia da es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom berZnebi iq,
sul cota, Zv.w. V saukunidan mainc saxloben. warmogidgeniaT,

135
 1 000 weli iq arian?! Tanac es aris dawinaurebuli kultura,
romelic egviptesa da romsac ki moaxvies Tavs da lazikaSi
ratom ar moaxdenda gavlenas? ufro ucnauri isaa, rom bevr
rameze ver moaxdina zegavlena, Torem qalaqur dasaxlebebSi
rom misi kvali Candes da, vTqvaT, berZen ostats epatiJebod-
nen, mgoni, Zalian gasagebia. aq araferi aris iseTi, rasac ada-
miani ver mixvdeba da ver warmoidgens.
amasTan erTad, aris sxva movlenebic. magaliTad, yovelT-
vis vambob da SeiZleba vaxsene kidec, rom VI saukuneSi gagraSi
gvaqvs eklesia _ sameklesiiani bazilika, dgas cixis gverdiT,
romelic aaSenes bizantielebma da imave wyobiT aris aSene-
buli qarTuli tipis eklesia. absoluturad gaugebaria, es
rogor moxda da ratom aaSenes is ostatebma, romlebic bizan-
tiurma xelisuflebam daiqirava da albaT Tavisi xalxi uTava.
ar mgonia, mTaSi wasuliyvnen, svani CamoeyvanaT da eTqvaT,
Sen aaSeneo, albaT mainc vinme Tavisas etyodnen. ratom aaSena
man qarTuli rigis eklesia? SeiZleba, eklesias adgilobrivi
ostati aSenebs da cixes _ sxva. Tu asea, maSin wyoba ratom
hgavs ase? SeiZleba, damkveTma uTxra, amisTana amiSene, raki me
miSenebo da me Tu mkiTxavT, es ufro ucnauria. Cven aseve gva-
qvs drandis taZari. is didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saepiskoposo
iyo da piradad me viziareb mis daTariRebas VIII saukuniT. es
aris berZnuli arqiteqtura _ nagebi aguriT, aguris imgvari
wyobiT, romelic iq iyo miRebuli, Zalian ganieri proporcie-
biTa da dabali gumbaTiT, rogoric adrebizantiurma xuroT-
moZRvrebam icis. SigniT gumbaTi rotondaze dgas, rac Cveni
arqiteqturisaTvis agreTve sakmaod ucxoa (Tumca aris erTi
rotonda, romelic dmanisTan aRmoCnda, magram is sworedac
rom gamonaklisia da ara wesi. iqac, vfiqrob, es erTgvari
importia, saidanRac Semovida da albaT mosaZebnia politi-
kuri garemoeba, romelmac es SesaZlebeli gaxada, maSin gavi-
gebT, is iq rogor gaCnda). ucnauri is aris, rom am berZnul
xelobasac aqvs detalebi da, rogorc Cans, isinic romeliRac
sxva wyarodan modis _ patara TaRukebi, romlebic taZris sam
Sveril afsids erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. me sagangebod veZebe

136
es forma da ver vipove _ bizantiurma samyarom aseTi forma
ar icis. samagierod, es TaRebi Zalian kargad ebmis mcxeTis
jvris taZrebs, sadac sworad asea _ Sua da gverdiT oTaxebs
Soris TaRebia gadebuli da warmoiqmneba niSebi. ver warmo-
midgenia, kidev saidan SeiZleboda es gaCeniliyo, radgan aseT
afsidian sakurTxevlebs sxvagan amgvari forma ar axasiaTebs
da aqve ki, gverdiT, aseTi ram arsebobs. aki vambob, ucnuri es
aris, rom qarTulma elementma SeJona da ara is, rom berZenma
aaSena iq, sadac bevri berZeni cxovrobs. miT umetes, iq maSin
saepiskoposo saydrebic iyo da namdvilad berZeni episkopo-
sebi isxdnen.
daaxloebiT amave dros, cota adre, kidev erTi samekle-
siiani bazilika Sendeba _ cixis SigniT dgas cixis eklesiad. es
abaanTas cixea. Zalian dangreuli, magram Tlili qviT Zalian
kargad nagebi mSvenieri eklesiaa. is ratomRac qarTuli tipi-
saa da isic ar aris zRvis sanapirodan didad dacilebuli. ga-
dis cota xani da aseve zRvasTan axlos, biWvinTis siaxloves,
daaxloebiT IX saukuneSi didebul adgilas (dResac ki tyea)
Sendeba mSvenieri eklesia (am adgils ambara hqvia, koncxze
dgas, es koncxi miuseraa). dazianebuli, magram Zalian kar-
gi sameklesiiani bazilikaa. samxreTidan aqvs karibWe, rogo-
ric qarTlsa da samxreT saqarTveloSi icodnen, SemaRlebuli
frontoniT _ am tipis erT-erTi adreuli gverdiTi moculoba
taZrisa. amas garda, SigniT taZars aqvs patronike. dasavleT
mxares iq narTeqsia mowyobili, imis Tavze aris patronike da
Sua taZrisgan is gaiyofa tixriT, romelSic aris amoRebuli
ori TaRi. imis Tavze kidev erTi TaRia, oRond es sarTuli ar
aris, iq iataki ar yofila, is wminda wylis dekoria. aseTi pat-
ronikes erTaderTi SemTxveva aris gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi.
srulebiT aSkaraa, es gurjaanis yvelawmindidan gadmovida da,
Cans, moewonaT kidec imitom, rom albaT cota gvian am motivs
imeorebs ukve gumbaTiani arqiteqtura lixnis anu zufus ta-
ZarSi. iq aris aseTive tixari, kaxeTidan wamosuli.
me ar minda vTqva, rom es aRmosavleTqarTuli importia,
rom mivida qarTleli an kaxeli, auSena eklesia da ukan dab-

137
 runda. es ase ar aris. iq sxva proporciebia, odnav gansxvave-
buli sivrciTi struqturaa. vTqvaT, rogorc kaxeTi gansxva-
vdeba qarTlisagan, megruli simRera _ gurulisagan, aseTi
sxvaobebi namdvilad aris. am kuTxes aqvs Tavisi xuroTmoZRv-
ruli saxe, magram Tavs iCens es ucnauri saerTooba danarCen
saqarTvelosTan. is marTla ucnauria, istoriuli garemoebe-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, roca viciT, rom aq aris dominacia. ra-
Raca dros aq saxelmwifo saerTod ar aris da zis bizantieli
xelmwifis warmomadgeneli _ aRmosavleT romis imperatoris
xelisufali. ratom Sendeba am tipis qarTuli eklesiebi? es
ucnauria, gacilebiT ufro ucnauri, vidre sawinaaRmdego. da
mere, ukve IX saukunis bolodan, Cven vxedavT srulebiT ka-
nonzomier suraTs, rogor Sendeba eklesiebi da maTSi Zalian
sagulisxmoa Semdegi: erTxel Sexedav da geCveneba _ ara, es
albaT bizantielebisaa, mere iwyeb Zebnas, Tu ra aris bizan-
tielebTan amdagvari da ver poulob. ver poulob imitom,
rom ar aris. rodesac ufro CauRrmavdebi, aRmoaCen, rom aq
qarTuli arqiteqturisaa sworedac rom ZiriTadi maxasiaTe-
blebi da aris kidev cal-calke formebi, romlebic bizantiu-
ri arqiteqturidanaa SeTvisebuli. kidev vimeoreb _ savsebiT
bunebrivia, Tu ratom.
ra aris es taZrebi, pirvel yovlisa? es aris mSveneba am
kuTxis xuroTmoZRvrebisa _ ramdenime gumbaTiani taZari.
maTgan, rogorc Cans, uadresi, samwuxarod, Zalian dangreu-
lia, magram ZiriTadi elementebi SenarCunebulia. es aris bzi-
fis cixe da misi cixis eklesia. ar vici, ra mouvida _ gumbaTi
Cangreulia da misi mklavebi gapobilia. iqneb mizezi mewyeria
an miwisZvra. aseTi ngrevis suraTia, magram ar gaZarcula _
yvelaferi, rac Camovarda, iqve aris. ase rom, q-nma rusudan
gverdwiTelma am taZris grafikuli rekonstruqcia srulad,
udanakargod moaxerxa. yvela formis rekonstruireba iyo Se-
saZlebeli.
rogoria es taZrebi? es aris e.w. Cawerili jvris eklesiebi
anu gumbaTi oTx burjs eyrdnoba da Cveni, ase vTqvaT, modave-
ni gveubnebian, rom aseTi eklesiebi miRebulia bizantiaSi. ra

138
Tqma unda, miRebulia! is iq fexs ikidebs X saukunis dasawyisi-
dan da CvenSi dasturdeba VII saukunidan. logikurad, ra Tqma
unda, SeiZleboda iqidan Semosuliyo, magram aranakleb lo-
gikuria ivaraudo, rom es Semovida iqidan, sadac ukeTesad
aris cnobili. Tumca es varaudad darCeboda, bzifis taZars
samkauli rom ar hqonoda. saerTod, afxazeTis skola qvaze
kveTil dekors maincdamainc ar swyalobs, Tumca aseTi skole-
bic viciT. vTqvaT, qarTli da samxreTi saqarTvelo dekoris
moyvarulia, magram, gamorCeuli dekoriani Zeglebis gverdiT,
aris umkobi Zeglebic. zogadad, saukeTesos Tu moikiTxav,
samkauli, rogorc wesi, aqvs. kaxeTSi es ase ar aris, nakle-
bad aris afxazeTSic da naklebad aris, magaliTad, svaneTSic,
romelsac bizantiurobas, tyavidanac rom gamoZvre, mainc ver
daabraleb, bizantiurTan saerTo sul araferia, magram arc iq
aris samkauli, Zalian mwiri da iSviaTia. SeiZleba, es pirdapir
davabraloT masalas, magram mainc mgonia, rom, Tu adamians ra-
Rac Zalian unda, qvasac iSovis da rasac ginda moitans. roca
adamianebs raRac undaT, isini amas axerxeben, Tu ar akeTeben,
e.i. amis moTxovnileba ar aqvT. ai, ratom aris ase, es ki albaT
ukve saZiebelia. SeiZleba, amas rame axsna moeZebnos. piradad
me, amwuTas raime mecnieruli axsna ar meguleba _ ase aris da
morCa, unda davadasturoT aseTi viTareba.
asea Tu ise, bzifis taZris sarkmlebs aqvs mosarTavebi da
dekoratiuli TaRovani CarCo karzec aris Semovlebuli, xolo
qvaze kveTiloba _ sami jvari, erTmaneTSi gayrili rgolebi,
TavsarTi akecili boloebiT _ Zalian hgavs qarTlis arqite-
qturas. rodesac am fragmentebs Sexedav da dainaxav, ramde-
ni wamoiRes iqidan, mere ukve aRar fiqrob, rom maincdamainc
bizantiidan unda moetanaT. miT umetes, roca uyureb, rom
taZris samive kars (sami Sesasvleli aqvs samTave mklavSi) win
udgas veeberTela karibWeebi, TiTqmis mklavisxela, winpirze
didi TaRebiT. aseTi karibWeebi cnobilia aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi, kaxeTSi _ meti arsad! aseTebi aqvs iyalTos monastris
mTavar taZars (da axla kidev momixdeba iyalTos xseneba),
aris sxva eklesiebSic, hqonda barcanas eklesias, magaliTad,

139
 saingilos erT eklesias aqvs, qarTlis namonastralia da iqac
aris. es aris kaxuri forma. aris kaxuri karibWeebi, qarTluri
ornamentebi da ratom unda vifiqroT, rom gegmareba maincda-
mainc saidanRac aris motanili?
gansxvavebuli Tu rame aris, esaa afrebi, romlebic osta-
tebs SeeZloT drandaSi enaxaT. ufro sworad, afras ver naxa-
vdnen, radgan is rotondas ar sWirdeba, magram es Semrgvale-
buli zedapiri, romelzec gumbaTi amodis, SeeZloT iqve ena-
xaT. ar iyo saWiro Sors wasvla da mixvedra, rogor xdeba misi
amoyvana. Tundac samafsidiani sakurTxeveli drandaSic iyo
da aqaurobamac icoda. aqvs ganTiadis bazilikasac, am Zalian
ucnaur nagebobas, romlis daTariRebac Wirs. Tan samxreTkav-
kasiuria, Tan TiTqos mcireaziuric, SeiZleba raRac balkanu-
ric hqondes Sereuli, is ki aris rTuli SemTxveva da Cven ar
vmalavT, rom es savsebiT gasagebi arqiteqtura araa. ratom
unda vTqvaT tyuili? iq aris bevri ram, rac rTulad gasage-
bia da kidev muSaobas moiTxovs. Cven erTmniSvnelovnad arc
ki viciT, kamarovani iyo is Tu xiT gadaxuruli. piradad me
viziareb b-ni leo rCeuliSvilis azrs, rom is kamarovani iyo.
ase mgonia, radgan b-n leosTan erTad rac vnaxe, amaze miu-
TiTebda, magram rakiRa viRacas eWvi epareba, kidev da kidev
unda SevamowmoT. me, rogorc wesi, am eklesias ar ganvixilav,
imitom rom Zalian bevri ram aris iq saTuo da Tanac uanalo-
go, rac saqmes arTulebs, magram samnawiliani sakurTxeveli iq
aris. Sesabamisad, es formac, orive es forma, aq ukve aris, maT
es ukve ician. diax, mcire aziidan Semovida, rasakvirvelia,
magram aq is ukve kargad aris cnobili.
aSkarad bizantiuri elementi aqvs lixnis anu zufus ekle-
sias, romelic axlaxan vaxsene. iq aris Taviseburi forma gum-
baTisa, romelic TiTqos lebnebisganaa Sedgenili. warmoid-
gineT forToxali da misi nawevrebi, romlebic SeRrmavebuli
iqneboda. kovziT Tu amoiRebdiT da Semdeg raRacas daaxura-
vdiT, aseT gumbaTs miiRebdiT. ingliselebma amas `gogrisebri
gumbaTi“ daarqves. es specifikurad bizantiuri, konstantino-
poluri formaa. viRacas moewona da Camoitana, magram danar-

140
Cens ra vuyoT? jer erTi, lixnis taZari Zlier wagrZelebu-
lia maSin, roca bzifis taZari sworkuTxa iyo. saqme isaa, rom
bzifis taZari ufro Zveli unda iyos anu kvadratuls mosdevs
wagrZelebuli. es amdroindeli bizantiisaTvis absoluturad
gaugebari ramaa, radgan VII saukunidan bizantiaSi, piriqiT, V
da VI saukuneebis droindeli grZivi gegmebis damokleba da
dakvadrateba xdeba. Suabizantiur da gvianbizantiur arqi-
teqturaSi yvela gegma kvadratulia da SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom rihard krauthaimers, arqiteqturis istoriis cnobil
mkvlevars, akvirvebs trapezundis aia sofia, romelic odnav
wagrZelebulia. ar gaukvirdeboda, rom gaexeda samxreT kavka-
siisaken da enaxa, rom iq aris aseTi eklesiebi, sadac Cawerili
jvris tipis eklesia wagrZelebuli gegmis mqonea. bizantiam
es ar icis, iq amas, ubralod, ver naxavT. Tanac aseTi Tanmim-
devroba _ kvadratuli da wagrZelebuli _ bizantiuri ar-
qiteqturis istoriidan gamomdinare, ubralod, absurdulia.
iq ase ar SeiZleba, piriqiT unda iyos da Cveni masala ki amis
saSualebas ar gvaZlevs.
rogorc giTxariT, aq aris gurjaanidan wamosuli patro-
nikes gaformebis sqema. aris Zalian sada kedlebi, romleb-
Sic amoWrilia viwro sarkmlebi da Tqven sul xedavT kedels.
esec pirdapir gamomricxvelia bizantiuri esTetikisa. berZ-
nul (mcireazieli berZnebis, kontinetis berZnebisa Tu bal-
kaneTis berZnebis) arqiteqturaSi xdeba aseTi ucnauri ram _
aris erTi sarkmeli, uyurebT fasads, xedavT sarkmels da ke-
dels ver xedavT. marTali giTxraT, me yovelTvis ar SemiZlia
avxsna, ratom aris es ase, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac es
aSkaraa. ai, magaliTad, dafnis eklesiebs rom SexedoT an ho-
sios-lukasis monastrisas, es aris kedeli, romelSic amoRe-
bulia sammagi sarkmlebi da Zalian cota kedelia darCenili.
sul sarkmlebs da am sarkmlebis gamyof svetebs xedavT, sul
Riobebia. ase aris konstantinopoluri eklesiebi _ kedlebi
sul RiobebiT aris axdili. esTetika Riobzea agebuli, misi
dasayrdeni es aris. Cveni gare fasadis esTetika agebulia img-
vari sibrtyis aRqmaze, romelSic amoRebulia Riobi. asea ara

141
 imitom, rom me minda ase, aramed aseTia es arqiteqtura da
amave tradicias emxroba bzifis taZaric da lixnis eklesiac.
CemTvis, rogorc istorikosisaTvis, yvelaze sainte-
reso imis gaanalizeba iyo, Tu ra gveucxoeba Cven lixneSi.
gveucxoeba is, rom patara gumbaTi aqvs _ grZeli nagebobaa da
patara gumbaTi adgas. iqve aris es didi `kaxuri~ karibWeebi.
SeiZleba afxazuric davarqvaT, magram es isaa, rac kaxeTsa da
afxazeTs saziaro aqvT. aseTive didi karibWeebia, srulebiT
abizantiuri da zeviT _ es patara gumbaTi. marTali giTxraT,
mec vifiqre, etyoba, iqidan aris-meTqi. es Zalian didi xnis win
moxda, 1975 wels viyavi afxazeTSi. Tan vfiqrob, bizantiaSi
sad aris aseTi gumbaTebi, TiTqos ar maxsovs, magram aba sai-
dan movida? mgoni, roca Camovedi, raRac damWirda da daviwye
Zebna, gadameSala Tu gadavSale wigni iyalTos monasterze,
romelic amas winaT vaxsene. iyalTos dRes maRali gumbaTis
yeli aqvs da Cvens Tvals es Zalian moswons _ grZeli eklesia,
zed maRali gumbaTi adgas, Zalian kargad aris Sewonasworebu-
li. mTeli saqme is gaxlavT, rom es gumbaTi aris XIX saukunis,
Tu maincdamainc _ XVIII saukunis. ufro adre is ver aSendebo-
da. rom warmovidginoT, rogori gumbaTi SeiZleboda iq yo-
filiyo adre (arada viciT, rogori proporcia hqonda maSin
gumbaTebs), gamova, rom gumbaTis gadaxurvis wveri unda iyos
iq, sadac dRes aris gumbaTis yelis karnizi da miviRebT swo-
red iseTive patara gumbaTs, rogoric lixnes aqvs. mere sul
vfiqrobdi, rom rac bizantiuri megona, swored is aRmoCnda
kaxeTTan saziaro da sadac bizantias veZebdi, iq vipove sa-
qarTvelo. RmerTma icis, aseT rames verc ki warmovidgendi,
rom ar menaxa. namdvilad, sadac ucxo vigule, iq aRmoCnda
Cemeburi. TavisTavad es xom sagulisxmoa da aris kidev erTi
ram Zalian arsebiTi: gumbaTis yeli aq burjebs emyareba da
burjis kapiteli pirdapir gumbaTqveSa TaRis qveS aris maSin,
roca bizantiur arqiteqturaSi ase araa. iq burjis an svetis
kapiteli qvemoT aris, Semdeg kedelia da Semdeg ukve gumbaTi
Cndeba. ai, es _ pirdapir burjebze dadgmuli gumbaTi _ iq

142
Zalian iSviaTia, ar aris cnobili. Cvens arqiteqturaSi erTa-
derTi gamonaklisi arsebobs _ qsnis armazis eklesia, sadac,
rogorc Cans, iTamaSa ostatma da ar vici, sad hqonda nanaxi,
magram raRac ucxo yaidaze gaakeTa, etyoba, Tavi moiwona, am-
nairic vici, Tqven rom ar gagigiaT, me amisTanas gagikeTebTo.
CvenTan es yvelgan aris. ase iyo bzifSi, magram, radgan bzi-
fi dangreulia, ase TvalsaCino ar aris da lixneSi, romelic
dgas, es maSinve TvalSi gxvdeba.
lixnesTan aris dakavSirebuli kidev erTi saintereso am-
bavi. lixnis ukanaskneli safuZvliani restavracia XIV sauku-
neSi Catarda. Zalian cotaa Cvens qveyanaSi aseTi magaliTi,
rodesac mere gadakeTeba aRar momxdara. maSin Seucvales kar-
nizi, am srulebiT qvis eklesias aguris karnizi gaukeTes da
moxates. ai, momxatveli SeiZleba saberZneTidan iyos mosuli,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, esTetikiT is iqauri aris da, walenjixis
mxatvrobisa ar iyos, verc amas ganvixilavT qarTul mxat-
vrobad. Tumca es, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli kulturis faqtia.
qarTvelma damkveTma rom aseTi mxatvroba moindoma, esec ra-
Racas ambobs. moTxovnileba rom ar yofiliyo, risTvis moiy-
vanda Soridan, sxva Tu araferi, es xom gacilebiT Zviri dau-
jda? Tuki araferi daiSura, e.i. raRac undoda, raRac _ sxva.
SesaZloa, mas raime ar akmayofilebda imdroindel qarTul
mxatvrobaSi, romelic, mogexsenebaT, bolomde paleologos-
uri verafriT gaxda. Cvens ostatebs ar SeeZloT, bolomde
imdagvarebi yofiliyvnen, rogorebic maTi berZeni Tanamosa-
qmeni iyvnen. SeiZleba, am damkveTs mounda aseTi _ sul mT-
lad axali yaidis. iqneb isic imdroindeli progresisti iyo,
ifiqra, axalia da rad minda es Tqveni Zvelmanebio da berZens
dauZaxa. SeiZleba, vinme gagzavna da ostats SeuTvala, imis-
Tanas damixatav, rogorsac isini akeTeben, Torem ar damenaxo
TvaliTo, imanac iswavla da dauxata.
amis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, iq icvleboda mxolod saxuravi
da meti araferi. ai, ase dgas XIV saukunidan. Tumca erTi ram
daekarga da es aris Zalian saintereso detali, romelic afxa-
zur lixnis taZarsa da moqvis taZars amjerad ukve saziaro

143
 aqvs wirqolTan. es aris patronikes kibe, romelic CrdiloeT
kedelze modgmulia garedan. ratom akeTebdnen amas, ar vici,
magram ramdenime SemTxvevaa, rodesac es asea _ ratomRac ga-
redan adian. Tanac wirqolis eklesias ara aqvs narTeqsi, ara
aqvs winkari, ara aqvs talani da imaT _ aqvT. ratom ar akeTe-
ben Sida kibes, ar vici. ezodan siaruli miT ufro ucnauria,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi wvima icis
da ratom uxarodaT sakmaod grZel kibeze siaruli, ver ge-
tyviT. faqti arsebobs da, aki vambob, analogi mas qarTlSi
aqvs. ar mgonia, maT Soris uSualo kavSiri iyos, ubralod,
sainteresoa, rom aseTi damTxveva aris. arc is mgonia, rom
amas JamiswirvasTan hqondes kavSiri, magram SesaZloa, es daka-
vSirebuli iyos cxovrebis raime rigTan, raimes CatarebasTan.
ar vici, es momavalma unda aCvenos.
da, bolos, Cven gvaqvs didi taZari _ ori didi taZari. erTi
maTgani zustad TariRdeba. erTaderTi taZari afxazeTSi, ro-
melsac misdauneburad (misdauneburad imitom, rom warwera ar
Semogvinaxa) aqvs zusti TariRi, gaxlavT moqvis kaTedrali da
afxazTa mefeebis matiane masze ambobs, rom is aaSena leon kax-
Ta mefem. es cnoba Semdeg Semovida qarTul matianeSic, xolo
leon kaxTa mefe, Tavisda Wirad da Cvenda bedad, mefobda sul
10 weli _ 957 wlidan 967 wlamde. ai, am SualedSi unda aSe-
nebuliyo. ar mgonia, rogorc ki gvirgvini daidga, imwamsve
gaqceuliyo da taZris mSenebloba daewyo. albaT oriode wlis
Semdeg, sadRac 960 wlis axlos, daiwyeboda mSenebloba da 6-7
weliwadSi SeiZleba aSenda kidec. es, samwuxarod, Zalian Sela-
xuli taZaria. is mitovebuli iyo da, rogorc dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi xdeba xolme, mieZala xviara mcenareebi. me eWvi maqvs,
rom XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi is saerTodac ise gamoiyu-
reboda, rogorc didi buCqi da, sazogadod, ar Canda. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, roca ukve XX saukuneSi iq restavracia Catarda,
aRmoCnda, rom Sida perangis, interieris perangis, qvebs Soris
mcenareebis Zirebia da es mcenareebi ukve SigniTac iyo Sesu-
li. SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT, ras uzamda gare mopirkeTebas

144
es mcenareuloba, Tan am wvimian, notio havaSi. rogorc Cans,
es gareTa qvebi mTlianad daSlili iyo.
rodesac afxazeTis ukanasknelma mTavarma, mixeil Serva-
SiZem, am taZris SekeTeba moindoma (da axla iq ganisveneben
kidec TviTon da misi meuRle), man berZen ostatebs dauZaxa
da perangi mTlianad gamocvales. Zalian ecadnen _ gumbaTis
sarkmlebs TavsarTebi gaukeTes, qveda tanze gaakeTes pro-
filebi, magram uyureb da mkvdari, usicocxlo, raRacnairad
unugeSo zedapiria. erTi rom, ar gakeTda da ar aRdga didi
TaRovani karibWeebi da dRes rom uyureb, es aris grZeli,
usicocxlo fasadi, bevri sarkmliT, maSin ki es ase ver iqne-
boda imitom, rom fasadebi karibWeebiT iyofoda da srulebiT
sxvagvari ritmi iyo, gana iseTi, rogoric dRes aris. es ukve
Zalian arsebiTia. amas garda, rogori iyo qvis Tla _ Tu war-
moidgenT lixnis qvebs moqvis kedlebze, uceb mixvdebiT, rom
TiTqos gansxvaveba ar aris, magram sul sxvaa _ sul sxva rit-
mi aqvs im wyobas, sul sxva saxe. albaT es profilebic odnav
ufro Rrma iyo, reliefuri da esec ukve sul Secvlida ked-
lis xasiaTs. asea Tu ise, gareTa saxe am taZrisa, SeiZleba vT-
qvaT, rom daRupulia. Cven SegviZlia dRes es bWeebi avaSenoT
da, am mxriv, vTqvaT, ritmika aRvudginoT, magram danarCens
ras vuzamT? Tan Zveli qvebic ar aris darCenili, srulebiT
araferia, rom romelime elementi aRadgino, raRac daubruno.
samagierod, TiTqmis mTlianad aris gadarCenili interie-
ri. sxvaTa Soris, aris eWvi, rom gumbaTic Secvlilia, magram
aris aRdgenamdeli anazomi da, Tu Secvlilia, zustad ise
gaakeTes _ zustad imdeni sarkmliT, iseTive proporciebiT
_ rogorc iyo. is srulebiT ar aris gamocvlili. SigniT ga-
dakeTda mxolod Semosasvleli _ iq adre narTeqsi iyo da
rom SexvidodiT, Tqven win iyo sammagi mali _ ori sveti da
gadayvanili sami TaRi. dRes iq erTiani TaRia da TiTqos pir-
dapir SedixarT mTavar sivrceSi. sinamdvileSi, es ase ar iyo,
am mxriv, es darRveulia. me mgoni, kidevac vTqvi, rom aseve
dairRva bagratis taZarSi dasavleTi mklavi da aseve aris
Secvlili sveticxovlis dasavleTi mklavi. iqac ase iyo, iqac

145
 sammagi Sesasvleli hqonda da Cven, faqtobrivad, narTeqsi
gvgonia Sida sivrcis nawili, rac ase ar aris. piradad me,
mgonia, rom unda aRdges es, Tundac miniSnebiT, magram rame
unda gakeTdes, rom gaimijnos talanis sivrce da sakuTriv
taZris sivrce, rogorc es Tavidan iyo mofiqrebuli. Tumca
am pirobebSic ki, moqvs aqvs srulebiT araCveulebrivi sivr-
ce _ warmoudgenlad moZravi, monumenturi, araCveulebrivad
STambeWdavi. ver vityviT, rom qarTul arqiteqturas zemo-
qmedebis mqone interierebi ar hqondes, magram es erT-erTi
saukeTesoTagania, namdvilad.
garda amisa, taZars CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan garSe-
mouyveba samlocveloebis mwkrivi da maT Tavze aris patro-
nikeebi, romlebic ixsneba taZarSi. Zalian rTuli gegma gamo-
dis. Zalian undaT, rom es gegma bizantiur arqiteqturasTan
daakavSiron. SeiZleba, marTlac naxa aseTi derefnebi, romle-
bic Semovlebulia taZarze, magram, sxva mxriv, aq cnobili iyo
patronikes motivic, sameklesiiani bazilikac, yvela danarCeni
elementic adgilobrivia da ra aucilebeli iyo? an ki, an ara!
rogorc giorgi CubinaSvili ambobs erTgan, es formebi ukve
imdenad CarTulia qarTuli arqiteqturis logikaSi, rom maTi
warmomavlobis sakiTxs yovelgvari aqtualoba ekargeba. aqac
asevea. SeiZleba, romeliRac genetikuri xaziT es, vTqvaT, aia
sofias patronikesTan midis, magram ukve imdenma wyalma Caia-
ra, Tanac sammxrivi patronikes motivi Tavad samxreT kavka-
siisa da swored saqarTvelos arqiteqturaSi imdenad fexmo-
kidebuli da cnobilia, rom, ubralod, arc aris saWiro, is
warmoidgino. Tumca ar gamovricxav, rom naxa. ratomac ara!
aseve albaT Tavisic naxa, marto iq xom ar wavidoda?! Tavis
qveyanaSic daaTvalierebda, maSin bevrs dadiodnen ostatebi
da es cnobilia. rasac SeZlebdnen, ecnobodnen, magram mainc
axlodan iwyebdnen da Sors mere midodnen, xom asea? logika,
me mgoni, aseTia. Tanac sivrces, Tavisi xasiaTiT, absolutu-
rad araferi aqvs saerTo bizantiur arqiteqturasTan, Tundac
isev da isev gamoxatuli, gamokveTili sigrZivobis gamo. iq
saocari ram aris _ rom SedixarT, sivrce Tqven wargitacebT

146
erTdroulad aRmosavleTisken sigrZivad da zeviT gumbaTis-
ken. yovelTvis amas vambob imitom, rom sunTqva Semekra, iq
rom Sevedi. gumbaTis ZirSi Zalian Sverili karnizia gadmo-
suli. sruliad fizikuri gancda mqonda, rom oTx burjs So-
ris raRac apkiviT ikvreboda, mere raRac Zala dasavleTidan
daiZra, aRmosavleTiT gaiWra da misi naxevri ki zeviT wavida,
gaarRvia es Sesakravad gamzadebuli Tavi da Semdeg amoibuSta
im gumbaTad. srulebiT gasaocari sivrcea, araCveulebrivi.
dRes yvelaferi politizebulia, amitomac saqarTveloSi
dabadebuli da namuSevari nikoloz severovis wignSi mosko-
velma redaqtorma, cxadia, mis daukiTxavad, sworeba Seitana
da dawera, rom moqvis taZari aSenebuli aris kievis wm. sofias
taZris mixedviT, romelic 100 wlis Semdeg aigo. aqamde aris
yvelaferi dayvanili, samwuxarod, sruliad gaugebar politi-
kur angariSebamde. me gana imas vambob, rom kievis wm. sofias
taZari aSenda moqvis mixedviT, sul ar mgonia ase. is sul sxva
arqiteqturaa, imas Tavisi gza aqvs da amasTan saerTo araferi
gaaCnia, magram ase aris CarTuli raRac gaugebari mosazrebebi
da amiT, me Tu mkiTxavT, yvela wagebulia, radgan, movlene-
bis gamorkvevis magivrad, Cven maT uaresad varTulebT, uare-
sad vxlarTavT. istoria isedac sakmarisad rTulia, risTvi-
saa saWiroa kidev raRacis gamogoneba, rom sul veRaraferi
gaigon da gza-kvali veRar gaignon? rodis damTavrdeba es, me
ar vici. arada, swored afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan mimar-
TebaSi, samwuxarod, viTareba dResac aseTia.
kidev gvaqvs sxva Zalian ucnauri taZari, romelsac, ro-
desac Sexedav, ifiqreb, vai, deda, es albaT bizantiuriao da
es aris biWvinTis kaTedrali. pirvel yovlisa, es imitom aris
ase, rom is namdvilad bizantiuri wyobiTaa aSenebuli _ aris
xolme aseTi zolebiani wyoba qva-aguris monacvleobiT (da
leibsa hgavs, ra Tqma unda, qarTvelis ganebivrebuli TvaliT,
Torem ise lamazia Taviseburad). gumbaTic raRacnairi mrgva-
li aqvs, Tumca irkveva, rom gumbaTi, romelic dRes mrgvlad
aris gadaxuruli _ pirdapir sferos misdevs saxuravi _ Turme
XIX saukunis rusi berebis xelobaa da iq Cveulebrivi, samxreT

147
 kavkasiaSi miRebuli konusuri gadaxurva iyo. Turme fasade-
bi aqac iseTi ki ar iyo, rogoric dResaa _ grZeli, carieli
kedlebi _ aramed iyo didi karibWeebi, romlebic aRar aris.
xvdebiT, rom Tavdapirveli saxiT sul sxva arqiteqturaa. Sig
rom Sexval, araferi amis magvari iq ar aris _ sul sxvanairi
sivrcea da, yvelafris damboloeblad, rom axedav gumbaTs,
ai, ras xedav _ mis ZirSi aris didi afrebi da Sig Cadgmulia
trompebi, rogorc samxreT saqarTveloSi. ki, batono, adamia-
nebi, romlebic aSenebdnen biWvinTis taZars, kargad icnobdnen
bizantiur samSeneblo xelobas. diax, icnobdnen da SeiZleba,
maTSi berZenic urevia. me, magaliTad, eWvi maqvs, rom safa-
sado samkauli am ostatebisaTvis kargad ver iyo gamorkveu-
li imitom, rom maT gaakeTes mTavar, sakurTxevlis, afsidze
ori jvari, romlebic sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT mis Sua welze iwyeba
da qvemoT Cadis. kavkasiuri arqiteqturis TvalsazrisiT, es
srulebiT gaugebaria. barakonis eklesiaSia kidev XVIII sauku-
neSi jvrebi ratomRac lamis cokolTan, magram saerTod es
ase ar aris. sul iseTi STabeWdileba maqvs, rom uTxres, jvari
gamosaxeo da sadac xeli mouxvda, iq gaakeTa, ar icoda, ra
unda gaekeTebina. SeiZleba, viRacas, vinc aq monawileobs, am
amqarSi, qarTuli arqiteqtura mTlad kargad gamjdari arc
hqondes, magram, ai, vinc im gumbaTs aSenebs, iman es namdvilad
icis. iqauri ar icis, aqauri icis. sivrces vinc awyobs, aqauri
imanac icis. patronikec ise aris mowyobili, rogorc Cveni _
iqac sammxrivi patronikea da ufro Cveneburi, vidre iqauri.
minda, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT vTqva: Cven sul ar uar-
vyofT. xom xedavT, rom ar uarvyofT, Tuki iq mosesxebuli
da Semotanilia? ratom unda uarvyoT, risi unda gveSinodes?
movida, vTqvaT, Sah-ismaeli da aaSena misgiTi. idga TbilisSi.
rom dagvexuWa Tvalebi da gveTqva, is iq ar dgaso, amiT sa-
qarTvelos istoria Seicvleboda? ratom aris gasakviri, rom
mezobeli qveynidan rame Semovides? ra aris gasakviri imaSi,
rom viRac adgilobriv xelisufals moewona raRac mezoblisa,
dauZaxa iqaur ostats da aaSenebina, rogorc rostom mefem
aaSenebina wiTeli xidi. xom iciT, gatexili xidi rom aris?

148
ra Tqma unda, is Tavisi tipologiiT sparsuli aRmSeneblo-
baa. es sparsuli xidia. albaT adgilobrivi xuroebi iyvnen, ar
mgonia, amdeni xalxi saidanme moeyvanaT, magram ise, rogorc
arqiteqturuli tipi, ra Tqma unda, iqauria _ qarTuli xidebi
aseTi ar aris, isini sxvanairia. Cven es ar unda vaRiaroT da
unda davmaloT? ratom, ra gvWirs dasamali? Cveni sakuTari
savsebiT sakmarisi gvaqvs. saerTod, es panikuri SiSi, vaida
rame xom ar Semogvepara, srulebiT uadgiloa. Tu rame Semo-
vida, es unda aRviqvaT, gavaanalizoT da SevafasoT _ mouxda
da gamoadga Cvens qveyanas es nasesxoba Tu ar gamoadga.
amerikuli da inglisuri avtomobilebiT yvela kargad da-
goravs da ratomRac teqnika Tu saidanRac Semovida, Turme
qveynis daqcevaa. me ar mesmis aseTi logika da Zalian mecineba
xolme, rodesac iwyeba laparaki Tundac WeSmarit marTlma-
dideblobaze, rogor ar unda gavikaroT araferi saidanRac
Semosuli, rom es forma Turme kaTolikuria da is konstru-
qcia _ protestantuli. sul minda vikiTxo, SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi protestantis gakeTebul kompiuters rom usxedxarT
da ebraelis gakeTebuli programiT sazrdoobT, es rogoria?
es Tqvens sulze ar moqmedebs, dRe da Rame imas rom misCere-
bixarT? 24 saaTs asworebT iq xan weriT da xan kiTxviT da es
rogoria? ratomRac ar mjera, yovelive es konstantinopol-
Si iyos Seqmnili VII krebis mamebis dakveTiT, me mgoni, sxva
istoria aqvs. ar SeiZleba doneebis, movlenebisa da amqvey-
anad saerTod yvelafris ase areva. bolos da bolos, unda ga-
vigoT, rom qveyniereba aris cota ufro rTuli, vidre Cveni
tvini, iq aris bevri sxvadasxva ram da yoveli istoriuli wa-
mic Sedgeba bevri sxvadasxva Zalisagan, faqtorisagan, zemoq-
medebisagan, romlebic ikveTeba da Sen am gadakveTaSi sworad
unda ipovo Seni adgili, Torem Senze rom raRac imoqmedebs,
es srulebiT cxadia. srulebiT warmoudgeneli is iqneboda,
rom sxvagvarad iyos. romc gamorTo Sens saxlSi yvelaferi,
mezobeli saxlidan mova rimeliRac eleqtromagnituri tal-
Ra, gamosxivebuli raRac avstraliuri xelsawyos mier, dage-
takeba da sad waxval?

149
 Cven, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli xelovnebis istoriko-
sebs, yovelTvis gvegona, rom qarTuli kultura sakmarisad
Ronieria imisaTvis, rom Seirgos yvelaferi, rac mas dasWir-
deba da ukuagdos, rac mas ar sWirdeba. aqamde es ase iyo da
namdvilad ase iyo IX da X saukuneebis afxazeTSic.
Zalian mniSvnelovani nageboba iyo bediis kaTedrali, ro-
melic, samwuxarod, aRar arsebobs. is Zalian mniSvnelovani
iyo imitom, rom viciT misi aSenebis dro da, garda moqvisa,
kidev erTi dasayrdeni gveqneboda, rac yovelTvis sasiamo-
vnoa. samagierod, Cven miaxloebiT viciT misi gegma. rogorc
Cans, gegmiT is afxazeTis sxva taZrebs hgavda. es Cawerili
jvris tipis eklesia unda iyos, aRmosavleTiT sami Sverili
afsidiT, aseTia es taZrebi. Cven ar viciT, rogori iyo is, rac
am afxazur gegmaze idga. samagierod, SemorCenilia misi ram-
denime mosarTavi, qvaze kveTili CuqurTma, umaRlesi xaris-
xis, saukeTeso maT Soris, rac ki saerTod qvaze kveTilobas
SeiZleba hqondes _ ori ulamazesi timpani. Cvens am mxrivac
arcTu maincdamainc Rarib xurTmoZRvrebaSi bevrs aseTs Zne-
lad Tu naxav. an ostatebi moiyvanes da gaakeTebines, an isev
viRac aqedan gagzavnes, man ki iswavla da Camoitana _ rogor
iyo, ar vici, magram srulebiT araCveulebrivi da srulebiT
samxreTqarTulia. amgvarad, gamodis, rom es arqiteqtura iyo
erTgvari hibridi _ TiTqos erTmaneTs daemyno dasavleTqar-
Tuli tani da samxreTqarTuli mosarTavebi. dRes es ase ga-
moiyureba. me mainc imedi maqvs, rom Tavis droze, roca idga,
es taZari arc aseTi meqanikuri iqneboda da arc komikuri,
Tumca dRes amis warmodgena Zalian gviWirs.
rodesac Tundac quTaisis e.w. bagratis taZars vuyurebT,
ukve cxadi xdeba (Tumca samuSao kidev bevria), rom iqac aseTi
ram moxda _ dasavleT- da samxreTqarTuli tradiciebi iqac
ikveTeba da warmoiqmneba nageboba, romelsac namdvilad ar
eTqmis araorganuli, arabunebrivi, meqanikuri. mgonia, rom am
arqiteqturisaTvis es srulebiT Seuferebelia. arada, iqac
aseTi, TiTqosda damoukidebelad arsebuli, sawyisebi xvde-
ba erTmaneTs. es Zalian mniSvnelovani aris imitom, rom Cven

150
vxedavT, rogor amdidrebs erTmaneTs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxis arqiteqtura. mgoni, kidevac vTqvi, rom amgvari saerTo
qarTuli forma XI saukunis dasawyisSi iqmneba da es swored
samxreTqarTuli repertuaris wyalobiTa da gamoyenebiT xde-
ba. pirveli magaliTi amisa, rogorc Cans, iyo bedia. samwuxa-
rod, is xelidan gamogvecala. unda giTxraT, rom srulebiT
gaugebaria, ram daangria es taZari. mxolod calkeuli qvebia
darCenili, taZari ki ar aris. Tu ra moxda, sad gaqra, gauge-
baria, Tumca ukve sxvam ifiqros da sxvam eZios, CvenTvis ki
ufro mniSvnelovani es aris: Cven aq vxedavdiT ori tradiciis
erTgvar Sejvarebas da, rac kidev ufro sainteresoa, albaT
gadasvlasac wmindad specifikur-adgilobrivi skolis Cveve-
bidan momaval saerToqarTulze. amis saSualebas Cven mokle-
bulni varT. samagierod, SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom
afxazeTis skola, rogorc mxatvruli movlena, qarTuli arqi-
teqturis skolaa. unda es vinmes Tu ar unda, moswons Tu ar
moswons, xels aZlevs es mis politikur angariSs Tu ar aZlevs
_ es obieqturad asea.
didi xania ukve (SeiZleba miTqvams kidec saubarisas), CemT-
vis aseTi xerxi gamovigone _ vambob, rom es arqiteqtura qar-
Tulad laparakobs. Tumca xom SeiZleba, vinme damtvreuli
qarTuliT an aqcentiT laparakobdes? sxva mxriv, SeiZleba,
Tqven ilaparakoT sxvaTa enaze qarTuli aqcentiT. magaliTad,
saukeTeso qarTveli morusuleebi, ZiriTadad, laparakobdnen
gaurkveveli aqcentiT, romelic peterburguli namdvilad ar
iyo. Zalian cota vinme Tu axerxebda, uaqcentod elaparaka.
sxvaTa Soris, me TviTon uaqcentod vlaparakobdi, oRond ru-
sebsac ar esmodaT, es ra aris imitom, rom gamoTqma imaTeburi
mainc iyo. xom dagileviaT ugemuri wyali, sufTa, uminarevo,
imdagvari gamodioda da mgoni, qarTuladac ise vlaparakob,
arc erT kuTxes da arc Tbiliss rom ar sCvevia. saidan aris
aseTi qarTuli, TviTonac ar vici. afxazeTis arqiteqtura
qarTulad laparakobs berZnuli aqcentiT, Semoepara, rogorc
dasavleTis qarTul onomastikons. nuTu arasodes Segidare-
biaT kldiaSvilisa da Tundac ilia WavWavaZis personaJebis

151
 saxelebi. erTgan gauTavebelad arabuli da sparsuli saxele-
bia _ qaixosroebi da abdulyafarebi, meoregan ki warmoud-
genlad berZnuli _ evpraqsia da misTanani _ iseTebi, TviTon
berZnebsac rom aRar axsovT. es gasagebicaaa, axlos iyo er-
Tgan _ is, meoregan _ es, sul es aris. aseTive ambavia iqac
_ rogorc onomastikonSi aris berZnuli danaleqi, berZnuli
kvali, aqcenti, aseve aris am arqiteqturaSic. is aris qarTu-
li, oRond berZnuli SenarevebiT laparakobs.
kidev minda davadasturo, rom es aris arqiteqturul-is-
toriuli monacemi da arafers ambobs imaze, am eklesiis amSe-
nebeli ra tomisa an warmomavlobis iyo. mravalTagan gansxva-
vebiT, ver gavbedav da ver vityvi, rom vici, sad cxovrobda
egri da imeri. vici mxolod is, rom visac ginda ecxovra am
miwa-wyalze, ekuTvnoda qarTul kulturas, radgan am kuTxeSi
yvelaferi amas ambobs. iq araferia iseTi, rac araa qarTuli
kulturis nawili. vinmes rom ar ewyinos, kidev vambob _ es
ar niSnavs, rom me ver vamCnev, riT gansxvavdeba afxazuri da
megruli saxlebi an imas, rom afxazuri da megruli simRe-
ra sxvadasxvaa, magram maT Soris iseTive sxvaobaa, rogoric
megrulsa da guruls Soris da ara iseTi, rogoric, vTqvaT,
gurulsa da Turquls Soris. laparakia imaze, rom es aris
erTi kulturuli ojaxi. adamianebi, romlebic arc ki vici,
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan romel saukuneSi Camovidnen, am Tval-
sazrisiT, qarTuli kulturis TanaSemoqmedni aRmoCndnen. ge-
nialuri gansazRvreba upovia simon janaSias, romelic wers:
`tomiT afxazi, erovnebiT qarTveli“. ai, es aris simarTle _
tomiT SeiZleba afxazia, CrdiloeTkavkasiuri warmomavlobi-
saa, magram kulturuli kuTvnilebiT is, rac aqamde afxazeTi
iyo, aris qarTuli samyaros nawili, am samyaros erT-erTi Sem-
qmneli. afxazuri elementi _ es adgili da is xalxic, romelic
CrdiloeT kavkasiidanaa, radgan mwams, rom viRac mTaze cxo-
vrobda _ monawileobda qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnaSi da ama-
Si saTakilo erTi an meore mxarisaTvis araferi aris. afxazma
nacionalistebma, e.w. nacionalistebma, daitoves istoria mxo-

152
lod da mxolod XIX saukunis bolodan, danarCeni istoria sa-
kuTari xeliT moikveTes. arc ki mesmis, rogor SeiZleba, aseTi
boroteba Caidino da sakuTar Tavs aseTi ubedureba damarTo.
rogorc ki moaSoreb qarTul samyaros, saerTod araferi rCe-
ba, radgan es xalxi am samyaroSi cxovrobda, Zalian didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi am samyaros beds iziarebda da ara sxvisas. cxa-
dia, iyo xolme kuTxeebs Soris Sexla-Semoxla da es samwuxaro
faqtia, Tumca levan dadiani imerels rom eomeboda, ase Ser-
vaSiZesTan arasdros uomia. rac man quTaiss damarTa, aseTi
ram afxazeTSi ar Caudenia. maS, ra gamodis, imersa da megrs
erTmaneTTan kavSiri ar aqvs, ori sxvadasxva xalxia da axla
ase vilaparakoT? Zalian damaxasiaTebelia, rom afxazeTis,
swored afxazuri eTnografiuli vinaobis, SenarCunebis mos-
urneni XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi pir-
dapir ase ayalibeben: afxazebis gadarCena SesaZlebelia mxo-
lod qarTul ojaxSi! aseT xedvas adasturebs iq SemorCenili
arqiteqturuli nawarmoebebi.
kvlav da kvlav amis gameoreba am sakiTxSi erTaderTi Se-
saZlo qarTuli politikaa. afxazeTidan saqarTvelos amog-
leja daaxloebiT imave tipis movlenaa, rogoric iqneboda
britanuli Tanamegobrobidan misive Semqmneli inglisis amo-
Reba da imis mtkiceba, rom britanuli Tanamegobroba erTia
da inglisi sxvaa. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom qarTvel me-
feTa titulaturaSi `mefe afxazTa~ uwinares yovlisa ewera,
rac niSnavs _ es misi titulaturis amosavalia, es aris am
mefobis sawyisi. maS, rogor, qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda
da damonebuli hyavda TavSi? nuTu gjeraT aseTi istoriis?
amaze unda vlaparakobdeT, amaze unda idges yvelaferi, rac
samomavlod aris gasakeTebeli. amaze unda vmdgariyaviT Cven
1988-89 wlebSic, magram, samwuxarod, davadeqiT srulebiT
sxva gzas gauTavebeli rkvevisa, Tu vin romel wuTas romel
quCaze gadasaxlda. mere gairkveoda, rom romeliRac ori me-
gruli ojaxi 1935 wels gadmosaxlda, viRac ki ufro gvian Ca-
saxlda. ase misxal-misxal varkvioT vin rodis saidan movida
da sad wavida? ras mogvitans es?

153
 ZiriTadi sinamdvile amgvaria: yvela, vinc am miwaze bi-
nadrobda, Tugind marselebi yofiliyvnen, qarTul kultu-
rasTan erTad cxovrobda da mis SeqmnaSi monawileobda. mTa-
vari swored es aris _ Cven erTad vqmnidiT am qveyanas. es
aris faqti. Tu vinmes ar moswons, misi saqmea, magram maSin
Tqvan, rom maTi istoria 1921 wlidan iwyeba da Tqvan isic,
rom maT daiviwyes warsuli. daanebon Tavi im warsuls, rome-
lic iyo aseTi da, Tu dascaldebaT, aSenon istoria nulidan.
magram merwmuneT _ rodesac is istoria gauqrebaT, is ki ukve
xelidan eclebaT, Tu ase gaagrZeles, sul cota xanSi bev-
ri sxva ramec moxdeba. guSin movismine, rom erT-erTi afxazi
Jurnalisti ambobda, Cveni sazogadoeba enaze wuxso. rom ga-
darusdnen, adre ratom ar wuxda? rusulad laparakobdnen
da ambobdnen _ gvaqarTvelebeno. vis gaugia, rom gaqarTve-
lebisas rusulad aalaparako adamiani? gana SeiZleba, aseTi
ram xdebodes, ra logikaa aseTi? riT ver mixvdnen, visgan da
risTvis iyo amgvari moqmedeba? ratom aviwydebodaT Tavisi
ena da ratom axsovdaT maincdamainc rusuli da ara qarTu-
li? qarTulad rom loculobdnen, sakuTari ena daviwyebu-
li ar hqondaT, gaixsenon _ maSin daaviwydaT, roca rusulad
atiktikdnen. istoria aseTia! kidev vambob, visac ar moswons,
daiwyos nulidan da Tqvas, rom 2001 wlis 1 ianvridan an 1993
wlis 28 seqtembridan amgvar istorias iwyeneben, is ki ise ga-
nixilon, rogorc undaT, magram manamdeli istoria iyo sxva
da es istoria aRbeWdilia yvelafriT: taZrebiT, romlebzec
visaubreT da dResac rom mzaddeba, Tundac im kerZebiT. isi-
ni saziaroa qarTul samyarosTan da ara CrdilokavkasiurTan,
sadac es samzareulo verc iqneboda, radgan iq srulebiT sxva
cxovrebaa. aseTi gaxlavT qvis matianis mowmoba, romelsac ver
gaayalbeb. SeiZleba, waSalo sityvebi, magram romc daangrio
taZrebi, darCeba ori qva da, sul erTia, amasve ityvis.

154
9. XI saukunis arqiteqtura

albaT SeuZlebelic ki aris, dRevandeli Cveni sasaubro vinmem

Sesabamisi TvalsaCinoebis gareSe gaigos. ras vizamT, mogvi-
wevs sakmaod abstraqtulad visaubroT da vinc mowadinebuli
iqneba, gadaSalos wigni da Sesabamis suraTebs Sexedos, sxva-
nairad ar mgonia, rame gamovides.
Cven XI saukunis zRurbls gadavabijeT. X-XI saukuneebis
mijna sxva TvalsazrisiTac mijna aris. es swored is xanaa,
rodesac X saukunis Sua xanaSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli
saxelmwifo jer cnobierad da amis gamoxatuleba aris yvela-
saTvis cnobili formula giorgi merCulisa qarTlze, rome-
lic didi qveyanaa, `sadac Jami qarTuliTa eniTa Seiwirvis~,
xolo Semdeg ukve nel-nela _ politikurad. raRac Jams, ba-
grat III-is mefobis bolos, saqarTvelo, Tbilisis gamokle-
biT, marTlac erTiani saxelmwifoa, Tumca mere es ukve ase
aRar iqneba. amaze Cven mgoni kidec visaubreT. rogorc ukve
vTqviT, kaxeTi giorgi I-is dros isev damoukidebel saxelmwi-
fod gadaiqca da saboloo gaerTianeba xdeba ukve XII saukune-
Si, rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma, wmindanad Seracxulma Cven-
ma didma xelmwifem, Tbilisi aiRo da mahmadianTa batonobis
TiTqmis 400 weli dasrulda.
maS, ra xdeba XI saukuneSi? zogadad rom vTqvaT, am dros
mTavrdeba, gansruldeba is xangrZlivi Zieba, romelic, IV sau-
kunis dasasrulidan Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, V saukunis da-
sawyisidan am dromde qarTul qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
warmoebda. erTgvari damasrulebeli nageboba, romelic 1030
wels marTlac samanis qvasaviT aRimarTeba, gaxlavT samTa-
visis kaTedrali. ra aris aq miRweuli? Seqmnilia garkveuli
tipi xuroTmoZRvruli kompoziciisa da dekorisa, romelic
arsebrivad Semdeg ar icvleba. moxda ise, rom es forma, ro-
melic moZebnilia samTavisSi, Semdegi Taobis qarTvelma xu-
roTmoZRvrebma XI saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunemde sa-
valdebulod CaTvales. mravlis cnobierebaSi es, ase vTqvaT,

155
 kanonikuri formaa da amas marTlac xSirad gaigonebT. mgoni,
ukve momixda amis xseneba, Tu arada axla vityvi, rom qris-
tianulma xelovnebam araviTari kanonikuri forma ar icis,
man icis kanonikuri sazrisi. vTqvaT, eklesia rom uflis sa-
xlia, locvis saxlia, es gaxlavT misi ucvleli sazrisi. es,
Tu gnebavT, aris misi kanonikuri mniSvneloba, magram rogori
iqneba es uflis saxli, amis Sesaxeb sityvac ar Tqmula odesme
da, miT umetes, araferi dawerila. uflis saxlis ieri cvale-
badia imisda mixedviT, Tu romel xalxs romel dros rogor
urCevnia locva da sad eadvileba ziarebisaTvis, uflis mis-
tikur sxeulTan Seziarebis saswaulisaTvis momzadeba. ai, ra
gaakeTa samTavnelma xuroTmoZRvarma, romelic SesaZlebelia
iqauri episkoposic yofiliyo _ yanCavel erisTavTa STamoma-
vali ilarioni: is aSenebs gumbaTovan eklesias, romelic axa-
li ram ar aris da VI saukunidan CvenSi bevri aSenebula, irCe-
vs ukve VII saukunidan cnobil erT-erT formas, oTxburjiani
Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiis gegmas da qmnis mis SemWidroe-
bul versias. saqme is gaxlavT, rom aq burjebis aRmosavle-
Ti wyvili, faqtobrivad, afsidis kuTxeebs Seerwya. isini jer
kidev burjebad aris agebuli, magram afsidis kuTxemde daci-
leba imdenad mcirea, rom Tvali maT aRiqvams, rogorc erTs.
daaxloebiT amave xanaSi mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi, romelic
aseve qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis kaTedra iyo, es Serwyma mo-
xda. Tumca Cven viciT, rom aseTi Semoklebuli redaqciebi
ufro adrec arsebobda, oRond maSin es marTlac gamartive-
buli oTxburjiani taZari iyo. adrindel xanaSi es oTxbur-
jiani kompoziciebia, romlebsac erTi wyvili amoacales. aq es
ukve ase ar aris _ es aris kompoziciuri principi, romelsac
gegmis asimetriuloba urCevnia. rodesac SuaSi oTx burjze
gumbaTi dgas, bunebrivia, es centri ramdenadme avtonomiu-
ria da danarCeni elementebi mis garSemo jgufdeba. rodesac
burji oria, Tqven aRar iciT, es afsidis kuTxe ra aris _ sa-
gangebo sabjenia Tu danarCeni sivrcis nawilia, Tan mklavic
aris, sabolood, sakurTxeveli iq ukve mklavs uigivdeba da
iqmneba asimetriuli kompozicia.

156
 ratom aris es upriani? saqme is gaxlavT, rom axla mTavari
Sida sivrceSi aris erTi ram: Tqven unda xedavdeT interieris
yvela ZiriTad Semadgenels. sxvagvarad iyo gardamaval xanaSi.
davuSvaT, rodesac gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi SediodiT, xedav-
diT bazilikas, magram meore sarTulze rom sameklesiiani ba-
zilikaa, es ar icodiT. aq ase ar aris, rac ki taZars aqvs, yve-
lafers xedavT, oRond xedavT yvelafris fragments. ar aris
erTi wertilic, saidanac Tqven dainaxavT (rogorc es mcxe-
Tis jvris, wromisa an samwevrisis SemTxvevaSia) taZris naxe-
vars, TiTqos naxazzeao. aseTi wertili ar aris _ Tqven yvela
wertilidan xedavT fragments. Tanac rac metia erTmaneTis
gadamkveTi forma, am arqiteqturisaTvis ufro mxatvrulia,
mas es ufro moswons. bunebrivia, rom erTmaneTze gadasuli
bevri formis Semcveli amgvari sivrciTi suraTi gamodis ma-
Sin, roca kompozicia asimetriulia. amave dros, Cvens arqi-
teqtors aRar unda fizikuri zoma, dinamikis misaRebad aRar
sWirdeba, vTqvaT, grZeli dasavleTi mklavi. ase Rebulobs,
mcire sivrceSic axerxebs amas elementebis simaRleebis, si-
ganeebisa da moyvanilobis gardasaxviT. Tumca saqme is aris,
rom samTavro da samTavisi qmnian sivrciT models, romelic
TavisTavad aRar Seicvleba. Tuki manamde ramdeni arqiteqto-
ricaa, ramdeni taZaricaa, imdenive gansxvavebuli sivrciTi
warmonaqmnia, aqedan moyolebuli, XVIII saukunis bolomde da,
warmoidgineT, XIX saukuneSic, rodesac eklesiebi Zvel yaida-
zec jer kidev Sendeboda, es ase ukve aRar iqneba.
qarTulma arqiteqturam, Cvenma arqiteqturulma azrov-
nebam miiCnia, rom aq raRac sayovelTao formula naxes. mere
amaze kidev mogviwevs saubari da axlave vityvi, rom univer-
saluri forma SeuZlebelia arsebobdes, sazrisi da idea ki
universaluri SeiZleba iyos. forma yovelTvis kerZoobiTia,
materialuri yovelTvis calkeulia, is verasodes iqneba yo-
vladi _ yovliereba formis maxasiaTebeli ar aris. raki asea,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, XI saukunis am monapovarma _ da
samTavisis taZari namdvilad monapovaria _ gawira danarCeni
saukuneebi qarTuli saqristiano xuroTmoZRvrebisa, erTgva-

157
 ri mimbaZvelobisa. Tumca axlave unda vTqva, rom erT xans,
XIII saukunis daaxloebiT 20-ian wlebamde, am formaSi jer ki-
dev imdeni ram iyo mosaZebni, rom yoveli arqiteqtori raRa-
cas Tavisas ambobs. ukve mere, XIII saukunis Sua xanidan, iwye-
ba an pirwminda gameoreba, an elementebis cvlileba ise, rom
principi ar Seicvalos da rodesac principis datovebisas
elementebs, ubralod, anacvlebT, aklebT an umatebT, Tqven
qmniT ara axal formas, aramed amosaval formas mxolod ama-
xinjebT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom XIII saukunidan moyolebuli,
XIX-is CaTvliT, mxatvrulad Rirebuli nawarmoebebi ar Seqm-
nila. ra Tqma unda, iqmneboda, oRond Zalian Znelia, am vrce-
li epoqidan daasaxelo nageboba, romelsac aqvs im tipis mxat-
vruli srulyofileba, imgvari mxatvruli sisrule, rogoric
Tundac samTaviss an bevr winamorbed nagebobas. XII saukuneSi
ramdenime Senoba jer kidev aris. mere, praqtikulad, Tqven
yovelTvis raRac gaqvT kargi _ fasadi, fasadis romelime
nawili, interieris romeliRac nawili an mTlianad interieri,
magram raRac aucileblad naklulia. samwuxarod, asea. maSa-
sadame, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom daaxloebiT XIII saukuneSi
iwyeba krizisi, xangrZlivi krizisi, romelic ar SeiZleba yo-
filiyo mxolod xuroTmoZRvruli da me mgonia kidevac, rom
es msoflmxedvelobiTi sirTuleebis, msoflmxedvelobiTi ga-
saWiris gamovlineba iyo, im gasaWirisa, romelic, sxvaTa Soris,
dRevandlamde ar damTavrebula _ Cven kvlavac im krizisSi vi-
myofebiT da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ganaxlebuli qarTuli
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba ase xSirad emgvaneba swored im,
dacemis xanis, nagebobebs da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasodes
_ ufro winandels. marTali giTxraT, yvelaze xSirad rasac
vuyureb, XIX saukunisa mgonia xolme _ XIX saukunisa, romelic
hbaZavs raRacas, xolo is, rasac, vTqvaT, aweria 2010 weli, Ta-
visuflad SeiZleba iyos 1892 _ Cven iqve varT sulierad, Cven
jer iqidan ver gamovediT. Tu ra unda am gamosvlas... ra vici,
albaT yvelam Tavisi icis. me rasac vfiqrob, Tavis droze Se-
vecdebi, ganvmarto.

158
 aseTive damaboloebeli gaxlavT samTavisis taZris gare
ieri. erTi, rac yvelaze TvalSisacemia, is aris, rom aq sa-
bolood Camoyalibda safasado TaRnaris sistema. is nel-nela
ikvreba. Cven vTqviT, rom oSkSi is mxolod mklavebis pirebze
aris da gverdiT kedlebze aRar gvaqvs. Semdeg gadadis gver-
diT kedlebze ukve e.w. bagratis taZarSi, sveticxovelSi, ma-
gram am or taZarSi Tqven ver naxavT erTmaneTze gadabmul
TaRnars _ es aris TaRebis jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc er-
Tian Tanmimdevrobas, Tvali ki xedavs, magram fizikurad, ni-
vTierad isini SeuRlebulni ar arian. asevea sveticxovelSi
da aRar aris alaverdSi. Tumca, ai, ra iyo mTavari sirTule,
rodesac alaverdelma xuroTmoZRvarma TaRnari kuTxeebze
Sekra: erTi mxridan modis TaRi, misi lilvi svetad Camodis
qvemomde, cokolamde da meore kuTxidanac modis. da kuTxe?
axla ukve alaverdeli xurTmoZRvari igonebs (da amas Semdeg
samTavneli arqiteqtoric agrZelebs) iseT Sefardebas, ro-
desac lilvebi imdenad axloa mitanili kuTxesTan, rom, faq-
tobrivad, marto erTi wibo rCeba da is xdeba nawili konisa,
romelSic aqeT-iqidan lilvebi Sedis, SuaSi ki Camodis erTi
xazi, ufro sworad, wvrili samkuTxa moculoba da Tqven xe-
davT amas, rogorc erTian formas. samTavnelma ostatma esec
ar ikmara, aiRo da zeviT SeaerTa lilvebi _ ori kauWi gad-
modis lilvebidan, kuTxeze modis da Semdeg zed am kuTxeze
ekideba vazis mtevani. TiTqos pirdapir giTxraT: ai, batono,
Tu aris gansxvavebuli, ager Sevkari, RiliviT Sevabnie. amas
garda, sarkmelTa sapireebi da sxva elementebi _ vTqvaT, sa-
fasado jvari, romelic alaverdis taZars sakurTxevlis fa-
sadze aqvs da alaverdSi jer kidev cal-calkea _ samTavnelma
xuroTmoZRvarma aiRo da TaRnars SeaduRa. sarkmlebi ki aq
ganier sapireebSia _ aseTi sapire momdevno xanis xuroTmoZR-
vrebisaTvis, XIII saukunis CaTvliT, garduvali kanoni gaxde-
ba. mere sapireebi ukve sakmaod Sesustebuli, dauZlurebuli
keTdeba, magram TavisTavad sarkmlis moCarCoebaze momdevno
xanis arqiteqtura (Tu saerTod amkobs, rasakvirvelia da ar

159
 aris mxolod qvis natexi, aseTi eklesiebic arsebobs), uars
mainc ar ambobs. samTavneli arqiteqtori sapireebs iseTnai-
rad anawilebs, rom isini TaRnaris lilvebs Soris Tavsdeba
da maT zeviT aucileblad aris raRac, rac TaRs bolomde
Seavsebs. man sakurTxevlis fasadze jvari da sapire vertika-
lurad zemoT wasul erT lilvze wamoago da qvemoT amas ga-
moaba e.w. rombebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi kuTxiT dayenebuli
kvadratebia, magram dedamiwaze vinc ki dadis, yvela rombad
xedavs da amitom rombs veZaxiT. rogorc Cans, mas rombis sim-
bolikac aqvs Cadebuli. rombi maradisobis erT-erTi niSania
da hgavs kidec, rom iq maradisobis, ukvdavebis niSani unda
iyos. asea, rakiRa didi jvari, romelic aseve am lilvze aris
agebuli, erTi mxriv, aSkarad golgoTis jvaria da, meore mx-
riv _ xe cxovrebisa, radgan gverdiT gamobmuli aqvs kidev
TaRebi, romlebzec mtevnebi hkidia. es namdvilad samoTxis,
edemis baRia, misi wiaRi da jvari iq mxolod da mxolod xe
cxovrebisas SeiZleba niSnavdes, araviTari sxva sazrisi mas
ar SeiZleba gaaCndes. Tumca aq, rogorc Cans, rTuli SeTavse-
baa, romlis msgavsi jer kidev bevrad adre garejis erT-erT
moxatulobaSia TeTr udabnoSi, sadac aris jvari _ didebiT
mosili, Saravandiani jvari _ da aweria zed qristes saxeli,
anu golgoTis jvaria, Tumca is namdvilad samoTxea _ kvipa-
rosebi aqvs aqeT-iqiT mixatuli. ai, daaxloebiT aseTive ram
aris aqac, samTavisis fasadzec. es jvari zeviTac TaRs ebmis
_ mTlianad es yvelaferi gadabmulia.
mere, sakmaod male, mova dro, rodesac TaRnari aRar iqne-
ba, magram cnobierebaSi formis Sekvra moxda _ formis yvela
elementi aris erTiani. es metaforaa, rasakvirvelia, magram
amis mere ostatebi TiTqosda ase fiqroben: es elementebi xom
movarjuleT, erTianobaSi moviyvaneT da raxan ukve moTvi-
nierebuli gvyavs, modi, axla es gamaerTianebeli elementic
movaciloT da isini mainc dalagdebian ise, rom erTmaneTs
daukavSirdnen. yvelaze saintereso is aris, rom marTlac ase
moxda da XII saukunis Tamaris xanis arqiteqturaSi, garda er-

160
Ti-ori gamonaklisisa, sruli TaRnari ar aris da Cven vxedavT
am TiTqosda gancalkevebul elementebs, rogorc erTmaneTSi
Sedinebuls. es, ubralod, zomaTa SefardebiT miiRweva, ra-
sakvirvelia, magram sul mgonia _ Tu ara es TaRnari, Tu ara
gamocdileba imisa, rom SeiZleba, yvela elementi erTis nawi-
lad aqcio da srulebiT ganuyofeli erTi miiRo, iqneb es arc
gamosuliyo. es TiTqosda Semdegi safexuria amave formis Zie-
bisa da amave formis gancdisa.
erTi elementia mxolod, romelic samTavisSi, momavlis
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, bolomde miyvanili ar iyo. minda,
kidev erTxel SegaxsenoT, rom istoriulad win waweuli ar
niSnavs aucileblad mxatvrulad ukeTess. samTavisis gumbaTis
yeli, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo yvelaze progresuli
da ar amzadebda uSualod momdevno etaps, rac sul ar niSnavs
imas, rom is rameze uaresi iyo. ubralod, aRmoCnda sxva, sadac
Semdgom TaobaTa arqiteqtorebi pirdapir naxaven models, Tu
rogori unda iyos gumbaTis yeli, rogor unda iyos is morTu-
li da Tqven warmoidgineT, rom am gumbaTis yelis morTuloba
16 Tu meti wliT adre gakeTda raWaSi, nikorwmindaSi. marTali
giTxraT, ar vici, iqidan rogor gavrcelda _ marTla gadmoi-
Res Semdeg qarTlis ostatebma Tu paralelurad midioda Zie-
ba, romelic imave Sedegamde mivida. Tumca cota meeWveba, rom
am tipis paralelizmi SesaZlebeli iyos.
axla ki vTqvaT, ratom meeWveba: rogori aris gumbaTis
yeli nikorwmindaSi? erTi, rom nikorwmindis taZari aris yve-
laze uxvad Semkuli eklesia saqarTveloSi, meti raRa _ iqac
aris lilvovani TaRnari da am TaRebs kidev Signidan Cafenili
aqvT CuqurTmiani arSiebi. aseTi ram TavSi azrad sxvas aravis
mosvlia. Tumca am uxvadmkul taZarze bevri reliefia _ am-
deni arc erT taZars ar hqonia arc manamde, arc mere, magram
gansakuTrebuli mainc gumbaTis yelia. ai, ra gaakeTa ostat-
ma: pirveli, rac man moimoqmeda _ sapireebis zoma gazarda
da sarkmlis sapireebi imxelaa, rom TaRnars avsebs. TaRnari
iseTia, rogoric X saukuneSi dakanonda, magram, realurad, es

161
 TaRedi Tqven SegiZliaT iqidan amoxatoT Tavisi kapiteliT,
Tavisi fuZiT, magram Tvali mas TaRebad ver xedavs. is xe-
davs erTian talRovan reliefur formas. es TaRi gadaiqca
TiTqosda damatebiT lilvad da ara damoukidebel moculo-
bad, rogorc es X saukuneSi iyo da, rogorc Cans, samTavisis
gumbaTsac hqonda (aq sapires mTlianad TiTqos ar unda Seev-
so). amas garda, gumbaTis yels agvirgvinebs rTuli moxazulo-
bis, rTuli kveTis mTlianad moCuqurTmebuli karnizi (da es
Tavdapirvelia, Tumca iq aris mogviano aRdgenebic, romle-
bic kveTas imeorebs, magram aRar aCuqurTmebs). karnizsa da
sarkmlebs Soris moTavsebulia kidev erTi CuqurTmiani ar-
Sia da kidev erTi CuqurTmian-profiliani arSia sarkmlebis
qveSaa, e.i. gumbaTis yelis sul ZirSi. gumbaTis yeli mTlia-
nad dafarulia am morTulobiT. rac ver gabedes qarTlelma
ostatebma, gaakeTa raWvelma xuroTmoZRvarma. raWvels roca
vambob, es SeiZleba misi gamomkveTis kuTxobrivi warmomavlo-
ba ar iyos, magram tradicia, romelsac Cven nikorwmindaSi
vxedavT, mgonia, rom adgilobrivia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amda-
gvari CuqurTma Cven jerjerobiT mxolod raWaSi vnaxeT erT
naeklesiarze, romelic cota unda uswrebdes nikorwmindas da
sxvagan ar aris. raRac sxva buneba aqvs mas _ isic samxreT-
qarTuli nimuSebidan modis, mas ukavSirdeba, magram sxvanairi
sisxo da sizrqe aqvs, gansxvavebuli bunebisaa. rogorc Cans,
es aris adgilobrivi skola. amas kidev unda muSaoba, unda
vipovoT kriteriumi, romliTac ufro zustad ganvsazRvravT.
axla me zogad frazebs vambob, amas ki aso-aso unda naxva _ ra
iwvevs gansxvavebulobas am raRac sxvanairi plastikurobisa,
romelic ar aris, vTqvaT, qarTlis, imereTis eklesiebSi.
kacxSi, magaliTad, gareTa mopirkeTeba mTlianad Secvli-
lia XIX saukuneSi da Tumca ostatma gaimeora ZiriTadi ele-
mentebi _ didi jvrebi, TiTqosda sapireebic, TaRnari _ es
uxarisxoa, uRonoa, guls gareTaa gakeTebuli. man, ubralod,
icis, rom aq iyo raRac amdagvari. rasakvirvelia, veranair
warmodgenas im Tavdapirvelze amiT ver miviRebdiT, rom ara

162
karibWeze SemorCenili imdroindeli ramdenime mosarTavi da
imas rom vuyureb, sul mTlad guli mikvdeba imitom, rom war-
momidgenia, es rogori iqneboda da axla ra aris. Zalian da-
saRonebeli suraTia. Tumca isic, rac SerCa, ase vTqvaT, Za-
lian mowinave aris da iqiTken mimavali, rasac mere gaakeTeben,
XII saukuneSi. aseTive unda yofiliyo aq samkauli. tipi aqac
eqvsafsidiania, pirwmindad imeorebs X saukunis taour ekle-
siebs, isev mravalwaxnags akeTebs, oRond xuroTmoZRvarma ro-
gorRac Tavis Wkuaze gaaerTiana da gaukeTa garSemosavleli,
rac iq ar aris.
gvyavs kidev erTi gamokveTili, absoluturad genialuri
dekoratori. es gaxlavT swored amas winaT naxsenebi samTa-
vros taZris xuroTmoZRvari. axla bevr laparaks ar daviwyeb,
visac gnebavT, CadiT, naxeT, oRond moaxerxeT ise, rom jer
samTavisSi waxvideT da Semdeg samTavroSic an piriqiT, Seada-
reT interierebi da naxavT, rom samTavros interieri aseTi
STambeWdavi ar aris, arc aseTi mravalferovania. Tumca, sama-
gierod, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da CrdiloeT fasadebze ro-
gor CuqurTmas akeTebs! iq akeTebs sarkmlebisa da CuqurTmis,
dekoratiuli TaRebis kompozicias, romlis msgavsi arc ma-
namde, arc mere, arc sadme sxvagan aravis Seuqmnia. srulebiT
warmoudgeneli dekoratiuli fantaziebia, TiTqos kaci xara-
Coze damdgara da iqve Txzavs. es namdvili ornamentul-plas-
tikuri fantaziebia da araCveulebrivia srulebiT. ai, asec
aris xolme da rodesac uyureb amas, rogorc istorikosi,
rogorc analitikosi, kargad xedav, Tu ramdennairi SeiZleba
arsebobdes niWiereba.
aris aseTi Sexeduleba _ da Zalian Wkviani xalxisganac
msmenia _ rom adamiani, romelic raRacaSi niWieria, yvela-
ferSi niWieria. aha, batono, uniWieresi iyo plastika-dekorSi
da sivrciTi ki... ra giTxraT?! cudi ar aris, ra Tqma unda
da Tavlas ar hgavs, namdvilad hgavs taZars, magram aRmaf-
rena, romelsac aq xedav, iq ar aris. samTavneli arqiteqto-
ri sxvanairia _ mas srulebiT warmoudgeneli ostatebi hyavs,

163
 warmoudgeneli meCuqurTmeebi. roca uyureb, geeWveba, rom
saerTod SesaZlebelia, adamianma gaakeTos is, rac iq aris. ge-
goneba, rom viRac sxva exmareba, TiTqos feriebi dafrinavdnen
Tu ra vici, kidev _ vin. Tumca TviTon arqiteqtori erTianad
iazrebs amasac da Sida sivrcesac. samTavroSi es ar aris,
sxva raRacaa. samagierod, ostati interierSic ki plastikas
axerxebs, magaliTad, afsidis kuTxeebs gaakeTebs ise, rogorc
burjebs. aseTi profilireba saerTod warmoudgenelia. vin-
mes azrad rogor unda mosvloda, rom aseTi dasafexurebuli
kuTxe gaekeTebina, ase daewvrilebina. Tanac gamosdis, SigniT
yvelaferi imdenad plastikuria. sarkmlebsac ki ukeTebs Sig-
nidan lilvebs, raTa kidev raRac gamoZerwos _ rogorc mo-
qandake, ise muSaobs. q-ni asmaT oqropiriZe ambobs xolme, qan-
dakeba rad gvindoda, taZrebi gvaqvs plastikurio. es swored
is SemTxvevaa, rodesac taZris moculoba, rogorc qandakeba,
marTlac ise keTdeba.
rodesac yuradReba gavamaxvile kacxsa da nikorwmindaSi
raRac elementTa winwasulobasa da sxvaTa ukuSTenaze, erTg-
var retrospeqtulobaze, es SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT, vinaidan
aqac Zalian kargad Cans, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedeba martivi
ambavi ar aris. sityva `amocana“ Zalian gviyvars xelovnebis is-
torikosebs da iseTi suraTi isaxeba, TiTqos dajda viRaca da
Tqva, axla me goTikur taZars avaSenebo. arada, vinc XII sau-
kuneSi sen-denis sakurTxevels aSenebda, sulac ar fiqrobda,
rom goTikur taZars aagebda. is fiqrobda, rogor aeSenebina
lamazi, SuqiT savse taZari. aseTi dakveTa hqonda _ unda yofi-
liyo bevri Suqi, romelic ganasaxierebda RvTaebriv naTels.
amaze fiqrobda da rodesac mere sxvebma es forma aitaces da
iqidan sakuTari kompoziciebi gaakeTes, isinic fiqrobdnen,
Tu rogor aeSenebinaT mjobnis mjobni taZari. amocanebi, im
azriT, rogoriTac gvesmis, Cveni abstraqciaa.
saubedurod, es TviTon xelovanTac SemoesmaT, dRes isi-
nic amocanebze laparakoben da raRacas iseTs akeTeben, rac
xelovneba ar aris. magaliTad, amas winaT wavikiTxe, rom vi-

164
Racas hqonda amocana, eCvenebina... ra unda aCveno? davuSvaT,
unda aCvenos, rom qva aris mZime. es ar aris xelovnebis amo-
cana, ar aris mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, es saerTod araferi ar
aris. qvas, minda giTxraT, wona isedac aqvs, TavisTavad da
Sen Tu ginda, raRac warmoaCino, raRacisTvis unda gWirdebo-
des. vTqvaT, Tuki gindaT, SeqmnaT dramatuli kompozicia da
iq aCvenebT qvis simZimes, romelic sadRac Sekidula da axla
gadmovardeba, es gasagebia, gamomsaxvelobas emsaxureba. Ta-
visTavad, Tuki momindeba mZime da saSiSi kldis Sexedva, waval
darialis xeobaSi da gadmokidebul kldes Sevxedav, aseTs ada-
mianis xeli mainc ver Seqmnis da imas xom ver gaejibrebi, rad
minda me es Seni simZime?! an vTqvaT aseTi amocana _ vaCvenoT,
rom feri arsebobs TavisTavad. feri TavisTavad, unda giTx-
raT, ar arsebobs. rogorc amboben, is saerTodac ar arsebobs
_ es aris zedapiris Tviseba, romelsac Cven vxedavT, rogorc
fers. ras niSnavs _ TavisTavad arsebobs? ginaxavT sadme ha-
erSi moriale feradi laqebi? mgoni, aseTi ram jer aravis
Sexvedria. es ar aris SemoqmedebiTi amocana. ai, isev sityva
`amocana“ wamomcda! ase ar unda fiqrobdes xelovani, es ar
aris xelovanis safiqrali, es saerTod ar aris safiqrali!
rodesac Cven sityva `amocanas~ vxmarobT, es mxolod imis
asaxsnelad gvWirdeba, rom gansxvavebuli formebi SeiZleba
Tanabari Rirebulebisa iyos da `amocanas“ mizandasaxulebis
nacvlad, mis sinonimad viyenebT, SemoqmedebiT process ram-
denadme varacionalurebT. Tumca es Teoriuli ganzogadebaa
da ara imis axsna, rogor moqmedebs xelovani. RmerTma dai-
faros, xelovani aseTi racionaluri iyos. suraTebis, qan-
dakebebis da simfoniebis Seqmna ar gaxlavT orTqlis qvabe-
bis konstruireba an ufro gamZle tafis modelireba _ ar
aris es igive. TavisTavad xelovneba Tavisi arsebiT mravali
da mravali aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTs emsaxurebo-
da da RvTaebis sadidebeli iyo _ an romelime kerZoobiTi
RvTaebis, an CvenTvis, monoTeistebisTvis, erTiani transcen-
denturi RmerTis. es iyo erTgvari, rogorc xatovnad ity-

165
 vian, Teologia an himnografia, oRond sxvadasxva saSualebiT
_ sityvieriT, bgeriTiT, plastikuriT, feriTiT. namdvilad
ase iyo! rac undaT, ilaparakon, magram es iyo ase da amas ve-
ravin uaryofs. mere es aris xolme sxvadasxvanairad warmosa-
xuli, gonebaSi sxvadasxvanairad gatarebuli, magram kvlavac
raRacisadmi mowiwebis, krZalvis, aRfrTovanebis gamoxatvis
saSualebaa. magaliTad, XIX saukunis bevri xelovanis gonebaSi
es CamoinakvTa, rogorc aRfrTovaneba xiluli bunebiT. bevri
maTgani morwmune iyo _ maTTvis es Sesaqmis kvalia, RvTaebis
Semoqmedebis gamovlinebaa, ase xedaven. viRac deisti iyo, vi-
Rac _ panTeisti, magram visac saerTod aRaraferi eguleboda
iq sulieri, is peizaJs veRar xatavda.
SeadareT peizaJi Teist sezanTan, romelsac swamda Rmer-
Ti da RvTaebrivi Sesaqme da aTeisti pikasos peizaJi. pikasos
peizaJebi, jer erTi, cota aqvs imitom, rom guli ar misdis
da, meorec, yvelaferi daWyletili TunuqiviT gamoiyureba.
amiT imis Tqmas srulebiT ar vapireb, rom pikasos cudi mxat-
vroba aqvs. ase SeiZleba Tqvas mxolod Zalian gauTviTcnobie-
rebelma istorikosma da, imedi maqvs, rom aseT zomamde uvici
ar var, magram misi damokidebuleba qveynierebisadmi, rasak-
virvelia, srulebiT sxvaa, araa iseTi, rogoric wina Taobis
xelovanT hqondaT. misTvis sinamdvile, upirveles yovlisa,
qaosia da aseTi damokidebulebisas mSveniereba SeuZlebelia,
is xdeba mxolod garegnuli, vulgaruli silamaze, rogoric,
magaliTad, XX saukunis Zalian bevr kinovarskvlavs aqvs (ar
minda, konkretuli saxelebi vTqva). ver gamigia, ratom ukidia
vinmes im dedakacTa portretebi, romlebsac rigian ojaxSi,
me rom mkiTxoT, sarecxs Tu daarecxinebdnen, Torem samza-
reuloSic ar SeuSvebdnen. Tumca maSin, X Tu XI saukuneSi,
cxadia, ase ar iyo. amocana maSin swored es aris, adamianebi
mxolod amaze fiqroben _ isini qmnian RvTis sadidebels. es
ar aris advili. arc is aris swori, rom adamianis ganwyobile-
bam, vTqvaT, misma aRfrTovanebam, SeiZleba pirdapiri gamoxa-
tuleba naxos.

166
 Cven xSirad gvaviwydeba _ xelovnebaze Tu ram viciT, es
misi nivTieri garsi aris. raRac TvalsazrisiT, bgerac nivTie-
ria, radgan talRebi vrceldeba haerSi. am garsis saSualebiT
modis Cvenamde is, risi Tqma da gadmocemac xelovans surs. es,
sxvaTa Soris, ar udris xelovanis Sinagan mdgomareobas, Tum-
ca is raRacis keTebas garkveuli ganwyobilebiT iwyebs. davuS-
vaT, sami dRe xatavs suraTs. Teoriuladac ki SeuZlebelia,
is sami dRis ganmavlobaSi sul erTnair xasiaTze iyos. ukve
Semdeg, rodesac muSaobas agrZelebs, is Tavisive nakeTebiT
xelaxala iqmnis, iRvivebs im ganwyobilebas, Torem sxvanairad
mas ver miaRwevs. arqiteqturas Tu warmovidgenT, vin daije-
rebs, rom SeiZleba ostats 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTnairi
ganwyobileba hqonoda?! cxadia, ase araa, magram isini gamoxa-
taven raRac erTs, erT emociur damokidebulebas, Cadebuls
CanafiqrSi, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba xorcs didxans isxamdes.
ase rom, xelovanis subieqturi, emociuri mdgomareoba da is,
rac man nawarmoebiT gamoxata erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT _
nawarmoebi mis ganwyobas pirdapir ar gadmoscems, is maSuale-
belia da, raki maSualebelia, iq Cndeba Zalian bevri ram da
es Cven yvelam viciT. yvelas dagvmarTnia, rom raime Zalian
piradi ganacadis (Tundac xelovnebisagan miRebulis STabeW-
dilebis, raRaciT an viRaciT aRfrTovanebis) sxvisTvis axsnas
vcdilobT da ver vpoulobT sityvebs, romlebic zustad gad-
moscems, ratom varT ase aRfrTovanebulni. veZebT sityvebs
da sanam im zust sityvas vipoviT, vaSvelebT xel-fexs, saxis
gamometyvelebas, egebada mosaubre migvixvdes. mere vipoviT
im sityvas, magram amas xom dro unda.
zustad asevea xelovnebaSic. arian Seumcdari xelovanni,
magram, rogorc wesi, es Seumcdaroba am geniosebisTvisac ki
uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia. es xdeba gamocdilebis dagrovebis
Semdeg. ubralod, ar arsebobs xelovneba, romelic pirdapir,
pirveli mosinjviT aris srulyofili. jerjerobiT dedamiwa-
ze ar arsebula xelovani, romlis pirvelive nawarmoebi Sede-
vri iqneboda. Sedevri yovelTvis iqmneba odesRac mere. Teo-

167
 riulad, roca is ufro uSualoa, misi nawarmoebi ukeTesi unda
iyos, magram es uSualoba, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba xolme
sxvaTagan gadmoRebuli ukve cnobili da gacveTili formebiT.
mere is xvdeba, rom es is ar aris da, ra Tqma unda, im Zveli,
wina TaobaTa, gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT, gaTvaliswinebiT,
masze dayrdnobiT raRacas Tavisas poulobs. sruli iluziaa
imaze fiqri, rom vinmes SeuZlia, rame Seqmnas yvelafris ga-
reT. TviTnaswavl xelovnebaze laparakoben xolme, rogorc
srulebiT uSualoze. es xom iluziaa, is ostatebic xom raRa-
cas xedaven?! isini xedaven suraTebs, nivTebs, vTqvaT, Zvelad
kedlis mxatvrobas xedavdnen. Zalian kargi magaliTia Tundac
firosmani, romelTanac naxavT raRac iseTs, rac mas nanaxi
aqvs da Semdeg gadaqceuli Tavis srulebiT individualur xe-
lovnebad. uwanamZRvro arc is aris, imasac aqvs wanamZRvrebi.
sxva ambavia, rom firosmanTan ar aris imdeni racionaluri
fiqri, ramdenic, davuSvaT, daviT kakabaZesTan. es ukve sxva
sakiTxia. Semoqmedeba yovelTvis agrZelebs raRacas, rac wina-
morbedebma dautoves da Semdeg amas irgebs an mTlianad gar-
dasaxavs, Tu misi saTqmeli principulad gansxvavebulia. amas
bevri sirTule aqvs da aqve dgeba xelovanis pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi. XVIII saukunidan xelovanma moixsna yovelgvari pasu-
xismgebloba imaze, rasac akeTebs. davuSvaT, daxatavs, gadai-
Rebs an Teatris scenaze gaiTamaSebs raime uzneos, uxamss da
Semdeg ki xSirad gaigoneb: mere ra, rom Tqven ar mogwonT,
rasac me gaCvenebT, aseTia sinamdvile. mniSvnelovania ara is,
Tu rogoria sinamdvile, aramed _ Sen ras poulob am sinamd-
vileSi, asaxvisa da damaxsovrebis Rirsad, CemTvis Cvenebis sa-
kadrisad ras miiCnev da ras gamoiwvev. dRes xelovani fiqrobs,
rom is Tavisas ambobs da danarCens ki TavSi qva uxlia. arada,
ase ar aris, xelovneba viRacisTvis iqmneba, is ar arsebobs ise,
uarvisod. ar mgonia, marTebuli iyos daufiqrebloba imaze,
Tu ras gamoiwvevs Seni nawarmoebi. es xSirad gamimeorebia:
gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre saxelganTqmulma reJisorma
bergmanma Tqva, Cems filmebs ar vuyureb, cud gunebaze maye-

168
nebso. nuTu zneobrivia, amoiRo gulidan is, rac Sen gawuxebs,
sxvebs ki guneba gaufuWo da Tavi moakvlevino, roca TviTon
amas aRar uyureb? es ukiduresi upasuxismgeblobaa da ar mgo-
nia, zrdasruli adamianisTvis sakadrisi iyos.
aq Cven Zalian rTul zRvars gavdivarT _ rodesac surT,
rom imoqmedon idealis saxeliT (da amis uamravi magaliTia,
gansakuTrebiT, XVII, XVIII, XIX saukuneebSi), adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs aZaleben formebs. iwyeba laparaki imaze, rom romeliRac
forma kargia da romeliRac sxva ki _ cudi. arada, saubaria
ara formebze, aramed ama Tu im formiT motanil sazrisze.
marTalia, me aseTi ar meguleba, magram Tuki TavisTavad for-
ma aris uzneo da saxifaTo, maSin, modiT, am formazec uari
vTqvaT. magram gana amazea laparaki?! samwuxarod, yovelTvis
ase iyo _ iyo kamaTi, davuSvaT, imaze, rom zneobrivi aris do-
riuli sveti da uzneoa, vTqvaT, goTikuri TaRi an piriqiT,
goTikuri TaRi aris RvTissaTno da naxevarwriuli TaRi _
warmarTuli. yvela es debuleba aris sisulele! nebismier am
formas SeuZlia gamoxatos RvTaebrivi an Zalianac araRvTaeb-
rivi, gaaCnia, Sen mas rogor gamoiyeneb da rogor mTliano-
baSi, rogor mxatvrul mTelSi moaqcev. vinaidan formebze
kamaTobdnen, Semdeg viRac, vinc icavda ideals, daivalebda,
rom raRac forma akeTos, Tumca mere irkveoda, rom es forma
gulTan ver miaqvs.
amisi tragikuli magaliTi aris Jan ogiust dominik eng-
ri, romelic uniWieresi mxatvaria da SegiZliaT TvalnaTliv
naxoT, Tu rogor araCveulebriv portretebs xatavs. Tumca
rogorc ki koncefciuri suraTebis keTebaze gadadis, TiTqos
cvilis Tojinebis ugemuri, mosawyeni gamofena gamosdis, rad-
gan iq daiZala raRaca, sxvanairi xazi moswons da ZaliT ake-
Tebs imas, rac misi bunebisa ar aris. ase ar SeiZleba da amaze
arc aris laparaki. Tu adamians eTqmevineba maincdamainc Tavi-
sufali leqsi, ar unda movklaT da ZaliT ar unda vawerinoT
soneti. es ki ar aris problema, laparakia sxva rameze, rom
Tqven SeiZleba daweroT gamarTuli soneti da adamianebs kac-

169
 Ta kvla uqadagoT. marTla aris aseTi leqsi, me axla arafers
vigoneb. germanuli leqsia, vinme georg hervegis, sadac pirda-
pir naTqvamia, axla siZulvili gvsurso. leqsad cudad albaT
arc ki aris agebuli, magram nuTu SeiZleba, rom es Sinaarsi
mosawonad CaiTvalos? SeiZleba, rom siZulvilisadmi mowo-
deba raimenairad iyos gamarTlebuli? ai, magaliTad, uniWie-
resi versifikatori haine, romlis msgavsad germanuli leqsis
melodiurobisaTvis Znelad Tu vinmes miuRwevia, mouwodebs,
rom gadaaqcion kelnis taZari Tavlad da sicil-kiskisiT
gviyveba, tiuilris sasaxleSi TavmokveTil sefeqalTa aCrdi-
lebi rogor dadian. mas es axalisebs, Tavad ecineba, Tumca me
mgonia, rom amas mxolod erTmniSvnelovani Sefaseba SeiZleba
mieces _ es aris uzneoba! es ar SeiZleba da piradad CemTvis
araviTari melodiuroba leqsisa amis gamarTleba ar aris. is,
ra Tqma unda, Zalian karg versifikatorad rCeba, magram amgva-
ri leqsebi, rogorc moraluri movlena, Cemi azriT, absolu-
turad erTmniSvnelovnad fasdeba.
amas mxolod imitom vlaparakob, rom Cven unda gan-
vasxvaoT mxatvruli formebis mier wamoWrili amocanebi (da
Cven mogviwevs amaze saubari XII saukunis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
XIII saukunis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT) da is, rac am for-
mebiT gamoiTqmis. ai, magaliTad, formis uzogadesi tipis
TvalsazrisiT, aTenis akropolisi da mcxeTis jvari erTi da
igive aris, Tumca konkretuli formebi ar emTxveva. nuTu Se-
saZlebelia, vinmes azrad mouvides Tundac wamiT, rom sulie-
ri Sinaarsi parTenonisa, romelic mSvenieri xelovnebaa, igive
aris, rac jvris sazrisi, romelic agreTve mSvenieri xelov-
nebaa? maT aqvT srulebiT gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobiTi
saTqmeli. Tumca, Tu vilaparakebT mxolod da mxolod for-
mis enaze, iq aris saerTo niSnebi, magram es srulebiT sxva-
dasxva ramaa. samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, amis garCeva arc
ise iolia: sabednierod imitom, rom xelovnebis bedniereba
es aris _ gveZleva, rogorc mTeli da Tavs Zala unda dava-
tanoT, raTa is komponentebad davyoT. sxva mxriv, ubedureba

170
isaa, rom swored am mTlianobiT vaiTu isargeblos arakeTil-
sindisierma adamianma, gindac borotma Zalam, lamazi niRabi
moirgos da SemogvasaRos mere Sxami da samsala, romelze ua-
ress verc ki warmoidgens kaci. es araerTxel momxdara da,
samwuxarod, dResac Zalian xSirad xdeba. sxva ubedureba ki-
dev isaa, rom dRes adamianebi, ar vici ratom, Sxams sakmarisad
Seuracxi, arafrad Rirebuli formebiTac siamovnebiT ylapa-
ven. SeiZleba arsebobdes marTlac maRali donis mxatvruli
Semoqmedeba, romelsac Zalian arasasurveli da, xSir SemTxve-
vaSi, ubralod damRupveli ideur-sulieri saTqmeli moaqvs.
es gasaTvaliswinebelia _ gasaTvaliswinebelia Sefasebisas
da, saerTod, xelovnebis istoriaze fiqrisas. xelovnebis
istoria ar aris nagavsayreli, sadac yvelaferi erTi Rire-
bulebisaa anu Rirebuleba dakargulia. xelovneba adamiane-
bisagan modis, xelovnebaSi adamianebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs
da gvesaubrebian Cven. me absoluturad darwmunebuli var,
rom Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, sruli ufleba gvaqvs, moviTxovoT
rogorc gamonaTqvamis mowesrigebuloba, aseve gamosaTqmelis
sulieri simaRle. mgonia, rom dRevandel dRes es, ubralod,
aucilebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia povna adamianisa,
romelic isurvebs, itvirTos maRalsulieri saTqmelis Semos-
va dRevandeli adamianisTvis misaReb materialur garsSi. es
marTlac Zalian rTulia, vinaidan dRevandeli adamiani aris,
ase vTqvaT, avadmyofi cxoveli.
da mainc, ar SeiZleba, ar vTqvaT is, rac simarTlea. ar
SeiZleba, gavagrZeloT laparaki imaze, rom xelovneba aris
gasarTobi, romelic adamianebisagan, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
saerTod arafers iTxovs. swored piriqiT, didi xelovne-
ba jer Cvengan iTxovs yuradRebas da Semdeg Cven vivsebiT
imiT, rac man mogvca. es SeiZleba amaRorZinebelic iyos da
gamanadgurebelic da, sxvaTa Soris, ar aris ganmsazRvre-
li, moTxrobil ambavs bolo keTili aqvs Tu ara. berZnul
TeoriaSi SemTxveviT ar iyo damkvidrebuli cneba kaTarsi-
sisa, ganwmendisa, romelic moaqvs sworedac rom tragediis

171
 xilvas, rodesac Tqven xedavT bedisweris aRsrulebas da am
saSinel ambebSi damalul uzenaes sazriss. gavixsenoT Tun-
dac antigone. sinamdvileSi antigones tragediaSi, oidiposis
ojaxis tragediaSi, mTavrdeba, amoirwyveba is Sxami, romelic
daTesa papamisma, rodesac mglebs Cvili Svili sajijgnad miu-
gdo. Tqven xedavT, rom am saSineli tragediiT, udanaSaulo
adamianis gawirviT, aRsruldeba bediswera, romelic amyarebs
erTgvar wonasworobas qveynierebisa. srulebiT sxva sakiTxia,
gvwams Tu ara Cven bedisweris, viziarebT Tu ar viziarebT
amas. me, magaliTad, ar mwams aseTi fantomis, fatalisti ar
gaxlavarT da, mgonia, rom qristiani fatalisti saerTodac
ver iqneba. Tumca TavisTavad is, rom Tqven xedavT raRac
dids, badebs marTlac amaRlebul ganwyobilebas, TiTqos ra-
Rac Zala geZlevaT da iqidan gamodixarT ara aRnavlebuli,
aramed ganaxlebuli. Tumca SeiZleba iyos xelovneba, rome-
lic giCvenebs mxolod abibinebul mdeloebs, magram moaqvs
raRac iseTi, ris Semdegac xarT moRuSuli, gejavrebaT yve-
laferi da gZulT is lurji cac, is yvavilic da masze dam-
jdari pepelac. esec garkveuli saTqmelia da, Sesrulebis
TvalsazrisiT, esec SeiZleba maRali donis nawarmoebi iyos.
aseTi nawarmoebebi, kidev vimeoreb, aris.
asea Tu ise, me mxolod imis Tqma mindoda, rom XI saukuneSi
Cven gvaqvs garkveuli tipis arqiteqturuli Semoqmedeba, ro-
melmac ipova Tavisi saboloo forma. saboloooba, erTi mxriv,
aRmafrTovanebelia, Tumca SeiZleba dRevandel adamianamde es
uceb pirdapir arc mivides. maxsovs Cemi piradi STabeWdileba,
romelic samTavisis pirvelad naxvisas miviRe _ saerTod ver
gavige es ra aris da mxolod mere, meored misvlisas, mivxvdi,
rom damabnia swored misma zedmiwevniTma srulyofilebam. me
ver davinaxe masSi gamomsaxveloba, TiTqos mTeli emociuri
muxti gaiyina am srulyofil formaSi. rasakvirvelia, sinamd-
vileSi, Zalian cocxalia, ubralod, Tvali unda SeaCvio. Cemi
maswavlebeli, b-ni leo rCeuliSvili, aseT ambavs miyveboda:
roca drezdenidan moskovSi gadmotanili rafaelis `siqstes

172
madona~ unda gamoefinaT (oriode Tve unda yofiliyo da Semdeg
germaniaSi abrunebdnen), Cveni xelovnebaTmcodneebi wavidnen.
giorgi CubinaSvils uTqvams, icodeT, ar CauaroT, dadeqiT da
didxans uyureTo. saimdrood, rodesac b-nma leom es miTxra,
me ukve vicodi, rom swored aseTi aris italiuri renesansis
xelovneba _ es aris xelovneba, romelsac, Tu ar Seyovnde-
bi, ver aRiqvam. rafaelis xelovnebaSi Tqven unda ganicadoT
misi Sewonasworebuloba. siqstes madonas SemTxvevaSi, es aris
Sewonasworeba materialuri sxeulisa, romelic Rrubelze da-
dis. Tqven ar gaqvT gancda, rom is Camovardeba, radgan mas
zustad is wona aqvs, ramdenic Rrubels SeuZlia zidos. ro-
gor gaakeTa es rafaelma? ai, es unda SeigrZnos adamianma da
amisTvis saWiroa dro. samTavisis arqiteqturac am tipisaa _
cota masac unda acalo, raTa Semovides SenSi da maSin xedav,
ramdenad mdidaria is SigniT, rogori datvirTulia, rogori
sicxovliT aris gajerebuli.
Tumca aris sxva Taviseburebac dasrulebulobaSi _ mogex-
senebaT, dasrulebuloba yovelTvis raRacis daboloebaa. da-
boloeba SemoqmedebaSi SeiZleba gaCereba, SeCereba aRmoCndes.
arada, adamianis Semoqmedeba isea mowyobili, rom SeCereba ar
SeiZleba. sxvaTa Soris, ase aris mowyobili ara mxolod Se-
moqmedeba. yvelam viciT, rom adamiani, rogorc ki gaCerdeba,
CamorCeba, TiTqos adgils ar icvlis, magram sinamdvileSi iq
ki aRaraa, sadac fiqrobs, rom aris, aramed sul sxva adgilas
aRmoCndeba. ase xdeba imitom, rom CamorCa _ ase aris mowyobi-
li wuTisofeli da asea mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic. Tu rogor
ganviTarda Cvens saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, ase vTqvaT, das-
rulebis mermindeli movlenebi, ra axsna, gindac gamarTleba
SeiZleba amas moeZebnos an ra samomavlo gakveTili unda mivi-
RoT, ukve Semdeg saubrebSi mogaxsenebT.

173
 10. daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa

XI saukunis arqiteqturis CvenTvis cnobili istoria 1046 wels

savanis wm. giorgis eklesiis aSenebiT mTavrdeba. amis Semdeg
aSenebuli XI saukunis nageboba Cven ar viciT. amas SeiZleba
ramdenime axsna hqondes. erTi is gaxlavT, rom 1060-iani wle-
bidan iwyeba Turqoba anu seljukebis SemosevaTa wyeba da es
marTlac logikuria _ roca Turqi daTareSobs, mSeneblobis-
Tvis TiTqos veravin moiclis, Tumca, sxva mxriv, yofila ara-
naklebi omianoba da aSenebdnen. amas garda, kidev ufro ucnau-
ri is aris, rom im mcirericxovan ZeglebSi, romlebic XII sau-
kunis dasawyisiT SeiZleba daTariRdes _ ara mxolod arqiteq-
turaSi, aramed XI-XII saukunis mijnis mxatvrobaSi, XII saukunis
dasawyisis WedurobaSi _ aranairad ar Cans ostatobis vardna.
bunebrivia, wyvetili rom yofiliyo, naxevari saukune arc eSe-
nebinaT, arc exataT, arc eWedaT da arc minanqari ekeTebinaT,
unda vxedavdeT raRacas _ an umweo wambaZvelobas, anda xela-
xal mosinjvas. unda iyos erTi an meore, arada erTis niSanwya-
lic ar Cans. Sesabamisad, raRac sxva xdeboda.
maS, raSia saqme? axsna aseTia: nagebobebi albaT Zalian be-
vri marTlac ar aris. Tumca mTavari isaa, rom Cven jer ar
viciT niSnebi, romlebiTac XII saukunis meore naxevars gav-
mijnavT, erTi mxriv, XI saukunis pirveli naxevrisagan, meore
mxriv ki _ XII saukunis dasawyisisagan. es SesaZlebelia _ odes-
Rac (arcTu didi xnis win) Zalian Wirda VIII da IX saukuneebis
nagebobebis gansxvaveba da dRes es TiTqmis yovelTvis gamo-
gvdis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, ratom aris erTi
IX saukunis, meore ki _ VIII saukunisa. es Cven axla gamogvdis,
Torem 1970-ian wlebSi ar SegveZlo. iqneb aseve mere da mere
gamoCndes raRac iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic swored am droi-
sa unda iyos. drodadro, unda giTxraT, am meore naxevrobis
pretendentebic Cndeba. magaliTad, me TviTon maqvs eWvi, rom
swored XI saukunis bolo aTwleulebisa unda iyos werovanis
wm. samebis eklesia. b-ni nikoloz vaCeiSvili, magaliTad, fi-

174
qrobs, rom XI saukunis Sua xanebs an meore naxevrs SeiZleba
miekuTvnebodes ikvis wm. giorgis eklesia da a.S. magaliTad,
gvaqvs boJanos fragmentebi, romlebic XI saukunis bolosia
an XII saukunis dasawyisisa. Znelia saTqmelad, vnaxoT. imedia,
rom momavali aTwleulebi, am mxriv, wagveSveleba da cotaTi
ufro meti gvecodineba, vidre dRes viciT.
simarTle giTxraT, arc XII saukunis pirveli naxevris na-
gebobebi gvayria Tavze. faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia dava-
saxeloT mxolod gelaTis monastris RmrTismSoblis Sobis
taZari da SiomRvimis monastris RmrTismSoblis miZinebis
mTlianad gadakeTebuli (mxolod fragmentebi aris da geg-
ma) aguris eklesia. orive dakavSirebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis
moRvaweobasTan da orive misi anderZebiT aris dadasture-
buli: erTi _ SiomRvimisaTvis micemuli anderZiT da meore
_ saboloo anderZiT, saidanac Cans, rom 1125 wels gelaTis
RmrTismSoblis Sobis taZari dasrulebulia. mSenebloba dam-
Tavrda da axla jeri Semkoba-moxatvazea. Tumca iq raRac ga-
dakeTebebic moxda an SesaZloa, vTqvaT, narTeqsi bolomde ar
iyo miyvanili da gadaakeTes.
XI saukunes, ukve ara aucileblad mis pirvel naxevars, Cve-
ni istoriis erTi xuroTmoZRvruli saidumloc ukavSirdeba.
am drois movlenebSi Zalian xSirad aris naxsenebi kldekaris
cixe. kldekaris erisTavebi, baRuaSebi (romelTa ZiriTadi sa-
jdomi kacxi unda yofiliyo da ara kldekari, radgan aq aris
maTi saZvale da, rogorc Cans, Tavadac iqidan arian, raxan iq
imarxebodnen) xan dadebiTad, xan uaryofiTad marTlac xSi-
rad Canan am drois istoriaSi _ bagratovan mefeebs xan eqiSpe-
bian, xan exmarebian, xan maTi mokavSireebi arian, xan mocileebi
arian. erTia mxolod, rom maT, mgoni, tyuilad abraleben Za-
lauflebis mitacebis mcdelobas _ zogjer krTis xolme aseTi
eWvi. es ase rom yofiliyo, rodesac baRvaSebma bagrat IV kons-
tantinopolSi TavianTi ZalisxmeviT gaistumres da aRsazrde-
lad giorgi II, daviT aRmaSeneblis mama, daitoves, araferi iq-
neboda imaze advili, rom is avad gamxdariyo da momkvdariyo
an nadirobisas fexi dascdenoda da mTis qimidan gadmovard-

175
 niliyo. Zalian martivad akeTebdnen amas Tundac dasavleT
evropaSi, sadac pantapuntiT ixocebdnen aseTnairad mibare-
buli ufliswulebi. ratomRac maT gazardes kaci, romelic,
savaraudod, zrdasrulobisas maTi mowinaaRmdege gaxdeboda
da, bolos da bolos, daviT aRmaSenebelma gaistumra kidec
aqedan baRvaSebi. sxvaTa Soris, Tanamedrove istorikosebs Za-
lian uyvarT daviT aRmaSeneblis iseTnairad daxatva, rom sa-
erTod ver gaarCev, vin aris _ stalinia, neronia, vin aris da
Zalian moswonT is Semzaravi kaci, romelic Tavad gamoigones.
aseTi ramec wamikiTxavs: gausworda baRuaSebs. magram saqme
isaa, rom baRuaSebi agrZelebdnen arsebobas. maTi STamomavle-
bi saberZneTSi cxovrobdnen da liparitebi erqvaT. eseni nam-
dvilad baRuaSebi arian, aba, lipariti saidan unda gaCeniliyo
saberZneTSi? eqimebi iyvnen, sxvaTa Soris, rac sakmaod sainte-
resoa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mere, ufro gvian, XV sauku-
neSi, yvelaze cnobili mkurnali saqarTveloSi aris zaza fa-
naskerteli anu isev didi feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli.
XIX sukuneSic aris mTeli dasta friad saxelovani qarTuli
sagvareuloebidan gamosuli eqimebisa rogorc dasavleT, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. es sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT,
rom dasavleT evropaSi es srulebiT warmoudgeneli iyo _
aristokratiuli ojaxidan gamosuli eqimi, ubralod, ar arse-
bobda. ase aris XVII saukuneSi, ase aris XVIII saukuneSi, ase aris
XIX saukuneSi. ar vici, SeiZleba, mere vinme gamoeria, magram
ase iyo manam, sanam es tradiciuli sazogadoeba arsebobda.
ratom gamaxsenda es? kldekaris cixeSi Caiketebian xolme,
roca omianoba atydeba da aris erTi ambavi _ xan alyaa, xan ra
aris da xan kidev ra aris. es rom moxdes, xom unda iyos Seno-
ba? jer erTi, unda iyos raRaca saTavdacvo nagebobebi, amas
garda, unda iyos sacxovrebeli nageboba. baRuaSi marto xom
ar aris? mas hyavs col-Svili, cols hyavs Tavisi fareSebi,
did erisTavTerisTavs _ Tavisi fareSebi da razmi, am razme-
lebs _ albaT ojaxebi, unda iyos cixisTavic. bevri xalxi unda
iyos. kldekaris cixidan, romlis adgili cnobilia, darCeni-

176
lia, daaxloebiT, sami qva da absoluturad gaugebaria, cixe
sad iyo imitom, rom iq adgili ar aris. srulebiT gaugebaria,
es cixe sad iyo aSenebuli. ar vici, iqneb Cven gveSleba da es
ki ara, raRac sxvaa kldekari, magram maSin sadme sxvagan es
cixe xom unda iyos? Tan es erTaderTi SemTxveva ar aris. maga-
liTad, kojris cixe, sadac iyo samefo sasaxle, aris pawawuna
adgili da sad eteoda iq es yvelaferi, absoluturad gaugeba-
ria. an mecixovneebi sad iyvnen, an es didebulebi sad iyvnen da
iq saerTod ra xdeboda? ai, aseTi ucnauri garemoebaa, razec
istorikosebs, arqeologebsa da albaT xelovnebis istoriko-
sebsac mogviwevs, pasuxi gavceT, raTa gavarkvioT, Cvens qveya-
naSi aseTi ucnauri ra xdeba. amave dros, aris sxva cixeebi,
romlebic mozrdilia, sadac gaigeb, ra sad aris, rogor aris
da aseTi sakvanZo, Zalian mniSvnelovani didi centrebi ki an
gamqralia, an iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom ver vxvdebiT, isini
Tavdapirvelad rogori SeiZleboda yofiliyo. aseTia patara
saidumloebebi da gaugebrobebi Cveni istoriisa.
ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo XI-XII saukuneebSi? savaraudod,
imdroindeli ostatebi, raRac TvalsazrisiT, gaagrZelebd-
nen imas, rasac XI saukunis pirveli naxevris CvenTvis cnobili
xuroTmoZRvarni akeTebdnen. im nimuSebidan, mcirericxovani
magaliTebidan, romlebic Cven XII saukunis dasawyisSi viciT,
Cans, rom principuli sxvaoba, vTqvaT, XII saukunis dasawyisis
da XI saukunis Sua xanebis CuqurTmas Soris ar aris, Tumca zo-
gierTi saxe aRaraa. magaliTad, X saukunis bolosa da XI sau-
kunis pirvel naxevars Zalian uyvars e.w. kuwubebi _ kbilane-
bi, SeerTebuli TaRovani rkalebiT. amas rTuli istoria aqvs,
foTlovanidan warmodgeba da mere geometriuli saxe miiRo.
XII saukuneSi isini aRar aris, XI saukuneSi _ aris, e.i. es ga-
davarda, raRaca gadarCeva moxda. arada, foTlovani, geomet-
riuli saxeebi, ZiriTadad, TiTqos isev isaa. damuSavebis xasia-
Tic didad Secvlili ar aris, rasac ver vityviT ukve XII sau-
kunis Sua xanasa da meore naxevarze, rodesac, me vfiqrob, is
sakmarisad sxvaa. samwuxarod, am ori nagebobidan, romlebzec

177
 Cven ase Tu ise SeiZleba visaubroT, erTi Zalian cudad aris
Cvenamde moRweuli da marto gegmiT viciT, meore ki sakmaod
Taviseburia da imis dasaxasiaTeblad, Tu met-naklebad ra iyo
maSin, ase vTqvaT, modaSi, albaT ar gamodgeba.
saqme is gaxlavT, rom, rogorc Cans, daviT aRmaSenebeli
im damkveTTagania, romelnic sakmaod erevian mSeneblobaSi,
Tumca ara ise, rogorc ukve XIX saukuneSi xdebda, rodesac
modis damkveTi da, vTqvaT, ambobs, me am feris farda ar min-
dao (visac, magaliTad, golsuorsis romani waukiTxavs, mixv-
deba). ar mgonia, amdenad Careuliyvnen, magram is, rogorc
Cans, raRac pirobebs ayenebs, ufro zustad ki, samSeneblo
programas iseTnairad ayalibebs, rom es mxolod funqciuri
moTxovna araa, raRac iseTia, rac mxatvrul saxesac gulisx-
mobs. amas garda, Cven gvaqvs gadmocema, romelSic me, marTali
giTxraT, didad eWvi ar mepareba, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli ge-
laTis mSeneblobaSi lamisaa fizikurad monawileobda. ratom
ar mikvirs? saerTod, cnobilia, rom dasavleTSi _ sadac ga-
cilebiT meti wyaroa, vidre CvenTan da Tundac bizantiaSi _
SeiZleboda vinme warCinebuls saRvTo Rvawlad CaeTvala amis
msgavsad, vTqvaT, qvebis zidva an raRac sxeulebrivi Tavisi
wili mSeneblobaSi. ratom ar unda gaekeTebina es daviT aRma-
Senebels?! miT umetes, es aris sruliad sxvanairi pirovneba.
ver davdeb Tavs da ver vityvi, rom is aris erTaderTi da sxva
aseTi saerTod ar yofila-meTqi, magram es Zalian iSviaTi mo-
vlenaa, amgvari mefeebi ase ar eyara. marto Cvens istoriaSi
ar aris is sxvanairi. rac ki biografiebi wamikiTxavs, simarT-
le rom vTqva, msgavsi iq ver vnaxe, Tumca ver gamovricxav,
iqneb viRac aris da me ar vici ise, rogorc vinme frangma is-
torikosma ar icis daviT aRmaSeneblis ambavi. SeiZleba vinme,
vTqvaT, norvegiaSi iyo amgvari da me ar msmenia, magram iSvia-
Ti rom aris, cxadia.
saqme is gaxlavT, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli cota ufro
rTuli pirovnebaa, vidre dRevandel Cvens istorikosebs un-
daT. es sakiTxi ramdenime mimarTulebiT iSleba, magram albaT

178
umTavresi aris daviT aRmaSeneblis damokidebuleba eklesiasa
da sarwmunoebasTan. am mxriv, unda vTqva, XIX saukunisa da
XX saukunis damdegis Cveni mweral-moRvaweni da mecnierebic
gacilebiT ufro Rrmad ixedebodnen. gaxsovT, albaT, ilia
WavWavaZes aqvs araCveulebrivad naTqvami, rom man, rogorc we-
sia, ori saxeli daagdo, erTi amqveynad dasatovebeli da meo-
re Tan wasaRebio anu saero Rvawlic bevri aqvs da, amave dros,
saRvTodac iRvawa, sulisa da zneobrivisTvisac izrunao. misi
zneobrivi saxe sakmarisad xazgasmuli aris ivane javaxiSvilis
`qarTveli eris istoriaSic~ da mere, aki vambob, iwyeba misi
gadaqceva viRac axaldroindel politikosad, iseTad, rogo-
ric iyo bismarki, vTqvaT, napoleoni, am tipis kacad, romelic
yvelafers angariSobs, romelsac ara aqvs mrwamsi, romelic
wers da laparakobs viRacis dasanaxad da ara imitom, rom ase
fiqrobs. Tumca calybad da yasidad `galobani sinanulisa-
ni~ da am tipis nawarmoebebi ar iwereba. es, me mgoni, Zalian
kargi poeziaa da iq iseTi xma ismis, rom ver miamsgavseb, ase
ver gaakeTeb. me Zalian makvirvebs, rom ar aris aqamde jero-
vnad gaanalizebuli misi anderZebic da meore, bolo, anderZi
saerTodac nayalbevadaa miCneuli. jer erTi, absoluturad
gaugebaria, vis da risTvis unda gaeyalbebina anderZi da Tan
TviTonve amboben, rom es misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Zalian
male moxda. rom eTqvaT, viRacam misi redaqtireba moaxdinao,
raRac kidev gasagebi iqneboda. roca sulTmobrZavi kaci sare-
celze wevs da anderZs karnaxobs, SeiZleba areulad ilapara-
kos da ori wlis Semdeg, vTqvaT, vinRacam ganmartos. magram
nayalbevi xom sxva rames niSnavs? ra weria im anderZSi iseTi,
rac vinme sxvas raime politikuri miznisTvis gamoadgeboda?
araferi! ubarebs Tavis vaJebs, rogor unda moiqcnen da de-
metres eubneba, Sens Zmas mimixedeo. ai, es aris da es. vis in-
teresebSi iyo am anderZis ase dawera, miTxariT erTi! vTqvaT,
ar dautova, ar daubara mamamisma, arada demetrem moindoma
xaxulis xatis moWedva, vinme daayvedrebda, ratom moWedeo,
etyoda, ratom daxarje Seni xazina xatisTviso? warmogidge-

179
 niaT Tqven aseTi ram? an ratom unda daewera, vTqvaT, Zmas mi-
mixedeo, es xom valdebulebaa? risTvis undoda es mas? cvatam
gaakeTa? neta rogor? rogor moaxerxa da ra miiRo man mere
amis fasad, xom araferi?! gaugebaria, absoluturad gaugeba-
ria! amis garda, me meCveneba, rom iq aris iseTi enobrivi qarga,
iseTi metyveleba, rogoric, me mgoni, saerTod ar arsebobs da
Zalian hgavs SiomRvimis anderZsac da `galobani sinanulisa-
sac~. nuTu yvelaferi SemTxveviT aris? meeWveba!
Cven daviT aRmaSenebels arasworad vxedavT imitom, rom
gvinda davinaxoT igi, rogorc mxolod racionaluri politi-
kosi, is ki cota metia. is, ra Tqma unda, aris politikosic,
mxedarTmTavaric, yvelaferi es aris, magram man kidev icis am
yvelafris fasic da ara mxolod saamqveyno fasi, aramed ro-
gor gamoiyureba politikosisa da samxedro pirisTvis saWiro
qmedebebi im absoluturi WeSmaritebis naTelSi. iq, im maRal
naTelSi rogor fasobs amgvari moqmedeba, daviT aRmaSenebeli
imas afasebs. es Zalian iSviaTia. namdvilad ar vici SemTxve-
va, rom adamians Tavis warmatebul qmedebebSi sakuTari Tavi
gaemtyunebinos. me aseTi SemTxveva ar vici! arada yvela es
naweri aseTia _ ambobs, beri unda vyofiliyavi, magram imis-
Tana buneba mqonda, rom es ar gavakeTeo. sagaloblebSi wers
sxvisi miwa mivitace da mivierTeo, e.i. rac Cven mogvwons,
yvelaferSi sakuTar Tavs amtyunebs. ai, aq aris swored es
sxvanairi pirovneba!
aRarafers vambob XX saukunis istoriografiis im sru-
lebiT gaugebar debulebaze, TiTqos man eklesia daiqvemde-
bara. es srulebiT gaugebaria da Tanac saerTod ar mesmis,
riT sabuTdeba. Cveulebriv, amboben, rom es weria ruis-ur-
bnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi. Tavis droze, me maxsovs, roca
gamovida es akademiuri, kargad komentirebuli gamocema, mis
winasityvaobaSi ewera, rom daiqvemdebarao. mgoni, samjer wa-
vikiTxe Tavidan bolomde, mere _ bolodan Tavamde, mere _
diagonalurad, rom rame mainc mepova, rac amaze miuTiTebs.
amis msgavsi saerTod araferi aris. iq aris wminda discip-

180
linaruli sakiTxebi, romlebic gasagebia, ratom iyo, visTvis
iyo da aranairi kvali imisa, rom saxelmwifos unda SeeZlos
eklesiaSi Careva, im ZeglisweraSi ar aris. Tu vinmem naxa ase-
Ti muxli, iqneb ganmartos, sad xedavs. sul mTlad komikuria,
roca am daqvemdebarebad xedaven imas, rom vazirTupirvelesi
unda yofiliyo Wyondideli mTavarepiskoposi. batonebo, vis
gaugonia dasaqvemdebareblad viRacis dawinaureba? vis gau-
gonia, roca gindaT viRac daiqvemdebaroT, imas miagoT kidev
damatebiTi pativi? es rogor? Wyondideli xom patriarqi ar
aris?! Tanac is, dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT, erTgvari sakasa-
cio sasamarTloa, xom asea? mas xom sxva maincadamainc bevri
saqme ar aqvs? yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans, rom misi ZiriTadi
saqme es aris, Wyondideli iq amisTvis aris. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, mefes unda, rom am mTavari movaleobis aRmsrulebeli
iyos ara mxolod politikuri, aramed zneobrivi avtorite-
tis mqone piri. axla gamagebineT, es niSnavs, rom aRmaSenebels
misi daqvemdebareba unda? rogor? mas xom ormagi Zalaufleba
misca _ ara marto saero, aramed kidev saeklesio Zalaufle-
bac. sul piriqiTaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, yvelaferi. gamodis, rom
mefem saxelmwifos marTvaSi gaaZliera eklesiis wili. ise, xom
yvelas axsovs, rogor undoda Tamar mefes, gadaeyenebina ka-
Talikosi da amis aranairi saSualeba ar arsebobda? araferi
SeeZlo mefes, srulebiT umweo iyo. ityoda kaTalikosi raRa-
cas da gaTavda, mefe ver ereoda. es aris eklesiis daqvemdeba-
reba? raime kanoni rom arsebuliyo, TviTon Tamars SeiZleba
is ar gamoeyenebina, magram misi vezirebi xom urCevdnen, amiT
da amiT moverioTo? ratom ar urCies? ar arsebobs aseTi gza!
ar arsebobs! me mgonia, es yvelaferi aris sruli gaugebroba.
daviT aRmaSenebeli aris swored im sakvirvel adamianTa-
gani, romelnic tragikulad gaorebulni arian TavianT sur-
vilSi, erTdroulad iyvnen ama qveynisa da im qveynis Tanabrad
msaxurni. Zalian kargad Cans, rom macxovari, rogorc yovelT-
vis, ambobda WeSmaritebas: Zalian Znelia, msaxurebde RmerTsa
da mamonas. mTeli saqmec is aris (an yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ase

181
 meCveneba), rom pirovnuli movaleobis grZnobam daviT aRmaSe-
nebels ar gaakeTebina arCevani _ daeTmo droiTi da moepove-
bina saukuno. ver akeTebs amas imitom, rom Tu droiTs daT-
mobs, maSin im qveyanas Rupavs, romelic masve Caabares. aris
kidev erTi gasaocari ambavi. xSirad amboben, rom man Tavisi
mama daamxo. mec mTeli sicocxle vici, rom man daamxo Ta-
visi mama. isev ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweras vkiTxulob
da ras vxedav: pirveli xels awers mefeT mefe giorgi anu
misi viTomda damxobili mama. gaugia vinmes dedamiwaze, rom
adamiani, romelsac waarTves xelisufleba, mefeT mefed iwo-
debodes da is, visac xelisufleba xelSi uWiravs, rigiTi mefe
iyos? gsmeniaT aseTi rame? etyoba, giorgi II-sac mefobis Za-
lian maRali Segneba hqonda. mixvda, rom TviTon ver ereva am
viTarebas da dainaxa patara biWi (is rom maSin 16 wlisaa, esec
yvelas aviwydeba), dainaxa iseTi Zala, rom arCia, mefoba mas
hqonoda da TviTon ganze gadga. es Svilmac iseTnairad daa-
fasa, rom mis win ar xtis. Tuki boWormis eklesiaSi, rogorc
q-ni asmaT oqropiriZe fiqrobs, marTlac daviT aRmaSenebeli
xatia, mas acvia saufliswulo kaba. samefo tanisamosic ki ar
Caicva. me mgonia, sinas xatzec saufliswulo kaba aqvs, araa es
bizantiuri Sesamoseli, romelic ukve gelaTSi aris daxatu-
li. rogorc etyoba, dRes ase Cans, rom marTlac raRacis mixe-
dviT daxates maT es portreti zemodan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
gvirgvinis forma da bevri ram amaze metyvelebs. es yvelaferi
arcTu Cveulebrivi movlenebia.
daviT aRmaSenebeli aris kaci, romlisTvisac zneobrivi,
sulieri ganzomileba Zalian bevrs niSnavs, gacilebiT mets,
vidre es Cveulebriv saero pirebs, maT Soris, Zalian RvTis-
mosav saero pirebsac, hqondaT xolme gacnobierebuli. Zalian
sasaciloa (albaT mainc ufro sasaciloa, vidre sxva ram) misi
wignebiani xurjinebic, romlebic Tan dahqonda. jer kidev
auRebel da sarkinozebis xelSi myof TbilisTan Casafrebuli
ise gaerTo kiTxviT, saerTod daaviwyda, rom omSia da kinaRam
daiRupa mTeli laSqari. aseT kacs rom yoveldRe ver gadae-

182
yrebi quCaSi siarulisas, mgoni, sakmarisad naTelia da es is-
toriaSic Zalian iSviaTia. bunebrivia, roca aseTi pirovneba
aSenebs monasters an taZars, is iq mets Cadebs, vidre sxva, ki-
dev vambob, Tundac Zalian RvTismosavi, Zalian gulanTebuli,
magram sxvanairi adamiani.
SeiZleba vcdebi, magram isic meCveneba, rom mis cxovrebaSi
Zalian didi wili unda hqonoda aucileblad arsebul saoja-
xo tradicias wm. giorgi mTawmindelis xsovnisas. wm. gior-
gi mTawmindelis mier jer kidev yrma giorgi II-is dalocva
ise sagangebod aris xazgasmuli, rom ar SeiZleba, es umniSv-
nelo yofiliyo. igi gauTavebeli xvewna-mudariT Camoiyvana
bagrat IV-m da weliwadi Tu weliwad-naxevari ar uSvebda ukan.
es misTvis Zalian didi ambavia. 10 weli aris gasuli, daviT
aRmaSenebeli patara biWia da, rogor warmogidgeniaT, mas ar
uyvebian am ambavs? yovel SemTxvevaSi, raRaca aris mis amg-
var zneobriv momTxovnelobaSi, gamZafrebul gancdaSi simo-
niis uwesobisa, rac wm. giorgis saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis
erT-erTi Temaa _ is aq Camovida, rogorc zneobrivi moZRvari
da moZRvravs ierarqiulad bevrad aRmatebul pirebs, swored
ise, rogorc sCveodaT did asketebs, romlebic ramdenadme ie-
rarqiis gverdiT arian (TiTqos imave safexurze dganan, magram
Tan odnav gverdiTac arian). es yvelaferi aisaxeba ruis-ur-
bnisis ZeglisweraSic. tyuilad ar ambobs ivane javaxiSvili,
romelic, me ase vityodi, sferulad xedavda istorias da ara
romeliRac erTi Zafis gayolebaze, rom is agrZelebs giorgi
mTawmindelis dawyebuls, rac man ver moaswro, areul qveyanaSi
bolomde veRar miiyvana. faqtobrivad, suliskveTeba ruis-ur-
bnisis krebisa wm. giorgi mTawmindelis suliskveTebaa.
Tu es asea, maSin gasagebi xdeba isic, Tu rogori aris
misi aRmSenebloba. b-ni daviT xoStaria fiqrobs, rom missave
aRmSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli unda iyos Tbilisis sionis
taZaric, magram im taZridan, faqtobrivad, araferi darCa
_ marto gegma. me isic ar vici, qvemoT fenebi rom Cans, es
XII saukunis fenebia Tu kidev raRaca mSeneblobisaa, romelic

183
 ucnobia, rodis Catarda. gegma marTlac iseTia, rogoric
TiTqos marto XII saukuneSi arsebula da manamde ar iyo da
ukavSirdeba swored gelaTisa da SiomRvimis RmrTismSoblis
miZinebis taZris jgufs, magram, aki vambob, mis arqiteqtura-
ze sul ver vimsjelebT.
ra viciT SiomRvimis eklesiaze? viciT misi gegma da ki-
dev viciT, rom agurisa iyo _ rac darCenilia, agurisaa. es
ukve cota ucnauria _ daviT aRmaSeneblis tola mefe raRa
maincadamainc aguriT aSenebs? ratom aguriT? ra, ar SeeZlo,
qvas ver iSovida? ostatebs ver moiyvanda? ukve ucnauria.
gelaTSi aSenebs qviT, magram yvelam viciT, rom iq sul ori
CuqurTma aris, ori CuqurTmovani fragmentia _ erTi aris
girCa sakurTxevlis sarkmlis qveS da meore aris, arc vici,
ra davarqva, yvavilisebri ornamenti, romelic amSvenebs sa-
diakvnis sarkmels. ai, sul es aris. danarCeni _ is uzarmazari
sarkmlebi Tavisi sapireebiT, gumbaTi _ yvelaferi uCuqurT-
moa. es Zalian ucnaurad Canda da araerT qarTvel xelovnebis
istorikoss miaCnda, rom is, ubralod, ver daamTavres. Tumca
1950-60-ian wlebSi gelaTis monastris xuroTmoZRvrebas swa-
vlobda q-ni rusudan mefisaSvili da gamosca wigni, romelsac
`gelaTis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli~ erqva. ra unda ifiqros
axla kacma _ ra aris es ansambli, sajiniboebi dgas Tu sacu-
rao auzebi? Tumca, rom naxoT imdroindeli wignebi, mixvde-
biT. erTaderTi simon janaSiam gaapara raRacanairad `daviT
garejis gamoqvabuli monastrebi“. etyoba, `gamoqvabulma“ `mo-
nasteri“ gaaneitrala da es rogorRac gaZvra. danarCen saTau-
rebSi Tqven ver naxavT, es ra aris. magaliTad, gamodis wigni,
aweria `aWis moxatuloba~ da aWi ki sofelia. rogor, sofelSi
xeebi an Saragzaa moxatuli? ase iwereboda. ar SeiZleboda
dasaxeleba, rac dRes ukve cota sasacilod gamoiyureba. xSi-
rad vuyvebi studentebs, rom erTxel samxatvro akademiaSi
erT-erTma axalgazrdam aiRo Temad, Tu ar vcdebi, Txinvalas
eklesia da ar unda gamoCeniliyo, rom Tema eklesiaa. misma
xelmZRvanelma da kaTedris gamgem b-nma leo rCeuliSvilma da

184
me movigoneT saTauri da am diplomis Sualedur ganxilvaze
veRar gavixseneT. dagvaviwyda, raSia saqme da es saTauri ras
niSnavs. daaxloebiT 15 wuTi vixsenebdiT. bolos gagvaxsenda,
rom es arqiteqturaa, Torem iseTi raRaca gamovigoneT da
davxlarTeT, rom mteri ki ara, Cven TviTon veRar vgebulob-
diT. es iyo gamouvali mdgomareoba _ axsenebdi eklesias da
atydeboda erTi ambavi da Zalian didi iyo albaToba, rom is
gaqreboda. SeiZleboda, gagetana omiTa da tankiT, magram Za-
lian rTuli iyo. sxvaTa Soris, giorgi CubinaSvilis cnobil
Sromas `jvris tipis Zeglebi~ Tavdapirvelad erqva `eklesiebi
jvaris tipisa~ da ase unda gamosuliyo. etyoba, mere simon
janaSiamve CaTvala, rom es wigni am saTauriT aranairad ar
gamova, viRaca xom xvdeba, jvari rac aris da kidev axla _
eklesia. gadaakeTa es `Zeglebad“, Torem germaniaSic ase unda
dabeWdiliyo da saqarTveloSic. ras vizamT, aseTia is dro,
romelzec Cemi Taobis bevri adamiani Turme ambobs, rom iyo
samoTxe, netareba da gadmodioda sibrZnisa da sulierebis ni-
aRvrebi da Sadrevnebi. Cems gasagonad amas ver amboben, etyoba
xvdebian, rom saSineleba datrialdeba. rodis da sad xdeboda
es, me ar minaxavs, ar Semxvedria. Tu sadme iyo, etyoba, kargad
mimalavdnen, Zalian rom ar gavzuluqebuliyavi.
ras aSenebs daviT aRmaSenebeli? viciT, es saswavlebeli
unda yofiliyo, Tumca isic unda vTqvaT, rom pirdapir es
naTqvami ar aris. iq weria aseTi ucnauri ram, rom Camoiyvana
sibrZniT ganswavluli adamianebi da es unda iyos axali aTi-
na. aba, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes sxvas? amas sagangebod vambob
imitom, rom adre Tu gvian viRaca ikiTxavs, sad giweriaT es
gelaTis akademiao, Cven ki `qarTlis cxovrebas~ roca davi-
mowmebT, is iq akademiis saxels ver ipovis. marTali giTxraT,
me arc sxva matianeebSi maxsendeba sadme, egeb romelime mi-
nawerSi iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, matianeSi es ar weria. Tumca
mTeli es erToblioba winadadebebisa gveubneba, rom iq raRac
xdeba. ratom `meore ierusalimi“ da `sxvaÁ aTina“? ratomaa
erTad da ratomaa Sejereba am orisa? yvelam icis, rom aTeni

185
 warmarTuli sibrZnis simboloa, ierusalimi ki _ qristianu-
li sibrZnisa da ase aris jer kidev tertulianesTan. Tumca
tertulianesTan naTqvamia, ra saqme aqvs aTens ierusalimTa-
no da Cven vwerT pirdapir sawinaaRmdegos. nuTu SeiZleba, es
SemTxveviTi iyos? bunebrivia, es unda yofiliyo kera, sadac
raRac saxiT saero sibrZnec iyo, araTu Sezavebuli, damyare-
buli qristianul WeSmaritebaze. es Zalian mniSvnelovani aris
bevri ramisTvis. ar unda warmovidginoT, rom es iyo sasulie-
ro seminaria, rogorc es viRacas unda da arc is unda vifi-
qroT, rom es mecnierebaTa akademiis winamorbedia, rac ubra-
lod Zalian sasaciloa, radgan akademia niSnavs saswavlebels,
sxvas arafers. araviTari sxva movaleoba akademiebs istoria-
Si, garda saswavleblisa, ar hqoniaT da cnobili studenturi
himni _ Vivat Academia _ universitetzea naTqvami da ara raime
sxva dawesebulebaze, ara mecnierTa Tavyrilobaze. gacile-
biT gvian gaCnda akademiebi, romlebSic mecnierebi iyvnen ga-
erTianebuli. Zalian sainteresoa, rom es monasteri Sendeba,
erTi mxriv, sibrZnis TavSesayrad da, meore mxriv, samefo sa-
Zvaled da is ar Sendeba dedaqalaqSi. es Zalian ucnauria.
bizantiis imperatori ase ar akeTebs. ai, dasavleT evropaSi
Cven SeiZleba raRac amdagvari vnaxoT _ safrangTis mefeebic
sen-denis saabatoSi imarxebodnen, romelic cota moSorebuli
iyo parizs, magram saqme isaa, rom iq Zveli tradicia arsebob-
da, parizis gadedaqalaqebamdeli tradicia, ufro adrindeli.
aman ratom moindoma dedaqalaqis gverdiT aSeneba? sul iseTi
gancda maqvs, TiTqos qarTvel mefeebs ar undodaT, rom es
ori _ saero da sasuliero _ meufeba erT wertilSi yofiliyo
Tavmoyrili. ai, rogor martivad Seeguen imas, rom TbilisSi
mefe zis da mcxeTaSi _ kaTalikosi. es sul asea, kaTalikoss
aqvs sasaxle TbilisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gvian Sua sauku-
neebSi aqvs da albaT adrec eqneboda, magram is upirvelesad
yovlisa mcxeTeli mTavarepiskoposia da mere ukve yvelafe-
ri danarCeni. Tbileli mas saerTodac mxolod XIX saukuneSi
daerqva. es imis gamo moxda, rom rusebma daiWires Tbilelis

186
kaTedra da kaTalikosis funqcia, maT es erTgvarad SeaTavses
da Semdeg, raRac mosazrebiT, rodesac Cveni eklesia kvlav
aRorZinda, aq darCa es SeerTebuli `mcxeTa-Tbilisis~, magram
istoriulad es ase ar yofila, piriqiT, ori dedaqalaqi ga-
mijnulia. iqac asea _ sasuliero centri aris calke da mefe
kidev aris quTaisSi. didi dacileba ar aris, mas gahyurebs qu-
Taisis sakaTedro taZari da gadaZaxilia erTi goridan meore
goraze _ iqidan es Cans, aqedan _ is, Tan, orive RmrTismSoblis
saxelobisaa da, ase mgonia, rom albaT RmrTismSoblis Sobisac
imitom daarqves, rom is, quTaisSi, miZinebisa iyo da ar moin-
domes, am mxriv gajibrebodnen. gamovida, ase vTqvaT, RmrTism-
Soblis cxovrebis Tavi da bolo _ ori taZari, romlebic erT-
maneTs uyurebs. ase mgonia, amas hgavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi. miT
umetes, rom taZari, rogorc pirdapir weria, aSenda safarve-
lad yovladwmidisa RmrTismSoblisa da, rogorc Cans, es yov-
ladwminda RmrTismSobeli, am SemTxvevaSi, xaxulis xatia. Cven
ar viciT, ratom ergo maincadamainc xaxulis RmrTismSoblis
xats aseTi pativi, magram faqtia, rom is aris samefo gvaris
mfarveli. Sendeba taZari Zalian Taviseburi ara marto imiT,
rom umkobia, aramed sxvanairia, sxvanairad gakeTebuli sivr-
ciT, sadac imdeni Suqia, ramdenic arc erT qarTul taZarSi
ar yofila. adre ufro metic iyo imitom, rom dRes gverdiTi
sarkmlebi amoSenebulia, maT egvterebi efareba, Tavidan ki
yvela kunWulidan Suqi Sedioda. aq proporciebi gansxvavebu-
lia, gegmis agebuleba sxvanairia. erTaderTi, rac mas ase Tu
ise enaTesaveba, aris biWvinTis RmrTismSoblis taZari X sau-
kunis bolosi an XI saukunis dasawyisisa, rogorc ukve iTqva.
vvaraudob, rom es SemTxveviTi ar aris.
biWvinTis taZari RmrTismSoblis saxelobisaa da, rac
mTavaria, aris wm. andria mociqulis saydari. Semdgom, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, ase eZaxian, gvian saukuneebSi ase amboben.
wm. andrias mosaydreo _ ase mimarTaven biWvinTis mTavare-
piskoposs. TavisTavad tradicia wm. andrias qadagebisa, sxva-
Ta Soris, matianeebSi ar iZebneba, magram sxva rameebiT Cans.

187
 magaliTad, lixnis taZarze XVII saukunis mogzaurebi yvebian,
pirdapir ambobdnen, rom aq wm. andria qadagebdao da adgils
aCvenebdnen. iq sveti mdgara, romelic sad aris, ar vici, gam-
qralia, magram pirdapir miuTiTebdnen _ ai, am adgilze idga
da qadagebdao. aq Tu qadagebda, biWvinTaSi ratom aris misi
saydari? etyoba, iqac aris tradicia, iseve, rogorc wm. svi-
meon kananelis saflavs sul anakofiaSi movixseniebT da si-
namdvileSi is nikofsiaSia. ar vici, amboben, rom gadmoasve-
neso. me ver vnaxe es wyaro, Tumca albaT aris. iq wm. svimeo-
nis tradicia, romelic manamdec aSkarad arsebobda, uTuod
imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom iqac misi qadagebis adgilia da
raRac mRvimesac aCveneben, sadac is cxovrobda. es axsovdaT.
am mociqulebis myofoba marTlac ar aris XIX saukunis ga-
monagoni da Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom amas swored araqar-
Tveli avtorebi adastureben, qarTvels xom aravin endoba.
es ar aris guSindeli dRe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, XVII saukuneSi,
roca eklesia dasustebulia, am tradicias vin Seqmnida? es
rom ase iyo, Cven viciT, radgan wm. giorgi mTawmindeli swo-
red andrias qadagebas imowmebs, rogorc saqarTvelos ekle-
siis avtokefaliis safuZvels. misi mTavari argumenti swored
wm. andrias da wm. svimeonis qadagebaa.
Tumca es arCevani ar aris SemTxveviTi im TvalsazrisiTac,
rom wm. mefe daviTi aseTnairad akavSirebs Tavis aSenebul ta-
Zars msoflio eklesiis istoriis ganmasaxierebel samociqulo
taZarTan, samociqulo xsovnis taZarTan. is xdeba misTvis sa-
nimuSo anu Cven gvaqvs magaliTi imisa, rasac arqiteqturis
ikonografias eZaxian, rodesac arqiteqturuli nageboba raRa-
ca sxva nagebobas waagavs imitom, rom misi sazrisia mniSvnelo-
vani. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania misi istoria. Zalian bevri
iyo nageboba, romelic imeorebda uflis saflavs. dasavleTSi
mravlad aris es Senobebi, XI, XII, XIII saukuneebisa, ufro gvian-
delic, XIX saukuneSic ki auSenebiaT. ruseTSi XVII saukuneSi
mTeli monasteri aages, nikon patriarqma aaSenebina, axali ie-
rusalimi erqva. masSi meordeboda ierusalimuri siwmindeebi,

188
maT Soris, uflis saflavis rotondac. im XVII saukunis taZars
aseTive karviseburi saxuravi adgas.
am SemTxvevaSi, CvenTan xdeba sakuTari samociqulo tra-
diciis ubralod gadmotana ki ara, ase vTqvaT, axal naSenSi
arekvla. gelaTis taZari aranairad ar aris biWvinTis taZris
gameoreba. iq aris garkveuli maniSnebi, romlebic maT Soris
kavSirs unda qmnides, Torem Tundac masala sul sxva aris.
Cven ukve vTqviT, rom iq iyo zolovani bizantiuri wyoba, aq
ki Tlili qvaa. gelaTis taZari araCveulebrivad plastiku-
ria. es uCuqurTmo profilebia swored is, ramac aTqmevina
q-n rusudan mefisaSvils, rom Canafiqria aseTi, CuqurTma ima-
ze ubralod ver keTdeba. marTlac, Tuki gakeTdeba, imdenad
gaWirvebuli da dawvrilmanebuli iqneba, rom Citi bdRvnad ar
Rirs. srulebiT Segnebulad akeTeben amas. iq sxvanairi Sefar-
debaa sapirisa da Riobis. Riobebi aq odnav ufro didia, vidre
mTeli am epoqis arqiteqturaSi, imitom, rom mas CuqurTmiani
CarCo ar eqneba da sxva gani sWirdeba. aq garkveuli zemoqme-
deba unda moexdina bagratis taZars, radganac, rogorc Cans,
misi gumbaTis yeli moCuqurTmebuli ar iyo. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, dRes arsebuli masaliT, rogorc etyoba, asea. da mainc,
ratom maincdamainc uCuqurTmoba, ai, ratom?
daviT aRmaSenebeli, rogorc wm. giorgi mTawmindeli fi-
qrobs, upiratesobas aniWebs cocxal eklesias anu morwmuneTa
erTobas da mas, etyoba, ar unda, gaakeTos raime iseTi, rac
SeiZleba zedmetobad CaeTvalos. wm. giorgi mTawmindeli amas
pirdapir ambobs. misi mokle qadageba gardaTxrobili aqvs misi
cxovrebis momTxrobels, giorgi mcires da iq Cans, rom zed-
metobas, ase vTqvaT, zedmet Semkobas taZrisas, eklesiis Sen-
obisaTvis zedmeti Tanxebis gaRebas maSin, rodesac SeiZleba
upovari miuxedavi darCes, igi arasworad miiCnevs. me vfiqrob,
rom aqac es aisaxa. Semdeg Cven vnaxavT, rom marto gelaTiT
amis Tqma saZnelo iqneboda, magram kidev gvqavs magaliTi, ro-
melic daviT aRmaSeneblis wres ukavSirdeba da iqac raRaca
amdagvari aris. zedmetoba ar unda da zedmetad, rogorc Cans,

189
 CuqurTma miiCnia. es ar aris imitom, rom ostati ver naxa.
visac unaxavs is ori CuqurTma, isini iseTia, rom uyureb da
ginda, iyos kidev, kidev da rac SeiZleba meti aseTi, radgan
srulebiT araCveulebrivi xarisxisaa, arc ki vici, ramdenad
Rirseuli, Tuki aseTi saerTod SeiZleba iyos ornamenti. da
raki es ar aris, e.i. es aris garkveuli msxverplSewirva, Tu
gnebavT, raRacaze uaris Tqma, SemiZlia da uars vambob imi-
tom, rom ar mgonia es saWiroo. ai, amaSi, me vfiqrob, Cans
daviT aRmaSeneblis Careva. sxvagvarad amis axsna SeuZlebelia.
Cven mere da mere vnaxavT, rom es ar aris is gza, romli-
Tac wavida qarTuli arqiteqtura da es CuqurTmac ambobs,
rom gverdiT aris viRaca, visac CuqurTma sWirdeba. sxvagva-
rad, aba, ostati saidan gaCnda? sadRac xom daxelovnda, amg-
vari sadRac ukve xom akeTa? albaT merec akeTa, iqve xom ar
moklavdnen, ara? Tanac, bedad, mas Sexvda ostati, romelmac,
am SezRudvis pirobebSi, moaxerxa, formis ufro meti gamomsa-
xvelobisaTvis mieRwia. is akeTebs raRac saocrebas. akeTebs
isev safasado TaRnars, oRond marto mklavebze. mklavebis
pirebze es TaRnari miwamde Camodioda. axla, garda sakurTxe-
vlisa, TiTqmis arsad Cans, radgan yvelgan egvterebi aris mi-
Senebuli da TaRnarebis Zirebi SigniT moeqca. mklavebis gver-
diT kedlebze gadadis mokle, saxuravebamde Camosuli da iq
vxedavT srulebiT gasaocar raRacas. es aris TaRi, romelic
TiTqosda wamovida da qvemoT rom unda Camovides, cxvirs ike-
Tebs, mere ormagdeba da iqiT gadadis _ aseTi ganieri TaRuke-
bia, cxviriani, Setyupebuls veZaxiT da Tanac isini ramdenime
sibrtyeSia amoyvanili. sul iseTi gancda maqvs, ra Tqma unda,
absoluturad aramecnieruli, rom es aris maqmani, romelic
erTmaneTze ase daafines, Seawebes da kedelze daakres. Tan
msubuqia, Tan Zalian plastikuri es profilebi. da dgas marT-
la naqandakevi taZari. rasakvirvelia, amas didi ostatis niWi
undoda, Torem ra uSvelida amis meti?! ar vici, Tu esec da-
viT aRmaSenebelma uTxra, maSin didi xuroTmoZRvaric yofi-
la. samwuxarod, aranairi sabuTi ar maqvs, es rom vTqva, Torem

190
namdvilad momindeboda, ase yofiliyo. me davagegmareo _ Tvi-
Ton ar Tqva, ar dawera.
daviT aRmaSenebelTan dakavSirebiT, Cven viciT, rom Cven-
Tan modelebic keTdeboda. erT-erT SiomRvimur xelnawers
aqvs miwerili _ es maSin inusxeboda, roca daviT aRmaSenebeli
SiomRvimeSi movida da arsen beri cvilisagan aia sofias ake-
Tebdao. aia sofia ra aris, ar vici, magram, cxadia, rom cvi-
lisgan nagebobas akeTebda, cvilisgan sxva, aba, ra unda gae-
keTebina?! etyoba, modelebi aqac iyo da, eWvi maqvs, rom gan-
xilvebic iyo, kamaTic, cxare davac da bevri sxva ram. Sedegad
gvaqvs umagaliTo taZari, romelmac, samagierod, biZgi misca
sakuTar tradicias. Semdeg, daaxloebiT 150 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi, ai, am didi taZris modeliT, Sendeba TviTon gelaTi da
mere ukve, momdevno saukuneebSi, xan sad da xan sad gaCndeba
gelaTidan mosesxebuli TaRebis naxati, TaRnari, kapitelebi
da asea XIX saukunis bolomde. es isea, rogorc bgera, erTxel
rom daWeqav da misi naxmevi 8 saukune grZeldeba. aseTi rame
gakeTda gelaTis arqiteqturaSi. patara saqme esec ar aris.
roca nagebobas amdeni SeuZlia, es bevrs niSnavs.

191
 11. XII saukunis arqiteqtura.
TiRvis wm. jvris eklesia

amjerad minda, TiRvis wm. jvris eklesiaze visaubroT. es

gaamyarebs gelaTis mSeneblobaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis monawi-
leobis Taobaze Cvens varauds, romelzec ukve mogaxseneT.
gvgonia, rom TiRvis eklesias zusti TariRi aqvs. gvgonia,
radgan ornairi minaweri arsebobs da mTlad cxadi ar aris,
romeli maTgania sando, magram jerjerobiT mainc miviCnevT,
rom ufro swori unda iyos daTariReba 1152 wliT. arsebiTad,
gelaTis mere es XII saukunis erTaderi taZaria. vgulisxmob
gumbaTovan arqiteqturas, radgan gvaqvs kidev erTi darba-
zuli eklesia saorbisisa, romelic, bedad, agreTve zustad
1152 wliT aris daTariRebuli. viciT isic, visi aSenebulia
igi, viciT matianeSi CanaweriT da vxvdebiT warweriT. vxvde-
biT, radgan matianeSi pirdapir weria, rom TiRva aaSena daviT
aRmaSeneblis asulma Tamarma, romelic SarvanSas miaTxoves.
safiqrebelia, ratom Camovida is aq. ukve daqvrivda? xanSi
Sevida? TiTqos ar unda yofiliyo mTlad daberebuli. ra mo-
xda? es istorikosebis saqmea. Cven gvaqvs cnoba da viciT,
rom is iq Semonazvnda. isic viciT, rom misi sacxovrebeli
iqve iyo. dRes is, ramdenadac mesmis, sul aRar aris, magram
jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos, srulebiT aSkarad, eklesiidan
sadRac 3,5 metrSi CrdiloeTis mxares idga nangrevi orsar-
Tuliani Senobisa, romelic sasaxle unda yofiliyo. swored
sasaxle iqneboda. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom Senobis meore
sarTulidan gadadioda xidi da adgeboda CrdiloeT kedelze,
warmoidgineT, meore sarTulis simaRleze, gaWril kars. es
kari sazeimodaa morTuli da zed aris warwera, romelSic
moxseniebulia Tamari. raki es ori monacemi _ matianisa da
warwerisa _ erTmaneTs emTxveva, Cven gvesmis, rom es daviT
aRmaSeneblis asulia. cxadia, marto saxeli Tamari rom yofi-
liyo, SeiZleboda, Zalian bevri ram gvevarauda. ra Tqma unda,
maSinve ityoda vinme, rom es Tamar mefea, mere gaCndeboda ki-

192
dev gauTavelebi varaudebi. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven myarad varT
da zustad viciT, raSi iyo saqme.
rodesac am taZarze vsaubrobT, mniSvnelovania, rom ga-
viTvaliswinoT Tamaris biografia. warwera dawerilia iambi-
koTi da es, mogexsenebaT, erTgvari gauriTmavi leqsia. masSi
Tamari mimarTavs jvars saSinel samsjavroze meoxebis Txov-
niT. TavisTavad, es umagaliTo sulac ar aris. Zvel dros, im
gardamwyvet Jams, yvela SesTxovda Semweobas xan vis da xan
vis. aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom Tamari daviT aRma-
Seneblis qali iyo da, rogorc iTqva, srulebiT gansakuTre-
buli religiuri gancdebis adamiani. amasTanave, is mahmadianis
colyofili gaxldaT. SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT, Tu ras niS-
navda im garemoSi amgvari sarwmunoebrivi gznebiT gazrdili
adamianisaTvis, rom mahmadian meuRlesTan cxovrobda da mah-
madian Svilebs zrdida. es daaxloebiT igivea, rom adamiani
idges da xedavdes, rogor ixrCoba mTeli misi ojaxi, Svela
kidev ar SeeZlos _ arc Toki hqondes, arc Zala da verafers
Svebodes. Tumca es ubeduri SemTxveva iqneboda, TamarTan ki
_ nebayoflobiTia. man windawin icoda, rac moxdeboda, magram,
ase vTqvaT, raRac msofliuri mosazrebebiT, aseT gansacdel-
Si Caigdo Tavi. daviT aRmaSenebels molodini gankiTxvis dRi-
sa Zalian Zlierad aqvs gamoxatuli da, cxadia, es raRacanai-
rad Tamarsac unda gadmohyoloda. rogorc etyoba, amanac,
am albaT Zalian mZafrma gacdam, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
gansazRvra xuroTmoZRvrebis saxe.
gegmas rom daxedavT, sakmaod Cveulebrivia _ gumbaTiani
eklesiaa da odnav wagrZelebuli gegma aqvs, ori burji dgas,
e.i. sabjenebis aRmosavleTi wyvili afsidis kuTxeebia. es is
gegmaa, romlis mixedviTac XI saukunis Sua xanebidan gumbaTian
eklesiaTa umravlesoba Sendeba. ori xelic ar dagWirdebaT,
ise cotaa sxva magaliTi, sul ramdenimea. Tumca pirveli, rac
yuradRebas miiqcevs, albaT isaa, rom eklesias aqvs narTeqsi.
es mTlad Cveulebrivi ar aris da amxels, rom narTeqsi sai-
danRac movida. saidan? mas SeiZleba ori wyaro hqondes _ es

193
 SeiZleba iyos afxazeTis xuroTmoZRvreba, sadac narTeqsebi
aris da SeiZleba iyos gelaTi, sadac agreTve aris, Tumca,
ukve mogaxseneT, rom Cemi fiqriT, gelaTSi is swored afxaze-
Tidan, biWvinTis taZridan, unda iyos mosuli. kidev SeiZleba
wromi iyos. wromidan xom ar movida? ar aris gamoricxuli,
rasakvirvelia. samwuxarod, raime ufro dawvrilebiTi niSnebi,
romlebic an erT varauds, an meores gaamarTlebda, axla, am
wuTs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar gvaqvs. irkveva, rom taZars, amas
garda, samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan ori minaSeni hqonda.
isini aRar arsebobs da aRarc XIX saukuneSi arsebobda, magram,
sabednierod, darCenili iyo fragmentebi da moCuqurTmebuli
TaRi, swored TaRi, ara sarkmlis sapire, aramed TaRis piri
_ warmoidgineT momrgvaleba, erTi svetidan meoreze rkali
rom gamodis, ai, aseTi rkali, erTianad gamoTlili da moCu-
qurTmebuli. saiT iyo es? CrdiloeTiT. ukve vTqvi, rom meore
sarTulze morTuli karia da esec CrdiloeT fasadzea. amas
rom Sexedavs adamiani, gulma reCxi unda uyos, rom raRac ise
ver aris. ukve mTliani taZris fotos rom SexedavT, sruliad
sakvirvel rames aRmoaCenT. ai, rogori suraTia: srulebiT
SiSveli waxnagiani gumbaTis yeli; TiTqmis srulebiT SiSveli
aRmosavleTis fasadi, sadac mxolod sarkmels Semodevnebuli
raRac zolia (rom ar Cans da Zalian Txeli CarCoc rom ar
hqvia, iseTi); erTi moCuqurTmebuli sarkmeli samxreT mxares,
romelsac ise ara uSavs, magram, XII saukunisa da nikorwmindis
mermindeli arqiteqturis pirobaze, sakmarisad susti da gau-
gebari aqcentia; ori CuqurTmiani aqcenti CrdiloeT mxares;
dasavleT mxares narTeqsia, patronike narTeqsze gadadis da
Semdeg dasavleTi mklavTaSorisebis Tavze grZeldeba anu da-
savleT mklavs Semosdevs sammxrivi patronike, rogorc, wro-
midan moyolebuli, araerTxel yofila, Tundac biWvinTaSia
da unda yofiliyo gelaTSic, Tumca ar ganxorcielda. narTe-
qsi gaxsnili aris sami TaRiT da es TaRebi profilirebulia _
CuqurTma ar aris, ise ar aris morTuli, rogorc CrdiloeT
fasadze, magram profilirebulia.

194
 asea Tu ise, ra Tqma unda, rodesac Crdili wveboda, es
sami TaRi aqtiuri iyo da Cndeboda iseTi qmediTi elemen-
tebi, romlebic kedlis sigluves naklebad aRgaqmevinebdaT.
maSasadame, gvaqvs aseTi suraTi, rom yvelaze meti samkauli
aris CrdiloeT mxares, Semdeg mas ramdenadme aqtiurobiT Ca-
mouvardeba dasavleTi, daaxloebiT toli aris samxreTi, be-
vrad naklebia aRmosavleTi da sul mTlad umkobia gumbaTi.
am drois kvalobaze, es saerTod dauSvebeli unda yofili-
yo. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc etyoba, samTavisis Semdeg, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, XI saukunis Sua xanebis aqeT erTmniSvnelovnad,
Cvens arqiteqturaSi myardeba samkaulis naTeli da erTmniS-
vnelovani ierarqia _ yvelaze uxvad irTveba gumbaTi, Semdeg
mas mosdevs fasadTagan yvelaze datvirTuli aRmosavleTi
fasadi, Semdeg samxreTi, Semdeg dasavleTi da CrdiloeTi an
sul mourTvelia, an yvelaze mokrZalebulia.
ratom aris es ase? saqme is gaxlavT, rom mniSvneloba hqon-
da, romel mxares uyurebT. simboluri TvalsazrisiT, taZris
kedlebi tolfasi ar iyo. gumbaTi simbolurad asocirdeba
zecasTan, aRmosavleTi da, odnav masze naklebad, samxreTi
_ samoTxesa da edemTan, dasavleTi ukve Crdilis mxarea da
CrdiloeTi ki is adgilia, sadac Suqi ar aris, mze arasodes
anaTebs. CrdiloeTic xom amitom hqvia?! gasagebia, is rasTa-
nac asocirdeboda. macxovari ityvis erTgan _ `ganved bnelsa
mas garesknelsa~ anu iq, sadac Suqi ar aris, RvTaebrivi naT-
lis brwyinvalebamoklebul sanaxSi, rasac Cven, Cveulebriv,
jojoxeTs veZaxiT. jojoxeTi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris raRac
ormo, es xom sulieri movlenaa an is adgilia, sadac RmerTis
Tanamyofobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, suli ver grZnobs. cxadia,
is yvelgan aris da erTi fsalmuni amas pirdapir ambobs kidec,
magram iq misi aRqma adamianis suls da, rogorc Cans, arc an-
gelosur suls ar SeuZlia.
unda vTqva, rom ufro adre, VI saukunidan moyolebuli,
aseTi erTmniSvnelovani ierarqia ar iyo. maSin aqcenti ufro
xSirad Sesasvlelsa an aRmosavleT sarkmelze keTdeboda.

195
 gumbaTi jer saerTod ar irTveboda da Semdeg _ naklebad,
vidre sxva nawilebi. daaxloebiT, X saukunidan nel-nela myar-
deba swored aseTi sistema da sabolood Camokristalebuli is
aris samTavisSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ukve TiRvis aSenebis Jams
es srulebiT erTmniSvnelovani ierarqiaa. SexedeT, ra xdeba:
Cven gvaqvs ierarqia _ zeda, Semdeg aRmosavleTi, samxreTi,
dasavleTi, CrdiloeTi da vxedavT simboluri mniSvnelobis
klebas. axlave minda giTxraT, rom es ar aris mxolod CvenTan
_ xuroTmoZRvruli an dekoratiuli aqcenti niSnavs raRacis
gamoyofas, Sesabamisad, misTvis mometebuli mniSvnelobis mi-
niWebas da, mgoni, es sakmarisad naTelia. ubralod, sxvadasxva
dros am simboluri mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi sxvadasxva nawi-
lisaTvis ar aris erTnairi da es gansazRvravs, arsebiTad, da-
mokidebulebas. Tumca, aki vambob, SeuZlebelia, ukve XII sau-
kunis Sua xanaSi ostats ar scodnoda, ra aris mniSvnelovani
da ra ara. me mgonia, rom es codna Cans kidevac, Cans swored
aseT zust amobrunebaSi. SeiZleboda yofiliyo, davuSvaT, xa-
zgasmuli dasavleTi, Cavardnili samxreTi, Semdeg isev xazgas-
muli aRmosavleTi, magram aq daawyves zustad ukuRma da ara
ise, rogorc dagviweses samTavisis ostatma da misma Tanamed-
roveebma. me mainc mgonia, rom es SemTxveviTi ver iqneba. mo-
xda simboluri wesrigis amobruneba da CemTvis Zalian Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom es SemTxveviTobaa.
rogori SeiZleba iyos amis logika? ra SeiZleba idos aseT
ucnaur CanafiqrSi? aris simbolurad mniSvnelovani mxaree-
bi, Cven maT mniSvnelobas varTmevT da, samagierod, vakeTebT
aseT Sebrunebul rigs. isev mivyveT logikas: meti samkauli _
meti siwminde. Zalian uxeSad rom vTqvaT, ufro meti siwminde
meti mkobiT aRiniSneba. aq kidev gamodis, rom rac naklebia
samkauli, miT ufro metia siwminde, rac metia samkauli _ miT
ufro naklebia siwminde. SeiZleba Tu ara iyos aseTi logika?
principSi, ratomac ara. magaliTad, aris aseTi adgili saRvTo
werilSi da is albaT yvelas axsovs, rodesac mose adis sinas
mTaze da ufali eubneba, rom xamlni gaiZre, es adgili wminda

196
ariso. ratom unda daabijos adamianma wminda miwas SiSveli
fexiT da ara xamliT? rogorc Cans, imitom, rom adamianis
Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba aris siSiSvle da ara Cacmuloba.
yvelas gvaxsovs _ samosis aucilebloba Cndeba maSin, rodesac
Semodis codva, rodesac Semodis uwminduri azri, uwminduri
vneba. ai, maSin imoseba adamiani. manamde adami da eva verc ki
amCnevdnen, rom maT araferi emosaT, rogorc Cans, siwmindis
samoseli hqondaT da esec Zalian kargad Cans SesaqmeSi. aris
kidevac aseTi SemTxvevebi xelovnebaSi, magaliTad, renesan-
sul xelovnebaSi, rodesac iq SiSveli figura aRniSnavs swo-
red siwmindes _ imas, rom igi ufro naklebad aris Sexebuli
miwier realobasTan, vidre gverdiT mdgomi Semosili piri an
romelime moqmedi gmiri ama Tu im suraTis.
Tu Cven amas mivyvebiT, maSin Cdeba kiTxva _ marTlacda,
samkauli vis sWirdeba? sWirdeba samkauli zecas? cxadia, ara,
mosarTavma ra unda akeTos iqiT?! mosarTavi Cven gvWirdeba,
Cvens Tvals sWirdeba imisTvis, rom raRacas moeWidos da Tan
gaxalisdes, Tan azri waikiTxos. TavisTavad azrs, TavisTavad
suls araviTari samkauli ar sWirdeba. rogorc etyoba, lo-
gika swored aseTia _ samkauli aq meti miwierebis, RvTaebri-
visgan, dawmendilisgan dacilebis niSani xdeba. es Cveulebrivi
araa, ar aris is, rac sazogadod iyo miRebuli qristianul
xelovnebaSi da, niSandobliv, qarTul qristianul xelovne-
baSi. es Cveulebrivi ar aris da ismis kiTxva _ vis SeeZlo xe-
lovanisTvis am ideis miwodeba? TviTon moindoma xelovanma?
SeiZleboda, ase gvevarauda, magram mgonia, rom arqiteqtura
amas mTlad ar adasturebs.
sxvaTa Soris, TiRvis taZars, Tu ar vcdebi, dRes RmrTism-
Soblis saxeloba aqvs. ar vici, ratom ar miubrunes wminda
jvrisa. me vfiqrob, amiT pativs mivagebdiT im dros da Tvi-
Ton Tamar dedofals, miT umetes, rom jvris saxelze agebu-
li eklesiebi CvenSi ufro metad Zvelia. am xanaSi erTi vici,
XI saukunisa da XII saukuneSi arc meguleba. Zalian klebulobs
jvris, rogorc aseTis, Tayvaniscema. cxadia, ar klebulobs

197
 jvris niSnis mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, mas mniSvneloba dRe-
sac aqvs, araTu maSin, magram jvari, rogorc calke ram salo-
cavad misamarTi, TiTqos kargavs Zalas da, am mxriv, mniSvne-
lovani iqneboda swored es saxeloba SegvenarCunebina.
imas mogaxsenebdiT, rom es taZari, Sida sivrcis gadawyve-
tis TvalsazrisiT, mTel am epoqaSi erT-erTi yvelaze STam-
beWdavia. mogaxsenebdiT, rom am drois arqiteqturisTvis, rac
meti elferi aqvs Suqs kaSkaSidan lamis srul sibnelemde, uke-
Tesia da ai, aq es aris _ aris sruliad Cabnelebuli adgilebi,
Zalian gakaSkaSebuli adgilebi da, rac mTavaria, Suq-Crdilis
TamaSi Sexamebulia formebTan. xuroTmoZRvarma patronike
gaakeTa, is ki rogorRac unda ixedebodes Sida sivrcisken da
ixedeba orTaRedebiT. samive mxares dasavleTi mklavis garSe-
mo, meore sarTulze, aris orTaRedi. qvemoT erTi TaRia da
zemoT yvelgan _ orTaRedebi. dasavleT kedelze Cveulebri-
vad aris, xolo am grZiv kedlebze qveda TaRi odnav gawelilia
_ naxevarwreze naklebia, iseTi moyvaniloba aqvs, rom mSvil-
diviT gamoiyureba. arcTu didi dacilebiT misgan aris orTa-
Redi, romelsac dabali burji aqvs da roca uyurebT, sruli
STabeWdilebaa, rom burjs raRac daawva, simaRle daukarga
da Semdeg TaRs zemodan es CabuTqunebuli forma daebjina da
gawela. zemodan modis dawola da es TaRi, marTlac rogorc
mSvildi, TiTqosda ukuagdebs am dawolas. ase moZebnili na-
xati _ sakmarisad maRali gumbaTis yeli, maRali proporcie-
bi, afsidis gamoxatuli zeswrafva anu RerZi qvemodan zeviT
da zemodan qveviT ki simZimis Zalis gancda, amas damatebuli
Suq-Crdilis kontrasti _ qmnis Zalian moZrav sivrces, im-
gvars, rogoric am arqiteqturas uyvars.
sivrce ostats Zalian kargad gamouvida, magram gamouvi-
da Tu ara fasadebi? marTali giTxraT, cota meeWveba. saqme
isaa, rom rodesac am taZars uyurebT, me mgoni, mainc aris
naklulobis usiamovno gancda. ara mxolod imitom, rom,
ikorTa, beTania, fitareTi, qvaTaxevi moCuqurTmebulia, es ki
_ cotaTi gviania, magram mainc, farTod rom aviRoT, erTi

198
epoqaa _ ara. aramarto amitom, mas obieqturad aklia raRac.
me meCveneba, rom aq Sefardeba Riobebsa da sibrtyeebs So-
ris ver moiZebna. TiTqos Riobebi odnav didi rom yofiliyo,
maSin fasadze Crdilovani laqa gaCndeboda da es sibrtyes
daanawevrebda. siganeebi da simaRleebi, romlebic gvaqvs, Cemi
fiqriT, am zedapirebs ver ereva da isini, me ase vityodi, sak-
maod sustia. ras vizamT, ostats ar gamouvida, magram raki
ar gamouvida, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom man es TviTon moin-
doma. Tuki ver grZnobda, amas rogor gaakeTebda, ratom unda
moendomebina? ratom unda wamosuliyo misgan raRac, rasac
aSkarad bolomde ver daZlevda? sivrces SesaniSnavs akeTebs,
gareT ki raRac bolomde miyvanili ver aqvs. amitomac me mainc
vfiqrob, rom amgvari gadawyveta, amgvari idea, ase vTqvaT, de-
koratiuli mkobis Rirebulebis maxvilis amgvari Semobruneba
unda ekuTvnodes ara ostats, aramed Tamar dedofals.
Cven aq vxedavT kidev erT Zalian aSkara SemTxvevas, ro-
desac damkveTi da Semoqmedi erTmaneTs bolomde ver eTanx-
mebian. Tumca, Tuki daviT aRmaSeneblis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda
Zalian Taosnobiani ostati, romelmac SeZlo, SigniT Tu gareT
srulebiT Sesabamisi forma moeZebna, axla es ukve ase aRar
aris _ ostats CuqurTmis Rone aSkarad daaklda, mas daaklda
CuqurTma, rogorc gamomsaxveli SesaZlebloba. aq Zalian kar-
gad Cans kidev erTi kanonzomiereba, rom, rasakvirvelia, nor-
maluri urTierToba xelovnebis qmnisa gulisxmobs urTier-
Tobas damkveTisa, romelsac sWirdeba xelovnebis nawarmoebi
da Semqmnelisa, romelic mas qmnis. didi xania ukve ase aRar
aris, es urTierToba darRveulia, sul gvian, XIX saukunis Sua
wlebidan mainc, Tu XVIII saukunis Sua xanidan ara. Tu Tvals
gaadevnebT saukeTeso nawarmoebebs, obieqturad, is, rac Ri-
rebulia mxatvrulad, ufro xSirad, dakveTiT Sesrulebuli
ar aris da sul piriqiT aris manamde, roca, umniSvnelovanes
nawarmoebTagan yvela dakveTilia. dRevandel xelovanT arc ki
esmiT, rom SeiZleba dakveTiT imuSao da gulwrfeli iyo. maT
hgoniaT, rom, Tu raRac sTxoves, es maT bunebaze, maT Semoq-

199
 medebiT niWze saSineli Zaladobaa. namdvilad ar aris ase. ai,
aq vxedavT, rom unda iyos swored Tanaxmiereba. vfiqrob, rom
verc naxavda Tamar dedofali im dros ostats, romelic mis
dakveTas Seasrulebda ise, rogorc mas undoda. man aSkarad
ar mondoma profili da saerTod araferi. amisaTvis is albaT
VI saukuneSi unda dabrunebuliyo. Tumca Semdeg vnaxavT, rom
cota gvian erTi aseTi ostati gamoCnda, magram isic ver daex-
mareboda _ am dros an dabadebuli ar iyo, an sul patara iqne-
boda. man, ubralod, ver naxa ostati da, rogorc Cans, es iyo
kaci, romelsac sxvaze meti SeeZlo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, vinc
daTanxmda, rom ase gaekeTebina. didi eWvi maqvs, rom sxvebi ar
daTanxmdebodnen an TviTon Tamarma SeaTvaliera da mixvda,
rom sxvaze metad es gamoadgeboda.
sxvaTa Soris, xelovanTa sayuradRebod unda vTqva, rom
damkveTTan urTierTobisas maTi xelobis erT-erTi nawilia,
erTi mxriv, daarwmunon damkveTi, rom rasac Tavad sTavazo-
ben, ukeTesia da meore mxriv, yuradRebiT daugdon yuri mas
_ damkveTic adamiania, romelic SeiZleba Zalian Wkvianurs da
swors gkarnaxobdeT. Tumca, Tuki zustad iciT, rom rogorc
gavaleben, ise ar SeiZleba, Tqven unda moaxerxoT misi gadarw-
muneba. Tqven amisTvis mzad unda iyoT, sxvagvarad xelovneba
ar iqmneba. ar vici, aq ra moxda _ an xelovani aRmoCnda me-
tismetad damyoli, an damkveTi _ metismetad nebisyofiani, an
Semoqmedma ubralod raRac ver gaTvala da rac warmoedgina,
sxvanairad gamouvida, radgan msgavsi gamocdileba maSin mas
ver eqneboda. gamogvivida arqiteqtura, romelic Zalian kar-
gia, magram mainc naklulia.
sxva mxriv, es aris umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebeli, umniS-
vnelovanesi Zegli qarTuli RvTismosaobisa, qarTuli re-
ligiuri azrovnebisa. samwuxarod, Cven aseTi nawerebi cota
gvaqvs da ai, arqiteqturasac SeZlebia laparaki, SeZlebia
gviTxras, im dros ra ifiqres. es ar aris xSiri SemTxveva, ma-
gram es swored is magaliTia, romelSic kargad vxedavT azris
msvlelobas _ Cven am arqiteqturas kargad vkiTxulobT. im

200
siRaribisas, imdeni Txzulebis dakargvisas, imdeni raRacis
verSenarCunebisas, rac qarTul kulturas sWirs, Tundac es
erTi mxare sakmarisi iqneboda, rom am taZrisTvis Zalian didi
mniSvneloba migveniWebina, mas ki Tan sdevs udavo mxatvruli
Rirebulebac da istoriuli mniSvnelobac, radgan dakavSire-
bulia im umniSvnelovanes ojaxTan, romelmac, sxva Tu ara-
feri, saqarTvelos misca ori poeti _ daviT aRmaSenebeli da
demetre mefe. demetre mefe srulebiT gansxvavebul leqsebs
wers da didi eWvi maqvs, rom is leqsic _ iambikoc _ Tamar
dedoflis SeTxzulia. maSin ukve sami adamiania da Cven gvyavs
saocari samefo ojaxi, romelSic poetebi, mgoni, mxedarTm-
Tavrebze aranaklebi raodenobiT arian. amasac ver daikvexnis
bevri dinastia am codvil dedamiwaze.

201
 12. Tamaris xanis arqiteqtura

XII saukunis meore naxevari da, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis pir-

veli meoTxedi qarTul cnobierebaSi ukve karga xania Tama-
ris epoqasTan aris gaigivebuli, rac istoriulad, rasakvir-
velia, arazustia, radgan es xana itevs demetre mefis zeobis
dasasruls, giorgi III-is mefobas, Tavad Tamarisa da Semdeg
_ giorgi-laSas mbrZaneblobas. Tumca aris amaSi simarTlec,
radgan es erTiani epoqaa, rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo gan-
sakuTrebiT Zlieria. ZlierebasTan erTad Tavi iCina Tvise-
bebmac, romlebic Zlevamosilebis Tanmxlebia da es giorgi-
sa da Tamaris xanis zogierT did moxelesTan gansakuTrebiT
SeimCneva. gaCnda dampyrobluri survilebi da iyo viTomda
dapyrobiTi omebis warmoebis mcdeloba, Tanac ver ipyrobd-
nen _ mividiodnen, miarb-moarbevdnen da ukan brundebodnen.
erT-erTi mizezi Tundac xvarazmelTa laSqrobisa swored
amgvari srulebiT moufiqrebeli, viRacisTvis mosaCvenebeli
qmedebebi iyo da es ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebaa, Cemi azri
ar gegonoT. sxva mxriv, amasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, igrZno-
ba ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavloba da, Cemi azriT, mxolod
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT _ sulierisac.
ase vfiqrob, radgan am dros Zalian TvalsaCinoa, ase
vTqvaT, msofliuri, saero sawyisis moZaleba. Tumc xSirad
ase amboben, magram, cxadia, es renesansi ar gaxlavT. renesanss
sxva niSnebi aqvs, romlebic, mgoni, aq ar SeimCneva, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom marTlac TvalsaCinoa saero sawyisi momZlav-
reba, erTgvari gamsofliureba. es ufro imas Camohgavs, rac
evropaSi goTikur-rainduli idealis, rainduli literatu-
ris aRzevebis xanad iwodeba. msgavsi procesi SesamCnevi iyo
bizantiaSic. XI saukunis bolos da XII saukuneSi iqac xdeba
saero literaturis moRoniereba. sasaciloc ki aris, rom
lamis pirveli gamokvleva bizantiur saraindo romanze qar-
Tvelma mecnierma aleqsandre aleqsiZem gaakeTa. es SemTxvee-
viTi araa. rasakvirvelia, qarTuli kulturis gadmosaxedidan

202
man ukeT SeniSna is, rac Cveulebrivi bizantinistisaTvis an
romelime rusi mkvlevrisaTvis sagulisxmo SeiZleba sulac
ar yofiliyo, Cven ki gvaqvs `vefxistyaosani~, genialurad
galeqsili saraindo romani da bunebrivia, rom am movlenebs
yuradReba mivaqcioT.
saero kulturis aRmavlobaSi, mas rom ar axldes sak-
maod saxifaTo gamovlinebebic, TavisTavad cudi araferia.
odesRac `vefxistyaosanSi~ SemTxveviT TvalSi momxvda sityva
`gulmxeci“. es sityva damowmebulia istorikosebTanac da Tan
sxvadasxva epoqaSi, oRond dadebiTi mniSvneloba mas mxolod
am dros, XII saukuneSi, aqvs. albaT sakamaTo ar aris, rom Ta-
visTavad adamianis gamxecebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristianu-
li msoflxedvelobiT, kargi araferia, magram Tu ideali aris
meomari _ ratomac ara?! brZolis velze angelozi veravin
iqneba da gasagebia, rom meomris Sinagani isari gadaixreba
iqiTken, sadac kargi, wesiT, araferi moiZebneba. amitom, mgo-
nia, rom es rTuli movlenaa da erTmniSvnelovnad amis gmoba
iseTive gaumarTlebelia, rogorc misiT aRfrTovaneba. amg-
vari midgoma araistoriulia da amas dafiqreba unda. pira-
dad me mgonia, rom es epoqa bolomde gaazrebuli ar aris.
samwuxarod, ar gagrZelda ivane javaxiSvilis xazi, romelic
istorias diferencirebulad afasebs da xedavs rogorc sa-
xelmwifos Zlierebas, aseve amis Tanmdev saxifaTo movle-
nebsac. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis Cvens istoriul cnobierebaSi
mkvidrdeba ondav saxecvlili, TiTqos Coxagadacmuli rusu-
li imperiuli idea. idealad cxaddeba agresiuli, Semtevi,
dampyrobeli saqarTvelo, rasac, cxadia, cudis meti arafris
motana SeuZlia, radgan, pirvel rigSi, es ar aris simarTle,
amasTanave, saxifaToa da Tanac amgvar miswrafebas mxolod
saboloo marcxi mohyveba.
asea Tu ise, es rTuli da sagulisxmo epoqaa. Teoriulad,
mas unda daetovebina didi qalaqebi, uSvelebeli sasaxleebi
da Senobebi, satriumfo TaRebi. Cveulebriv, ase gamoiyure-
ba xolme moZlierebuli saxelmwifoebis aRmSenebloba. Zalian
ucnauria, magram ase ar moxda. arsad Cans, rom Tamar mefes,

203
 magaliTad, aeSenebinos sasaxle. wyaroebSi am sakiTxze arafe-
ri aris, Tumca weria, rom man aaSena varZia. arada, viciT, rom,
magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi axal-axal sasaxleebs lamis yvela
mefe iSenebda. rogorc Cans, Tamar mefe sjerdeba imas, rac
aSenebulia demetre mefisa Tu giorgi III-s dros TbilisSi, qu-
TaisSi, sadac albaT ufro Zveli sasaxle idgeboda an kidev
sadme sxvagan. CamoTvlili aris cixeebi, sadac is Cerdeboda
xolme, Tumca misi sakuTari ar Cans. qalaqebSic araferia ise-
Ti, rasac gansakuTrebulad monumenturi ieri iqneboda. mar-
Talia, Cveni qalaqebi Zalian daingra da dairba, magram didi
Senobis SemTxvevaSi, amdenadve didia albaToba, rom misi nawi-
li, Tundac erTi TaRi, kedlis naxevari an raime sxva, sadRac
mainc SemorCeboda. roca sul araferia, giCndeba eWvi, rom an
arc yofila, an iyo raRac erTi, romelic iolad moispo da
misi nakvalevi aRar gadarCa. TvalsaCinoebisTvis, gavixsenoT
romi, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevrma angria, magram
saimperatoro qalaqis fragmenti mainc uamravi gvaqvs. gavix-
senoT Tundac samaryandi, sadac sabWoTa dros Zveli qalaqi
marTlac mTlianad ganadgurda, magram gadarCenili nagebo-
bebi, gindac veeberTela, kolosaluri misgiTi, romlis msga-
vssac sxvagan albaT ver ipoviT, gviCvenebs, Tu rogori iyo
saxelmwifo, romelmac samaryandi dedaqalaqad gadaaqcia.
CvenTan aseTi aRmSenebloba ar Cans. saerTodac, rom da-
viTvaloT, ra dagvitova Tamaris xanam, gancvifrebiT aRmo-
vaCenT, rom es bevrad naklebi aris, vidre, vTqvaT, X sauku-
nis danatovari. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom Se-
saZlebelia, vxedavdeT mxolod gamorCeul nimuSebs, arada,
iyos rigiTi Senobebi, romelTac am xanasTan jerjerobiT ver
vaigivebT. aseT eWvs miCens piradad me ramdenime moxatuli
eklesia, romelTa mxatvrobac namdvilad XII saukunis meore
naxevris an XIII saukunis dasawyisaa, xolo arqiteqtura, Se-
maSineblad cudi xarisxis, ufro Zvelia, oRond es ar aris
gardamavali xana, es X saukune araa. gaugebaria, Tuki am rigis
mxatvari gyavs an amgvaris mowvevas apireb, ratom ar wuxxar
imaze, rom nageboba mainc raRacas unda hgavdes?! erTaderTi

204
axsna isaa, rom SeiZleba, SenobaTa kedlebi garedanac ixate-
boda, magram Semdeg gare-Signidan ileseboda an raime imgva-
ri xdeboda, rasac Cven dRes, ubralod, ver vxvdebiT. cxa-
dia, gamoricxuli ar aris, arsebobdes nageboba, oRond cudi
xarisxis da Cven Tamaris xanas ver vkadreT, gvefiqra, rom
is am drois aRmonaSobia. es samuSaoa, gasarkvevia da SeiZle-
ba, davinaxoT raime sxva movlena, romelic CemTvis iseTive
gaugebaria, rogorc XI-XII saukuneebSi gamoqvabul soflebSi
mosaxleobis dabruneba. marTlac gaugebaria, vinme sxvis ga-
moTxril qvabebSi ratom unda Sediodes, iq ratom unda iwyeb-
des cxovrebas, Tuki qveyana nivTierad Zlierdeba. Tumca
aseTi movlena arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, mas unda gaazreba.
TavisTavad faqti, rom CvenTvis amdeni ram gaugebaria, ma-
niSnia imisa, rom Cvens istoriul ganazrebas, istoriul cno-
bierebas mravali ukve Znelad misatevebeli xarvezi aqvs da
saWiroa muSaoba, radgan ase aRar SeiZleba.
Tumca modiT, mivubrundeT imas, rac Tamaris xanad viciT.
erT aTeulze cota meti nageboba Tu iqneba da, ZiriTadad,
gumbaTiani eklesiebia. aris ramdenime calnaviani taZaric da
maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia marTlac Zalian lamazi, koxta
maRalaanT eklesia. yvela es nageboba, daaxloebiT, erTi yai-
disaa, erTgvarovania, kompoziciurad mravalferovni ar aris.
es ar niSnavs, rom isini erTnairni arian, magram mravalfe-
rovani SesaZleblobebi da ostatis arCevani ar Cans. ukve iT-
qva, magram gavimeoreb, rom gumbaTovani nageboba orburjiani
Cawerili jvris tipis eklesiaa. rogorc wesi, mas aqvs egvteri,
romelic an marto samxreTiTaa, an samxreTiTa da dasavleTi-
Taa, Tumca samxreTiT, sadac mTavari Sesasvlelia, egvteri
aucileblad aris. mTavari kari qarTul taZarSi, ukve karga
xania, swored samxreTidanaa. magaliTad, oSkis taZarSi es pir-
dapir gacxadebulia _ iq arsadaa karibWe, midgmulia mxolod
patara, svetebze Seyenebuli bWe, romelic mTavar kars moniS-
navs. axlac asea, Tuki bWe erTia, is aucileblad samxreTiTaa
da xSiria, rom mxolod samxreTis karia da sxva ki ar aris.
rogorc wesi, es eklesiebi Tlili qviTaa mopirkeTebuli da

205
 Zalian mdidruladaa morTuli qvaze kveTilobiT. am nakveTi
samkaulis _ sarkmlis sapireebis, karnizebis, karis moCarCoe-
bisa Tu Tavad CuqurTmebis _ motivebi isev isaa, rac XI sau-
kuneSi iyo. araferi maxsendeba iseTi, rac specifikurad am
droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SeiZleba, gaCndes mxolod um-
niSvnelo detalebi, vTqvaT, iyos moxrili an Semokecili karis
CarCo. axtalis taZarSi, magaliTad, aRmosavleTidan somxeTis
gavliT SemoJona seljukurma motivebma da vinaidan somxeTi
maSin zed sazRvarTan iyo, amaSi gaugebari araferia. aris ase-
Ti niuansebi, magram is umTavresi, rasac am epoqaSi vxedavT,
mainc nacnobia. teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, Sesrulebis xarisxi
yovelTvis Zalian maRalia. rogorc wesi, nagebobebi koxta,
daxvewili, sufTad Sesrulebuli da teqnikurad gamarTulia,
magram erTi ram aris yuradRebamisaqcevi: am elementebis ga-
maerTianebeli, Semkvreli sistema aRar arsebobs da misi au-
cilebloba aRarc aris. marTlac, taZrebi SedarebiT mcire
zomisaa da CemTvis vambob xolme, rom am erTiani TaRnariT
moTvinierebulma arqiteqturam icis, rogor gaakeTos orna-
mentuli maxvilebi, raTa, ase vTqvaT, daiWiros kompozicia da
Tvals sicarielisa da ukmarisobis gancda ar gauCndes. Tum-
ca aris Senobebi, ufro zustad, SenobaTa fasadebi, sadac es
ver moxerxda. Cemi fiqriT, magaliTad, ver moxerxda beTaniis
aRmosavleT fasadze an Tundac TbilisSi, luj monasterSi,
wm. andria pirvelwodebulis eklesiis sakurTxevlis fasadze.
uyurebT da geCvenebaT, rom raRac rigze ver aris, TiTqos
naklulia. raSia saqme? mizezi martivia _ ostati, romelic
muSaobs da akeTebs beTaniaSi jvars an aq sarkmlis sapires, ar
aris STagonebuli imdenad, rom misma naxelavma kedlis mTeli
zedapiri moicvas (zemoqmedebis Zalas vgulisxmob, cxadia da
ara fizikur ganfenas). ra xdeba aq? ostatebi kargad, sufTad
muSaoben, magram uyureb da ostatobis meti araferia. mecnie-
rulad amis damtkiceba gaWirdeba, magram ar meguleba adamia-
ni, visac es kedlebi sxvanairad aReqvas _ vinc amdroindeli
xelovneba icis, yvela erTnairad xedavs.

206
 aqedan vaskvni, rom amdroindel arqiteqturas swored de-
talis xarisxis mimarT aqvs gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba. ma-
galiTad, X saukunis parxlis eklesiis fasadze gvaqvs Zalian
kargad naxelavi sarkmlis TavsarTebi, oRond oriode iseTi
detalia, rom verc ki mixvdebi, vin gaakeTa: zemoT talRovan-
napiriani CarCoa moxatuli, SigniT urTierTgadamkveTi xazebi
faravs da raRac gamosaxulebacaa, oRond imdenad uxarisxo,
rom ver gaigeb, es ra aris. Tumca detalis uxarisxoba mainc
ar azaralebs mTliani zemoqmedebis Zalas _ fasadis mTlia-
ni kompozicia iseTia, rom es swored detalia. Tqven xedavT
TavsarTs, cxadia, xvdebiT, rom sxvaze uaresia, sxvas didxans
SexedavT, amas ki _ ara, magram aq detals imdeni ar SeuZlia, rom
Secvalos mTliani STabeWdileba. axla ase aRar aris, SeiZleba
imitom, rom momcro nagebobebia da detalebi TvalTan sakmaod
axlosaa, Tumca arc parxalSia sadRac caSi gamokidebuli. fa-
qti isaa, rom am arqiteqturaSi odnav modunebuli CuqurTma
niSnavs vergamosul kompozicias, romelic gamocarielebulia.
mas dakarguli aqvs gamomsaxvelobac da Zalac.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom es am erTi modelis
SigniT varirebaa. igulisxmeba, rom aRebulia sqema, romelic
nikorwmindasa da samTavisSi Seiqmna. es niSnavs, rom ufro
xSirad aRmosavleT fasadze SuaSi gvaqvs erTi vertikaluri
RerZi, romelzec asxmulia rombebi, e.w. sarkmlis sapire da
jvari. SeiZleba, danarCeni elementebi ar iyos, magram eseni,
metwilad, aris da warmodgenilia ornamentuli aqcentebis
Tanmimdevroba imgvarad, rogorc im taZrebSia: yvelaze uxvad
morTulia gumbaTis yeli, Semdeg _ aRmosavleTi, samxreTi,
dasavleTi, CrdiloeTi fasadebi. rakiRa gaqra TaRnari, ra
darCa? darCa Riobebis moCarCoeba, SeiZleba, gaCndes jvari da
kidev raRac, Tundac reliefebi frinvelebisa da cxovelebis
simboluri gamosaxulebebiT, rogorc fitareTis fasadze an,
vTqvaT, kopi, magram ZiriTadi, rac am arqiteqturas awesri-
gebs, swored esaa.
am droisaTvis arsebobs erTgvari formula, romelic aseve
mniSvnelovania: Sewyvilebuli sarkmlebi da maT Soris moqceu-

207
 li jvari, romelic gvxvdeba gverdiT fasadebze, oRond aR-
mosavleTiT –ara. ra Tqma unda, am gamosaxulebas unda hqon-
des raRac simboluri sazrisi da mas sxvadasxvanirad xsnian,
Tumca piradad me sarwmuno interpretacia ver vnaxe, es sak-
maod rTuli gamodga. da mainc, epoqis gamocnoba iolia, Tuki
zemoT naxseneb formulas naxavT. am tipis taZrebi qronolo-
giurad XII saukunis Sua wlebidan XIII saukunis Sua xanebamde
Tavsdeba da, ai, sad _ es ukve sxva ambavia. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme
mTlad martivad ar gvaqvs. Cven gvegona, rom gvaqvs qronolo-
giuri mijnebi. maTi gansazRvris safuZvels gvaZlevda Semdegi
garemoeba: gvqonda ikorTis taZari, romelic 1172 wliT Ta-
riRdeba. es taZari odnavi saxecvliT pirdapir imeorebs sam-
Tavisis mTel morTulobas, mas ki mosdevda beTania, romelic
freskiT TariRdeba. yvela danarCeni nageboba am qronolo-
giur sazRvrebSi lagdeboda. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom beTaniis
arqiteqtura am drois ar aris. Tuki beTania ikorTaze adrin-
delia da masSi ikorTaSi ukanve dabrunebuli TaRnari ratom-
Rac ukve moxsnilia, gamodis, rom es Cveulebrivi ambavi araa
da raRac sxva xdeba.
es raRac sxva piradad CemTvis lagdeba amgvarad: arsebobs
XI saukunis modeli da elementebs iqidan irCeven. magaliTad,
qvaTaxevis ostati erT-erT fasadze akeTebs TaRs, mets ara-
fers _ mxolod cal TaRs. misTvis es erT-erTi elementia,
rogorc sityvebi poetebisTvis, romlebic xSirad ukve ar-
sebuli leqsikiT an saxeebiT ifarglebian. Zvel dros es me-
tad miRebuli iyo. gavixsenoT Tundac yvelasTvis cnobili
bulbuli da vardi, TiTqosda gacveTili, magram poetTaTvis
kargad mosaxmari saxeebi, romlebic 2 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sad aRar meordeboda. amdroindeli ostatebisTvis XI sauku-
nis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi moZebnili ornamentuli da sxva mamkobi
elementebi aseT saxeebs emsgavseba.
amitomac meCveneba, rom am drois arqiteqturuli Semoq-
medeba uwindelisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo. CemTvis
amis asaxsnelad aseT Sedarebas viSvelieb xolme, Tumca es
mxolod Sedarebaa da ara zusti analogia: Tuki XI saukunem-

208
de moRvawe xuroTmoZRvrebi kompozitorebs hgavdnen, am epo-
qis arqiteqtori ufro Semsrulebeli musikosia. Tumca maT
Sorisac SeiZleba iyvnen genialuri da saSualo donis Sems-
ruleblebi, xan erTi gvxvdeba, xanac meore. unda gaviTva-
liswinoT isic, rom zogjer Senobebs axal droSi Cvenive Ro-
nisZiebebiT vamaxinjebT. magaliTad, qvaTaxevis taZris Sida
sivrce dRemde ver Semifasebia. gareTa mxares rac Seexeba,
iq araCveulebrivi meCuqurTmeebi muSaoben, SesaniSnavi osta-
tia, vinc gumbaTis yels aCuqurTmebs. aq yvelaferi gasagebia,
gare moculobaTa Sefardebebic koxtaa da moxdenili. SigniT,
Cemi azriT, sruli gaugebrobaa, Tumca mere mizezs mivxvdi.
amis mizezi Selesvaa _ carcSereuli baTqaSis gamo, Tanabrad
areklili Suqi da gamqrali Crdilebi. Crdilebi ar gvaqvs da
masTan erTad gamqralia yvelaferi, riTic es arqiteqtura
unda metyvelebdes _ Suq-Crdilis mravalferovnebiTa da ga-
dadena-gadmodeniT. es ganadgrebulia da SeuZlebelia, mixvde
rogoria interieri. vnatrulob im dros, roca am kedlebs an
SevRebavT, an movxatavT, an kidev im sazizRar baTqaSs Camo-
vyriT. ase ar SeiZleba, raRac unda gakeTdes, radgan Cven am
arqiteqturas vamaxinjebT, arqiteqtorebs ki saxels vutexT
da cils vwamebT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxva taZrebSi, sadac
mxatvrobis fragmentebi mainc aris SerCenili, interierebi
sul sxvanairad gamoiyureba.
virtuoz SemsrulebelTa arqiteqtura _ ai, rogoria CemT-
vis Tamaris xanis ZiriTadi nakadi. kidev erTi ramaa, rac sain-
tereso meCveneba: am epoqaSi ar Cans didi nagebobebi an qalaqis
nagebobi, ar Sendeba Tundac sakaTedro taZrebi. TiTqos rac
iyo, isic sakmarisad miiCnies, rogorc daxvdaT, iseve toveben
da rame rom Sematon, arc imas cdiloben. Tamaris karis dide-
bulebi iSeneben monastrebs da, ufro xSirad, iq maTi gansasve-
neblebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im cnobebis mixedviT, romlebic
Cven mogvepoveba, warwerebi ki sakmaod bevria, iq sul samefo
karis moxeleebi Canan. es arqiteqtura specifikuria, daxvewi-
li da zogjer imdenad kameruli, rom badebs SegrZnebas, TiT-
qos esa Tu is eklesia erTi kacis dasadgomadaa aSenebuli. ai,

209
 Tundac fitareTSi sul ase mgonia, rom vinc is aaSena, Tavis-
Tvis sadRac kuTxeSi myudrodaa mimdgari. zogjer warmoud-
genelsac warmovidgen, rom savarZelic iqvea da im savarZelSi
mokalaTebuli moxucic. egebada qaCibaisZe miyuJula, romelic
moxucebulobaSi iqneb iqve berad Sedga. SeuZlebelia, amgvari
gancda gagiCndeT X saukunisa an XI saukunis Tundac yvelaze
patara eklesiaSi. iq yovelTvis grZnobT raRacnair aqtivobas.
rogorc Cemi kolega b-ni iuza xuskivaZe ambobs, es daRlili
adamianebis arqiteqturaa. TiTqos unda Sevidnen, raTa daisve-
non, Tvals asiamovnon, Semdeg gamovlen da uyureben, rogor
ixlarTeba es lamazi CuqurTmebi.
piradad CemTvis sainteresoa isic, SerCaT Tu ara am Cu-
qurTmebs, rogorc calkeul saxeebs, raime semantikuri mniS-
vneloba. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom XI saukunis
ostatebisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis, vinc samTavissa
an ikvSi muSaobs, TiToeul saxes Tavisi semantika aqvs. iq ne-
bismieri foToli, yvavili Tu geometriuli figura imgvarad
aris gamoqandakebuli, rom es namdvilad ase unda yofili-
yo. SeuZlebelia ase akeTo romeliRac rigiTi arSia, es raRac
iseTia, rasac gamkeTeblisaTvis Rrma mniSvneloba aqvs. Tama-
ris xanaSi ukve iSviaTia, rom CuqurTmovani saxe muSaobdes,
rogorc gamosaxuleba _ rodesac TiToeuli foToli, yvavi-
li Tu elementi gelaparakeba da TiTqos geubneba, rom masSi
aris raRac sazrisi. raRac msgavsi SeiZleba xdebodes mxolod
saorbisis sarkmelze, romelsac srulebiT genialuri osta-
ti akeTebs, oRond es meCuqurTmea, romlis msgavsi, arc ki
vici, dedamiwaze rodesme kidev vinme Tu dadioda. saerTodac,
saorbisis eklesiis Semxedvare ifiqreb, rom taZari aSenda am
erTi sarkmlisTvis, sadac es sruliad wamoudgeneli datal-
Ruli, uSvelebeli foTlebiT daCuqurTmebuli moCarCoeba
unda gakeTebuliyo, danarCeni yvelaferi ki ise aris, sasxva-
TaSorisod. Zalian STambeWdavia, namdvilad raRacis moubari.
jerjerobiT ver davikvexniT, rom misi ena kargad gvesmis, ma-
gram cota Tu daviZabebiT, SeiZleba gavigoT, ras ambobs. Tu-

210
mca sxvagan veranair pasuxs ver miviRebT _ ilaparakeben ara
calke saxeebi, aramed mTlianobaSi elementebi.
piradad CemTvis, SeiZleba mcdarad, es imis axsnasac iZle-
va, Tu ratom SeiZleba, CuqurTma modundes. Tuki TqvenTvis
is mxolod samkaulia, Tu fiqri sxvagan gaiqca, xeli ki sam-
kauls akeTebs, mxolod arSias qargavs, es arSia mniSvnelova-
nia mTlianobaSi, calkeuli foToli ki arc arSiisTvis da arc
misi mkeTeblisTvis maincadamainc sayuradRebo araa. Tumca,
Tuki fiqrobT, rom yoveli foToli samoTxis mcenarea da am
mcenareSi kidev rame gansxvavebul sazrissac xedavT, SeuZle-
belia, an Tqven moeSvaT, an xeli miuSvaT, am procesSi adamia-
ni CarTulia goneba-yuradReba-emociuroba-yvelafrianad. me
mainc vfiqrob, rom raRac moxda da es raRac, swored TiRvasa
da gelaTTan dakavSirebiT rac mogaxseneT, is unda iyos: al-
baT daviT aRmaSeneblis karze TavisTavad CuqurTmis saxes da-
moukidebeli Sinaarsi aRar aqvs, is damoukideblad metyveli
aRaraa. ase rom, marTlac, Tamaris xanis eklesiebi daqarguli
taZrebia. kidev vambob, yoveli elementi semantikas ar karga-
vs, magram Semadgenlebi am elementebisa ukve sakuTari saTq-
melis uqonelni arian, amitomac zogjer es aris brwyinvaleba,
zogjer kidev _ ara uSavs ra, magram naklebad metyvelebs. amas
iolad warmoidgens adamiani, romelsac mousmenia, Tu rogor
asruleben erTsa da imave nawarmoebs Zalian kargi pianisti da,
vTqvaT, mxolod Zalian kargi teqnikis mqone pianisti. erTTan
yvelaferi aris musika, meoresTan aris musika da am musikis
fragmentebs Soris ki _ TiTqos gamebi, Zalian efeqturi da
absoluturad arafris mTqmeli araCveulebrivi akordebis
gruxun-griali. TiTqos musika Sewyda da daiwyo imis Cveneba,
rom mas es yvelaferi SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac mxolod vaC-
venebT, ramdenad swrafad SegviZlia dakvra an, Cvens SemTxve-
vaSi, ra sufTad vTliT, es ukve Semoqmedeba aRaraa da Se-
degic gansxvavebuli aris. namdvili Semsrulebloba (da amis
magaliTebi Cven am dros gvaqvs) is aris, rodesac nawarmoebi,
am SemTxvevaSi, ukve arsebuli sqema, am adamianis xelSi Tavi-
dan ibadeba, cocxldeba. rodesac karg Semsrulebel musikoss

211
 usmen, ggonia, rom man musika es-esaa Seqmna. ai, aseTi aris am
epoqis zogierTi taZari, zogierTi ki, samwuxarod, ar aris.
aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis xelov-
nebaSi da ara marto aq garkveuli krizisia. krizisi srulebiT
aSkarad Cans WedurobaSic, romelic Tamaris epoqaSi TiTqmis
srulad ornamentulia da kvlavac brwyinvale, magram zogjer
eWvi gepareba, aqvs Tu ara raime datvirTva am brwinvalebas.
amas ver ityvi xaxulis xatze, romelic namdvilad samoTxis
saxea da Cans, rom es gancdilia. ai, kidev saintereso deta-
li: gare pirzec da SigniTac udavod samoTxea, oRond gareTa
pirze TiTqos daWdeuli xeebia, imdenad warmoudgeneli sila-
mazis, rom analogs ver mouZebni, dedamiwaze aseTi araferi
ar aris. Tu ram SeiZleba met-naklebad miamsgavso, IV saukunis
mozaikebia romis santa-konstancas mavzoleumSi. ar mgonia,
xaxuleli ostati im xeebis sanaxavad romSi wasuliyo, raRac
sxva aris aq gadamwyveti da, pirvel yovlisa _ Sinagani damo-
kidebuleba. xaxuleli ostati pirdapir samoTxes gamosaxavs.
TiTqos samoTxesve saxaven Sida piris ostatebic, romlebic
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetre mefis Tanamedroveebi arian,
magram aq ukve ornamentuli ylortis gauTavebeli xlarTvaa.
es ylorti sacnobia, mas aqvs dinamikac, gamomsaxvelobac, ma-
gram samoTxis pirdapiri gamosaxvidan igavur miniSnebaze ga-
dasvla Cans. mere da mere Zalian kargi naxelavebic gvxvde-
ba, magram rodesac uyureb beqa da beSqen opizrebis Tundac
oTxTavis ydebs an Zalian kargad Sesrulebul sxva figurul
gamosaxulebebs, xvdebi rom kargi namuSevaria, magram aris ki
gamomsaxveloba?! Tu aris, mainc ufro naklebia, vidre XI sau-
kunis msgavs gamosaxulebebSi. Zalian STambeWdavia, vTqvaT
tbeTis oTxavze gadaqanebuli mociqulebi, magram es mainc
ufro ferweris zemoqmedeba mgonia da ara skulputurisa.
ufro silueti moqmedebs, gakeTebulia moculobebic, magram
es moculobebi naklebad gamomsaxvelia, naklebad gamomTqme-
lia da metyvelebs is, rac sibrtyiTia. am SemTxvevSic, gaurk-
vevlobaa _ figurul gamomsaxvelobas TiTqos vinarCunebT,
magram mas Zala aRar mosdevs. maS, raSia saqme? es imas niSnavs,

212
rom raRac xdeba, raRacam iklo, modunda ZarRvi. dacemas amas
ver vuwodebT, radgan ar gamqrala, magram erTgvari krizisis
moaxloeba TiTqos sagrZnobia. Tuki SevxedavT am epoqis TviT
ubrwyinvales, erTmniSvnelovnad umaRlesi mxatvruli donis
moxatulobebs, imaTac ki aqvT raRac, rac adamians daafiq-
rebs. niSandobliv ra?
rasakvirvelia, es Rrmad religiuri xelovnebaa, magram
rogoria es religiuroba _ ai, raSia saqme. rodesac, davuSvaT,
XI saukunis Sua xanis atenis freskebs uyurebT, maTSi, pirvel
yovlisa, Txrobas xedavT, miuxedavad araCveulebrivi esTeti-
kurobisa, mainc figurisa da ambis gamomsaxvelobas amCnevT.
yinwvisis genialuri moxatulobidan yvelaze saxelganTqmulia
aRdgomis maxarebeli angelozia da es SemTxveviTi ar aris.
jer erTi, es kompoziciis Sua nawilia. TavisTavad kompozi-
cia sarkmlebiT gayves, SuaSi angelozi moaTavses da aqeT-iqiT
ki meomrebi da menelsacxebleebi arian. kideebi dazianebulia,
magram dauzianebelic rom iyos, viTom adamiani amas ase uceb
waikiTxavda? sxva mxriv, rodesac angelozs uyureb, xedav, rom
wmindad ferweruli gamomsaxvelobis wili Zalian didia. Ta-
nac rogori gamomsaxvelobaa _ baci mwvane, laJvardisferi,
Zalian rbilad dawerili saxe da xelebi, sadac arc Crdili
Cans, arc aTinaTi, romelic, vTqvaT, atenSi Zalian Tvalsa-
Cinoa. Tqven pirdapir miyvebiT siluets, xazis denadobas da
TiTqos marTlac gesmiT Cumi melodia. Tumca ratom unda us-
mino am melodias, kacma rom Tqvas? Semodis saocari liriz-
mi, mxatvrul saSualebaTa TviTkmaroba da es, kvlavac vityvi,
ZiriTad saTqmels ar arRvevs, mxolod amCnev, rom maxvilebma
gadainacvla da ara Tavad moxatulobaSi, aramed am gadanac-
vlebaSi aris xifaTi. Tu Cven warmovidgenT amis gagrZelebas,
SeiZleba wminda formalizmi miviRoT da Znelia, adamianma es
erTgvar gamsofliurebas marTlac ar daukavSiros. me cota
gadaWarbebuli meCveneba, roca am moxatulobebSi pirdapir sa-
ero sawyisze laparakoben da, Cveulebriv, berTubnis moxatu-
lobaze giorgi CubinaSvilis naTqvams imowmeben. giorgi Cubi-
naSvils ar uTqvams, rom berTubnis moxatuloba renesansulia.

213
 rogorc yovelTvis, igi frTxilad da mozomilad mxolod imas
ambobs, rom aq Cans raRac iseTi, rasac SeiZleba raime italiu-
ri duCentos msgavsi moetanao.
vfiqrob, rom es ufro sworia. es marTlac tendenciaa,
romelsac SeeZlo moetana, magram ar moutania. Tu ratom ar
moutania, es ukve sxva sakiTxia. mxolod imis Tqma mindoda,
rom am xelovnebaSi aris erTgvari moRla (Tumca SeiZleba,
es gadaWarbebuli naTqvamia), survili, ufro xmadabla wami-
kiTxon oTxTavis ambavi, daindon Cemi yuri da TiTqos Tavze
xeli gadamisvan. es ar aris xelovneba, romelic Sengan ra-
Racas moiTxovs. is did saidumloebebze TiTqos dayvavebiT
gelaparakeba. es lirikuloba piradad CemTvis kvlavac imis
maniSnebelia, rom raRac xdeba. es aris xelovneba, romlis
gagrZeleba Zalian rTulia da am gagrZelebiT Cven SeiZle-
ba arcTu sasurveli movlenebic miviRoT. raRac unda mox-
des. ra? ai, amaSia mTeli ambavi. Cven viciT, rom es raRac ar
momxdara, viciT, rom mere aris erTgvari SeCereba, TiTqos
Seyovneba, arqiteqturaSi _ sruliad erTmniSvnelovani, mxat-
vrobaSi ki pirvelad Cveni qristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi
moxda bizantiuri modelis pirdapiri gadmotana. rasakvirve-
lia, siaxle adrec yovelTvis Cndeboda da qarTveli osta-
ti brma ar iyo, gadmohqonda xolme Tavisi mosawoni xerxe-
bi, magram aseTi SemTxveva, rom pirdapir gadmoetanaT mTeli
mxatvruli sistema, TiTqos ar aris. SeiZleba naxoT romelime
erTi xelnaweri, romelic konstantinopolSi gadaiwera an su-
lac berZens moaxatines, SeiZleba minanqari ipovoT da mixv-
deT, rom Zalian moindomes gakonstantinopolureba, magram es
yovelTvis calkeuli SemTxvevaa xolme da mainc aris raRac
sxvaoba. aseTi ram ki, roca mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mTel si-
vrces saidanRac pirdapir gadmotanili modeli ikavebs, Cvenma
qristianulma Sua saukuneebma ar icis. es pirvelad XIII sauku-
nis bolos moxda. ras niSnavs es? piradad CemTvis es mainc imas
niSnavs, rom aris krizisi, raRac gamoilia, raRacas ganaxleba
sWirdeba, rogorc fsalmunSia naTqvami: `ganaxldes, viTarca
orbisa, siWabuke Seni~. rogorc Cans, orbsac ki sWirdeba ga-

214
naxleba. raRac unda momxdariyo. ra? SeiZleboda Tu ara, rom
ar gvqonoda erTgvari daqveiTeba? is saboloo katastrofa,
romelzec xSirad laparakoben, CvenTan arasdros momxdara,
amgvari sulieri wyvetili Cvens istoriaSi ar aris, mxolod
aRmaval-daRmavali ganviTarebaa. cxadia, kulturul cxovre-
bas vgulisxmob da ara politikurs. maS, SeiZleboda es daR-
masvla rogorme agveridebina? amboben xolme, rom istorias-
Tan mimarTebaSi aseTi SekiTxvebi uazrobaa. ra Tqma unda, rac
moxda, moxda imitom, rom ase unda yofiliyo da sxvagvarad
raRacam albaT Cven gza ar mogvca, magram SesaZlebloba Tu
arsebobda, ai, es aris sakiTxavi. piradad me meCveneba, rom
aseTi SesaZlebloba namdviladac iyo da Tu ra iyo es, amazec
mogaxsenebT.
Cven ukve visaubreT, Tu raoden Taviseburi viTareba Sei-
qmna qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi epoqaSi, romelsac xan rusTa-
velis xanas uwodeben, xan Tamarisas da, zogadad, XII saukunis
meore naxevarsa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxeds moicavs. sir-
Tule am droisa is gaxlavT, rom is paradoqsulia. siZlieris
mwvervalisa da morWma-simdidris xanaSi arqiteqtura araTu
monumentalizdeba, zomiT izrdeba, aramed, piriqiT, patarav-
deba. epoqis gemovneba Cans mxolod mdidar daCuqurTmebaSi,
magram iqac Tavs iCens ucnauri movlena _ erTsa da imave na-
gebobaze Tqven SeiZleba naxoT Zalze artistuli, Zalze STam-
beWdavi da iqve ucnaurad duned Sesrulebuli saxeebi. es gan-
sakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia iseT eklesiaze, rogoric beTaniaa,
sadac erTi xani SeiZleba marTlac mogeCvenos, rom iq sxva-
dasxva droa. ar mgonia, es ase iyos, magram aseTi STabeWdileba
rom SeiZleba gaCndes, namdvilia. ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo am
movlenis mizezi?
erTi-erTi mizezi, vfiqrob, ase vTqvaT, Sidamxatvru-
li xasiaTisaa. is ena, is mxatvruli saSualebebi, romlebsac
imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebi floben, ukve didi xnisaa, daa-
xloebiT, V saukunidan modis. misi Sida SesaZleblobebi _ ga-
momsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa amgvari zRvruli maragi ki yve-
la mxatvrul enas aqvs _ rogorc etyoba, iwureboda, Tumca

215
 bolomde daSretili ar iyo da, rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba,
misi potenciis monarCenebi sakmaod didxans kvlavac asazr-
doebs qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas. Tumca ZiriTadi, Tu SeiZle-
ba ase iTqvas, gadmosaRvreli ukve gamoyenebuli iyo _ wina-
morbed Taobebs, rac ki SeiZleboda epovaT am mxatvrul mety-
velebaSi, rogorc Cans, ukve aemetyvelebinaT kidec.
Cven davinaxavT, rom es mdgomareoba arc mere icvleba. pi-
riqiT, XIII saukunis Sua xanebsa da meore naxevarSi is srulad
gamovlindeba da Semdeg, rac kidev ufro ucnauria, arsebiTad,
mTeli 500 weli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe sul dgas
sirTule mxatvruli enis ganaxlebisa da iseTi saSualebebis
mopovebisa, romlebiTac mas SeeZleba, Tavisi saTqmeli sxvanai-
rad gamoTqvas. es sxvanairoba TviTmizani ar gaxlavT. es aris
mxolod gamovlineba imisa, rom erTisa da imaves gameoreba
Zalian male xdeba meqanikuri da meqanikuroba ki xelovnebaSi
yovelTvis iZleva met-nakleb usicocxlobasa da met-nakleb
uxarisxobas. ratom SeiZleboda ase momxdariyo? aq, rasakvir-
velia, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia zusti diagnozis dasma da imis
Tqma, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme. yovelTvis iqneba varaudi da in-
terpretacia, romelic mosalodnelia, rom nawilobrivi iyos.
vfiqrob, rom saqme msoflmxedvelobiT sirTuleebSia. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, bevri wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva axsna me ver mipovia.
Tvals Tu gadavavlebT am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zo-
gad viTarebas, yvelgan erTnairi suraTia. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
saqristianoSi _ konstantinopolSi, berZnulenovan qveyneb-
Si, laTinur dasavleTSi Tu CvenTan _ yvelgan erTi da igive
problemebi Cndeba. amboben, rom asevea samahmadianoSic, oRond
amaze msjeloba me ar xelmewifeba. am movlenas Tavis droze
Salva nucubiZem, Cvenma uniWieresma moazrovnem da mkvle-
varma, `aRmosavluri renesansi~ daarqva da masSi daaxloe-
biT XIV-XV saukuneebis italiaSi arsebuli viTarebis analogi
dainaxa. Tumca me vfiqrob, rom simarTlesTan ufro axlos
aris sxva formulireba da, miuxedavad b-ni Salvas brwyinva-
le naazrevisa, SesaZlebelia dazustdes saboloo definicia
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ras ambobdnen giorgi CubinaSvili,

216
ivane javaxiSvili da Tundac niko mari, romelic am sakiTxze
mxolod gakvriT saubrobda. isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen msga-
vsebas ufro goTikuri xanis suliskveTebasTan, ara goTikur
xelovnebasTan, aramed laTinur dasavleTSi arsebul zogad
viTarebasTan, romelsac agreTve mivyavdiT im movlenamde,
Semdeg aRorZineba da renesansi rom daerqva. es gaxlavT gam-
sofliureba _ ara warmarTobis aRorZineba, romlis elemen-
ti (ra Tqma unda, mxolod elementi) italiur xelovnebaSi,
XIV saukunidan moyolebuli, marTlac aris, aramed kultura-
Si msofliuri elementis moZliereba da moWarbeba. dasavleT-
Si es kargad Cans imiT, Tu raoden didi wili daiWira saero
poeziam, saraindo romanebma. igive xdeba bizantiaSi. iqac Cans,
rom iwereba saraindo romanebi, romlebic xan elinistur Tar-
gzea aWrili, xan kidev raRac sxva ieris mqonea, magram mainc
saero aris. filosofiis istoriisaTvis cnobilia iqauri am-
bebi, ucnauri platonisturi mimdinareoba, romelic gaCnda
da, marTalia, maleve gaqra, magram danarCen kulturaze es
movlenebi aisaxa. magaliTad, XIV saukunis bizantiaSi warmar-
Tuli religiis ganaxlebas moiTxovda filosofosi gemistos
pleToni, romelsac platonis `saxelmwifos~ modeli hqonda
momarjvebuli, qristianobisaTvis warmarTobis Canacvlebaze
laparakobda da iseT rameebs amobda, rogorsac, mgoni, romsa
da florenciaSic ki aravin qadagebda.
CvenTan saqme aqamde ar misula, magram ukve ramdeni we-
lia sul erTi da igive SekiTxva miCndeba _ ratom aris, rom,
erTi mxriv, X saukunis yvelaze didi prozaikosi hagiografo-
si giorgi merCulea da yvelaze didi poeti ki himnografosi
ioane zosime, XI saukuneSi yvelaze didi movlena wm. giorgi
mTawmindelis prozaa da wm. efTvime aTonelis Targmanebi anda
Targamanebi wm. giorgi aTonelisa, romelsac sruliad araC-
veulebrivi sakuTari prozac aqvs, Tundac wm. giorgi aTone-
lis hagiografosi giorgi mcire da misi SesaniSnavi Txzuleba,
sxva mxriv ki, XII saukuneSi ra gvaqvs? dasawyisSi kidev aris
wm. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis `sinanulis galobani~ da misi ori
anderZi, romlebic, me Tu mkiTxavT, agreTve literaturaa da

217
 mere ukve, meore naxevrisken, win modis saero sakiTxebi. ra
Tqma unda, saeklesio literatura agrZelebs arsebobas, ma-
gram is aRar aris warmmarTveli, rac ioane SavTelis Semoq-
medebis magaliTze Zalian TvalsaCinod Cans. roca ioane Sav-
Tels axseneben, yvelas Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis `xot-
bani~ axsendeba, xolo misi sxva, agreTve vrceli, nawarmoebi
`galobani varZiisa RmrTismSobelisani~ oriode filologma
Tu icis. sad aris es yvelaferi? ratom gaxda umniSvnelo,
Tuki 100 wlis win sxvanairad iqneboda? da marTlac, am epoqis
e.w. Tavi Txzuleba `vefxistyaosani~ aris.
ar mgonia, kvlav sadavo iyos, rom `vefxistyaosani~ qris-
tianobaze dgas. es, ra Tqma unda, asea, bolos da bolos, iq
winaTqmaSi pirdapir samebazea laparaki, Tanac Zalian mka-
fiod, magram es mainc saero Txzulebaa. Zalian xSirad da-
vobdnen xolme, sad aris iq qristianoba da kiTxuloben, gana
avTandilisa da tarielis morali qristianuliao. gaaCnia, ras
vadarebT _ Tu meudabnoeebs vadarebT, cxadia _ ara, magram
Tu dasavlel raindebs gavixsenebT, marTlac avTandilisa da
tarielis morali ufro qristianulia. magaliTad, iq, dasav-
lur literaturaSi, mijnuroba, TumcaRa platonuri xasia-
Tis, gulisxmobs raindis gamijnurebas, rogorc wesi, gaTxo-
vil qalze. CvenTan sul sxva suraTia, aris mijnuroba, romel-
sac garkveuli mizani aqvs, ase vTqvaT, moraluri mizani. Tuki
mizans miaRweven iq, dasavlur literaturaSi, moxdeba is, rac
qristianul moralTan srulebiT Seusabamoa. qorwineba qris-
tianul zneobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram is, rasac rusTaveli
Caadeninebs Tundac avTandils, cxadia, uzenaes qristianul
moralTan Sexmatkbilebuli ar aris. am epoqaSi, Tu SeiZleba
ase iTqvas, saero cxovrebis legitimacia xdeba sxvagvarad da
ara ise, rogorc uwin iyo. saero cxovreba arc TviT macxo-
vars uaruyvia da, miT umetes, arc eklesias. Tundac wm. ioane
oqropiri jer kidev rodis wers darigebas qristiani meomri-
saTvis, anu meomroba, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kaciskvla, daS-
vebulia, oRond garkveul zomamde. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es ar
gulisxmobs imas, rac aRwerilia rusTavelTan an sxva Txzu-

218
lebebSi am drois mTel saqristianoSi. rodesac amboben, rus-
Tavelis epoqa ver ganviTardao, es marTlac asea. diax, man
ver pova iseTive uSualo gagrZeleba, rogorc dasavleTSi an
Tundac aRmosavleT saqristianoSi, magram ar mgonia, swori
iyo imis Tqma, rom zogadad gamsofliureba, rogorc movlena,
xvarazmelTa SemoseviTa da monRolebis mosvliT Sewyda.
am SemTxvevaSi, Zalian niSandoblivia Cveni mwerlobis gza.
gana XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi warmmarTveli isev saero mwerloba
ar aris?! xolo Tuki is religiuria, vTqvaT, Tundac daviT
guramiSvilTan, xom subieqturi religiuri lirikaa da aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi _ himnografia. araCveulebrivad sainteresoa
gviani xanis hagiografia. am drois arcTu mcirericxovani ha-
giografiuli TxzulebebiT zogjer verc ki mixvdebiT, ras
kiTxulobT da romeliRac omebis qronika gegonebaT. aseTia
Tundac `qeTevan wamebulis cxovreba~. Tuki naxavT, rogor we-
ren kaTalikosi besarion orbeliSvili da anton kaTalikosic
ki, faqtobrivad, aRmoCndeba, rom mTeli teqsti, garda Teo-
logiuri boloTqma-winaTqmisa, saero prozaa. zogjer marTla
ver amoicnob, saero nawarmoebia Tu sasuliero Txzulebaa.
mifiqria kidec, rom amomeRo romelime monakveTi da `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ teqstSi sadme Camesva, radgan darwmunebuli var,
veravin gaarCevda. yovelive es ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed
zogadi movlenaa, romelic aRmosavleT da dasavaleT saqris-
tianoSi, ubralod, sxvadasxva siswrafiT ganviTarda. dasa-
vleTi swrafad wavida win, aRmosavleTi _ ufro Senelebulad,
magram TviTon gza erTia. TavisTavad gamsofliureba an, sxva-
gvarad rom vTqvaT, saamqveynos codnis mopovebis ufro meti
survili, vidre XI saukuneSia, ubedureba araa. magaliTad, Tu
viRacam Seityo, rom kompasi Seiqmna an mineralTa Tvisebebi
Seiswavla da imaze meti gaigo, vidre antikurma mecnierebam
icoda, amiT araferi daSavdeba. manamde, faqtobrivad, mTeli
Sua saukuneebis ganswavluloba antikuri codnas emyareboda.
es iyo antikurobidan miRebuli maragi cnobebisa bunebaze,
astronomiaze, botanikaze, zoologiaze, anatomiaze, romel-
sac drodadro xan sparsi, xanac arabi Seavsebda. da mainc,

219
 codna samyaroze, misi zogadi suraTi XIII saukuneSi jer kidev
iseTivea, rogoric ax. w. IV saukuneSi. Semdeg ukve nel-nela
iwyeba Sevseba sxvagvari monacemebiT, romelTa msgavsi berZ-
nebsa an laTinebs manamde ar gaaCndaT.
kidev vambob, amaSi TavisTavad cudi araferi ar aris, ma-
gram moxda ise, rom qristianul msoflxatSi axlad mopovebu-
li warmodgenebi ver Caewera da ara imitom, rom es, zogadad,
SeuZlebeli iyo, ubralod amis gamkeTebeli arvin aRmoCnda.
ar gamoCndnen iseTi mamebi, rogorebic iyvnen didi kapadokie-
lebi. ra Tqma unda, iyvnen mniSvnelovani moRvaweebi, oRond
maTi satkivari sxva iyo. aseTi iyo Tundac wm. grigol pala-
ma, romelsac srulebiT sxva safiqrali hqonda, axali xedvis
marTlmadidebluri sinTezi ki amocanad arc mas da arc sxva
vinmes dausaxavs. Tu xdeboda raime SeTanadeba, iqve Cndeboda
dapirispireba. aman Zalian reliefuri saxe miiRo, rodesac
qristefore kolumbma moindoma, indoeTisken axali gza epo-
va. mogexsenebaT, igi sul sxva adgilas mivida, magram mniS-
vnelovani iyo TavisTavad idea, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia da
mas SeiZleba Semouaro. mis sawinaaRmdegod netar avgusti-
nes imowmebdnen. netari avgustine ambobda, rom ar SeiZleba,
ase iyos, Tumca is werda TeologiasTan mimarTebaSi da ar
saubrobda geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvir-
Tva ar aqvs. Cemi azriT, moxda amgvari ram: kolumbma daadas-
tura raRac iseTi, rac ar uTqvams netar avgustines, Tanac
ar uTqvams geografiaze, romelsac raime religiuri datvir-
Tva ar gaaCnia da ara Teologiaze, aman ki gaaCina gancda,
TiTqos simarTlis Tqmas eklesia abrkolebs. aseTive konfli-
qti iyo jer kidev marko polosTan da saerTodac xSiri iyo
kamaTi religiurad absoluturad neitralur sakiTxebze, ma-
galiTad, iseTze, Tu rogor brunavs romelime cdomili. ra
religiuri mniSvneloba aqvs amas? cxadia, araviTari, reli-
giurad mniSvnelovani mxolod erTi ramaa _ qveyniereba TviT-
marTia Tu Semoqmedis Seqmnili. ai, es aris Tavi da bolo, rac
SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos. danarCens, rasac Cven qveynierebis
Sesaxeb SevityobT, religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan araviTa-

220
ri kavSiri ar aqvs. Cven SeiZleba mxolod vTqvaT, rom uflis,
ase vTqvaT, SemoqmedebiT samzareuloze ufro meti gavigeT,
vidre aqamde vicodiT. es aris da es, meti araferi.
Tumca, samwuxarod, sul sxvagvarad moxda. XIII-XVII sau-
kuneebSi msgavs dapirispirebas bolo ar uCanda da, saboloo
jamSi, rakiRa TavisTavad es monacemebi tyuili ar iyo, maTi
aRmofxvra, ra Tqma unda, ver moxerxda da aRmoCnda, rom ekle-
sia, swori codnis sapirispirod, araswor codnas icavs. unda
vTqva, rom sabolood daZleuli es dResac ki ar aris. me Tu
mkiTxavT, dRevandeli marTlmadidebeli Teologiis win kvla-
vac mwvaved dgas sakiTxi, Tu rogor SeiZleba moxdes saboloo
SeTanadeba, radgan is gzebi, romlebic zogjer iZebneba xol-
me, bolomde damajerebeli ar aris. kidev vimeoreb, ase xde-
ba ara imitom, rom raRac mosazrebebi ver Tanxmdeba, aramed
imitom, rom Cven ver vaTanxmebT _ es Cveni azrovnebis naklia
da ara Sesaqmis, miT ufro, eklesiuri an religiuri swavlebis
xarvezi. kidev vambob, miwier mecnierebasTan mas kavSiri ar
gaaCnia, is sul sxva rames qadagebs.
amgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlileba, pirvel yovlisa,
aisaxa aRmosavleT qristianul xelovnebaze. rogorc iTqva,
poeziaSi, literaturaSi gamsofliureba grZeldeba. Tuki
mwerlobaSi SeyovnebasaviT rame mainc SeimCneva, es gamowveu-
lia gareSe movlenebiTa da, rac mTavaria, Zalian didi dana-
kargebiT. realurad, Cven ar viciT, Tu ra iwereboda XIV sau-
kuneSi. iqneb Cven ar gvipovia, Torem kidec daiwera romelime
SesaniSnavi poema?! am periodSi bevri ram amovardnilia, ubra-
lod, daRupulia. vin icis ra daiwva da daibuga Temur-lengis
SemosevaTagan aklebul da aoxrebul qveyanaSi. Tundac mere,
rodesac osmalebma 1510 Tu 1512 wels quTaisi gadawves, iq
mefeTa wignsacavSi ra daiwva, Cven amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
ukve Semdeg, XVII saukunidan, sakmaod bevri literaturu-
li Zegli gvaqvs SenarCunebuli. ase moxda imitom, rom isini
amdenad aRarc nadgurdeboda da Tanac viRacasTan kidec ina-
xeboda. Tundac qarTvel emigrantebs, romlebic ruseTSi iy-
vnen wasulni, Tan hqondaT waRebuli wignebi. `arCiliani~ rom

221
 ar waeRoT, vin icis, gadarCeboda?! ra garantia gvaqvs, rom
ar ganadgurdeboda iseve, rogorc sxva Txzulebebi, romelTa
mxolod saxelebiRa viciT. ai, magaliTad, sargis Tmogvelis
`dilargeTiani~ _ saxelwodeba viciT da vxvdebiT rom mas vi-
Rac dilargeTze leqsi hqonia. es wigni rusTavels gvian gam-
grZelebels jer kidev xelSi uWiravs, Cven ki ukve aRar gvaqvs.
amitomac vfiqrob, rom maSinac, XIV-XVI saukuneebSi, rodesac
marTla urTulesi viTareba iyo, cxadia, naklebi, magram ra-
Rac ueWvelad iqneboda.
rac Seexeba saxviT xelovnebas, aq Cven vxedavT erTgvar
Seyovnebas, Zalian did SemoqmedebiT sirTuleebs da aseTia
viTareba ara marto CvenTan, aramed yvelgan. oRond xdeba ise,
rom saxviTi xelovneba CvenTan da bizantiuri saxviTi xelov-
nebac gaCerdeba SedarebiT gvian, daaxloebiT, XV saukunidan,
arqiteqtura ki _ gacilebiT adre. Tundac paleologosuri
arqiteqtura, romelic mTlad Rirsebas moklebuli ar aris,
didwilad, ukve gakeTebulisa da Suabizantiur xanaSi miRweu-
lis gameorebaa. ase ar aris slavur qveynebSi, magram ar unda
gvaviwydebodes, rom slavuri qveynebi (RmerTma icis, rom da-
makninebels amaSi arafers vdeb) qristianul nawarmoebTa Seqm-
nas ufro gvian Seudgnen. Cven da Tundac berZnebma qristianu-
li xelovnebis qmna V saukuneSi daviwyeT, imaT _ X-XI sauku-
neebSi, es ki Zalian didi sxvaobaa. erTgvari gaxleCa iqac xde-
ba, oRond _ XVII saukuneSi, rodesac msofliuri xedva Zalian
momZlavrda da ruseTSi srulebiT katastrofuli saxe mii-
Ro. sxvagan, imave saberZneTSi, bulgareTSi, es procesi ufro
TandaTanobiT midis da iq ver vxedavT iseT mZime Sedegebs,
rogoric rusul kulturas petre didis cnobilma reformeb-
ma moutana. marTlac, am reformebiT ruseTi or sxvadasxva
erad daiyo _ qalaqSi mcxovreb, evropulad moazrovne ada-
mianebad da xalxad, romelic soflad cxovrobda da TiTqos
Sua saukuneebSi CarCa. didxans, XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde, maT
Soris enobrivi sxvaobac ki iyo. marTlac, XVIII saukunesa da
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ganaTlebuli rusi frangulad
laparakobda, radgan, ase vTqvaT, ganaTlebis ena franguli

222
iyo. viRac SeiZleba rusulad maSinac werda, magram faqtia,
rom rodesac 1812 wels napoleoni ruseTSi Sevida, rusi aris-
tokratebi mSobliuri enis swavlas axlidan Seudgnen, rad-
gan erTmaneTs sakuTar enaze veRarc ki esaubrebodnen, araTu
werilebs werdnen. vTqvaT, bulgareTSi an kidev CvenTan aseTi
ram ar momxdara, magram saxviT SemoqmedebaSi viTareba yvelgan
msgavsia _ raRac dros xdeba erTi da imave formebis gayinva.
gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom arsebobs raRac e.w. ka-
nonikuri xelovneba da, am SemTxvevSi, sxva gza ar maqvs, es
Tvalsazrisi unda uarvyo. iqneb adrec miTqvams, magram es
imdenad saWirboroto sakiTxia, rom yvelam unda Camovayali-
boT, Tu ras vfiqrobT amis Sesaxeb. kanonikuri xelovnebis
cneba, romelic manamde ar arsebobda, mxolod XX saukune-
Si Cndeba da es avangardistuli SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebis
process droSi ucnaurad emTxveva. faqtobrivad, es kano-
nikuri marTlmadidebeli xelovneba, romelic ruseTSi, sa-
berZneTSi Tu sxvagan 1910-iani wlebidan ikrefs Zalas, aris
iseTive pasuxi renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis krizisze, ro-
gorc avangardi, oRond es aris konservatiuli gamovlineba
da renesansis uaryofa raRacisken dabrunebiT, xolo avangar-
di renesanss srulad uaryofs sxva gzaze wasvliT. saqme isaa,
rom religiuri cxovrebis gadasarCenad istoriul formaTa
momarjveba ukve momxdari faqtia _ kaTolikur samyaroSi es
ukve moxda. iq ubrundebodnen xan goTikas, xan adre renesanss,
magram es XIX saukuneSi iyo da es procesi, sxvaTa Soris, ki-
dec gaCerda. Tuki naxavT kaTolikur eklesiebSi ra dgas da
ra ixateba, mixvdebiT, rom es aris XV saukunisa da XVII sauku-
nis erTgvari nazavi, romelic XVII, XVIII, XIX da XX saukuneebSi
stabilurad meordeba _ rasac saxelosnoebSi awarmoeben sul
erTi da igivea. Semdeg es procesi ukve samarTlmadideblo-
Sic iwyeba.
ra aris amis Sinagani mizezi? me mgonia, rom viTareba iyo
amgvari: vinaidan aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovneba ufro me-
tad, vidre dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba, atarebda sakra-
lurobis niSans, misi gamsofliureba ufro Zneli iyo. ratom?

223
 nu dagvaviwydeba, rom dasavleTis saeklesio xelovneba ambavs
hyveba. es Teologiurad ase aris _ misi erTaderTi movaleo-
baa, mohyves, Tu rogor moxda is ambebi, romlebsac Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebi an wmindanTa cxovrebebi mogviTxrobs.
es xelovneba am ambebs hyveba da monaTxrobi unda JRerdes da-
majereblad. ase rom, rodesac amgvari gamsofliureba iwyeba,
adamianebi ufro metad uyureben xilul, nivTier samyaros.
Sesabamisad, albaT gaCnda moTxovnileba, rom esa Tu is amba-
vi, davuSvaT, moses saswauli, daixatos da gamoqandakdes ara
ise, rogorc X an XI saukuneebSi, aramed ufro mimsgavsebulad
imasTan, rasac SemTxveviT iq Cavlili dainaxavda. meti damaje-
rebloba bunebasTan met siaxloves niSnavs. Tuki XI saukuneSi
mose upirveles yovlisa anu Tavis adamianur gamovlinebamde
iyo winaswarmetyveli da es gaxldaT mTavari, axla, adamiani
ukeT ixsenebs, rom is iyo realuri adamianic. axla ukve win
modis adamianoba, yvelaferi adamianismieri. es Zalian kargad
Cans axali aRTqmis ambebis gadmocemisas, rodesac, magali-
Tad, macxovris vnebebSi yuradReba maxvildeba swored vnebul
sxeulze. es asea ara imitom, rom maT aRar swamT qriste, ro-
gorc RmerTi, ubralod, imisaTvis, rom es namdvili iyos maT
gancdaSi, igi unda warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi adamianur-niv-
Tieri sisruliTa da Tundac simZafriT.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aRorZinebis xelovneba ufro pi-
robiTia, vidre goTikuri. CrdiloeT evropaSi gansakuTrebiT
xSirad SegxvdebaT jvarcma an datireba, romelic iseTia, rom
SegaSinebs. es SeRebili qandakebebia da Tqven xedavT, rogor
Camosdis sisxlis wveTebi daseril sxeuls. erT-erT jvarc-
maSi eklebic ki aris Casobili. germanuli naxelavia. sxvaTa
Soris, STambeWdavia, magram mZimea sayureblad da sxeulebriv
tkivils warmoaCens. kidev vimeoreb, es ar niSnavs, rom aviwy-
debaT srulad Tanayofna RvTaebis, magram emociurad mainc
win modis adamianuri.
aRmosavlur qristianul samyaroSi, sadac qristianuli xe-
lovneba, ra Tqma unda, aris mTxrobeli, Semaxsenebeli, magram

224
amas garda kidev _ makavSirebeli, is unda iyos imgvari Tviseb-
riobis, rom ar gagiZneloT misvla pirvelarsTan, pirvelxat-
Tan, sulier arsTan, romelic samoTxis wiaR aris. es xatovani
gmoTqma mama pavle florenskis ekuTvnis da XX saukunisaa,
magram me vfiqrob, kargia: is unda iyos sarkmeli, romliTac
Tqven xedavT samoTxeSi damkvidrebul wmindanT. amitomac aq
msofliuri ase martivad ver Semovidoda.
aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros adamiani grZnobs, rom
am sakralurs ase iolad ver miekareba. es fsiqologiurad aR-
mosavleTs gacilebiT ufro eZneleba, vidre dasavleTs. maSi-
nac ki, roca dasavluri xelovneba pirdapir Semodis XVI sau-
kuneSi saberZneTSi, XVII saukuneSi ruseTSi, XVIII saukuneSi
sxva slavur qveynebSi, vTqvaT, bulgareTSi da Semodis Cven-
Tanac, is Zalian didxans inarCunebs raRac sxva iers. bevri
xati, romelzec dRes vambobT, rom dasavluria da aRarafe-
ria masSi kanonikuri, Tuki Sedardeba mis dasavlur nimuSs,
aRmoCndeba srulebiT Suasaukuneobrivi. aseTi ram marTlac
moxda, rodesac Cemma kolegam, q-nma mzia janjaliam bodbis
mxatvroba Seiswavla. pirvelad, rodesac SevxedeT, vifiqreT
rom aSkarad dasavluri graviurebia. rodesac man ipova da-
savluri naxatebi, romlis mixedviTac bodbeli ostati qmnis
Zveli da axali aRTqmis siuJetebs, uceb davinaxeT, rom mas
es graviura Turme xatad gadauqcevia. amitomac, Tu aTvlis
wertili, vTqvaT, yinwvisis moxatulobaa da am gadmosaxedidan
uyureb, is marTlac Zalian realisturia, magram Tuki TviTon
im dasavluridan Sexedav, absoluturad pirobiTia da gauge-
bari. es nimuSebi holandiuri graviuris damxatavs an italiel
mxatvars rom enaxa, gaogndeboda, saerTod ver icnobda Ta-
vis naxelavs, ifiqrebda, rom saSinelebaa da ver mixvdeboda,
saidan movida es Maniera Graeca, srulebiT autaneli, gayinuli,
mkvdari xelovneba. saidan uyureb, mniSvnelovani marTlac es
aris. sxvaTa Soris, CvenTan es grZeldeba XIX saukunis Sua xa-
nebamde grZeldeba da asevea bulgareTSic, sadac dasavleTi
evropa fizikurad ufro axlos iyo. Cvensa da evropas Soris

225
 mainc iyo ruseTi, is ki uSualod emezobleboda dasavlur
samyaros, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mimosvla mas pirdapiri hqonda.
miT umetes, rom osmaleTSi, romelSic maSin bulgareTi Se-
dioda, dasavluri xelovneba XVIII saukuneSi niaRvrad Semovar-
da da srulebiT waleka yvelaferi islamuri. Tqven rom naxoT,
rogori arqiteqtura aqvT XVIII saukuneSi konstantinopolSi,
stambolSi, es rom aRmosavleTia, uceb verc mixvdebiT. me, ma-
galiTad, pirvelad vifiqre, rom raRac ameria, radgan Zneli
warmosadgenia Tundac aseTi baroko, absoluturad dasavlu-
ri, naxo aRmosavleTSi. marTali giTxraT, asociacia gamiCn-
da Sua evropis barokosTan germaniaSi, CexeTSi, iq cota meti
siWarbea, vidre, vTqvaT, safrangeTsa an italiaSi ician.
asea Tu ise, aRmosavleT saqristianos gauWirda, gadaedga
nabiji xiluli samyarosken ise Tamamad, rogorc es dasavleT-
ma gaakeTa. rogorc Cans, gaCnda SegrZneba, TiTqos xelovani
movalea, daxatos, aaSenos raRac saeklesio da, misi gancdiT,
xiluli qveyniereba mis sakuTar samyaroSi, Sinagan me-Si iseT
zomamdea ukve Semosuli, rom man SeiZleba am saRvTo nagebobas
Tu saRvTo gamosaxulebas metismeti msofliuroba SesZinos.
amitomac RuzasaviT aris es Zveli formebi. imdroindeli os-
tati da mxatvari, rogorc etyoba, maT mimarTavs imisTvis,
rom darwmunebuli iyos _ rasac is akeTebs, sworia. mas aRar
aqvs imedi, romelic XI saukunis ostats hqonda, XII saukunis
Suaxanis ostats jer kidev hqonda da gelaTis mSenebelsac
hqonda. mas dakarguli aqvs gancda imisa, rom rasac ginda ake-
Tebdes, is WeSmaritebaSi myofobs da veraviTari CuqurTma,
veraviTari misi monafiqri am WeSmaritebas ver SebRalavs. ai,
es Sinagani rwmena, rogorc Cans, dakargulia. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, sxvanairad SeuZlebelia, gaigo es vermocileba formebi-
sa, romlebic am adamianebs srulebiT aSkarad aRar moswonT.
es Cans imaSi, Tu rogori cvlilebebi SemoaqvT maT. Tumca
isini cvlian imas, rac ar SeiZleba amgvarad Seicvalos. ro-
gorc ki Tqven am arqiteqturas, XII saukuneSi Camoyalibebul
arqiteqturul saxes, waiyvanT gasadavebisken da datovebT iq

226
mTavar nakvTebs, ubralod, moacilebT, vTqvaT, CuqurTmas da
datovebT im amoburcul sapires, araferi gamogivaT. es sapire
unda iyos morTuli, is amisTvisaa Seqmnili, amisTvis aqvs mas
es momrgvalebuli zedapiri, rom iq intensiuri CuqurTma ki-
dev ufro plastikuri da STambeWdavi Candes, metad moiyaros
Tavi Suqma da Crdilma da ufro TvalsaCinod daupirispirdes
erTmaneTs. Tuki gindaT, rom es iyos sada, tovebT fuZes da,
ubralod, aSorebT zedapirs, ra Tqma unda, mxatvrul Sedegs
ver miiRebT da Tqven xedavT sul gaRaribebul formas an Seu-
Tavsebeli elementebiT Sedgenils.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom mTeli am 500 wlis ganmavlobaSi
niWieri xelovani ar arsebula Cvens qveyanaSi. ra Tqma unda
arsebobda, oRond, es niWieri adamiani Tavis qmedebaSi Tavi-
sufali ver aris. amitom Cven sul vxedavT, rom ostats ga-
mosdis raRac da sxva ram _ ara. davuSvaT, mSvenivrad akeTebs
interieris nawils, magram garedan Sexedav da SegeSindeba. ai,
TiTqos mSvenieri silueti gaukeTa, SigniT ki Seusabamo si-
vrcea. aris erTmaneTTan Seusabamo formebi _ vTqvaT, Zalian
daxvewili da uceb ratomRac gamsxvilebul-gadidebuli. am
yvelaferze Cven kidev mogviwevs saubari.
es ar gaxlavT dawunebis safuZveli. Cven araviTari ufle-
ba ar gvaqvs, ar davinaxoT is, rasac XV-XVIII saukuneebis os-
tatebma SemoqmedebiTad miaRwies, rac maTi monapovari aris.
Tumca, samwuxarod, veRar vnaxavT imgvari dasrulebulobis,
Sinagani logikurobis mqone xelovnebis nimuSs, rogorsac Se-
veCvieT V saukunidan da XIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis
eklesiebSi jer kidev vxedavT.
miuxedavad amisa, me vfiqrob, rom aRmosavleTqristianul
xelovnebas sxva gza hqonda. istoriasTan mimarTebaSi uazrobaa
sakiTxis amgvarad dasma: ra iqneboda, Tuki... rac moxda, moxda
da raki moxda ase, albaT, sxvanairad ver moxdeboda. Tumca
xandaxan SeiZleba sakiTxi amgvaradac ganvixiloT, rodesac
aris gzagasayari da sazogadoebas an romelime erT adamians
SeeZlo, ori gzidan erTi aerCia. ai, magaliTad, nikoloz II-s,

227
 ruseTis imperators, SeeZlo, I msoflio omSi monawileoba
ar mieRo, amis aucilebloba ar arsebobda. es misi karis, mi-
nistrebis aCemeba iyo, romlebsac undodaT daemtkicebinaT,
rom mZleTamZleni arian. albaT, undodaT poloneTis meore
naxevari da kidev ram mopovebinaT, magram, realurad, omi am
qveynis interesebSi ar iyo. ruseTi I msoflio omSi rom ar
Cabmuliyo, Zalian didi albaTobiT ar iqneboda oqtombris
revolucia, Tu ar iqneboda oqtombris revolucia, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ar iqneboda nacizmi da Tu raRac mainc moxde-
boda, II msoflio omi iqneboda sruliad sxvagvari. yvelafe-
ri sxvanairad warimarTeboda da gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cve-
ni qveynis bedic. 1918 wels Cven albaT damoukideblobas ver
movipovebdiT, albaT mas mainc movipovebdiT oRond 1940-ian
wlebSi da ise, rom avcdebodiT am saSinel katastrofebs. ru-
seTis imperia albaT ufro nela, vidre, vTqvaT, britaneTis
imperia, magram aucileblad mividoda im martiv WeSmaritebam-
de, rom imperiis Senaxva ufro Znelia, vidre erTguli da Sen-
dami kargad ganwyobili mravalricxovani mokavSireebis yola
Senive sazRvarze. iqac Seiqmneboda raRac msgavsi britaneTis
Tanamegobrobisa, sadac kanadur da avstraliur markebs, mgo-
ni, dResac dedoflis portreti amSvenebs, Tumca isini damo-
ukidebeli qveynebia. TviTon britaneTs (inglis-Sotlandias)
srulebiT araferi daukargavs, roca ar ioma, ar atexa erTi
ambavi da am qveynebs damoukidebloba, zogjer daxanebiT, ma-
gram SedarebiT martivad misca, radgan mas gasavali aRar aqvs
da Semosavali ki meti gauxda, vidre im koloniebidan hqonda.
raRac amdagvari moxdeboda, aseTi arCevani arsebobda.
me vfiqrob, rom garkveuli arCevani arsebobda qristianu-
li Semoqmedebis winaSec, oRond, aq ukve Zalian Zneli saTqme-
lia, ratom ver gadaidga es nabiji. es niSnavs, rom rac mas ewi-
naaRmdegeboda, metismetad mniSvnelovani iyo. amis safuZvels
me maZlevs yinwvisis wm. nikolozis taZris xuroTmoZRvreba,
romlis Sesaxebac bevri sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. piradad me
mgonia, rom es Zalian kargi arqiteqturaa. aris sxva Sexedu-

228
leba. pirvel yovlisa, Zalze mosawoni mgonia is, Tu rogor
moaxerxa ostatma, sruliad mwiri saSualebebiT mieRo sxva-
nairi STambeWdaoba, magram aranaklebi imaze, rasac aRwevdnen
misi meCuqurTme Tanamedroveni. ar vici, iqneb Tavad yinwvisis
ostatma an iqneb sulac misma damkveTma anton glonisTaviZem
airCia aguri. aguriT garkveuli dekoris Seqmna SeiZleba da
man gumbaTze kidevac gaakeTa TaRnari, CuqurTmian zedapirsa
da amoburcul sapireebsac raRacanairad miiRebT, magram es
im Rirsebisa ver iqneba, aucileblad meqanikuri da tlanqi
gamova.
amitomac yinwviselma ostatma sxva gza airCia. man sxvanai-
rad gardasaxa sivrce _ ori gumbaTqveSa burji odnav ufro
dabali da viwro TaRebiT, vidre sxva eklesiebSia, kedlebs
gadaaba, xolo mklavTaSorisebSi gaakeTa ara paraleluri,
aramed perpendikularuli kamarebi. amitom gamovida, rom
es mklavTaSorisebi ki ar aris, aramed dasavleTi mklavis
ubeebia da miiRo gumbaTovani darbazis, e.w. kupelhales da
Cawerili jvris tipis sivrcis nazavi. Sedegad isic miiRo,
rom dasavleTi mklavi aris sul sxva bunebis, vidre danarCeni
sami mklavi. es TiTqos winkaria, romelSic Tqven SedixarT. iq
sxvanairi formebia, yvelaferi mrgvalia, xolo roca zeviT
aixedavT, dasavleTi mklavis kamara waisrulia, aRmosavleT
nawilSi ki ukve yvelaferi waisrulia. amitom kamaris doneze
dasavleTi mklavi erTvis sivrciT jvars, xolo qveda nawili,
sadac yvelaferi ganieria da, rac ki rkaluri unda iyos, na-
xevarwriulia, proporciebiT modabloa, TaRebs kidev SemaR-
lebuli proporciebi aqvs. amgvarad, man erT sivrceSi ori
kontrastuli sivrce miiRo da, Sesabamisad, srulebiT gan-
sxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobac. aRmosavleTi nawili, romelic
SeiZleboda sxva SemTxvevaSi kargad nawyobi, magram sruliad
Cveulebrivi yofiliyo, axla gamoiyureba Zalian msubuqad, Za-
lian haerovnad, Zalian zeswrafulad da sruliad sxvagvarad
swored imitom, rom mas dasavleTi mklavis sivrce upiris-
pirdeba. garedan ostatma umartivesi ram gaakeTa: sarkmlebis

229
 Riobebi siganesa da, gansakuTrebiT, simaRleSi odnav gazarda
da fasadze gaSala. gverdiT mklavebze sami sarkmlis motivi
gamoiyena da Tuki, Cveulebriv, sarkmlebi aris xolme axlo-
axlo, man isini mklavis mTel sibrtyeze gaanawila. es Riobebi
zedapirs ukve imdenad anawevrebs, rom aRarafris damateba
aRaraa saWiro da xedavT dinamikurad danawevrebul sibrty-
eebs, romlebic sruliad sadaa.
rogorc etyoba, arsebobda aseTi gza _ gza kvlav namdvi-
li arqiteqturisaken, wmindad arqiteqturuli formebiT me-
tyvelebisaken, romelic raRac xnis Semdeg kvlavac srulebiT
gansxvavebul samkaulsa da dekors dabadebda, Tumca masze
warmodgena ver gveqneba, radganac am mxares qarTul xuroT-
moZRvrebas aRarasdros Cauvlia. swored am bilikze Sedga
fexi am Zalze Tamamma da niWierma xelovanma, sxvam ki veRara-
vin gabeda an SeiZleba verc SeniSna. Cemma kolegam, b-nma niko-
loz vaCeiSvilma, XIII saukuneSi daadastura sxva SemTxvevebic,
rodesac arqiteqturuli formis meSveobiT raRac cvlilebe-
bi, erTgvari sxvanirobisa da axleburi emociurobis Semotana
aris nacadi. amis magaliTad gamodgeba Tundac e.w. ruispiris
wm. Sios monasteri. sinamdvileSi, es artozanis wm. Sio aris,
radgan is adgili artozans ekuTvnis. kidev aris ramdenime
momcro eklesia, magram TiToeuli maTgani mainc calkeuli
Zalisxmevaa, romelic arasdros gadazrdila mravalTa er-
Tian, mizanswraful Ziebad, es mainc calkeuli adamianebis
gabedulebaa da sxva araferi.
cota ufro gvian, XIV saukuneSi, mxatvrobac aseve SeCer-
da. Tumca, rogorc Cans, qarTul mxatvrobas XIII saukuneSic
gauWirda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, adre Cveni saxviTi xelovneba
bizantiidan raRacas rom Semoitanda (vgulisxmob sakuTriv
bizantias anu konstantinopols, saberZneTsa da mcire aziis
berZnulenovan nawils), sxva formad misi gardasaxva umal xde-
boda. swored amisi formulaa oSkis taZris samxreT fasadze
gamosaxuli vedreba _ RmrTismSoblis aw ukve dakarguli an,
ufro zustad, gatacebuli gamosaxuleba. istoriuli kuTxiT

230
Tu Sexedav, maSinve mixvdebi, rom misi Semqmneli bizantiuri
spilos Zvlis figuras uyurebda. Tumca es figurebi bizanti-
aSi pawawinaa, sul raRac 5 santimetri, aq kidev TiTqmis ada-
mianisxela, 80-ode santimetri simaRlis gamosaxuleba gvaqvs.
am pawawina gamosaxulebis monumentalizeba imdenad ucabedad
xdeba, rom Tqven araviTari uxerxulobis gancda ar giCnde-
baT. wesiT gamosaxuleba unda dawvrilmanebuliyo, daSli-
liyo, Tqven ki uyurebT absoluturad mTlian, monumentur
formas, romelic spilos Zvlis figuris yurebisas daibada.
es ufro meti sakvirveleba mgonia, vidre ostats naturidan
rom gadmoeRo TvaliT nanaxi qsovilis nakecebi. gasaocari
gardasaxvaa. Cvens mxatvrobaSic ase iyo _ Semodioda raRac
da myisve sxva xdeboda. Tumca XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan ked-
lis mxatvrobaSi ukve sruliad pirdapiri citirebis magali-
Tebi gvaqvs. magaliTad, SiomRvimis jvarTamaRlebis eklesiis
mxatvrobaSi bizantiuri nimuSebis imgvari zegavlenaa, romlis
msgavssac verc yinwvisSi ixilavT da verc berTubanSi.
Tuki adre amgvari ram iSviaTad xdeboda, isic mxolod mo-
krZalebulobisa an moSiSobis mizeziT, radgan zogjer damou-
kideblad mignebuli forma afrTxobdaT, axla ukve es movlena
epoqalur mniSvnelobas iZens. es yvelaferi sruldeba imiT,
rom, Cemi fiqriT, pirvelad qarTuli qristianuli xelovne-
bis istoriaSi qarTuli mxatvroba mTlianad aris gadasuli
bizantiur enaze _ is axla ukve pirdapir berZnulad lapara-
kobs. rogorc Cans, aq berZeni ostatebic muSaoben. danamdvi-
lebiTaa cnobili, rom walenjixaSi XIV saukunis bolos kons-
tantinopolidan mxatvari moiwvies. albaT aris ramdenime sxva
SemTxvevac, rodesac viTareba amgvaria, Tumca gvaqvs namdvi-
lad qarTveli ostatebis xelidan gamosuli moxatulobebi da
bizantiuri berZnuloba maTSic mkafiod Cans. mgoni, amgvari
magaliTi adrec moviyvane, magram es movlena SeiZleba enas
Sedardes. Tuki adre gakrTeboda xolme qarTuli, romelSic
berZnuli sityvebi Warbobda (vTqvaT, XI saukunis romelime mi-
nanqarSi), axla ukve damtvreuli berZnuliT vlaparakobT. da

231
 Tu `damtvreuli~ gvexamuSa, radgan am moxatulobaTa mxatv-
rul Rirsebaze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs, es aris berZnuli
moxatuloba, romelic qarTuli aqcentiT laparakobs berZ-
nulad. es kvlav qarTuli xelovnebaa, rasakvirvelia, aqcen-
ti Cvenia, magram Sinagani Tavisuflebis is xarisxi, romelic
WeSmaritebis ziarebas moaqvs, aq gacilebiT naklebia. es is
xvedria, romelic wilad xvda Cvens saeklesio xelovnebas
da asevea, faqtobrivad, dRevandlamde. XX saukunis damdegs
SeimCneoda erTgvari Zvra da TiTqos raRac unda dabadebu-
liyo, magram kvlavac gareSe garemoebebi Caeria da es Sesa-
Zleblobac gaqra. Tu rogor xdeboda es niSandobliv, amaze
ukve Semdeg visaubrebT.

232
13. XIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da
XIV saukunis arqiteqtura

rogorc adreve mogaxseneT, XIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis

miwuruls, zustad 1225 wels, daiwyo, Cemi azriT, principu-
lad axali epoqa ara mxolod qarTuli xelovnebis, aramed mT-
lianad saqarTvelos istoriaSi. gaTavda aswliani mSvidobis
xana da amis Semdeg XIX saukunis karamde Cveni qveynis xvedri
gamudmebuli omianoba Seiqna. ra Tqma unda, ama Tu im mxa-
res Cveni qveynisas hqonda xolme met-naklebad mSvidobiani
periodebi, magram mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveyana
mosvenebuli aRarasodes yofila. Tu ra iyo mosveneba, rome-
lic mogvitana XIX-XX saukuneebma, kidev sxva sakiTxia da es
cneba am SemTxvevaSic friad pirobiTia. asa Tu ise, xvarazme-
lebis gamoCena saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, Tbilisis aReba da
rusudan mefis quTaisSi gadasvla is movlenebia, romlebmac
Cveni qveynis cxovrebis wesi arsebiTad Secvala. amas mohyva
monRoloba, romelic TiTqmis 100 weli gagrZelda. mere iyo
giorgi brwyinvalisa da misi memkvidreebis mefobis TiTqosda
met-naklebad warmatebuli xana, magram, saboloo jamSi, esec
saSineli omianobiT moTavda. Temur lengma, koWlma samaryan-
delma xelmwifem, mTeli azia yiraze daayena da Cvenc mogvw-
vda. saqarTveloSi man ramdenjerme ilaSqra. Semosavebi aRar
gaTavda da, bolos da bolos, rodesac is gardaicvala, lixs
aqeT saqarTvelo gaoxrebuli da aklebuli darCa, magram es
ar iyo mTavari.
swored Temur lengis laSqrobebi fsiqologiurad da mo-
ralurad ratomRac gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda da, ram-
denadac vxvdebi, es sakiTxi jerjerobiT ar gaanalizebula.
ver vityviT, rom amis msgavsi manamde araferi gvenaxa. manam-
dec iyvnen murvan yru, sparseTis Sahebi, Tundac TiTqosda
qristiani mokavSire herakle keisari, romlis laSqrobac Cvens
qveyanas Zvirad daujda. da mainc, Tuki termins fsiqologebs
davesesxebiT, Cvens istoriis travma aris Temur lengi _ sa-

233
 qarTvelos mouSuSebeli iara. me Tu mkiTxavT, elda, romelic
qarTvelobam maSin ganicada, bolomde gamonelebuli dResac
ar aris. sakuTari Tavis undobloba, bedsSeguebuloba, erT-
gvari uimedoba _ Temur lengis Semosevebma moitana raRac
iseTi, rac Semdeg qveynis moSlaSi gamoixata. iqneb saqarTve-
lo xelmeored aRarc daSliliyo, rom ara udidesi dartyma,
romelmac, cxadia, saxeli mefesac gautexa da mis xelisufle-
basac. mudmivad gaqceul-gaxiznuli xelmwife sruliad uZlu-
ri aRmoCnda _ ver sakuTars qveSevrdomebs icavda da verc
qveyanas. Tanac amas bolo ar uCanda. yvelaferi es, aki vambob,
Seetyo nebismier sferos da, maT Soris, xelovnebasac.
XV saukune, Temur lengis laSqrobaTa Semdgomi periodi,
mgoni, erTaderTi aswleulia, rodesac qarTul xelovnebaSi
katastroful dacemas vxedavT. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCne-
via arqiteqturaSi, TiTqmis asevea WedurobaSi, Tumca mxat-
vrobaSi mTlad aseTi savalalo viTareba albaT mainc araa.
XVI saukuneSi TiTqos ostati aRar darCa, adamianebs daaviwy-
daT, rac icodnen da axla yvelaferi Tavidan unda eswavlaT.
ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi ase rom yofiliyo, oqromWedloba
XVI saukuneSi am saxiT ver aRdgeboda. Tumca arqiteqturuli
Zeglebi, romlebic XV saukunem dagvitova, wmindad teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad dabali donisaa da Zalauneburad ga-
fiqrebinebs, rom mcodne xalxi an sul aRar darCa, an imdenad
cota iyo, rom amden uswavlelsa da uxelTurs veRar ereoda.
Temur lengamdel istoriaSi aseTi ram marTlac ar meguleba.
manamde ki, 1225 wlis Semdeg, ai, ra xdeboda: mogaxseneT,
rom xuroTmoZRvrebaSi krizisis niSani, erTgvari gaxle-
Ca, ukve Tamaris mefobisas da giorgi-laSas zeobis xanaSic
SeiniSneboda. arqiteqturas surda axali, magram formebs
CaebRauWa. minda, Zalian naTlad vTqva: msoflmxedvelobriv
krizisze saubrisas ar vgulisxmob, rom TavisTavad qris-
tianul msoflxedvas sWirdeboda gaumjobeseba. bevri ase fi-
qrobs, me ki _ ara. saqme isaa, rom warmarTuli religiebisgan,
iudaizmisgan, islamisgan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba Tavisi

234
bunebiTa da raobiT is sarwmunoebaa, romelic saero sferos
ganwmends, magram gzas uTmobs da, vTqvaT, medicinasa an ka-
nonmdeblobaSi ar ereva. magaliTad, Tuki iudevelTaTvis aTi
mcneba kanonmdeblobaa, qristianobaSi es sxvagvaradaa. WeSma-
ritebisa da zneobis kriteriumebs, cxadia, is gansazRvravs,
magram adamianis Semdgom cxovrebaSi aRar ereva. warmarTo-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, qristianoba is religiaa, romelsac arc
sakuTari kosmogonia gaaCnia da arc uSualo kavSiri meurneo-
basTan. amitomac umniSvnelovanesi iyo am msoflmxedvelobis-
Tvis adgilis sworad miCena. rogorc ki irRveva odindeli
(ara absoluturi) wonasworoba, adamianis yuradReba nivTie-
risaken, amsofliurisaken inacvlebs da veRar xerxdeba xela-
xali wonaworobis damyareba. axlad mopovebul codnas, gan-
sxvavebul saamsoflo gamocdilebas Tavis etalonad da mzo-
mad kvlavac qristianuli msoflxati da xedva eguleboda da
saamqveynos qristianuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebis survilic
ar neldeboda. absoluturi es yvelaferi arasdros yofila,
qristianebs xom svimon mogvica da anania qrTamisamRebic jer
kidev mociqulTa xanaSi SeeparaT da vnebebs ayolili, beci
adamiani, cxadia, qristianobisTvis Seufereblad xSirad moq-
medebda. da mainc, sarwmunoeba iyo is, rac, Teoriulad mainc,
jerac mTavar sazomad rCeboda. axla es sayrdeni iryeva da
dRevandlamde, faqtobrivad, darRveuli wonasworoba ver
aRdga. dResac Zalian Wirs am msofliuri siWrelis erT sazo-
mamde miyvana da es mzomi, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, unda
iyos qristianuli xedva.
qristianobasac rom Tavi davaneboT da ufro farTod vT-
qvaT, saamsoflom dakarga absoluturi safuZveli, axla is
araferze dgas, sicariele ki isev mxolod sicarieles daamk-
vidrebs. am procesebis Sedegia dRevandeloba _ dafaruli an
daufaravi sasowarkveTa. viRac pirdapir ambobs, rom qveynie-
reba qaosia, romelsac araferi eSveleba, viRac sxva amas uc-
nauri lozungebiT alamazebs, TiTqos magrebi varT da mainc
yvelaferi gamogviva, magram safaneli amgvari isteriuli si-
laRisa maleve ileva.

235
 saqme isaa, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTul xuroTmoZRv-
rebaSi da, zogadad, aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros for-
mamqmnel xelovnebaSi ver moiZebna iseTi sawyisi, romelic
sarwmunoebis waruval ganzomilebebs axal enas Seufardebda.
sityvieri ena xom mudmivad axldeba da icvleba, gana Sesa-
Zlebeli iqneboda XVIII saukunis qarTuliT qadageba, Tundac
imitom, rom adamianebi, Tuki rames gaigebdnen, daiZabebodnen,
azrs veRar mihyvebodnen da wavidodnen?! zustad asevea saxvi-
Ti xelovnebac, radgan isic enaa.
Tuki dRevandeli adamiani Tanamedrove eklesiis danaxvi-
sas, amjobinebs, zurgi ibrunos da ZvelSi wavides, aman ukve
unda migvaxvedros _ saqme Zalian cudadaa, radgan normaluri
ar aris, rom 15 saukunis winandeli upirobod gverCios. aseTi
ram arasodes yofila da Tuki rame iqmneboda, mxolod imi-
tom _ rom adamianebs es moswondaT. xelovneba, romelic dRes
iqmneba, momxmarebels, rogorc wesi, sul araferSi sWirdeba
an yvelaferze naklebad sWirdeba. amgvari gaoreba swored im
epoqaSi iwyeba. cxadia, ar mgonia, rom XIII saukunis adamianebi
wuxdnen, Tuki CuqurTma 50 wlis winandelze uaresi iyo, ma-
gram Tvali ratomRac Zvelisaken gaurbodaT, rac mafiqrebi-
nebs, rom raRacaSia saqme.
swored XIII saukuneSi jer kidev laSa-giorgis droindel
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi fitareTis mSvenier taZarze uceb Cnde-
ba samkauli, romelic X saukunis taour mosarTavebs Zalian
hgavs. aq uceb gamoCnda raRac iseTi, rac manamde sxvagan ar
aris _ X saukunis elementi ar SegxvdebaT XI saukuneSi anda
XII saukuneSi. mere es ukve xdeba xolme da Cemma kolegam, b-nma
nikoloz vaCeiSvilma, daajgufa kidec XIII saukunis iseTi Zeg-
lebi, romlebic ratomRac jiutad baZaven swored X saukunes
da ara romelime sxvas. aris SemTxvevebi, roca wyobis suraTs
imeoreben, magram gviandeloba icnoba imiT, rom X saukune-
Si didi qva sisqiTac didia, aq kidev TiTqosda uSvelebel
qvas xedav, arada irkveva, rom mxolod filaa. es 300 wlis
winandeli monumenturi wyoba ki ar aris, mxolod TvalisaT-

236
vis dasanaxi vizualuri minabaZia, rac SemTxveviTi ver iqneba,
rasakvirvelia.
ai, kidev erTi ram da Tanac umTavresi, radgan es Tviseba
Semdgom saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, swored saeklesioSi,
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSic da TviT XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSic
ki mudam gveqneba: arsebobs sruliad aSkara miswrafeba, gamo-
vlenili romeliRac elementSi da iqve, gverdiT, ostati ake-
Tebs raRac iseTs, rac am miswrafebas ewinaaRmdegeba. Zalian
sagrZnobia erTgvari gaoreba da amitomac, Tumc amdroindel
xelovnebas verc uvargiss vuwodebT da verc xelaRebiT mo-
visvriT, aSkaraa, rom mTlianoba, uwin miRweuli ara mxolod
genialur, aramed Zalian karg nawarmoebSi, axla ukve ar aris.
genialurze arc vlaparakobT, amgvari srulmqmnileba am dro-
Si ar gvaqvs, magram im Zalian karg nimuSebSic sul Sinagani
winaaRmdegoba da bzaria. mTliani forma rom gangacdevinebT,
es is winaaRmdegobrioba ar aris. arada, SeiZleba arsebobdes
aseTi xelovnebac, romelic yofnis dramatulobas giCvenebT,
TviTon ki mxatvrulad mTliania. ara, saqmec isaa, rom swored
mxatvrulobaSia aq bzari, romelic gaCnda msoflxedvaSi da
vlindeba gamoxatvis formebSic. magaliTad, gavixsenoT Tun-
dac bosxi, romelsac amqveynad sikeTis gamarjvebis ar sje-
ra da keTilisa da borotis mudmiv Widils xedavs. Tumca
forma, romliTac is amqveyniuri arsebobis dualizms gviCve-
nebs, mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, srulebiT mTliania. Cvens
arqiteqturas XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan swored amgvari mT-
lianoba aklia.
isic unda iTqvas, rom pirvel xanebSi, XIII saukunis bolom-
de da SeiZleba cota iqiTac (ramdenime naostatari XIV sauku-
nis dasawyisSic gvxvdeba), es uSualod Sesrulebis xarisxze
naklebad aisaxeba _ Zalian kargad kveTen CuqurTmas, kargad
Tlian qvas, magram ase mxolod erTi SexedviTaa. rogorc ki
Tvals axlos miitan, aRmoaCen Zalian dawvrilmanebul naxats,
romelic cota mocilebiT, ubralod, ar Cans. amas advilad
SeamowmebT, Tu Tbilisis metexTan, XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis
nagebobasTan, mibrZandebiT da sakurTxevlis sarkmlebis sapi-

237
 reebs naxavT. aTi nabijis daSorebidan Tu SexedavT, marto Sav
wertilebs dainaxavT da qvaze krazanis bude gegonebaT. axlos
misuli CuqurTmas gaarCevT, magram Zalian dawvrilmanebuli
iqneba da imasac SeniSnavT, rom ostats raRac epareba _ xan
gadabrica, xan gadmobrica, xan rigianad ver gadaaba. xdeba
xolme aseTi ram _ davuSvaT, Camovida vertikali, amyols Ca-
mohyva, axla ki unda gauyves Zirs Tarazulad, saxe unda moab-
runos da ver moifiqra, amitom raRac miWylita da moWylita.
XI-XII saukuneebis ostatebi ase ar muSaoben, isini yovelTvis
raime xerxs agneben da gardamaval elements igoneben. axla es
ukve iSviaTaia da rakiRa laparakia mxolod zogad STabeWdi-
lebaze, rogorc Cans, moTxovnilebac gamqralia. zogjer sa-
erTodac geeWveba, saWiro aris Tu ara CuqurTma. maxsovs, mra-
vali wlis win zarzmis taZars vuyurebdiT, XIII saukunis meore
naxevrisas. samxreT fasadis CuqurTmiani sarkmlis Tvaliere-
bisas q-nma asmaT oqropiriZem Tqva, ase mgonia, suls Tu Sevu-
berav, es CuqurTma mtveriviT gaqrebao. marTlac ase gegoneba,
imdenad uRonoa. arada, Sexedav zarzmas _ koxtac aris, kargi
Sefardebacaa, samxreTidan orTaRediT gaxsnili karibWe aqvs
da, XI saukunis dasawyisis mere rom aRaraa, esec imgvari ar-
qauli motivia. uceb 200 wlis mere gaixsenes. Tumca iq Zveli
taZari namdvilad idga da SeiZleba, misi bWe gaimeores, aseTi
arqeologiuri kvleva iq ar Catarebula. samreklosa da ekle-
siis Tanafardoba udavod kargad aris moZebnili da mTlian
garemoSic araCveulebrivad ewereba. es sul ase iqneba merec,
XIV saukuneSi, roca ukve Sesrulebis xarisxi gagviWirda.
es Zalian kargad emCneva gergetis samebas. gagikvirde-
baT, zogjer iseT raRacas naxavT da es mxolod CuqurTmas ar
Seexeba. gumbaTiani taZaria, mogexsenebaT. erTi naxviT, TiT-
qos yvelaferi gamarTulia, magram, SexedavT gare da Siga sa-
xes da ras xedavT _ garedan sakmaod dabali gumbaTis yeli
Signidan Zalian maRalia. kamarebs raRac daSenebuli sadgome-
bi hqonia da maTma simaRlem gumbaTis yeli ise CamoagrZela,
rom zemodan Camomxobil Was daamsgavsa. ganaTeba, romelic
sarkmlebSi Semodis, samyofi araa da bnela. amitom interieri

238
srulebiT areulia, TiTqos zemodan didi simZime awveba. ara-
da, misma ostatma taZarica da samrekloc garemoSi ise araC-
veulebrivad dadga, rom zomiT bevrad ufro patara myinvar-
wversac ki epaeqreba. Tumca es araswori sityvaa, aq ar aris
gamowvevis an damarcxebis mcdeloba, magram taZari mwverval-
Tan SepirispirebiT Cans da amitomac maxvils emsgavseba. qar-
Tuli xuroTmoZRvrebis principia, rom arqiteqtura ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebas. xuroTmoZRvarma, erTi mxriv, am
principis SenarCunebac moaxerxa da, amave dros, kavkasionis
qedebis fonze taZris gamoCenac. es ioli amocana ar iyo da
gergetis taZari, am mxriv, uzadoa. amitom aris, rom, mcxeTis
jvrisa ar iyos, gergetis samebis Sori xedic lamis saqarTve-
los erT-erTi simboloa. gamoqveynebuls roca naxav, marT-
lac araCveulebrivia, axlos mixval da gagikvirdeba, ramdeni
ram ver moisazres, ver gaakeTes an sulac SeeSalaT.
ras vxedavT aq mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT? sruliad mkafio
suraTia, romelic gamokveTilad Cans samcxeSi, sadac eklesia-
Ta sakmaod mozrdili jgufia, Tumca saqarTvelos sxva nawi-
lebSic asevea. imdroindel xuroTmoZRvars aSkarad moyirWda
bevri samkauli da mobezrda isic, rom Tvali sul samkauls
miaqvs. es marTlac aSkaraa: amcireben samkaulis odenobas;
TiTqmis aRar akeTeben xveul, grexil an cremlebian, wveTe-
bian lilvebs; cdiloben, rom sqeli lilvi sada iyos; sapireTa
SemTxvevaSi, ormxriv lilvebs Sua CuqurTmian zolsac xSirad
apataraveben. Tumca, amave dros, akeTeben burcvil profils
da es marTlac gasaocaria. risTvis? risTvis akeTeben, Tuki
ar undaT Suq-Crdili da, piriqiT, cdiloben, is maqsimalurad
daacxron? Tuki izrdeba lilvi, raTa burcvili zedapiri mci-
re iyos, raRa saWiroa? ratom akeTeben mosarTavs, romelic
aSkarad aRar undaT da xels uSliT? ai, kidev sxva magaliTi,
romelic meordeba XVIII saukunemde: gaakeTeben burcvil pro-
fils da kedlis sibrtyeSi CakveTaven. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
es burcvili kedlis zedapirs uswordeba da misi plastika ki
ar Cans. is srulebiT zedmetia, mainc aRar aRiqmeba. risTvis
akeTebs mas ostati? an kidev: aSkarad undaT, rom propor-

239
 ciebi daacxron. amitom amcireben gumbaTis simaRles, arada
akeTeben isev orburjian gumbaTian kompozicias (Tuki saubari
gumbaTian eklesiebs Seexeba), romelic asimetriulia da gaT-
valiswinebulia ara zomieri, damSvidebuli formisTvis, ara-
med sul sxva ramisTvis. cdiloben, Suq-Crdilis kontrasti
daacxron, magram TavisTavad kontrastuli Suq-Crdilis prin-
cips, romelic garkveulma mxatvrulma gemovnebam moitana,
ver elevian da sruli gaugebroba gamodis. saboloo Sedegi ra
aris? kontrasti dacxra, magram, principSi, mainc darCa. ami-
tomac viRebT umetyvelo Suq-Crdils, romelic arc zomieria,
arc Tanabaria, arc kontrastulia, aramed uRono kontrastia
anu naklia. me mainc mgonia, amgvarad imitom xdeba, rom yove-
live es _ ori burji, sapire, romelic konkretuli formis
unda iyos, kari, romelsac unda hqondes, ai, aseTi moCarCoe-
ba _ erTgvari receptia da ostats hgonia, Tu mas ar misdia,
marTlmorwmuneobas dakargavs da vaiTu, veRarc taZari aaSen-
os. etyoba, igi veRar grZnobs sakuTar TavSi sarwmunoebis si-
myaresa da simtkices, romelic mas Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebas
miscems. Tvali sul warsulisken epareba, xavsi mosaWidad iq
eguleba. TiTqos wuTisoflis nakadi es-esaa gaitacebs da iq
ipova raRac xelis CasaWidi. unda iTqvas, rom myari aRmoCn-
da mosaWidebeli, karga xans eyoT, magram Cven mainc sul am
umweobas vxedavT.
samcxe vaxsene. samcxis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi marT-
lac erT did jgufs qmnis da gagania monRolobaSi, XIII sauku-
nis meore naxevarSi, amgvar gacxovelebul aRmSeneblobas imiT
xsnidnen, rom jayelebma, samcxis aTabagebma, monRolebisgan
Seuvaloba miiRes, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, sakuTar miwa-wyal-
ze monRolTaTvis xarks TviTon krefdnen da ara monRolebi.
Tumca amgvari mSenebloba sxvaganac aris. Tuki gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos xanaSi kaxeTic da dasavleTi saqarTveloc TiTq-
mis dadumebulia, axla mSenebloba yvelganaa da Tanac sakmaod
intensiuria. es uaRresad saintereso movlenaa. rogorc Cans,
amgvar Cagvras, zewolas, mudmiv Semotevas, yofiT da cxov-
rebiseul gasaWirs, Tundac imas, rom yovel qarTul ojaxs

240
monRolebis laSqarSi axalgazrda vaJi unda gaeSva, qarTvelo-
ba SemoqmedebiTi mxneobiT, mSeneblobis gamravalkecebiT upa-
suxebs. amgvari Zalian ucnauri logika aqvs am movlenas. uam-
ravi ram Sendeba. imdenia XIII-XIV saukuneebis eklesia da imdenia
kidev, romelsac myarad ver vaTariRebT, Tumca, savaraudod,
am epoqas unda miekuTvnebodes, rom marTlac paradoqsad ga-
moiyureba. amgvaria Cveni istoriis morigi paradoqsi _ Tuki
arabobas SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobiT vupasuxeT, monRolobas
vexmianebiT ara SemoqmedebiT, aramed qmedebis gamravalkece-
biT, energiis gamovlinebiT, aRmSeneblobis matebiT.
rogori iyo amgvari aRmSeneblobis zoma-wona, advili war-
mosadgenia iqneba, Tuki gavixsenebT, Tundac rodis aSenda me-
texi. metexis taZari demetre mefis dros igeboda, demetre II
ki, romelic mowameobrivad aResrula, is mefea, romelsac
gamudmebiT Tavs dastrialebs jalaTi. mefobisas mis zurgs
ukan sul landad dgas romeliRac monRoli mxedarTmTavari,
romelic yovel wams SeiZleba Semovides da qveyanaSi ubedu-
reba daatrialos. misi armoSveba, am safrTxis SeCereba aris
demetre II-is mudmivi safiqrali da am dros erT eklesias xom
aSenebs da mopirdapired, nariyalaSi, Sendeba kidev sxva sak-
maod mozrdili eklesia. erTdrouli mSeneblobaa, SeiZleba
erTi da igive ostatebic ki arian. Tundac miyolebiT yofi-
liyo mSenebloba da ara erTdroulad, es mainc imis niSania,
rom SeZleba ar ileva maSinac ki, roca monRolTa batonoba
mZime tvirTad awevT. am TvalsazrisiT, es Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia. rodesac Sexedav, vTqvaT, safaras, Sexedav imave zarzmas,
Tundac imereTSi mRvimevis eklesias, romelic albaT cota
axirebulis STabeWdilebasac tovebs, magram cal-calke Tu
daaTvaliere elementebi, ostats xelgawafulobas rom ver
dauwuneb, iseTia. aris moZebnili saintereso gadawyvetebi.
mRvimevis eklesia, mogexsenebaT, mRvimeSi dgas da mis verc
erT fasads ver dainaxavT erTianad, Tqven maT aTvalierebT
svlisas. amitom srulebiT sxvadasxva suraTia, roca mas aRi-
qvamT TvaliT da rodesac uyurebT naxazs. naxazze ayirave-
buli, gaugebari kompoziciebia da roca iq xarT, ase ar aris.

241
 midixarT da, ubralod, xedavT erTs, meores, mesames _ Tqven
maTi erTad ganxilva ar SegiZliaT. amgvari TandaTanobiTi ga-
moCena elementebisa, ver vityvi, rom Zalian cudad iyos mo-
fiqrebuli. dasavleT fasadze, magaliTad, moCuqurTmebuli
ori badroa cal mxares gagorebuli. Zalianac kargia, me Tu
mkiTxavT da sakmarisad saxalisod aris es yvelaferi moxerxe-
buli. mTlianobaSi, ra Tqma unda, es uwindels ver Seedreba,
magram, aki vambob, es SenarCunebuli done mainc Tavisas Sveba.
erTi mxriv, giorgi brwyinvalem marTlac paradoqsulad
gaamyara sakuTari xelisuflebac da saerTaSoriso asparezze
qarTuli saxelmwifos poziciebic. mogexsenebaT, qarTvele-
bi ierusalimSi gaSlili droSebiT Sediodnen da Tu egvipte-
li sulTnebi amas sxvas yvelas ukrZalavdnen, isini ase mam-
layinwobdnen. sxva mxriv, arqiteqturaSi Zalian mZime mdgo-
mareobaa. Tu, vTqvaT, 1333 wels aSenebuli dabas eklesia an
cota mogviano xanis bieTi, samcxis eklesiebi, gindac amas win
naxsenebi gergetis sameba xelosnurad kargia, iq Semawuxebeli
donea. gagikvirdeba, es yvelaferi rogor moxda. aRarc pro-
porciebi varga da aRarc mosarTavebi. ukve XV saukuneSi xdeba
xolme, rom pirdapir da aSkarad SemoiWreba xalxuri xeloba
da, sxvaTa Soris, zogjer es saqmes Svelis kidec. TiTqos ada-
miani dedaboZs akeTebda an romeliRac skivrs aCuqurTmebda,
axla ki aSenebs likanisa an CiTaxevis monastris samreklos
da aseTive gamosaxulebebsa da ornamentebs qmnis. sakmarisad
saxaliso sayurebelia, magram Tu seriozul arqiteqturul
sazomebs miuyeneb, gagiWirdeba imis Tqma, rom nagebobaze ase-
Ti ram SeiZleba iyos. ver vityvi, rom es cudi aris, piradad
me gulze kargad mxvdeba, magram mkacri kriteriumebiT Tu
vimsjelebT, es, cxadia, Zalian didi ukusvlaa. ase vTqvaT, am
ostatebis didi babua im Zveli taZrebis gverdiT araviTar
SemTxvevaSi amisTanas arafers dauSvebda. magaliTad, likan-
Sic da CiTaxevSic IX saukunis Zveli taZari dgas da bavSvuri
saTamaSos msgavs aseT gamosaxulebas eklesiis sxeulTan zaris
Camosakideblad isini albaT ar gaakeTebdnen.

242
 Tumca niSandoblivia, rom swored am dros, XIII saukuneSi,
iqmneba samreklo, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipi. ver getyviT,
am samrekloebze ra ekida. samreklo rekvas gulisxmobs, ma-
gram saqme isaa, rom adre Zels rekavdnen. es iyo sqeli Camoki-
debuli ficari, romelsac CaquCisnair sarekelas urtyamdnen
xolme. dResac SeiZleba naxoT saberZneTSi, zogierTi SemTxve-
visaTvis aseTive mowyobilobebi jer kidev aqvT. ar vici, iqneb
am samrekloebSic ekida aseTi didi dafebi, Tumca, sxva mxriv,
im dafis Camokideba aranakleb advilia _ raRac patara xarixa
unda da eklesiis karTan SeiZleba daayeno. arsebrivad, imas
nageboba maincdamainc ar sWirdeba. ase rom, SesaZlebelia, am
dros zari ukve Semosulia. ubralod, yvela is zari, romle-
bic viciT an me romlebic meguleba, mxolod XVI saukunisa
unda iyos, ufro adreuli ar aris.
asea Tu ise, samreklos tipi, daaxloebiT, XIII saukunis
meore naxevarSi Cndeba. Cndeba raRac iseTi, risi mza nimuSic
ostats ar gaaCnia da ver ifiqrebs, axla imas gavimeoreb, Tu
arada daviRupeo. ra qnas ostatma, Tuki samreklo ar arsebobs
da araviTari magaliTi amisa mas ar aqvs? aseTi gamosavali
ipoves: nimuSad samreklos fanCaturisTvis, sadac ficari Tu
zari unda Cakidon, iReben gumbaTs Tavisi morTulobianad, ma-
gram aq xom TaRebia da ara sarkmlebi, ar arsebobs sapireebisa
Tu CuqurTmebis valdebuleba, amitomac irjebian gacilebiT
ufro Tavisuflad da am fanCaturs, rogorc undaT, ise ake-
Teben. sabolood, rCeba daaxloebiT imgvarive forma, daax-
loebiT imdenive TaRi, ramdeni sarkmelic hqondaT (Tumca aq
ufro xSirad 8 aris xolme) da kvlav konusuri gadaxurva, rac
kargad esityveba gverdiT mdgom gumbaTur taZars, xolo Tu
gverdiT calnaviani eklesiaa, imasac arafers ufuWebs, piri-
qiT, vertikalur maxvils uCens. zogadad ki, mTel am epoqaSi
bazilikebi da sameklesiiani bazilikebi sul raRac xuTi an
eqvsi calia. es samrekloebi, romlebic gvaqvs, erTi meoreze
sainteresoa yvela. zogadad Tu vityviT, zemoT fanCaturia da
qvemoT raRac sxeuli unda iyos. Tumca ostats mosafiqrebe-
li aqvs es sxeuli ranairi iqneba, rogori iqneba fanCaturTan

243
 Sefardeba an sulac misi Semadgenloba. zogjer erTi sarTu-
lia da, ubralod, gasasvlelia, zogjer gasasvlelsa da fan-
Caturs Soris Sualeduri sarTuli rCeba (pirvel samrekloSi,
gudarexis monastrisaSi, romelsac TariRi aqvs, aseTi mowyo-
bilobaa). vTqvaT, karibWea, SeiZleba gverdiT hqondes didi da
mcire sibrtye, xandaxan aris ori Tanabari sibrtye, SeiZleba,
is daZruli iyos simetriis RerZze, mniSvnelovania, kibe ro-
goraa moTavsebuli, meore sarTulze asasvleli kedelSia Tu
garedan moyudebuli. es yvelaferi Zalian nairgvaria da ase
gagrZeldeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi da, mgoni, XIX saukuneSic ki
SeiZleba vnaxoT Zalian koxta samrekloebi, gansakuTrebiT,
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. SeiZleba, ugemovnobad CamiTvalon,
magram me Zalian mekoxtaveba, magaliTad, nikorwmindis sam-
reklo. momwons da mgonia, rom kargad aris mofiqrebuli, ra-
Rac yelyela, msubuqi nagebobaa.
sxva tipis nagebobebi Cven cota gvaqvs. aris xidebi, ma-
gram ver gaigeb, XII saukunisaa Tu XIII saukunisa. me ratomRac
meeWveba, rom xidebi sagangebod eSenebinaT, raTa monRolebi
masze ukeTesad gadmosuliyvnen. SeiZleba, ukve arsebuls ar
angrevdnen, magram maTTvis gaemzadebinaT, ar mgonia. vTqvaT,
aris qarvaslebi, magram isinic TiTqos ufro gviandelia. aris
iseTebic, romlebSic Cans am epoqis, XII-XIII saukunis, fragmen-
tebi, magram mTlianobaSi isini mainc ufro gviani periodisaa.
kidev aris erTi saxli gudarexSi, magram saxlia da Tanac er-
TaderTi. rac SeiZleba vTqvaT, isaa, rom am saxlis amSenebel-
ma SesaZleblad CaTvala, saxisa Tu Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT,
sacxovreblis karisaTvis daaxloebiT iseTive CuqurTmovani
arSia gaekeTebina, rogorsac eklesias gaukeTebda. amis meti
bevri veraferi iTqmis. Tumca samrekloTa xuroTmoZRvreba
erTmniSvnelovnad gveubneba, rom SemoqmedebiTi energia ar
daSretila da es, rac ukve CamovTvale, imaTSic SeiZleba vi-
povoT. bevri saintereso ram scades, magaliTad, kaxeTSi. iq
axlac bevrs aSeneben Sirimis qviT Semosils da, vinaidan aseTi
Semosili arqiteqtura maT adre ar hqondaT, erTgvar eqsperi-
mentebs atareben da sakmaod sainteresoc gamodis. magaliTad,

244
wm. marines eklesia aris matanTan (aseTi monasteria). sakmaod
saintereso nagebobaa. SigniT maicadamainc didi veraferia, ma-
gram garedan Zalian sagulisxmoa. aseve Zalian sainteresoa
artozanis (dRes ruispiri hqvia im ubans, Zvelad ki artozani
erqva) wm. Sios monasteri, romelic XIII saukunis Sua xanisaa da
zustad TariRdeba. rogorc b-nma giorgi leJavam daadgina,
daviT ulu iq daviT narinTan erTad xatia, ase rom, dazuste-
biT 1240-50-iani wlebia. sakmaod sainteresoa abelia, squri,
aris kidev sxvebic, sadac aSkarad Cans azris feTqva. Tum-
ca, samwuxarod, is ver aRwevs srul mxatvrul sisavses, srul
mxatvrul dasrulebulobas, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am
dros zurgi unda vaqcioT, yuradReba movakloT da ar movin-
domoT masze fiqri an, miT umetes, zrunva.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi krTeba xolme aseTi azri, rom raRac
XIX saukunis Tu aris, gviandelia da maSin raRad gvinda. imad
gvinda, rom oTxi saukunis Semdeg XIX saukunis nimuSi ukve
500 wlis iqneba da ratom ar unda davutovoT Tavisi warsuli
momavals?! ase rom, Tuki raRac TvalSi naklebad mogvdis, es
imas ar niSnavs, rom mas ar vupatronoT da pativi ar mivagoT.
albaT, piriqiTac, SemoqmedebiTobis naperwlebi msoflmxed-
velobrivi da garegnuli gasaWiris epoqaSi ar unda davafa-
soT ufro naklebad, vidre yovelnairad xelsayrel garemoSi
didi niWis gabrwyineba _ ara metad, magram arc naklebad. iq-
neb es aranaklebia?
axla rasac mogiyvebiT, es ambavi Zalian miyvars da amiT
minda davamTavro. es gaxlavT qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis folklori. diax, mxolod 70 welia, rac varse-
bobT, magram ukve sakuTari gadmocemebi gvaqvs. 1960-ian wleb-
Si Zalian cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma, q-nma rene Smerlin-
gma, raWaSi eqspedicia waasxa. ase mihyavda xolme bevri xalxi,
ara marto institutis TanamSromlebi _ nacnobebi, studente-
bi, peterburgidan Tu sxva adgilebidan Camosuli stumrebi.
axlac, rogorc yovelTvis, amaliT wavida. q-ni rene araso-
des yofila pedagogi, arc leqtori, magram gamoirCeoda imiT,
rom codnis gaziarebis survili hqonda. sadac ki dainaxavda

245
 dangreul eklesias an CuqurTmian karnizs, dadgeboda da mo-
hyveboda yvelafers, rac ki am CuqurTmas saqarTveloSi gada-
xdenia. mere meore qvasTan gadainacvlebda da ase agrZelebda
xolme. erTi sityviT, raWaSi arian da mividnen barakonSi. am
eqspediciaSi monawileobda, samwuxarod, Zalian adre wasuli
da Zalian niWieri xelovnebaTmcodne q-ni jilda iosebiZe, Cemi
Taobis xelovnebaTmcodneebis ufrosi megobari, maSin insti-
tutSi sul axlad mosuli. etyoba, manamde sadRac ukve iyvnen
namyofi, amitomac eklesia daaTvaliera da daRlili dasasve-
neblad ratomRac eklesiisaken zurgiT Camojda. q-nma renem
dainaxa da dainteresda, zurgSeqceviT damjdarxarT, ratom
ar uyurebTo. jildamac ar daayovna _ bolos da bolos es
xom gvianiao. gvianiao?! dasWyavla q-nma renem, romelic miuxe-
davad germanuli gvarisa, emociuri adamiani iyo bunebiT da
Seudga CamoTvlas yvela im ubedurebis, romelic dasavleT
saqarTvelos am eklesiis aSenebis xanaSi daatyda, mohyva yvela
SimSilobas, avadmyofobas, oms da vin icis, ras aRar. mere ki
piriT miiqca, rusuli wesiT miwas xeli dahkra, eklesias Tay-
vani sca da warmoTqva: Кланяюсь тебе, Баракон!*
me vfiqrob, rom is sruliad marTali iyo. yvelgan da yo-
velTvis Semoqmedebis, Tavdadebis, erTgulebis dafasebis da
ara mxolod esTetikuris, aramed eTikuris danaxvis unari Za-
lian mniSvnelovani ram aris. es isaa, rac samwuxarod, xSirad
minavlulia da rac ar unda davTmoT, raTa mis gareSe gareg-
nuli zizil-pipiloebis zerele damfaseblebad ar gadaviqceT,
Torem mere, didi albaTobiT, gemovnebac male gvimtyunebs.

* Tayvans gcem Sen, barakono!

246
14. gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtura

Cven ukve, arsebiTad, mimovixileT is xana, romlis Sesaxebac

axla SedarebiT dawvrilebiT unda mogaxsenoT. es periodi,
romelsac, Cveulebriv, gvian Sua saukuneebs uwodeben moi-
cavs, XV-XVII saukuneebs, Tumca XV saukunes mainc naklebad,
radgan es ufro moSuSebis dro iyo. axali damTavrebuli iyo
Temur lengis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi, romlebic, ro-
gorc vTqviT, darCa, rogorc mouSuSebeli iara. gaukacrie-
lebul qalaqebsa da soflebs, romlebic im droidan modis,
dResac ki naxavT. ase rom, mTeli es 100 weli, arsebiTad,
dasWirda met-naklebad imis aRdgenas, rac Temur lengma da
misma jarma daaqcia. Tumca es, ZiriTadad, mainc, aRmosavleT
da samxreT saqarTvelos exeba, dasavleTs ki _ naklebad. Tu-
mca, XV saukuneSi aqtivoba maincdamainc arc iq Cans. rakiRa
Tavidan es erTiani qveyana iyo, etyoba, gasaWiri erTi naxe-
vrisa meorezec vrceldeboda, XV saukunis mTeli meore naxe-
vari ki ama Tu im ufliswulis taxtisTvis brZolam daikava,
rac saqarTvelos xelmeore daqucmacebiT damTavrda. Tum-
ca, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom cnobierebaSi saqarTve-
lo kvlavac erTiani rCeboda. rasakvirvelia, partikulariz-
mi da Sen-Cemoba Cveulebriv movlenad iqca da faqti isaa,
rom yvela qarTuli samefos xelmwife cdilobda saqarTve-
los mefis titulis morgebas. isini erTmaneTs ar scnobd-
nen. es Zalian kargad etyoba Cvens saistorio Txzulebebs,
romlebic, faqtobrivad, qarTlis poziciebidan iwereba. ase-
Tia XVIII saukunis damdegis `qarTlis cxovrebis“ gagrZelebe-
bi, XVIII saukunis istorikosTa _ vaxuSti batoniSvilis, papu-
na orbelianis, oman xerxeuliZis _ Txzulebebi da farsadan
gorgijaniZis, XVII saukunis istorikosis, cnobebi. erTi si-
tyviT, am yvelafrs ise weren, TiTqos danaxulia Tbilisidan
Tu mcxeTidan. Zalian sainteresoa is faqti, rom es wyaroebi
arc kaxT batons da arc imereTis mefes mefeebad ar moixse-
niebs. maT uwodeben mmarTvels, xelisufals, mTavars, erTi

247
 sityviT, yvelafers, garda mefisa, radgan qarTlis mefesac,
kaxTa mefesac da imereTis mefesac miaCniaT, rom sinamdvile-
Si kanonieri xelmwifeebi isini arian. Tuki Zalian mkacrad
vimsjelebT, albaT kaxT batonebs amis yvelaze meti safuZve-
li hqondaT, radgan kaxeTis pirveli mefe gaerTianebuli sa-
qarTvelos ukanaskneli mefea. Tumca, rogorc Cans, im epoqaSi
yvelas Tavisi simarTle alaparakebda.
XV saukuneSi vxedavT movlenas, romelic Zalian mniSvne-
lovania arqiteqturis ara rogorc xelovnebis, aramed ro-
gorc mSeneblobis istoriis gasaazreblad da Zalze sayurad-
Reboa, ase vTqvaT, socialuri da zneobrivi istoriis Sesaswa-
vlad. vgulisxmob aleqsandre I-s, romelsac didi Seerqva da
mis moqmedebas. man SemoiRo sagangebo gadasaxadi, romelzec
Cven, mgoni, ar gvilaparakia. mogvepoveba sabuTi, romlis Ta-
naxmadac, saqarTvelos macxovrebelT daqceuli Senobebis,
gansakuTrebiT, taZrebis aRsadgenad garkveuli xnis ganma-
vlobaSi damatebiTi gadasaxadi ekisrebodaT. es SeiZleba ga-
sagebi, magram arcTu mTlad Cveulebrivi ambavia, romelic,
Cemi azriT, Zalian maRali Segnebisa da zneobis maCvenebelia.
Tanac, daaxloebiT, 35-40 wlis Semdeg, rodesac aleqsandre
mefem miiCnia, rom mizani miRweulia, man gadasaxadi gaauqma.
kacobriobis istoriaSi arcTu bevria xelisufali, romelic
ase sindisierad iqceva. Cveulebriv, roca gadasaxds SemoiRe-
ben, aviwydebT, rom es droebiTia da yvelaferi mudmivi xde-
ba. Turme sxvanairadac SeiZleba, Turme SeiZleba, xelmwife
usindiso ar iyos da Cven amis Zalian kargi magaliTi gvaqvs.
es albaT sasacilod JRers, magram amgvari xelisufaliT arc-
Tu ganebivrebulebi varT.
rogorc mogaxseneT, aleqsandre mefe aRdgenas Seudga _
aRadgina sveticxoveli, ruisi, kidev bevri sxvac. eseni, rac
CamovTvale, ubralod, dokumentebiT dasturdeba: sveticxo-
velze sigel-gujrebi mogvepoveba, ruisis warwera SemogvrCa
da es ori didi samefo mSenebloba matianeebSic moixsenieba.
cxadia, aRdga sxva eklesiebic. magaliTad, XV saukunis bolos
ukve gayofil saqarTveloSi aRadgines alaverdi, romelsac,

248
kargad ar mesmis, ra daemarTa, radgan mizezi werilobiT ar
dasturdeba, mxolod naTqvamia, rom daiqca. Tumca, aRdgeni-
lis mixedviT, aSkaraa, rom sakmaod didi ngreva iyo, oRond
esec Temur lengis naxelavia Tu miwa iZra, es dazustebuli
aRaraa. albaT cixeebica da sasaxleebic aRadgines, sxvanairad
ar iqneboda. cxadia, ganaaxles qalaqebi da soflebi, romle-
bic gaukacrielebuli ar iyo. yvelaferi Tavidan Sendeba da,
rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, Cans Cveni istoriisaTvis umagali-
Tod dabali done xelobisa. amas albaT mxolod XX saukunis
meore naxevari da XXI saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba Seedaros,
rodesac uamravi adamiani yovlad upasuxismgeblod raRacas
TiTxnis, radgan amas aSeneba ar hqvia da Cven ki varqmevT xolme
arqiteqturas. aseTi samwuxaro magaliTi masobrivi da, sxva-
Ta Soris, individualuri mSeneblobisac, Zalian bevri gvaqvs.
minaxavs erTi Zalian gapranWuli, gamosaCeni Senoba, romel-
sac mopirkeTebis qvebi, mgoni, dasrulebidan weliwad-naxevar-
Si momZvrali hqonda da iqve eyara. cxadia, rom es, uaRresad
cudi Sesrulebis garda, saqmisadmi mSeneblis upatiosno da-
mokidebulebasac gulisxmobs.
XV saukuneSi mizezi sxva iyo. Cven rasac vuyurebT, ro-
gorc adrec vTqviT, imis mauwyebelia, rom ostatebi, Cans,
marTlac ar arian an imdenad cotani arian, rom am saqmis ga-
qanebas maTi Zalisxmeva ar hyofnis. amitomac sxva gza ar aqvT
da iZulebulebi xdebian, dayabuldnen naklebad gamocdil,
gauwafav an sulac damwyeb xelosans. Cans, rom mizezi es aris.
es gaxlavT Rone uRonobisa, sxva araferi SemiZlia da amas
mainc gavakeTeb _ aseTi aris logika im droisa. viRac imasac
ityvis, rom jobda daecadaT da ostatebi gamoezardaT, magram
adamiani ase ver gaTvlis da Tanac maSindeli saqarTvelos xe-
lisufalni zrunavdnen, memkvidreebisTvis daqceuli qveyana
ar daetovebinaT, maT es sakuTar movaleobad miaCndaT. amitom
am droSi raime siaxleze, Ziebaze, mxatvrul tendenciebze ver
vilaparakebT, radgan es aris sruli katastrofidan gamosv-
lis mcdeloba da Tanac sakmaod dabal doneze. eklesiaTagan,
romlebic me minaxavs, erTaderTia bugeulis taZari raWaSi,

249
 sadac mixvdebiT, rom adamianebs raRac axsovT da CuqurTmis
keTeba ician. laSxiSvilebma, romlebmac es taZari aaSenebines,
moipoves aseTi ostatebi, aleqsandre mefem ki ruisis taZris
aRsadgenad verc rigiani meCuqurTme naxa da verc profilis
gamomTleli. Tavisi uxarisxobiT marTlac Tavzardamcemia,
rac iq aris gakeTebuli. amasTan erTad, isic Cans, rom adamia-
nebi Zalian indomeben da, ubralod, araferi gamosdiT _ xeli
ar mosdevT, ver akeTeben, ver axerxeben. TiTqos raRac mofi-
qrebulic aqvT, oRond am Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad ga-
mocdileba akliaT da, rogorc dRes ityvian, unar-Cvevebi ar
hyofniT. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ukve mSenebloba ician da aseTi
unugeSoba ar aris, oRond viTareba sakmaod Taviseburia. am
dros mTlian saqarTveloze veRar vlaparakobT. marTlac, ga-
erTianebuli saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, gviWirs davasaxeloT
mizezi, Tu ratom aris eklesiaTa mSenebloba maincdamainc
qarTlSi. aq am dros, rogorc iTqva, sxva mxareebSi dumilia
da Tu dumili ar aris, imdenad umniSvnelo aRmSeneblobaa,
rom mas movlenad ver aRviqvamT. axla ki, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi,
Cven viciT mizezi _ mSeneblobis gacxoveleba an misi Canavleba
uSualod politikur movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli. xan-
daxan imasac gaifiqreb, rom amgvari daqucmaceba sasikeToc
SeiZleba yofiliyo. cxadia, sasikeTo ver iqneboda, magram ra-
Rac gamorCena mainc iyo. rodesac, magaliTad, imereTs Zalian
uWirda, kaxeTSi mSenebloba iyo da gaWirvebul adamians aq ga-
qceva SeeZlo. Sah-abasis Semosevis Semdeg kaxeTi daicala da
iq aRaraferi xdeboda, samagierod, qarTlSi gacxovelda mSe-
nebloba rostom mefisa da misi memkvidreebis dros. XVI sau-
kuneSi sakmaod intensiuri mSeneblobaa dasavleT saqarTve-
loSic, Tumca amis Sesaxeb Cven mainc naklebi viciT, radgan
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis Tbilisze gacilebiT xSirad werdnen da
meti gvaqvs xelmosaWidi TvalsaCino masala. cxadia, iZebne-
ba cnobebi, magram isini mainc ar kmara. vTqvaT, XVII saukunis
quTaisisTvis Sardenisebri (iyo aseTi mogzauri XVII saukunis
bolos) Canaxati ar gvaqvs. cnobil italiel misioners, kas-
telis, quTaisi Caxatuli aqvs, magram adgil-adgil da sruli

250
panoramuli suraTi, Tu rogori iyo es qalaqi, ar Cans. go-
ris Sesaxeb viciT da quTaisze _ ara. yovel SemTxvevaSi, im
naxatSi me ver vxedav qalaqs. quTaiss ver vxedav da Tbiliss
ki vxedav, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sardenis Canaxati idealuri
sulac ar aris. aseve dawinaurda samegrelo levan II-is xelSi.
sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra meTodebiTa da xerxebiT miaRwia man amas,
magram sinamdvile isaa, rom igi aSenebs zugdids. ra aaSena man
iq da rogori iyo es yvelaferi, amis Tqma Zalian Wirs. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis es bolomde cxadi ar aris, magram viciT,
rom samegreloSi aqtivoba SeimCneva.
ra SeiZleba amaze iTqvas, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT?! ukve
mogaxseneT, rom is, rac Cven XIII saukunis Sua xanebs Semdeg
vnaxeT, am drosac ZalaSi rCeba. ZalaSi rCeba Tundac is, rom
didi sataZro mSeneblobisas srulyofil mxatvrul Sedegs
ver viRebT. marTla ar aris Senoba, romelzec ityvi, rom
masSi Tavidan bolomde yvelaferi Sinaganad logikuria. ra-
sakvirvelia, gamoricxuli araa, rom Cven iseTi sazomiTa da
kriteriumiT vudgebiT, romelic, am SemTxvevSi, marTebuli
arcaa. iqneb momdevno Taobam aRmoaCons iq raRac Tvisebebi,
romelTac Cven am mizeziT ver vxedavT. Tumca Sinagani wi-
naaRmdegobrioba arsebobs da es srulebiT aSkarad Cans. amis
pirdapiri gamoxatuleba aris Tundac kaxeTis xuroTmoZRvre-
ba XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi, amave saukunis meore naxevrSi da
XVII saukunis sul dasawyisSi.
am periodSi vaWrobiT gamdidrebulma kaxeTma, rogorc
Cans, Zalian swrafad aaSena dedaqalaqi gremi. es mdidari sa-
vaWro qalaqia da xelosnobis kerac aris. XVII saukunis da-
sawyisSi, 1616 wels, is ganadgurda da veRar aRdga. mis adgi-
las sofeli gaCnda, magram qalaqi veRar gacocxlda. Sendeba
monastrebi, cixeebi, soflis eklesiebi. bevri ram Sendeba da,
xelosnuri TvalsazrisiT, Zalian maRal donezec keTdeba. am
SenobaTa umravlesobas aqvs raRac xibli. magaliTad, sru-
lebiT warmoudgenelia, adamiani ar moxiblos axali SuamTis
siluetma. rodesac Sexedav am yelmoRerebul, Zalian maRal
gumbaTian eklesias, koxtaa. lamisaa alaverdisebr STambeWda-

251
 via gremis taZari, gansakuTrebiT, alaznis vels Tu mouyvebi,
roca Soridan modixar. serze Semomdgari, rogorc xomaldi,
micuravs gremio _ Zalian kargad da moswrebulad ambobs si-
mon Ciqovani. marTlac asea. saocaria es uzarmazari sivrce.
ukan mTebi aris, magram win didi vakea da serze ki _ es Semo-
curebuli eklesia. Tumca, axlos rom mixvalT da daakvir-
debiT, araerT ucnaurobas aRmoaCenT. gumbaTis yeli maRa-
lia, aSkarad Zalian SemaRlebulia proporciebi. Tu es asea,
ras unda gausvas xazi danarCenma yvelaferma? albaT amasve
_ raki gavakeTe aseTi maRali moculoba, minda, rom misi asw-
rafuloba gamovaCino. nuras ukacravad! iq aris gauTavebeli
sartylebi, gauTavebeli horizontaluri danawevrebiT dayo-
fili vertikalebi da axlodan Tu uyurebT, xedavT gaugebrad
daqucmacebul zedapirs, romelsac es maRlivoba srulebiTac
ar sWirdeba. igive ambavia SigniTac _ maRali gumbaTi da dabla
Camotanili sarkmlebi. SigniT rodesac SedixarT, gumbaTis si-
maRles ver aRiqvamT imitom, rom zeviT aris raRac gaurkveve-
li bundi, TvaliT ver zomavT, rogori aris misi aswrafuloba
da gaxleCil sivrces xedavT.
es gaxleCiloba, sxvaTa Soris, ar iyo mxolod kaxuri mo-
vlena. daaxloebiT, XVII saukunis bolomde is aris qarTlSic
da dasavleT saqarTveloSic. is aqac rCeba, magram aris ga-
monaklisebi. magaliTad, ananuris taZari, XVII saukunis meore
naxevrisa da XVII saukunis Sua xanaSi aRdgenili sioni, rome-
lic dangreuli iyo, aseTi ar aris. iq sarkmlebi Cveuleb-
riv simaRlezea. samagierod, sxva rames vxedavT. dRevandel
taZars rac Seexeba, gumbaTisa da zeda nawilis mopirkeTeba
1710 wlisaa. vaxtang VI-is dakveTaa, xelosnuri Tvalsazri-
siT, kargad Sesrulebulia, magram Zalian ucnauria. gumbaTze
gakeTebuli aris amoburculi sapireebi, magram burcviloba
iseTia, rom reliefurobas maincdamainc kargad ver xedavT,
xolo CuqurTma imdenad wvrilia, rom Tu kibe ar miadgi an
durbindi ar moimarjve, ar Cans. Tqven xedavT, rom qseliviT
raRac aris, magram amas aranairi gamomsaxveloba ar gaaCnia.
ver vityvi, rom sionis gumbaTi lamazi ar aris. aris, ratomac

252
ar aris, feric lamazi aqvs. Zalian momwons gogla leoniZis
`komSisferi sioni~, marTlac kargi naTqvami mgonia. lamazia es
yvelaferi mTlianobaSi, sakmaod koxtaa, magram bevri ram aris
umizno. ar aris saWiro amgvari danawevreba, is ar muSaobs.
iqneb rame sxva gaekeTebina da is ukeTesi yofiliyo?! ras
izam, imiTac bednierebi unda viyoT, rom aseT doneze gakeT-
da, miT umetes, rom, rogorc Cans, Tanamedroveebs Tbilisis
sioni Zalian moewonaT. gumbaTis sistemebze roca vmuSaobdi,
Cemda gasaocrad, aRmovaCine, rom XVIII saukunis ganmavloba-
Si Tbilisis yvela eklesia, erTi-oris garda, sionis sqemiT
Sendeba. sxvaTa Soris, ase aris ara marto TbilisSi, Sendeba
Tundac largvisis taZari qsnis xeobaSi da barakoni raWaSi.
ra Tqma unda, barakons aSeneben gardasaxulad, gardaqmnilad,
magram amosavali kvlavac sionis sqemaa. Sesabamisad, is Zalian
mosawoni iyo. Tbileli mTavarepiskoposis saydaric aqaa, mag-
ram saamisod es ar ikmarebda, miT umetes, rom Tbileli mTa-
varepiskoposi eklesiis Tavi ar aris. isic unda vicodeT, rom
mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi XIX saukuneSi Cndeba, es
am drois movlenaa. manamde Tbileli mTavarepiskoposi calke
aris da kaTalikosi _ calke, amas garda, kidev aris qarTlis
mTavarepiskoposi, romelic mcxeTaSive zis.
XVII saukuneSi xdeba Semdegi ram: gansakuTrebiT, kaxeTSi,
magram qarTlSic XVI saukune ufro aguriT mSeneblobis xanaa
da cota merec ase aris. Tundac sioni rom vaxseneT, romelic
XVII saukuneSi aRadgina elise Tbilelma, saginaSvilis gvari-
sam, isic aguriT aris aRdgenili. XVII saukunis meore naxevri-
dan ananurisa da kidev ramdenime eklesiis mSeneblobiT qviT
mSenebloba mobrunda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isedac sul
qviT aSenebdnen XVI saukuneSic, XVII saukuneSic da XVIII sauku-
neSic. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom iq maincdamainc xarisxiani ar-
qiteqtura ar aris. ar mesmis, ratom. yovel SemTxvevaSi, faq-
tia, rom iqaur damkveTs, roca raime gamosaCenis aSeneba unda,
ostatebi garedan mohyavda. mgoni, kidevac vaxsene avTandil
Sulavreli, XVIII saukunis Sua xanaSi barakonis taZris amSene-
beli da nasyida qarTleli, romelic aSenebda leCxumis mcxe-

253
 TaSi. Tavisi ostatebi dasavleTSic hyavT, magram isini ratom-
Rac bevrs verafers axerxeben. ai, iq, magaliTad, CuqurTmis
kveTis ostatoba mTlianad daikarga. es gansakuTrebiT ucnau-
ria, radgan XIX saukuneSi piriqiT xdeba. am periodSi swored
dasavleT saqarTveloSia SenarCunebuli qarTvel ostatTa
dasebi. magaliTad, XIX saukunis Sua xanidan 1921 wlamde Cans
xelosanTa mTeli gvarebi. magaliTad, berikaSvilebis gvaria
aseTi, XIX saukuneSi ki qarTlSi yofilan, qvis mTleli kasra-
Zeebi, jobaZeebi. da mainc, XIX saukunis qarTveli ostatebis
xeloba ufro metad dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cans. srulebiT
sxva suraTia aqeT. rac adgilobrivi ostatebis mier aris aSe-
nebuli, magaliTad, korcxelis eklesia an Tundac levan da-
dianis aSenebuli rokiTis eklesia, sakmaod saeWvo xarisxisaa.
ar aris iseTi, rogoric, vTqvaT, ananuria.
ananurSi da mere ukve qviT mopirkeTebul an qviT naSen
sxva nagebobebSi Cans ori ram _ erTi mxriv, Zalian cdiloben
aaRorZinon Zveli CuqurTma da, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, amas
axerxeben. sxva mxriv, is aRar aris bunebrivi, xan ucnaur adgi-
las Cndeba, xanac raRac ucnauris gakeTeba moundebaT xolme.
magaliTad, barakonis ostatma sapiris raRac nawils, rogorc
landi, Semoayola pirdapir zed kedelze amoWrili CuqurT-
ma. ratomac ara?! Tumca maSin amas xom unda hqondes gagrZe-
leba? rodesac or adgilas asea gakeTebuli da sxvagan amas
mxars araferi ubams, gaugebari xdeba. es xerxia, romelic ver
iZens mxatvruli principis mniSvnelobas, miT umetes, rom iq
Zalian Warbad Cans carieli sibrtyec, romelic dautvirTavia
da kvlavac gaugebaria. Tu amas akeTebda, maSin gagegrZelebi-
na, raime xaliCiseburi samkauli moefiqrebina. es aSkarad ar
unda, maSin is CuqurTma ratom moindoma? amgvari kiTxvebi mo-
gviano arqiteqturasTan dakavSirebiTac xSirad Cndeba, Tumca
iq teqnikurad maRali donea.
Zalian niSandoblivi aris Zveli motivebis gameoreba.
q-nma rene Smerlingma ananurSi aRmoaCina mTeli tye saxeebisa,
romlebic pirdapir aris gadmoRebuli sveticxovlidan. maTi
warmomavloba imdenad aSkaraa, rom amas mkiTxaoba ar sWirde-

254
ba. Sexedav da ukve zustad ici, saidanaa gadmotanili. maga-
liTad, iq aris gamoqandakebuli sicocxlis xeebi, romlebsac
sveticxovelzec naxavT. zogadad, Zalian cdiloben, zustad
misdion nimuSs, magram, samwuxarod, rogorc nebismieri aslis
keTebisas, es xeloba, didwilad, meqanikuri bunebisaa. es ar
aris iseTi meqanikuroba, rogoric XIX saukuneSi gveqneba, ma-
gram Sinagani Tavisufleba, romelic aqvT Zveli drois osta-
tebs Tundac XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac gauWir-
daT, aq namdvilad aRar SeimCneva. Tumca kidev erTxel unda
davadasturo, rom isini, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, kargad
muSaoben.
aguriT mSenebloba, sxvaTa Soris, SemoqmedebiTi Tval-
sazrisiT, ufro Tavisufalia. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, yve-
lafrisaTvis XI-XII saukunis modelebi aqvT. ubralod, rakiRa
qvis arqiteqturas aguris enaze Targmnian, neba-uneburad
isini ufro SemoqmedebiTni, ufro Tamamni unda iyvnen. unda
iTqvas, rom XVI saukunis kaxel ostatebs, am mxriv, ufro gau-
marTlaT. iq marTlac ufro xSirad waawydebi amgvar Ziebas.
magaliTad, akeTeben uSvelebel, kedelSi aguris amoRebiT
miRebul jvrebs, romlebic manamde ar iyo da es motivi im-
denad xibliani aRmoCnda, rom man, daaxloebiT, XVIII saukunis
dasawyisidan mTeli qarTli daipyro. mere am kaxur golgoTis
jvrebs aq eklesiebze, koSkebze akeTeben. Zalian sainteresoa,
ra semantika hqonda, radgan es uSvelebeli jvrebi sam an su-
lac oTx kedelze meordeba. aseTi tavtologiuri gameore-
ba aSkarad raRacaze miuTiTebs. SeiZleba, vifiqroT, rom es
mcveli aris da, ase vTqvaT, borots Zalas iridebs, magram
XI saukuneSi erTi jvari hyofnidaT da axla meti gaxda saWi-
ro, es ki raRacas mowmobs. Tu msoflmxedvelobaSi ara, mso-
flgancdaSi albaT raRac Seicvala. es raRacaze metyvelebs,
magram jer ver getyviT _ raze. SeiZleba, raRac movigono,
varaudi vTqva, magram es srulebiT uniadago iqneba da raime
safuZveli ki am wams ar gamaCnia.
iyo kidev sxva ram mniSvnelovani, raRac iseTi, rac sru-
liad paradoqsulad erTdroulad aRmoCnda Zalisa da sisus-

255
 tis maCvenebeli _ iranuli arqiteqturidan Semosuli motive-
bi. jer erTi, Semovida Seisruli TaRi. Tumca, giorgi Cubi-
naSvilisa ar iyos, romelmac es jer kidev rodis Tqva, faq-
tobrivad, es Seisruli TaRis kidev erTi variantia, vinaidan
Cven waisruli TaRi X saukunis Semdeg, XIII saukunis CaTvliT,
ukve gvaqvs. axla iq meti Seisvra naxes da imnairad Seisres.
principSi, es mTlad sesxebac ar gamodis, ubralod, kidev
erTi nairsaxeoba mogvinda da movsinjeT. ufro sainteresoa
sxva ram: aRmosavleTSi am TaRebs sworkuTxa CarCoebSi svamen
xolme da es ar aris mxolod kedlis damanawevrebeli brty-
eli dekoratiuli TaRi, Torem ase Seisruli konstruqciu-
li TaRebic da kamarebic Sendeba. yvelaze sainteresoa, rom
es CarCoSi Casmuli Seisruli TaRi karTan Cndeba. saqme isaa,
rom iranul arqiteqturaSi es motivi Zalian didi zomisaa.
es aris xolme portali, uzarmazari, aTeuli metris simaR-
lis da didi TaRia, romelic aris Zalian Rrma TaRi-lojia.
Tqven masSi SedixarT da is zis sworkuTxa moculobaSi. Cven-
Tan es yvelaferi dapataravebulia da monumenturi iranuli
kompozicia gadaqceulia portalis kidev erT versiad. Tan ise
ki ar moxda, rom jer iranuli mosinjes da mere iqidan por-
talis gakeTeba gadawyvites, aramed, Semovida Tu ara, imwamsve
gardaqmnes ise, rogorc qarTvel arqiteqtors undoda. vinme
amas albaT nacionalizmad CamiTvlis, magram mainc unda vTqva,
rom iseve, rogorc mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, raRa-
cis brma da monur gadmoRebaze Cven axlac ver vilaparakebT.
es ufro raRacis mosinjvaa principiT _ `modi, vcado, iqneb
esec gamomadges~. es me sruliad marTebuli meCveneba. Tu rame
kargi naxe, ratom ar unda moisesxo, ratom ar unda iswavlo?!
sxva ambavia, rom araa saWiro, ece da maimuniviT yvelaferi
gaimeoro marto imitom, rom viRac sadRac amas akeTebs. dRes
xSirad ismis xolme argumentad, rom dasavleTSi asea an isea.
Tu dasavleTSi aris, magram araferi sikeTe moutania an es
sikeTe saeWvoa, ratom unda gadmoviRoT, CemTvis gaugebaria.
Cven rom imave logikas mivyolodiT, romliTac is ostate-
bi xelmZRvanelobdnen, albaT bevr sisuleles gadavrCebodiT.

256
magaliTad, rogor daviwyeT mSenebloba Seminuli Senobebis
da srulebiT ar gaviTvaliswineT, rom Cveni cxel qveyanaSi
vcxovrobT?! Tu maincdamainc, qveynebSi, sadac cxela, akeTe-
ben cxaurebs, erTgvar safars an am Seminul zedapirs SigniT
Seweven xolme, rom adamians mze pirdapir Tavze ar daadges.
mere viswavleT amis gakeTeba, magram manamde aSenda uamra-
vi suleluri Senoba, romlebSic ar daidgomeba. yovelive es
imitom moxda, rom Crdilouri arqiteqturidan pirdapir iyo
gadmoRebuli. fineTSi SeiZleba mze enatrebaT, Cven kidev za-
fxulSi sicxe gvawuxebs. usindisobaa albaT amis Tqma, magram
asea. rom gavarvardeba minis zedapiri da veRar sunTqav, es
ganaTebuli oTaxi aRar ginda. Tu mainc ar dagedgomeba da
sakuWnaoSi unda gaiqce an saabazanoSi daemalo, aseTi mze ra-
Rad ginda?! me mainc mgonia, rom im dros am tipis Secdomebi
ar iyo, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, iranuli modiT zedmet gatace-
bas TviTon Tanamedrovenic amCnevdnen. ai, magaliTad, maSin
iswavles qarTvelebma fexmorTxmiT jdoma, manamde ki skamebi
hqondaT. fexmorTxmiT mjdomi qarTveli XVII saukunis meore
naxevarSi gaCnda, manamde ar iyo. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amas-
Tan erTad skamebic da sakarcxulebic SeinarCunes. XIX sau-
kunis dasawyisSi, rogorc Cans, sakmarisad sasacilo iyo, rom
erTsa da imave saxlSi dabali taxtic idga, sadac adamianebi
ase Caikecebodnen da Cveulebrivi evropuli skamebic, xan ima-
ze isxdnen, xan amaze.
sxvaTa Soris, analogiuri ram xdeba WedurobaSi swored
gremis skolaSi. am sakiTxs jer kidev rodis ikvlevda q-ni rene
Smerlingi, mere giorgi CubinaSvili da, gansakuTrebiT, bolo
dros vrclad _ b-ni Teimuraz sayvareliZe. gremSi gadmoi-
Res sxvanairi liTonis kveTis teqnika _ winidan saWreTliT
raRacanairad amuSaveben, zemodan qvemoT Cadian da CakveTiT,
ufro sworad, zeda fenis mocliT foTlovani ornamenti keT-
deba. Zalian lamazia, magram am ornamentis gamoyeneba, ra Tqma
unda, iranuli ar aris, iq mas sul sxvanairad iyeneben. maSinac
ki, rodesac es ornamenti fons faravs, misi xaliCiseburoba
mainc ar aris imdenad najeri, Warbi, rom zedapiri mTlianad

257
 waSalos da erTian sifrifana foTlebis naxlarTad gadaaq-
cios. gadmoiRes patiosani Tvlebi, romlebic iranisa moewo-
naT, Tundac firuzi manamde ase uxvad ar ixmareboda. iyo,
ra Tqma unda, magram ase Warbad _ ara. is mainc sxvanairad
aris naxmari, ar agereva aRmosavlur nakeTobebSi. indoelebs
filmebSi rom acviaT gasaocari tanisamosi, romelzec qsovi-
li ar Cans, imdeni Tvalia _ es ar gaakeTes. sakmarisad didi
monakveTebia fonis, Cans moCarCoeba da sxvanairia. am SemTxve-
vaSic, raRac motivi moisesxes, magram TavianT saWiroebasa da
gemovnebas moarges. gavimeoreb da vityvi, rom Cemi azriT, miT
umetes, im saSinel gasaWirSi esec SemoqmedobiTobis formaa.
Cven xSirad ver warmogvidgenia, Tu rogori iyo imdroindeli
cxovreba da rogor ucnaurad upasuxebda mas qarTveli.
ukve ramdeni welia, Cems studentebs vekiTxebi, ra suraTi
udgebaT Tvalwin besikis leqsebis wakiTxvisas. nuTu warmoid-
gen, rom es yvelaferi dawera adamianma, romelic, jer erTi,
qarTlidan imereTSi gaaZeves da Tanac xan omSia da xan dip-
lomatiur samsaxurSi? leqsebSi aris laparaki mxolod sevdis
baRze, yvavilebsa da mijnurobaze. TiTqos iseTi dalxenili
yofaa, rom vaJi da qali marto imaze fiqrobs, TvalSi vin mou-
vida, guli vin mouwyla da samijnuro ambebis gamo sul xvne-
Sa-tirilSi arian. arada, am dros yofa iseTi iyo, rom diliT
erT adgilas Semovardeboda lekis marbieli razmi da saRamos
kidev _ meore adgilas, xan saiT gaiqceoda mefis razmi mosa-
gerieblad da xanac saiT. mudmivad ase xdeboda. adamiani sax-
lidan rom gadioda, ar icoda, dabrundeboda Tu ara, radgan
SeiZleboda, romelime sxva razms gzaSi moetacebina. saidan da
rogor Semodiodnen es moTareSeebi, marTali giTxraT, verc
vxvdebi, iseT gasaocar adgilebSi Cndebian da iseTi siswra-
fiT uCinardebian.
aman sxvagvari nagebobebi gaaCina. Senoba, romelSic SeTa-
vsebulia sameurneo, sacxovrebeli da saTavdacvo funqcia,
XVIII saukuneSi Cndeba. Cemma maswavlebelma, b-nma leo rCeu-
liSvilma, es Senobebi Zalian kargad gaaanaliza. iseTi kox-
tebia, imdenad kargadaa mofiqrebuli, dagegmarebuli, magram

258
gaWirvebisaa. adamians, romelic vazs krefda da Rvinos wura-
vda, imaze ratomRa unda efiqra, rom saTofuric iqve hqonda?
magram sxva gza ar iyo da es gasaWirma gaaCina. aseve gaCnda
qarTlsa da kaxeTSi e.w. galavnebi, ai, sveticxovlis taZars
rom aqvs an muxranSi rom cixea. es aris didi, moRobili ad-
gili, sadac SigniT maincdamainc naSenoba araa _ erTi an ori
Senoba dgas. mTavaria, iq iyos didi mokavebuli adgili, sadac,
Tu marbieli movida, soflebi, zogjer ramdenimec, Tavis bar-
gian-naxirianad Seafarebs Tavs. esec, kacma rom Tqvas, Semoq-
medebiTi pasuxia da sainteresoa, rogor amkoben isini amgva-
ri galavnebis Sesasvlelebs. zogjer meCveneba, rom, etyoba,
marto amaze fiqrobdnen, rogorme monumenturi gaekeTebinaT.
esec raRacis maniSnebelia, rom am ukiduresi gaWirvebisasac
ki, rodesac yvelaferi ukiduresad funqciuri unda iyos,
cdiloben, Tvalic gaaxaron, mTlad unugeSo, SiSveli da quSi
ar iyos maTi garemo. es mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi muxti maSi-
nac ki rCeba. kidev vambob, SeiZleba raRaca meCveneba, magram
mainc mgonia, rom es erTgvar Sinagan udrekobasac mowmobs da
Semoqmedebis Wiasac, romelic aucileblad unda gaaxaro, To-
rem ar mogasvenebs. rogorc iliam Tqva _ gulidan gareT unda
gamoitano Seni nagrZnob-nafiqri da es, xelovnebaSi gacxade-
buli swrafva adamianisa, aqac ki iCens Tavs.
aris dargebi, sadac Cveni arqiteqtura am droSic savse-
biT SemoqmedebiTia. me vambobdi, rom taZris arqiteqturaSi
gauWirdaT, radgan srulyofili modeli hqondaT da am mo-
dels ver eleodnen, vinaidan, Cemi azriT, msoflmxedvelo-
bas bzari gauCnda. Tumca imave saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
sadac aseTi, srulebiT aSkara, nimuSi ar aqvT, Cven vxedavT
sruliad araCveulebriv samreklos arqiteqturas. es adre va-
xseneT da mxolod magaliTebs davasaxeleb. maTgan ori namd-
vili Sedevria, erTmaneTze ukeTesi: XVI saukunis ninowmindis
samreklo da XVII saukunis anCisxatis samreklo.
yvelas SegiZliaT, SeamowmoT, rogor aris agebuli an-
Cisxatis samreklo. Tqven midixarT nebismieri mxridan, ginda
erekles moednidan da ginda sanapirodan, miyvebiT SavTelis

259
 quCas da xedavT, rom dgas bWe, zemodan ki _ fanCaturi. is
Tan SuaSi dgas da Tan SuaSi srulebiTac ar aris, marjvena
kidiskenaa Caweuli, Tuki rusTavelis gamziridan midixarT.
ras niSnavs es? saqme is gaxlavT, rom quCebis qseli, Cvenda be-
dad, iq ar Secvlila. aseTi Zalian cota gvaqvs. es erT-erTia
im adgilTagan, sadac garemo struqturulad iseTive aris.
Tqven rom SuaSi dayenebuli fanCaturi dagenaxaT, is marcxniv
gadmovardeboda, mas pirdapir kideze dainaxavdiT da mogeC-
venebodaT, rom es-esaa TavSi dagecemaT. ostatma es gaTvala,
magram marto es ar ikmara. man aiRo swored sworkuTxa CarCo-
Si Casmuli TaRis motivi, aqeT-iqidan orive _ ezosa da qu-
Cis _ fasadze gaukeTa kidev or-ori niSi erTmaneTis zemoT,
oRond, quCis mxridan es motivi brtyelia da proporciebSi
ganieri, xolo ezos mxridan es maRalia da gakeTebuli aris
lojia. amgvarad, Tqven uyurebT erTi da imave motividan ga-
keTebul or sxvadasxva fasads, romlebic morgebulia niada-
gis sxvadasxva simaRles, quCisas da ezosas. erT SemTxvevaSi,
absoluturad dasrulebul kompozicias vxedavT, gacocxle-
buls feriTac _ tani agurisaa da CarTuli aqvs yviTeli qva
kaTalikos domentis warweriT. zemoT aris mwvane qvis fan-
Caturi da amiTac gacocxlebulia. srulebiT araCveulebri-
via. ostatma imdenic moaxerxa, rom am SenobaSi sacxovrebeli
oTaxic moaTavsa da gareTa niSebSi ki, rogorc Cans, xatebi
idga. amdeni ram aris mofiqrebuli.
sxvaTa Soris, sacxovrebeli oTaxebi ninowmindaSic aris,
magram iq adgilic cotaa da Tanac, etyoba, galavani ukve idga
da taZaric sxvanairia. maSin ninowmindis taZars jer kidev
gumbaTi hqonda da maRali iyo. amitom arqiteqtorma koSkiviT
samreklo gaakeTa da gaawyo aguris amoRebiT miRebuli jv-
rebiT, rombebiT, CarCoebiT. vinaidan is Tavis fantazias mis-
devs da SemzRudavi araferi aqvs, es yvelaferi zustad aris
morgebuli. nageboba sarTulebad aris dayofili, fanCaturi
ki viTomda gumbaTicaa, magram aq Zalian maRal moculobasa
da masze horizontalur danawevrebas Soris winaaRmdegoba ar
aris. srulebiT araCveulebrivi fasadebia da interierierebic

260
_ aranaklebi. yvela sarTuli sxvanairia _ sxvanairi kamara,
sxvanairi gumbaTi, sxvanairad gawyobili kedlebi. yvelaferi
funqciuria da Tan kidev, esTetikursac ki ver ityvi _ esTe-
turi. amasTanave es yvelaferi nakeTebia umartivesi masaliT
_ aguriT. gana agurze martivi ra unda iyos? moWiqulsac ki
ar xmarobs. SeiZleba odesRac moWiquli saxuravi ki hqonda,
magram TviTon tani ar aris feradi. marto amiT akeTebs ula-
mazess da gaTvlils natifi adamianisTvis, romelic mas moewo-
neba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom giorgi CubinaSvils kaxeTis am-
gvari arqiteqtura evropul rokokos axsenebda, sadac, mogex-
senebaT, Zalian uxvi xSiri, foTlovani ornamenti modebulia
kedlebsa da Werze an kamaraze. aq es ase ar aris. Tumca iqac
msubuqia, ar aris msxvili moculobebi, wvrili naxatia. aqac
wvrili naxatia, Zalian natifi da daxvewili. aseTive rame aris
alaverdis taZris gadarCenil satrapezoze. iq, bedad, epis-
koposis sasaxleSi gadarCa dauzianebelad satrapezo Tavisi
kamariT. kamara iqac aseTi aris _ damuSavebuli aguris naxati,
romelsac gegoneba, xaliCa Seafineso.
amas rom uyureb, ra Tqma unda, Zalian genaneba, rom ar
darCa sasaxleebi, ar darCa saxlebi. imitom ara, rom Tavi
moiwono, ra sra-sasaxle midgaso, ara, ubralod, es iqnebo-
da saintereso sanaxaoba. Tumca rac gvaqvs, imasac verafers
vSveliT. me mainc mgonia, rom rame unda vifiqroT. Zalian
medardeba da meZvirfaseba e.w. avTentikuri yvelaferi. Tum-
ca, rodesac viciT, rom arqiteqtura (Telavis sasaxle aris
amis magaliTi) misdevs mdidruli sparsuli sasaxleebis ni-
muSs da Cven vxedavT aguris fasads... ar mjera, rom iq aguri
iyo. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom Selesili iqnebo-
da, SeiZleba _ moxatulic. SigniT rom moxatuli iyo, zustad
vici. vfiqrob, rom sarkeebic iqneboda. amitom nu movatyuebT
momsvlels, rom es is aris, rom es XVII saukunea, magram rame
unda viRonoT. es TeTri kedlebi simaxinjea, ar SeiZleba, ase
iyos, es aris arqiteqturuli tyuili.
amis Zalian saintereso analogebi arsebobs. magaliTad,
liubekSi, germaniaSi, goTikuri eklesia dgas, mgoni, XV sau-

261
 kunisa da iq iyo niSebi, sadac unda mdgariyo qandakebebi. am
qandakebebis Sesruleba ver moeswro. amitomac 1930-ian wleb-
Si daukveTes erns barlaxs, SesaniSnav moqandakes, romelmac
ramdenime gaakeTa, magram mere nacistebi mouvidnen da mas
muSaoba aekrZala. omis Semdeg es saqme agreTve Zalian karg-
ma moqandakem gerhard marqsma gaagrZela. gana vinme malavs,
rom es qandakebebi XX saukunisaa?! Tqven dainaxavT, rom es
ar aris goTikuri qandakebebi, magram arqiteqturulad es si-
marTlea _ niSebi carieli ar unda iyos. ase rom, Tqven dRes
aSkarad xedavT ori epoqis TanamSromlobas, magram ise, rom
mxatvruli saxe im odindeli Canafiqrisa, ubralod, aSkarad
sxva dros aris ganxorcielebuli. aseve gaakeTes vavelSi,
krakovSi, poloneTSi. iq renesansuli sasaxle aqvT. Weri ke-
sonebiT iyo da kesonebSi unda yofiliyo Tavebi. mgoni, ram-
denime gadarCa, magram, ZiriTadad, Tavebi aRar iyo Casmuli.
amitom XX saukuneSi Zalian niWierma polonelma moqandakem,
qsaveri dunikovskim, gaakeTa, Seavso da es Cans. Tqven maSinve
dainaxavT da gamoarCevT renesansuli nakeTobisgan, magram iq
arqiteqturuli simarTlea.
me meCveneba, rom raRac, am mxriv, mosafiqrebeli aris,
oRond, swored rom _ mosafiqrebeli. veceT pirdapir da rac
TavSi mogviva, is gavakeToT, ar aris saWiro. CavataroT 38
konkursi an 138, Tu es saWiro iqneba, magram nu vawvalebT
am arqiteqturas. nu migvyavs adamianebi raRac sivrceebSi,
romlebic Tavis Tavs srulebiT aRar hgavs. TeTr kedlebs
rom vuyurebT, es ciliswamebaa im mSeneblebisa, romlebsac
aseTi araferi CaufiqrebiaT. samwuxarod, aki vambob, rac Cven
SegvrCa esaa: erTi gabdRvnili, srulebiT gaveranebuli dar-
bazi quTaisSi, erTic ganadgurebuli, kamaraCaqceuli Senoba,
erTgvari saqeifo darbazi alvanSi da srulebiT gaCanagebuli
nasasaxlari gremis Semdeg, kidev erTi _ alvanSi. magram, rac
SemogvrCa, imas mainc xom unda mivxedoT, rame xom unda gavake-
ToT? aris kidev sasaxleebis nangrevebi da maTzec unda vifi-
qroT, Torem isinic ganadgurdeba. iq TiTo-TiTo kedeli dgas
da moispoba. Cven unda vifiqroT, rogor avaSenoT. axla da-

262
savleTSi amas akeTeben da SeiZleba, es zogjer sakamaTo iyos,
zogjer ki ubralod cudia, magram TavisTavad xerxi, rom Zve-
li fragmenti moaqcio raRac iseTSi, rac masac gadaarCens
da, rac mTavaria, sicocxles miscems, me vfiqrob, srulebiT
aucilebelia. kargia, Tu is aRar iqneba ubralod kedeli, ro-
melic ratomRac Sua mindorSi dgas, Tu funqcias SeiZens da
viRacis cxovrebis nawilad iqceva. aris aseTi sasaxleebi Za-
RinaSi, nulSi, kodiswyaroSi. Zalian araswori mgonia maTi ase
gawirva. viTomda vufrTxildebiT da, sinamdvileSi, vwiravT.
isini namdvilad daifSvneba, agur-agur daiSleba. gadasadgme-
li aris Tamami da, amave dros, Zalian kargad mofiqrebuli,
asi aTasjer awonil-dawonili nabiji. SeuZlebeli es ar aris
da verc imas vityviT, rom Cven amas ver gavakeTebT. SegviZlia,
es gavakeToT, oRond unda mivxvdeT, rom am SeZlebas gamovle-
na unda. amisTvis saWiro aris pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, ro-
melic dRes sazogadoebaSi iseT donezea, rom SeiZleba nuls
qvemoT iyos, Torem, zeviT rom gadmosuli ar aris, mgoni,
sakmarisad aSkaraa.
XVIII saukunis movlenaTagan yvelaze saintereso albaT is
aris, rom saukunis bolosken Cven jer kidev damoukidebel
saqarTveloSi vadasturebT dasavlur arqiteqturasTan erTg-
var miaxloebas da, warmoidgineT, motivebis sesxebasac ki. jer
kidev XVIII saukunis sul dasawyisSi (es aRmoCena q-n maia ma-
nias ekuTvnis) Tbilelma Tavisi qarvaslis fasadze sarkmlebs
frontonebi gaukeTa. ar vici, SeiZleba is klasicizmidan ar
amodioda, magram klasicistur motivebs metismetad waagavs.
saidan movida, saidan moafiqrda, ver getyviT, magram faqtia.
amas garda, Cven manavSi gvaqvs XVIII saukunis bolos RmrTism-
Soblis Sobis taZari, romelic giorgi XII-is megobarma, daviT
garejis udabnos wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monastris winamZR-
varma, eqvTimem 1794 wels aaSena. iq karis moCarCoebebsa da
gumbaTis morTulobebSi Zveli sqema namdvilad SenarCune-
bulia, magram Sevsebuli aris evropuli brtyeli pilastre-
biT, sadac cxadia, gardasaxuli, magram evropuli elementebi
Zalian aSkarad ikiTxeba. es araa gasakviri, vinaidan im os-

263
 tatma SeiZleba mTlad zustad ar icodes is orderi, rad-
gan arc panTeoni Seuswavlia da arc parTenoni. XIX saukunis
sul dasawyisSi Cemma mogvareebma xelTubanSi eklesia aaSenes
da araCveulebrivad saintereso ram gaakeTes: aiRes Cvenebu-
ri kupelhale da oTxkuTxa yelze evropuli gumbaTi daadges,
sarkmlebs raRac ucnauri sapireebi gaukeTes, iqve dasves es
kaxuri jvrebic da kidev _ moWiquli saxuravi, romelic axla
aRar aris, magram iyo. me fragmentebs jer kidev Seveswari _
mwvane Wiquri iyo. aSkarad eZeben raRacas. aseTive Zieba iyo,
rogorc Cans, qvaSveTSi, romelic axla aRar aris. givi amila-
xvris mier aSenebul XVIII saukunis qvaSveTSi ZiriTad daniSnu-
lebasTan Zalian sainteresod iyo misadagebuli TavdacviTi
funqcia, romelic eklesias ukve unda hqondes, radgan qveyana
usafrTxo aRar aris, yoveldRe omia. maSin qvaSveTi qalaqis
galavnis gareT idga, gareubanSi, baRebSi. amitom oTxi afsi-
di hqonda, martivi tetrakonqi iyo. zemodan, konqebis zemoT,
iyo sivrce patara sarkmlebiT. is sacxovrebladac vargoda,
Tu Zalian gaWirdeboda da Tavdasacavadac. aris magaliTebi.
viciT, rom iq ojaxebic cxovrobdnen. misi asli, Tumca asli
araswori sityvaa, misi erTgvari analogi aSenda XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi. andronikaSvilebma aaSenes sofel qodaloSi, gare
kaxeTSi. dgas es eklesia, dResac arsebobs. iq kidev xedav, ro-
gor gardasaxes is, rac givi amilaxvris eklesiaSi iyo, ra daa-
mates, ra moakles. ase rom, es SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba
gamoleuli ar aris, potencia arsebobs.
me yuradRebas vamaxvileb dasavluri elementebis Semosv-
laze da, ai, ratom: TavisTavad es tendencia SeiZleba moviwo-
noT an ar moviwonoT. dasavluri elementebi Semodis imitom-
ve, ratomac aRmosavluri Semodioda _ saxsrad uRonobisa.
ganwyoba daaxloebiT amgvaria: ver vqmni im sqemiT, romelic
XII saukunidan sul minda gavimeoro, mas veRarafers vmateb,
amitom, modi, vcdi da iqneb, im gareSem miSvelos. raRac Tval-
sazrisiT, Svelis, radgan SemoqmedebiTia, Tumca, cxadia, es
problemis gadawyveta ar aris, mxolod morigi mcdelobaa da
rogorc mcdeloba, sworedac rom Rirebuli da dasafasebe-

264
lia. miT umetes, nu dagvaviwydeba, rom maSindeli evropa Cven-
Tvis Zalian Soria. Tumca, imavdroulad, anton I kaTalikosi
da mis gverdiT myofi adamianebi gamalebiT Targmnian saxel-
mZRvaneloebs da cdiloben, rusi avtorebisa ki ar Targmnon,
aramed evropelebis _ germanelis, frangis, ingliselis. ratom
Targmnian maincdamainc evropelebisas? rusebsac xom aqvT es
saxelmZRvaneloebi? Tu Zalian gaWirda da, miT umetes, Tu
sarwmunoebas exeba, ra Tqma unda, rusul wigns aiReben, ma-
gram istoria, fizika, maTematika sul evropuli enebidan aqvT
naTargmni. maT Tvali iqiT uWiravT. es aris Cveni istoriis
ucnauri paradoqsi.
XIII saukunis Sua xanidan, rusudan dedofliT dawyebuli,
mokavSires jer sadRac espaneTsa da safrangeTSi veZebT da
roca iq araferi gamogviva, mereRa mivmarTavT gverdiT myof
ruseTs. ver getyviT, ratom aris ase, ar vici. veraviTar ra-
cionalur mizezs ver vxedav. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me ar mesmis,
ratom unda mivmarTo cxra mTas iqiT myofs daxmarebisaT-
vis, Tuki gverdiT vinme meguleba. TiTqos Tanamorwmunea da
mas unda mivakiTxo, magram georgievskis traqtatis winac ki
erekle II-m kidev erTxel scada da daxmarebisaTvis prusiis me-
fes, fridrix II-s, mimarTa. gaigo, rom is yvelaze Zlevamosili
xelmwifea, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, warmatebuli da pirvelad
imas hkiTxa. roca araferi gamovida, maSinRa wavida peterbur-
gSi. ar vici, ratom. ar ganvixilav, me mxolod vambob, rom es
ase iyo. am konteqstSi arqiteqturaSi amgvari evropuli ele-
mentebis gaCena imas niSnavs, rom es mTliani kulturaa.
saxviT xelovnebaSi sasacilomdec ki midis saqme, ise cdilo-
ben evropuli graviurebis gadmoxatvas swored XVIII saukune-
Si. Tumca ukve saukunis bolosken Tundac besik gabaSvilis
mama, mama zaqaria, romelic gelaTSi ikonostasebs xatavs, am
graviurebs ise gardasaxavs, rom maT amosacnobad specialis-
ti aris saWiro. Zalian sainteresoa, rom, roca Cveulebrivi
adamiani amas xedavs, fiqrobs, raoden evropuli gaukeTebiao.
arada, rodesac Cemma kolegam, q-nma mzia janjaliam, es da
sxva amdroindeli xatebi da 1823 wlis bodbis moxatuloba

265
 evropul nimuSebs Seadara, saocari Sedegi miiRo. imas rom
daudeb gverdiT, axedav da Turme mTlad klasikuri xatwera
giWiravs. TiTqos sadRac Sua gzazea. Zalian saintereso ana-
logiuri movlenebi aris, magaliTad, bulgareTSi. XVIII sauku-
nis bolos iqac msgavsi ram xdeba, magram bulgareTs evropa
gverdiT hyavda da Cven xom Sors varT, yovelnairad Sors,
ratom veZebT amas?! Tan rusuli graviurebidan ki ar iReben,
aramed _ holandiuridan, germanulidan. neta sad Soulobdnen
am wignebs, es xom advili ar iyo?! etyoba, kaTolike mision-
rebs gamoarTves. ar vici, saidan, magram faqtia, rom moaqvT.
xandaxan graviurebi amoWrilia evropuli wignebidan da qar-
Tul xelnawerebSia Cakruli. arsebobs es xelnawerebi. iseTi
undaT. undaT, radgan iqneb es iyos is sarkmeli, saidanac suf-
Ta haeri Semova da gzas gavagrZelebT.
erT-erTi bolo, rac damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gakeT-
da, iyo giorgi XII-is an, rogorc mas eZaxdnen, giorgi ukanas-
knelis vaJis, ioane batoniSvilis, gegma, rogor unda gardai-
qmnas qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, sadac ra aRar aris _ universi-
tetic, muzeumic, stambac. iq yvelaferi gaTvaliswinebulia.
aris regularuli jaric, romelic me Zalian ar momwons, ma-
gram maSin yvelaze sicocxlisunarianad es Canda. es isev da
isev dasavluri modeli iyo. aqeT, aRmosavleTSi, aseTi ram
maincdamainc ar yofila.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es e.w. evropulic, romelsac xSi-
rad rusebs vCuqniT, roca vambobT, rom maTTan erTad Semovi-
da, sinamdvileSi, sulac ar gvaqvs viRacisTvis samadlobeli.
es Cven TviTon gvindoda da Tu ara Zaldataneba, romelzedac
ukve Semdeg mogaxsenebT, me vfiqrob, rom Cveni kulturuli
cxovreba gacilebiT ufro Tanmimdevrulad, organulad wari-
marTeboda da ase mgonia, is mkveTri texilebi da Cavardnebic
_ wyvetebs ver davarqmev _ ar iqneboda. politikurad qveya-
na ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo da aseve aris dRes,
rodesac aRarc ki vici, ra hqvia im mdgomareobas, romelSic
vimyofebiT, magram es arc maSin niSnavda da arc dRes niSna-
vs TviTon qarTveli eris SemoqmedebiTi energiis gamofitvas.

266
araviTar SemTxvevaSi! potenciali maSinac didi iyo da dResac
Zalian didia. vinc aswavlis qarTul saswavleblebSi (me ukve
TiTqmis 40 welia vaswavli), SeuZlebelia ar daadasturos, rom
ar arsebobs aseTi weli, rodesac Cvens auditoriebSi am Tu
im konkretuli xelobisTvis vargisi da Zalian niWieri ori-sa-
mi adamiani mainc ar mova. es Zalian bevria, batonebo, amaze
meti arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris. iq rom as studentSi zis ori
niWieri da me kidev TxuTmet kacSi ori myavs, es Zalian maRali
maCvenebelia. Cven, raodenobrivi simciris gamo, es gvecotave-
ba da sinamdvileSi ki Zalian bevria. danarCenebSic, romlebic
SeiZleba am xelobas didad ar gamoadgenen, yovelTvis aris
raRac. yvelaSi raRac niWia, raRac unaria _ vin ras akeTebs
da vin ras. magaliTad, zogierT Cvens students, romelic,
Cemi azriT, maincdamainc ar brwyinavda, saocari monacemebi
aRmoaCnda _ zogs finansistis, zogs kidev menejeris. mokled,
gasakviri ambavia. erT-erTi Zalian niWieri kursdamTavrebu-
li, romelmac Cvens dargs, samwuxarod, Tavi daaneba, imisTana
saqmeebs akeTebs, rom verc warmomidgenia, amis keTeba rogor
SeiZleba. es xom unaria, es xom adamians unda SeeZlos?! axla
sxva qveyanaSi akeTebs saerTod raRac sagmiro saqmeebs, CemT-
vis lamisaa mosasmenadac daujerebels, magram asea.
piriqiT, Cven unda gvesmodes _ raxan es SemoqmedebiTi una-
ri arsebobs, swored amitom aris saWiro am qveynis SenarCune-
ba. is rom gamoleuli iyos, maSin ra azri eqneboda Cvens yof-
nas?! leSebiviT Tu daveyrebiT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs, damouki-
deblebi viqnebiT Tu sxvis monobaSi? Tu arafris maqnisi xar,
aRaraferi SegiZlia, saTqmeli da gamosaxatavi aRar gaqvs, ra
mniSvneloba aqvs, vin moiyvans yanaSi xorbals _ koreeli, mar-
seli Tu sxva galaqtikidan mofrenili rvafexa?! amas araviTa-
ri mniSvneloba ar aqvs. maSinac iyo es SemoqmedebiTi muxti da
swored imitom gadadges Cvenma xelmwifeebma, rogorc gairk-
va, mTlad sabediswero Tu ara, Zalian mZime nabiji ruseTTan
nair-nairi xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. swored imitom, rom
amas xedavdnen! isini xedavdnen qveyanas, romelsac SeuZlia

267
 arseboba, amitom saWiro iyo misi gadarCena, Torem sxva ra _
mokvdeboda da mokvdeboda.
axlac zustad igive xdeba. oRond erTia _ imaT sazoga-
doeba mainc datoves, myari sazogadoeba. Cven sazogadoebac
aRar gvaqvs da Zalian didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro. samwuxarod,
unda vTqva, rom es, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar Tavze ukve
qarTvelma axalgazrdobam unda aiRos. mesmis, rom advili ar
aris sxvis mier dakavebul asparezze Semosvla, magram, vfi-
qrob, rom studenturi asakis adamianebma an studentobidan
axlad gamosulebma Zalian daJinebiT unda ifiqron imaze, ra
SeuZliaT, gaakeTon gindac dRevandel pirobebSi, gindac 10,
15 an 20 wlis Semdeg, rodesac, madloba ufals, es asparezi
ukve maTi iqneba. maT aqedanve unda daiwyon fiqri, darazmva
_ ara politikuri partiebis Seqmna, rac srulebiT umaqnisia,
Tu Sen idea ar gagaCnia. swored, ideebis, gegmebis momwife-
baa saWiro. saWiroa ideebsa da idealebze fiqri. Cven vla-
parakobT Rirebulebebze da es carieli sityvebia, maT miR-
ma Sinaarsi ar aris. evropuli Rirebulebebi... aba, hkiTxeT,
vinc amas qadagebs, ras gulisxmobs da imisTanas getyviT, rom
neta gaCumebuliyo. maT sulac ar ician, es ra aris. pirovneba
Rirebuliao, rom gaiZaxian, esmiT pirovneba ra aris? pirov-
nebaSi ra aris Rirebuli, esmiT? pirovnebis Tavisufleba ra
aris, esmiT? maT esmiT es dasavleTSi yvelaze arafrismaqnisi,
myvirala fenisgan da ara namdvili dasavleTisgan, romelic
samoTxe ar aris, arc idealia, arc srulyofilia. modiT, rac
saRia, is mainc viswavloT da ara raRac sisulele! es yvela-
feri ukve axalgazrda Taobam unda gaakeTos iseve, rogorc
XIX saukuneSi. maSinac axalgazrdobam ikisra sruli politi-
kuri katastrofis Semdeg qveynis gaZRola, misi gadarCena da
gzaze dayeneba. rogor gamovida es da ranairad aisaxa Tundac
Cvens samSeneblo kulturaze, amaze ukve Semdeg visaubrebT.

268
15. XIX saukunis arqiteqtura

dRevandeli saubris Tema, XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis pir-

veli 15-16 wlis arqiteqtura, sakmaod rTuli da mZimea. rTu-
lia, radgan ara mxolod arqiteqturaze, aramed mTlianad
XIX saukuneze, sazogadod, am epoqaze Cveni dRevandeli cod-
na, rbilad rom vTqvaT, naklulia da, naklulobis garda _
araCveulebrivad calmxrivic, Tumca es epoqa qronologiu-
rad Cvengan arcTu Sorsaa. esa Tu is avtori, istorikosi, mwe-
rali am drois sazogadoebriv, politikur, kulturul da a.S.
cxovrebas SesaZloa mravali kuTxiT kidec ganixilavs, magram
ganxilva yovelTvis imdenad calsaxaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
brtyelia, rom sxvadasxva waxnagis SeerTeba raime mTlianobad
Zalze Wirs. amas obieqturi mizezi aqvs _ is winaaRmdegobri-
via, marTlac, ar aris calsaxa da ar aris erTmniSvnelovani.
SeiZleba, amdenad urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebiT aRsavse
xana Cvens istoriaSi sxva arc ki iyos. simZime arc wina sauku-
neebs aklda, mZime iyo XVIII saukunec, XVII saukunec, XV sauku-
nec, gindac arabobis xana da bevri sxvac. Tumca XIX saukunis
winaaRmdegobebi ufro TvalsaCinoa da, me vityodi, sxvagvari
simZafriTac Cans albaT imitomac, rom masala metia da mowa-
dinebuls SeuZlia metis naxva, metis mosinjva, ufro axlos
misvla XIX saukunis adamianTan da misi cxovrebis wesTan Tu
TavgadasvlebTan.
rodesac epoqas ecnobiT, kiTxulobT istorias qarTvelo-
bis erTian daqveiTebaze, gadagvarebaze, gansakuTrebiT, sau-
kunis pirvel naxevarSi an, piriqiT _ mudam SemarTebiT meb-
rZol saqarTveloze. asevea calkeuli adamianebis SemTxveva-
Sic. magaliTad, dimitri yifiani viRacisTvis susti da damyo-
lia, sxvisTvis ki _ rusul reJimTan sal kldesaviT mebrZoli.
es viRacisTvis mxolod erovnuli brZolis epoqaa, viRacis-
Tvis ki isev mxolod _ socialuri brZolis epoqa. viRacisTvis
yvelafers ucxo Zala _ Tundac rusuli xiSti da somxuri
fuli _ gansazRvravs, viRacisTvis es faqtori saerTod gam-

269
 qralia. magaliTad, kiTxulob qarTuli mwerlobis istorias
da saerTod ar Cans, rom gverdiT arsebobda vinme sxvac, da-
vuSvaT, Tundac daviT erisTavi, Tumc gadmokeTebuli, magram
Cveni Teatris istoriisTvis esoden mniSvnelovani piesis, `sam-
Soblos~, avtori, romelic TanamSromlobda rusul presasTan
da wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo ara mxolod Jurnalisti, aramed
karikaturistic. simarTle giTxraT, ver movixelTe, ver vna-
xe, rogor karikaturebs xatavda, magram faqtia, rom rusul
presaSi aqveynebda. iyo, magaliTad, daviT kezelic da isic
rusul presaSi ibeWdeboda, Tundac niko nikolaZe, romelic
qarTuladac werda, magram raRac xani ufro metad – rusu-
lad. arada, es yvelaferi TiTqos ar iyo. me vfiqrob, mTeli
saqme isaa, rom aseT viTarebaSi verc klasebs gamijnav, verc
wodebebs, verc adamianebs dahyof banakebad da verc am bana-
kebs daapirispireb. dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia es xana da
dramatulad winaaRmdegobrivia adamianic. erTma da imave ilia
WavWavaZem Tavis lelT Runias isic aTqmevina, rom Cveni Tavi
Cvenadve unda gveyudnodes da dadebiTi movlenaao, saqarTve-
loSi rusuli jaris Semosvlis asi wlisTavze esec dawera _
gana imitom, rom man lelT Runia daiviwya, aramed imitom, rom
hqonda am movlenas sxva mxarec.
TviTon rusuli mmarTvelobis Sefasebac ase martivad ar
xerxdeba. vTqvaT, Cven vambobT, TiTqos mas araferi gaukeTe-
bia da maSinve ismis pasuxad, rom rkinigzac gaiyvana, gzebic
moawesriga, avazakobac mospo da lekianobac Sewyvita meore
naxevarSi mainc saukunisa. qalaqebic xom gaSenda? amis uaryo-
fa sisulele iqneba iseve, rogorc Tqma imisa, rom dRevandeli
axalgazrdobis sasaxle TbilisSi rusi mTavarmarTeblis sasa-
xle arasodes yofila. misgan vimemkvidreveT, faqtia. rogor
vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos muzeumi gagrZeleba ar aris rusuli
xelisuflebis mier daarsebuli kavkasiis muzeumisa? Tundac
ukanasknel magaliTSi Zalian mkafiod Cans araTu orsaxovneba,
aramed mravalsaxovneba am movlenebisa.
sinamdvileSi, kavkasiuri muzeumis arsebobis dasawyisi
unda veZeboT ori qarTvelis _ yvelasTvis cnobili poetis,

270
rafiel erisTavisa da erT-erTi qobulaSvilis _ kerZo koleq-
ciebSi. maT rafiel erisTavis saxlSi, aleqsandre WavWavaZi-
sa da griboedovis quCebis gadakveTaze, gamofena moawyves an
namuSevrebs Tavi mouyares. es ambavi, ramdenadac vici, da-
zustebiT cnobili ar aris. Semdeg es namuSevrebi kavkasiis
muzeumis koleqciaSi Sevida, oRond ise, rom amis Sesaxeb pi-
radad me marto kote ColoyaSvilisagan msmenia. arada, ro-
gorc wesi, dResac ise iwereba da iTqmis, TiTqos es marto
gustav radem gaakeTa. cxadia, gustav rade Zalian mniSvne-
lovani moRvawe iyo, Tumca esec ar aris erTmniSvnelovani.
magaliTad, mis mier aRmoCenili yvelaze efeqturi eqsponati
_ qarTveli meomris sruli aRWurviloba raxtian-muzaradi-
an-yvelafrianad, romlis Sesaxebac ambad vici, Torem TvaliT
is me arasodes minaxavs, radem Tavis samSobloSi, berlinSi
gaagzavna, ruseTSic ki ara. SeiZleba, sruliad gulwrfelad
fiqrobda, modi, gamoCndes kavkasia germaniis muzeumSi, sa-
dac bevri xalxi dadis da iqneb vinme kidec dainteresdeso.
SeiZleba asec iyo, magram man xom berlinis muzeumi gaamdidra
da ara Tbilisisa. rade saqarTveloSi rusuli xelisuflebis
mier iyo dapatiJebuli. is aq atarebda rusul politikas, ro-
melic Zalian saintersoa TavisTavad. 1918 wlamde kavkasiis
muzeums qarTveli TanamSromeli ar hyolia, somexi ki, mgoni,
erTi hyavda. wesdebaSi albaT mTlad sityvebiT ar dawerdnen,
magram gansazRvruli iyo, rom adgilobrivi, rogorc admi-
nistratorebi ityodnen, `tuzemeci~ aq ar unda hyolodaT.
da mainc, gana kavkasiis muzeumma dadebiTi araferi moitana?
moitana, magram arsebobs sxva mxarec _ is koloniuri dawese-
buleba gaxldaT. gavixsenoT Tundac didebis taZari, sadac
1920 wlidan erovnuli galereaa.
albaT, es iyo kidev erTi saintereso muzeumi sakmarisad
mdidari koleqciiT da am SenobaSi gamofenebi imarTeboda. es
kavkasiis dapyrobis muzeumi iyo, magram iq gigo gabaSvilis
gamofenebi ewyoboda. sxvac ifineboda, sagamofeno sivrce iyo
da, am mxriv _ dadebiTi movlena. Tumca, amave dros, es Senoba
da mis mopirdapired mdgomi, aw ukve didi xania ararsebuli,

271
 wm. aleqsandre nevelis taZari iyo simbolo imisa, rom rusu-
li Zalaufleba movida da wasvlas ar apirebs. sainteresoa
isic, rom taZaris saxelwodeba amgvarad JRerda _ samxed-
ro taZari kavkasiis dapyrobis xsovnaze. rogoria, eklesia
viRacis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavad Sendebodes, magram es taZa-
ri aseTi iyo. sxvaTa Soris, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom 1990-
2000-ian wlebamde am taZris dangrevas sinanuliT aravin ix-
senebda. Cemi bebia da papa, romelic samxedro iyo, am taZarSi
daqorwindnen, jvari iq daiweres. miuxedavad amisa, bebiaCems
srulebiTac ar anaRvlebda misi dangreva. Tu dardobda, mxo-
lod im saflavebs, romlebic iq iyo, pirvel yovlisa ki, 1921
wlis brZolaSi daRupuli qarTveli samxedroebisas. iq iyo
ara mxolod iunkrebis cxedrebi, rogorc momabezreblad la-
parakobs Cveni media, aramed, zogadad, qarTveli samxedroe-
bis _ jariskacebisa da oficrebis neStebic. nuTu imaT xsov-
nas rame daakldeba, Tuki gavigebT, rom iqve samiode rigiTi
da ramednime oficeric marxia. Tumca Cven xom ar SegviZlia,
vilaparakoT is, rac sinamdvilea. virCevT raRac ambavs, va-
qcevT mas srulebiT uazro lozungad da mere amiT vamaxin-
jebT movlenebis realur mimdinareobas.
saqme is gaxlavT, rom, Tu gvinda, sworad davinaxoT,
rac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeboda, unda gaviTvaliswinoT vaxtang
kotetiSvilis araCveulebrivi fraza. vaxtang kotetiSvili
XIX saukunis saqarTveloze ambobda, rom es iyo ruseTis ori
gubernia, romlebsac qarTveli mwerlebi saqarTvelod moix-
seniebdnen. es Zalian zustad asaxavs namdvil viTarebas _ sa-
qarTvelo ar gamqarala, magram aRar Canda rukaze, aRar iyo
administraciulad, aRar arsebobda mmarTvelobiTad, gindac
iuridiulad da socialuradac mxolod nawilobriv rCeboda
imitom, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi arsebuli wesrigi arc
is iyo, rac saqarTvelos manamde hqonda da arc is, rac wi-
nandeli sazogadoebis bunebriv ganviTarebas Sedegad mohyva.
arada, amgvari ganviTareba, rogorc Cans, isaxeboda.
simarTle giTxraT, ar vici, es mosazreba ramdenad dasa-
buTebulia, magram arsebobda istorikosebis mTeli jgufi _

272
b-ni irakli anTelava da misi mowafeebis mTeli dasi, eTer or-
jonikiZe, ediSer xoStaria da albaT kidev sxvanic _ romelic
muSaobis dawyebisas Tvlida, rom XVIII saukuneSi saqarTvelo
erTgvar kapitalizmze bunebrivad gadadioda. isini, magali-
Tad, ambobdnen, rom Tavdaxsna anu memamulisagan sakuTari Ta-
visa da ojaxis gamosyidva XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi metad
gavrcelebuli movlena iyo da Tuki ase gagrZeldeboda, daax-
loebiT, XIX saukunis Sua xanisaTvis yma aRar iqneboda an iar-
sebebda viRac bogano da umiwawylo, romelic memamules msaxu-
rad eyoleboda. kidev vambob, me ar vici, es simarTlea Tu ara,
magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. eseni ar iyvnen fuqsavati
mkvlevrebi da raki ambobdnen, saamiso argumentebic hqondaT.
es mosazrebebi albaT kvlavac gadasaxedia, magram maTi arse-
boba ukve migviTiTebs, rom XVIII saukune martivi periodi ar
aris, am dros sxvadasxva tipis movlenebi xdeba. mxolod imaze
ver visaubrebT, rom lekianobaa, mosaxleoba katastrofulad
iklebs da marTlia, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiac da xeli-
suflebac devnis, magram mainc ver moviSoreT tyveTa syidva,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic mudmivi wiokia. marto es ar aris
is, rac xdeba, xdeba kidev raRac sxva.
rogorc mogaxseneT, piradad CemTvis suraTi naTeli ar
aris, Tumca srulebiT araswori mgonia, rodesac Zalian kargi
istorikosebi acxadeben, rom aq movlenebi ise ar warimarTa,
rogorc dasavleT evropaSi. ra savaldebuloa, Cvens qveyanaSi
yvelaferi ise xdebodes, rogorc safrangeTSi? CvenTan monar-
qia imgvarad, rogorc prusiaSi iyo, ar arsebobda da sociumi
ratom unda ganviTarebuliyo maTi TargiT? gana ar SeiZlebo-
da, gardasaxva migveRo, oRond gansxvavebulad da sxva gziT?
CemTvis amgvari logika gaugebaria. gegoneba, arsebobs raime
savaldebulo modeli. Tuki, magaliTad, SvedeTi im models
sul ar misdevs, maSin ra vTqvaT? iqneb is qveyana ar aris an
Tundac evropis erT-erTi umdidresi saxelmwifo? aseTi pri-
mitiuli sqemebiT msjeloba ar SeiZleba.
dResac gamoudmebiT ismis amgvari laparaki. amas winaT
movismine, saqarTveloSi Teatris esa da is formebi ar gan-

273
 viTardao. ratomaa savaldebulo, rom ganviTardes? gana ar
SeiZleba, CvenTan raRac sxva ganviTardes? ratom aravin ik-
virvebs, rom indoneziaSi, davuSvaT, marionetebis Teatri ar
aris, feradi Crdilebis Teatri ki aris? maS, es naklia? ar
aqvs ufleba, rame sxva hqondes? CemTvis sruliad gaugebari
survilia, iyo an raRac sruliad sxva, rac imTaviTve SeuZle-
belia, radgan nebismier adamians aqvs ori fexi, ori xeli da
erTi Tavi, an iyo zustad iseTi, rogoric... vin? erTs ingli-
seli moswons, meores _ germaneli, mesames _ amerikeli da vis
emsgavsos es ubeduri qarTveli, vis? xan erTi niRabi unda mo-
virgoT, xanac meore, imis mixedviT, Tu gulze vis ra exateba?
ar vici, rodis damTavrdeba msgavsi sisuleleebi, magram jer-
jerobiT amas piri ar uCans, piriqiT, ufro Rrmad mivtopavT.
am SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob sazogadoebas da ara politikas.
amas winaT b-nma giorgi niJaraZem Zalian kargad Tqva, rom po-
litika mxolod asaxavs imas, rasac warmoadgens sazogadoeba.
roca rame ar mogvwons xelisuflebis, CavixedoT sarkeSi da
davinaxavT, rom TviTonve varT yovelive imis mSobeli, rac
CvenTvis amdenad miuRebelia. veraviTari mteri ver gvizams
imas, rasac sakuTar Tavs vuSvebiT Tundac imiT, rom Cvenive
sisuleleebiT avis mosurnes vaxeirebT.
XIX saukune aris aseTi: aris saqarTvelo da qarTuli sa-
zogadoeba. axla ki warmoidgineT Cinuri spilos Zvlis bur-
Tebi, rodesac did burTSi Cadebulia erTmaneTSi Calagebuli
patara burTebi. amis msgavsad, qarTul sazogadoebas gars ar-
tyia rusuli administracia, sxvaTa Soris eTnikurad, did-
wilad, ararusuli. am rusis CinovnikebSi marTlac uamravia
germaneli da poloneli. maTgan viRac, rogorc Cans, qarT-
vels TanaugrZnobs, viRac – ara, viRac sxva ki, ubralod,
Wkviania da esmis, rom qarTvelobis amoZirkviT saqme ar gakeT-
deba. magaliTad, evgeni vaidenbaumi werda, rom samxreT-aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos TurqTagan CamorTmeul provinciebSi
qarTuli elementi unda gaaZliero, Tu imperiis sikeTe ginda.
arada, rusuli administracia sulac sawinaaRmdegos akeTebs
_ cdilobs, es elementi yovelnairad Seasustos, radgan am-

274
jobinebs, rom mteri sazRvarze hyavdes, oRondac nair-nairi
qarTuli kuTxeebisa da tomebis konsolidireba ar moxdes. ar
vici, vaidenbaums ra alaparakebda, ubralod, gamWriaxoba Tu
adamianoba. iqneb marTlac adamianurad ar esmoda, Tu ratom
unda daqsaqso eri, romelic isedac Sens morCilebaSia, ra-
tom ar unda Seuwyo mas xeli da ratom unda gaacamtvero is.
SeiZleba, is ase gansjida, magram iyo iseTic, vinc rusuli
xelisuflebis Zalian xist kolonialur direqtivebs sruliad
brmad asrulebda. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, nikolai Sopeni, sa-
xelganTqmuli poloneli kompozitoris Zma, warmoudgeneli
Savrazmeli, iseTi, rogoric TviTon rusebSic ki ar meguleba.
sxvaTa Soris, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom qarTul cnobiere-
baSi aseT ucnaur, saorWofo figurad darCa mixeil voronco-
vi. rasakvirvelia, is zrunavda ruseTze, magram, obieqturad
rom vTqvaT, qarTuli Teatri misi xelSewyobiT Seiqmna. mar-
Talia, dasi Semdeg daiSala, magram mainc voroncovis daxmare-
biT gamarTuli speqtaklebi iyo is, razec hqondaT sworeba da
ramac bolos profesiuli qarTuli Teatri kidec Camoayali-
ba. voroncovma daaarsebina aseve qarTuli Jurnali. sxvaTa
Soris, dimitri yifiani aseT ambavs hyveba: rusul samsaxurSi
axlad gadmoyvanili germaneli baroni, vinme fon rozeni, vo-
roncovTan misula da SeuCivlia, Cemi qaliSvilebi keTilSo-
bil qalTa saswavlebelSi swavloben, iq ki qarTuli iswavleba,
iqneb gaaTavisuflon, rakiRa sxva qveynidan Camovidnen, qar-
Tuli raSi sWirdebaTo. marTali giTxraT, me aqedan pirvelad
gavige, rom am dros qarTuli swavleba jer kidev aris da sain-
tereso aris voroncovis pasuxic: am qveyanaSi xom cxovroben
da sanam aq arian, keTili inebon da iswavlono. am saubars di-
mitri yifiani Seeswro. ar gamovricxav, rom es erTgvari Jesti
yofiliyo mis dasanaxad. Tumca voroncovs is mainc esmoda,
rom aseTi Jesti saWiro iyo da qarTuli sazogadoeba, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, misi ufro gamWriaxi da windaxeduli nawili,
amas sasikeTod gamoyenebda. isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom,
magaliTad, akaki wereTlisTvis mixeil voroncovi bolomde
aseT pozitiur figurad darCa. iyvnen istorikosebic, romle-

275
 bic bolomde ase fiqrobdnen. giorgi CubinaSvili, magaliTad,
daaxloebiT, 1930 wlamde ase fiqrobda. rogorc Cans, papami-
sisgan, daviT CubinaSvilisgan, gagonili ambebisda mixedviT,
aseTi warmodgena hqonda. mere Tvalsazrisi mkveTrad Seic-
vala, magram raRac xani aman mainc gastana da, savaraudod,
aseTive ram sxvebisganac esmoda, Torem ase ar ifiqrebda.
amaT garda, saqarTveloSi iyvnen Camosaxlebuli ucxoto-
melebic. srulebiT aSkaraa, rom rusuli administracia yo-
velnairad xels uwyobda am Camosuli elementis gaZlierebas,
wmindad raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT. arsebobs statistikis
monacemebi: rogorc ki TbilisSi qarTuli mosaxleoba mTlia-
ni macxovreblebis naxevars Seadgenda (es orjer moxda _ daax-
loebiT 1828 wlisTvis da, mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi), imwamsve Ca-
moiyvandnen TurqeTidan iqaur somxobas. amasTanave isic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom axlad Camosuli adgilobriv pirobebs
srulebiT ar iyo SeTvisebuli. aq, vTqvaT, Tbilissa Tu gorSi
XVI-XVII saukunidan mosaxle somxebis didi nawili asimilire-
buli iyo, xolo nawili somxobas Tu inarCunebda, aqaurobas
imdenad iyo Seguebuli, rom sasaubrod da saurTierTod, ma-
galiTad, mimowerisa da sabuTebis enad, qarTuli hqonda da
ara somxuri. maT somxuri saerTod ar ician. gorSi es asec
darCa, magram TbilisSi ase ukve aRar iyo. aq daiwyo erTgva-
ri rehaizacia imaTic ki, vinc Tavs qarTvelad miiCnevda. iyo,
magaliTad, vinme arRuTaSvili, romelmac 1830 wels Tbilisis
erT-erTi gimnaziis JurnalSi fsevdonimad aiRo `qarTveli~,
xazgasmulad _ `qarTveli~. viRac albaT wamoaZaxebda xolme,
somexi xaro da aman `qarTveli~ dairqva. XIX saukunis bolosken
arRuTaSvilebi ukve arRuTinski-dolgorukovebi gaxdnen da
marto Tavisi somxoba axsovdaT. es ar Seexo yvela grigorians,
magram iyvnen aseTebic. TurqeTidan Camosulebi osmalebisagan
daCagrulni arian da aq maT upiratesobas aniWeben, yovelnai-
rad xels uwyoben da uRviveben imis gancdas, rom isini unda
iyvnen amierkavkasiaSi umTavresni. rusuli politika dResac
aseTia. Cvens samxreTel mezoblebs ar esmiT, rom rusuli sa-
xelmwifo maT sasikeTod arafers akeTebs, maT qarTvelisa da

276
azerbaijanelis winaaRmdeg iaraRad iyeneben, meti araferi:
javaxeTSi _ qarTvelis winaaRmdeg (TbilisSi, jerjerobiT, ar
gamosdiT, magram SeiZleba aqac scadon) da yarabaRSi _ azer-
baijanelis winaaRmdeg. sxva ambavia, rom yarabaRis problema
Zalian rTulia, gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre javaxeTis,
radgan iq somxuri elementi yovelTvis iyo da, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, nivTieri Zeglebis mixedviT, sakmaod Zlieric. javaxeTSi
aris XIX saukunis somxuri eklesiebi da Tanac, rogorc axla
gairkva, berZeni ostatebis aSenebuli. es aris da es! Tuki ma-
namde iq saerTod rame iyo, iqneboda Zalian susti, yarabaRi
ki sxvaa. ubralod, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, iq somxuri av-
tonomiis Seqmna ruseTis interesia da ara somxeTis. somxeTi-
saTvis es mxolod imis sawindaria, rom gadamterebuli hyavdes
ori Zalian Zlieri mezobeli _ azerbaijaneli da Turqi. Tu
ra sikeTes moutans es somxeTs, rogorc saxelmwifos, srule-
biT gaugebaria.
saqarTveloSi iyvnen germanelebic, romlebsac agreTve
aZlierebdnen, magram rogorRac ise moxda, rom germaneleb-
sa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba kargad aewyo. sxvaTa
Soris, es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda saqarTvelos sam-
wliani damoukideblobisas, rodesac germanelebi qarTvelebs
yovelnairad mxarSi edgnen, imdenad, rom germanuli nawile-
bi Seqmnes, viTomda germanuli jaris danayofebi. sinamdvi-
leSi, es aqauri germanelebi iyvnen, aleqsanderhilfidan da
elizabetTalidan mosuli macxovreblebi. saqarTvelos dac-
vas maT veravin daavalebda, TviTon moindomes amis gakeTeba,
TviTon isurves, yofiliyvnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
maSenebelni. mgoni, Zalian madlierni unda viyoT am xalxisa.
magaliTad, barbare jorjaZis siZe iyo fon gehtmani. misi Svi-
li da SviliSvili qarTvelebi iyvnen, maT yvela qarTvelebad
icnobda. leila gehtmani, bunebrivia, qarTul skolaSi, mgoni,
mamaCemis klasSic ki swavlobda. aravin fiqrobda, rom maT
sxvanairi gvari aqvT.
es yvelaferi Zalian rTul suraTs qmnis: mimdinareobs
qarTuli kulturuli cxovreba, paralelurad _ rusuli da

277
 paralelurad kidev _ somxuri, imavdroulad, gamodis germa-
nuli gazeTic. Tanac es yvelaferi erTmaneTisgan kedlebiT
gamoyofili xom ar aris?! yvelam, vinc aq cxovrobs, icis ru-
suli. yvela rusul saswavlebelSi swavlobs. maT Soris inask-
veba megobruli urTierToba da es mere sxvadasxvanairad iCens
Tavs. ai, magaliTad, iyo cnobili smirnovebis ojaxi. erT-er-
Ti maTgani, Tu ar vcdebi, giorgi smirnovi, ivane javaxiSvi-
lis klasSi swavlobda da masTan megobrobda, bebiis bebia ki
qarTveli hyavda. sxvaTa Soris, garegnobiT es smirnovebi sul
kavkasielebs hgvanan. ratom rCebian saqarTveloSi? ratom
utoveben Tavis qonebas saqarTvelos da ara ruseTs, romelic
mTel maT avejs, wignebsa da suraTebsac namdvilad iyidda?
ratom akeTeben amas? srulebiT gaugebaria, magram ratomRac
aq aseTi kavSiri gaiba. aris sxva aseTi rusuli ojaxebic. me
naTesavebi myavda aseTi (myavs axlac, ubralod, im gvarisa aRa-
ravin darCa), nikitinebi. yvelaze didi Seuracxyofa maTTvis
is iqneboda, Tuki etyodi, rusi xaro. arc minda warmovidgi-
no, amis mTqmels ra mouvidoda, albaT cocxali ver gaaswreb-
da. es rom Cemi molandeba araa, amis mowmobad `iveriaSi~ rac
wavikiTxe, isic gamodgeba: quTaisis gimnazia ama da am wels
daamTavra aman, aman da aman _ Satilovi, rusi. vkiTxulob amas
da vfiqrob, Satilovi rusis meti aba vin iqneba-meTqi. uceb
striqongamoSvebiT isev Satilovia, oRond _ qarTveli. warmo-
gidgeniaT, erTi gvaris ori adamiani, savaraudod, biZaSvilebi
_ erTi rusia, meore qarTvelia. aseTi ucnaurobaa.
es Zalian ucnauria imitom, rom yovelnairi logikiT, yve-
lafris mixedviT, imas, rac maSin Cvens qveyanaSi trialebda,
qarTvelebis erTmniSvnelovani asimilireba unda mohyoloda
da es ki sulac ar moxda. ufro sworad, aseTi SemTxvevebi Za-
lian iSviaTi iyo da isic, umTavresad, imaT Tavs, vinc ruseT-
Si gadasaxlda. Tumca, sumbaTov-iuJini, XIX saukunis bolosa
da XX saukunis dasawyisSi rusuli Teatris erT-erTi yvelaze
saxelganTqmuli warmomadgeneli, sicocxlis bolomde qarT-
velobda, qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare iyo. me TviTon
vicnobdi da vici, rom iyvnen enobrivad srulebiT garusebu-

278
lebic. maTi rusoba daujerebeli gaxldaT, magram vinme Tu
agrZnobinebda, rom maTi rusuli ar moswons da Tavisianad ar
Tvlis, Seuracxyofa iqneboda. am dros borjomis xeobasa da
guriaSi xdeba ukrainuli da kazakuri mTeli soflebis gaqar-
Tveleba, qalaqSi _ rusuli ojaxebis gaqarTvelebac. aseve,
grZeldeba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi somxobis
qarTul kulturaSi Semosvla da zogjer sulieri gaqarTve-
lebac. es solJenicinis terminia, romelic Zalian momwons.
magaliTad, aseTi iyo artem axnazarovi. misi polemikuri weri-
lebi nacionalisturi somxuri burJuaziis mimarT, romelic
TbilisSi iyo da, faqtobrivad, Tbilisi Tavisad undoda, ise-
Ti simZafrisaa, rogoric me qarTvel mwerlebTan ar megule-
ba, saerTodac qarTuli gvaris mqone arc erT avtorTan ar
minaxavs. SeiZleba, baCanasTanaa, Tumca ar mgonia. imis Tqma
minda, rom es aris araCveulebrivad rTuli qsovili, sadac
yoveli movlena, yoveli nabiji, yoveli naweri, yoveli naT-
qvami _ yvelaferi unda iyos ganxiluli Zalian mravalmxrivad
da yovelTvis unda miakvlio imas, Tu ratom iTqva esa da es,
ratom gakeTda esa Tu is. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ufro farTod
unda SevxedoT TiTqosda aSkara rameebsac.
yvelas, vinc ase Tu ise dainteresebulia XIX saukunis sa-
qarTveloTi, axsovs ilia WavWavaZis `gamocanebi“, romlebiTac
man miwasTan gaaswora lamisaa yvela, vinc ki imdroindel qar-
Tul sazogadoebaSi rames warmoadgenda. Zalian xSirad hgo-
niaT, rom es iyo ise, ubralod, dawerili epigramebi an sulac,
me mgoni, 1860-ian wlebSi mis enobriv polemikas ukavSireben.
arada, aq aris erTi Zalian konkretuli ambavi da me arc var
darwmunebuli, rom ilia bolomde marTali iyo. misi survili
gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, magram ucnobia, eqneboda Tu ara
keTili dasasruli mis mondomebas.
ambavi iyo aseTi: Camodioda aleqsandre II da misTvis rame
unda eTxovaT. ilia da misi momxreebi fiqrobdnen, rom qarT-
velma Tavadaznaurobam TbilisSi universitetis gaxsna unda
iTxovos. gasagebia, ratomac _ raTa qarTveli axalgazrdebi
ar wasuliyvnen ruseTSi, sadac, garda yvelafrisa, siciveebs

279
 ver uZlebdnen da xSirad avaddebodnen, Wleqi emarTebodaT.
amisi ara erTi, ori da sami SemTxveva iyo da srulebiT axal-
gazrda, saR-salamaTi adamianebi iRupebodnen. sxva arasasur-
veli SemTxvevebic iyo. amaze TiTqos SeTanxmden kidec, magram
bolo wams Tbilisis guberniis qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam
TbilisSi kadetTa korpusis gaxsnis Suamdgomloba Seitana da
es korpusi gaixsna kidec. amas mohyva ilias aRSfoTeba da
`gamocanebi“ daiwera.
kidev vambob, es gasagebia, magram erTi wuTiT SevxedoT
movlenebs im Tavadaznaurobis TvaliT. qarTveli Tavadaz-
nauroba, ZiriTadad, xelmoklea. skolebSi, sadac gadasaxadia
Sesatani, isini TavianT Svilebs Znelad abareben, Rarib moswa-
vleTa Semwe sazogadoeba ki, romelic jer kidev ar aris Zlie-
ri, fuls ver uxdis. sxvaTa Soris, yvelas merec ver uxdida.
kadetTa korpusi aris saswavlebeli, sadac maT Svilebs ufa-
sod aswavlidnen. isini isedac iZulebulni arian, vaJebi iq mia-
baron da abareben ruseTis saswavleblebSi. TbilisSi kadet-
Ta korpusi, darwmunebuli var, maT mxolod imitom undodaT,
rom vaJebi Sors ar gaestumrebinaT. ai, es iyo am ambis Tavi da
bolo da is CemTvis absoluturad gasagebia. marTalia, aman
ar uSvela da viRacas ruseTSi mainc waiyvandnen xolme, magram
aq darCenis SesaZleblobac gaCnda. viRac gadarCa voroneJSi,
vladikavkazSi Tu kidev sadRac gaSvebas.
sxva mxriv, warmovidginoT, rom aq universiteti gaixsne-
boda, is ki rusuli iqneboda. rogor unda momxdariyo 1918
wels am universitetis gaqarTuleba? iqneb ufro advili iyo,
qarTuli universitetis gaxsna mere, Tundac 30-40 wliani da-
gvianebiT, vidre ukve arsebuli da Camoyalibebuli rusuli
saswavleblis gadakeTeba. es ras gamoiwvevda, rogor dapiris-
pirebas, Zalian Zneli saTqmelia. sainteresoa, magaliTad, ro-
gor warimarTa tartus universitetSi igive procesi, Tumca
tartus universitets is Sveloda, rom germanuli winaistoria
hqonda _ dorpatis universiteti iyo, misi Ziri germanuli
mecniereba gaxldaT da rusuli iyo mxolod Txeli zeda fena.
CvenTan ki, sadac Ziri rusuli iqneboda, ras vizamdiT? ra

280
vici, rogorc xedavT, pasuxi ar maqvs. me mxolod vambob, rom
es movlena aqedanac unda ganvixiloT da iqedanac da ase unda
SevxedoT saerTod yvelafers, rac im dros xdeba.
dimitri yifiani vaxsene. dimitri yifiani fiqrobs, rom ru-
suli saxelmwifo saqarTvelosTvis sikeTis momtania. Tumca,
amave dros, cdilobs rusuli xelisuflebis gacurebas, raTa
dadianebs, fulis sanacvlod, mamulebi ar CamoarTvan. eka-
terine dadianis memkvidreebs, arasrulwlovan bavSvebs, amas
sTavazoben, dimitri yifiani ki afrTxilebs maT, rom ar da-
Tanxmdnen, radgan maTi meurvea. am dros is jer kidev rusul
samsaxurSia, Tumca Semdeg, rodesac aseT moRvaweobas Seudga,
samsaxuris datoveba mouxda. arada, igi srulebiT gulwrfe-
lad uWers mxars rusul xelisuflebas, radgan imJamad ver
xedavs saqarTvelos politikuri arsebobisTvis sxva gamosa-
vals, sxva gzas, romelic saqarTvelos arsebobis gagrZelebas
uzrunvelyofda. vin aris is _ ruseTis msaxuria Tu saqarTve-
losi? saqarTvelos msaxuria, ra Tqma unda! ruseTis msaxure-
ba aris Seqmnil viTarebaSi misi swori Tu araswori taqtika. me
meCveneba, rom arasworia, magram Tavad sxvanairad fiqrobda.
man jer ar icoda Zalian bevri ram, rac Cven dRes viciT, ra-
sac dRes vxedavT, rac mere moxda.
yvelaferi es aisaxeba imdroindel xuroTmoZRvrebaSic.
qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam TiTqmis mTliand dakarga sazoga-
doebrivi asparezi. yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi nageboba, al-
baT qarTuli Teatris Senobis garda _ sasamarTlos Senobebi,
Teatrebi, klubebi, sxvadasxva sauwyebo nageboba _ Sendeba ru-
seTis xelisuflebis mier ise, rogorc mas unda. es yvelaferi
Sendeba ise, rogorc rusi romelime Tavis sagubernio qalaq-
Si aaSenebda. faqtobrivad, qalaqebSi saeklesio mSeneblobac
rusebis xelSia. Tumca aq yovelTvis mTlad ise ar gamodis,
rogorc maT undaT. magaliTad, Sendeba mama-daviTis eklesia,
raRac ucnauri hibridi qarTuli Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtu-
risa. roca axlos mixval, TiTqos fsevdogoTikuric aris da
slavuric. saboloo jamSi, risi nazavi iyo ar vici, qarTveli

281
 qtitorebi ki hyavda _ mRvdlebi da levan meliqiSvilis ojaxi.
asevea Tundac wm. nikolozis eklesia CuRureTSi, wm. samebis
eklesia, e.w. patara sameba erovnuli biblioTekis ukan, rome-
lic mTlad qarTul yaidaze Sendeba. aqac qarTveli qtitore-
bi arian _ mRvdlebi, vaWrebi da aznaurebi.
TiTqosda Cveni sazogadoebis asparezi sabinao xuroT-
moZRvrebaa, magram qalaqebSi aseTi suraTia: uamravi saxli
ekuTvnis sxvas _ russ, germanels, somexs. yvelaze saintereso
aq swored amis gamo xdeba. ara marto qarTveli iSenebes saxls,
romelic rusuls mTlad ar hgavs, aramed, magaliTad, guSin
saidanRac Camosaxlebuli germaneli generali an rusi moxele
iSenebs saxls, romelsac quCisken da, ukve srulebiT aucileb-
lad, ezosken aivnebi aqvs. ratom? es srulebiT ar aris buneb-
rivi maTi Cveuli yofisTvis, magram uceb iTviseben amas da es
Zalian sainteresoa. fotoa aseTi, Cveneburi mxatvris, klara
kveesis, estonur-germanuli ojaxis sasadilo oTaxis, sadac
dgas evropuli aveji da kedelze iseTi kavkasiuri fardagi
hkidia, nebismier qarTul ojaxSi rom naxavdiT. ras niSnavs
es? faqtobrivad, yvela saxlSi, albaT iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda da amgvari gamonaklisi qarTul ojaxebSic iqneboda,
Tqven naxavdiT ara erTmniSvnelovnad aRmosavlur, erTmniS-
vnelovnad evropul an, vTqvaT, erTmniSvnelovnad Suasauku-
novan qarTul nivTebs, aramed raRacanair nazavs nivTebisas
_ iranuls, adgilobrivs, evropidan Camotanils, iqve rusul
samovarsac da yvelaferi es iyo erTi da qmnida erTian yofas.
rom ar viyo tendenciuri, davimowmeb somexi poetis, hova-
nes Tumanianis, naTqvams, romelic Cemi megobrisgan, giorgi
marjaniSvilisgan, msmenia. ar vici saidan aris, albaT miTx-
ra kidec, sad waikiTxa, magram am xnis manZilze damaviwyda.
hovanes Tumaniani Tbilisze ambobs, es erTi sufraa, romel-
sac bevri tomis xalxi Semosxdomia, magram Tamadad qarTveli
ziso. swored es iyo qarTvelis gancdaSi. riT iyo gamowveuli
mdidari somxebis mudmivi survili, xelSi CaegdoT Tbilisis
qalaqis mmarTveloba? swored imiT, rom isini aq Tavs bolom-
de laRad mainc ver grZnobdnen. maT hqondaT samasi saxli,

282
qarTvels ki _ mxolod sami. da mainc, am sam saxlSi qarTveli
grZnobda Tavs qalaqis patronad, romelic Seviwroebulia,
magram patroni mainc TviTonaa da ara viRac sxva, vinc mdida-
ric aris, mravalricxovanic, magram mainc mosulia. ai, aseTi
ucnauri viTarebaa.
daaxloebiT, 1920-iani wlebis bolodan 1960-iani wlebis
Sua xanamde TbilisSi kidevac arsebobs saxlis tipi, romelic
dedamiwaze sxvagan marTlac arsad aris. es aris aivnebiani sa-
xli, romelic aq Seiqmna rusebisgan SemoTavazebuli evropuli
fasadebis elementebisa da lojia-aivnebis SeTavsebiT. srule-
biT sxvanairi ram aris. aseTive sruliad Taviseburi da arcTu
Tbilisis msgavsi saxlebi Seiqmna TelavSi, siRnaRSi da nakle-
bad _ quTaisSi. quTaisSi amgvari tipuri evropuli yaidis qa-
laquri saxlebi cota ufro gvian Sendeba, magram am saxlebis
is mxare, romelic rionisa da ezoebisken iyureba, iqac sru-
lebiT sxvanairia. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan xdeba aseTi
ram: aq ukve Canan kargi evropuli ganswavlis arqiteqtorebi,
ufro metad _ polonelebi da germanelebi, ramdenime rusic
(magaliTad, ozerovi), romlebic aq muSaoben da Tanac kargad
muSaoben, profesionalebi arian. aSeneben kargi donis ekleq-
tikas, gemovnebiansac da, rac mTavaria, isini TiTqosda pro-
fesiulad iTvaliswineben qarTul garemos, ar vici imitom,
rom zogi maTgani aq aris dabadebuli an imitom, rom es gare-
mo Zalian Zlieri zemoqmedebis mqonea, is sazogadoeba mainc,
romlidanac ver gamotoveb manana orbelians. tolstoimac ki,
romelic Zalian cdilobs, Tavis `haji muratSi“ saqarTveloSi
qarTveli ar dainaxos, manana orbeliani ver gamotova imitom,
rom es qali Tundac voroncovis gverdiT metismetad Cans.
marTalia, tolstoi masze wers, pirferiao, magram es ukve misi
sindisis saqmea. Zalian didi mwerali iyo, magram, erovnul
sakiTxs rac Seexeba, zustad iseTive Sovinistia, rogorc uam-
ravi sxva Zalian kargi rusi mwerali, dawyebuli puSkiniT da
damTavrebuli visiTac ginda, albaT eseniniT an ara rusi, ma-
gram mainc didi Savrazmeli mandelStamiT. Zalian kargad Cans
mis nawerebSi amgvari kolonialistoba.

283
 es garemo, sadac qarTveli mainc pirvel adgilzea, etyo-
ba, moqmedebs. aseTi ram ar aris umagaliTo. aseTi ram Cans,
Cemi azriT, poloneTSi, magaliTad, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. ra-
Rac amdagvari unda yofiliyo saerTod Sua evropaSi, Tundac
serbeTSi, xorvatiaSi. ucnauri ram xdeba iq, ucnauri xelo-
vneba iqmneba. arada, xSirad es Camosuli adamianebis nakeTe-
bia. gavlenas axdens raRac, oRond yvelgan _ ara. magaliTad,
praRis arqiteqturaSi me amas ver vxedav. me meCveneba, rom
iq italieli, germaneli Tu frangi rogoric Camovida, iseTi
rCeboda. poloneTsa da albaT ungreTSi ase ar aris, iq raRac
sxvanairia. ar vici, ratom. amas sxva kvleva unda. sxvaTa So-
ris, es SeiZleba racionalurad verc aixsnas. ubralod, unda
davadasturoT, rom es asea da ratom da rogor _ ar viciT,
romeliRac faqtorebis Tanxvdenis gamo.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Telavsa da siRnaRSi ucnau-
ri, Zalian sada arqiteqturaa, romelsac evropul ekleqti-
kasac ver daarqmev, sada aguris fasadebia da ezosken isev
aivnebia. Tumca Tbilissa da quTaisSi Cven vxedavT evropul
fasadebs da ezosken ki raRacas, srulebiT gansxvavebuls. yve-
laze saintereso isaa, rom TbilisSi dabadebulma germanelma
albert zalcmanma es aivani (sxvaTa Soris, quCiskenac) Tavis
sakuTar saxls gaukeTa. namdvilad ver ityvi, damkveTma uTx-
rao, Tavad aiSena, TavisTvis da sakuTari SvilebisTvis aseTi
saxli moindoma. quTaisSi, sxvaTa Soris, fasadebic ucnauria.
Cemma kolegebma _ q-nma marine buliam, q-nma mzia janjaliam,
b-nma daviT xoStariam da b-nma daviT cxadaZem _ quTaisze wig-
ni gamosces da masSi aseTi saintereso ram aris: SemorCenilia
naxati da gverdiT ki fotoa. zustad ise, rogorc `araCveu-
lebriv gamofenaSi~ yvela elementi erTmaneTs hgavs, mTliano-
baSi Sexedav da _ araferi msgavsi. xdeba aseTi ram: vTqvaT,
raRaca elementi gadiddeba an, piriqiT, dapataravdeba, ca-
rieli areebi, vTqvaT, sarkmlebis sapireebs Soris, gaizrdeba
an daviwrovdeba da gamodis absoluturad sxva plastika, sul
sxva kveTa. adgilobrivi ostatebi muSaoben da Tanac qvaze.
TbilisSi mainc ufro metad naZerwobaa, iq ki fasadebze qva

284
aris da am kveTaSi, gamoTlaSi, iseTi cvlilebebi Semodis, rom
verafriT veRar ityvi, es isaa, rac naxazze iyoo. arada, im
ostatma yvelaferi Seasrula, oRond Tavis gemoze Seasrula
da fasadebic ucnauria.
ar vici, vis TvalSi rogoraa. viRacisTvis es albaT ubra-
lod provincializmi iqneba, me kidev meCveneba, rom es aris
im SemoqmedebiTi ZarRvis feTqva, romelsac veraferi ere-
va da romelmac SeiZleba Zalian ucnaur adgilebSi iCinos
Tavi. magaliTad, e.w. zeda beTlemis eklesiisaken kibe adis
da misi proeqti SemorCenilia. saSinlad xisti geometriuli
konstruqciaa, romelsac svetnari misdevs. cnobilia, rom
mere mSenebelTa hamqarma gaakeTa. proeqts gadauxvies da gaa-
keTes araCveulebrivi mixveul-moxveuli kibe. gamoiyenes Zve-
li galavnis naSTebi, Zveli wyaro. me meCveneba, rom is Zvelia
an SeiZleba Zvelis mibaZviT TviTonve aaSenes, ar vici. arc ki
gagaxsendeba is proeqti da, miT umetes, misi sakmaod uniWo
avtori. azradac ar mogiva, rom es misia da namdvilad arc
aris, im ostatebma Tavis gemoze gaakeTes ise, rogorc Tvi-
Ton moindomes. igive aris quTaisSic _ es aris ara raRacis
gatlanqeba, aramed sakuTar Wkuaze gakeTeba. sxvaTa Soris,
aseTi ram aris CrdiloeT ruseTSi XVIII saukuneSi – iq samo-
qalaqo arqiteqturaSi xalxuri xeze kveTilobis mexsierebiT
akeTeben evropuli barokos elementebs. es iseTi saocari sa-
naxaobaa, iseTi sxvanairobaa, sulac ar aris tlanqi da primi-
tiuli, ubralod, gadasxvaferebulia. ase moindoma im kacma
da organulad gaakeTa, Tavidan bolomde gaakeTa, romeliRac
calkeuli elementebi ki ar gaafuWa, axali mTlianoba Seqm-
na. me vfiqrob, rom es, yvelgan ara, magram quTaisSic aris.
iqve araCveulebrivi xarisxis, srulebiT evropuli nagebobe-
bicaa. erT-erTia gimnaziis Senoba. saocari neoklasicizmia.
TbilisSi, dRevandel mayaSvilis quCaze kidev ori amdagvari
saxlia. aRmoCnda, rom es peterburgidan Camosuli arqiteq-
tor leontievis saxlebia. gasakviri, Zalze maRalxarisxovani
neoklasicizmia. sadac ginda, waiRe. momwons, Tumca is, maga-
liTad, ufro meaxlobleba. es Zalian kargia da unda iyos,

285
 rasakvirvelia, unda SevinarCunoT, rom vaCvenoT _ esec Seg-
viZlia, roca movindomebT, amasac miviRebT, amasac Cvens qa-
laqs SevuxamebT, Tu gamkeTebeli rigiani iqneba. es leontie-
vi, Cvenda bedad, kargi profesionali gamodga.
imavdroulad, xdeba aseTi ram _ soflis mSeneblobaSi
saeklesio Senobebic inarCunebs erTgvar tradiciul iers,
Tumca maTi didi raodenoba, romelic XIX saukunis meore naxe-
varSi Sendeboda, sakmaod ulazaTo da ugemuria, TiTqos stan-
dartizebuls hgavs, Zalian usicocxloa. ufro metad aguris
Senobebia. samwuxarod, albaT umniSvnelovanesi am nageboba-
Tagan _ Cveni saxelganTqmuli gabriel episkoposis mier baxv-
Si aSenebuli taZari _ ganadgurebulia. aseve ganadgurebulia
quTaisis soboro, romelic agreTve qarTul Targze aSenebu-
li nagebobis Zalian adreuli magaliTia, Tumca rusi avto-
ri hyavs. Cemi kolega b-ni valeri kalandaZe fiqrobs, rom es
SeiZleba e.w. qarTuli stilis pirveli mercxali iyos, marTa-
lia, Semdgom gunds cota daSorebuli, magram mainc. SeiZleba
asec iyos, ar vici, dafiqreba sWirdeba. asea Tu ise, Cven isev
yuradRebiT unda SevxedoT da vifiqroT. zogi maTgani iseTi
usiamovnoa, magaliTad, atocis eklesia, rom ar vici, ra unda
gavakeToT. Tumca eseni, romlebic rusul yaidazea aSenebu-
li, albaT unda darCes. sxvebsac dakvirveba unda. romeli-
Raca mniSvnelovania, romeliRaca _ umniSvnelo. magaliTad,
sainteresoa qarTveli ostatebis _ berekaSvilebisa da fxala-
Zeebis _ naxelavi. qarTlSic unda vnaxoT. b-ni vaxtang jobaZe
ambobs, rom suramis erT-erTi eklesia jobaZeebis aSenebulia.
unda inaxos, romelia, ranairia. eseni unda SevinaxoT, Tundac
imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, qarTveli ostati axal viTarebaSi
ras akeTebs. Tumca vfiqrob, rom iqneba iseTebic, romlebic
SeiZleba gadasakeTeblad, iersacvlelad davTmoT. ratomac
ara, Tu mas mxatvruli Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia da Tanac Cveni
peizaJisTvis, im garemosTvis ucxoa? me ar mgonia, is xel-
Seuxebeli iyos mxolod imitom, rom eklesiaa. Cveni winaprebi,
roca raRac ar moewonebodaT, moSlidnen da axals aSenebd-
nen. me vfiqrob, rom unda viqceodeT ise, rogorc bunebrivia.

286
SegviZlia, dRes ukeTesi taZari avaSenoT? avaSenoT! Tu ar
varT amaSi darwmunebuli, maSin, gindac ugvani, Zveli idges. me
vfiqrob, ase unda vimoqmedoT. rodesac davrwmundebiT, rom
Cvens dRevandel xuroTmoZRvars SeuZlia, margaliti Seqmnas,
davuTmoT adgili margalits. davafiqsiroT, SevinaxoT _ es
momavalma gadawyvitos, es Cemi saqme ar aris.
amas garda, Zalian mniSvnelovania soflis binaTmSeneblo-
ba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac XIX saukunis meore naxevar-
Si odasaxli yalibdeba. amasTanave, qalaquri arqiteqturisa
da aristokratiuli saxlis elementebis SerTviT Cndeba yvela
wodebisa da socialuri fenisTvis misaRebi da mosargebi sa-
xlis tipi, romelic, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, araCveuleb-
rivia. rogorc Cans, sabolood is raWaSi yalibdeba, Semdeg
mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi vrceldeba da misi adgilobrivi
nairsaxeobebi iqmneba imereTSi, aWaraSi (aWaraSi Zalian Zlie-
ri lazuri mSeneblobacaa da odaSic Cans lazi ostatebis-
gan mosesxebuli elementebi) da, gansakuTrebiT, samegrelosa
da afzaxeTSi. swored es saxli aris erT-erTi mowmoba imisa,
rom CvenTvis viTomda srulebiT ucxo afxazeTi, `im~ afxaze-
biT dasaxlebuli soflebic ki, qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis
nawilia da araviTari siucxove ar aris. ar vici, rodis Camosa-
xldnen X saukuneSi, Zv.w. XXXII saukuneSi Tu saerTodac ax.w.
XIX saukuneSi. ar aqvs amas mniSvneloba. es mosuli XIX sauku-
nis Sua xanisTvis gaxda qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis nawili
da giorgi SarvaSiZe, afxazeTis patrioti da qarTveli poeti,
SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom afxa-
zTa mTeli aristokratia Tavis tomobriv TavmoyvareobasTan
qarTul patriotizms aTavsebda, ufro sworad, maTTvis es
erTi da igive iyo. es ase aris kulturul-istoriulad. Tavi
davaneboT ucnaur kvlevas, TiTqos cxenebis jiSebze vlapara-
kobdeT. Cven vlaparakobT adamianebze, adamianebs kidev suli
aqvT da es suli, mgoni, adrec vTqviT, ufro Zlieria, vidre
yvelaferi sxva _ mas yvelaferi SeuZlia, im jiSis gardasaxvac
SeuZlia. SemTxveviT ar ambobs grigol robaqiZe Zalian Wkvia-
nurad _ jiSi mxolod mocemulobaa da mere imis wvrTna ariso.

287
 es wvrTna gonebisa da sulisgan modis da ara sxva ramisgan. is
qmnis adamians da ara biologiuri monacemi, romelic sakmaod
susti ramea. aris, ra Tqma unda da Tavisas akeTebs, magram ver
Seedreba im sxvas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ver unda edrebodes.
odasaxlis mniSvneloba marto is araa, rom man Seqmna dRes
arsebuli ulamazesi dasavleTqarTuli soflebi, sadac jer
kidev dgas es saxlebi. rogorc Cans, raWveli ostatebis mo-
nawileobiT nel-nela xdeba aRmosavleTqarTuli soflis gar-
dasaxva da midis manamde arsebuli darbazi. es procesi, sava-
raudod, XIX saukunis miwuruls daiwyo da XX saukunis pirvel
aTwleulebSi gagrZelda. darbazis gaqrobas bevri sxvadasxva
mizezi aqvs _ socialuri, kulturuli, bevrnairi, magram is
midis da misi wasvliT qarTuli soflis ieris damaxinjeba jer
ar xdeba. Zalian dasanania, rom Zalian bevri lamazi darba-
zi albaT ise davkargeT, rom arc viciT. da mainc, is, rac
aSenda Tundac 1930-ian wlebSi jer kidev ar aris simaxinje.
gaubedureba qarTuli soflisa, Cemi azriT, 1950-iani wlebis
bolodan iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, me rac vici, asea. manamde
swored am dasavleTqarTulma formulam, romelic saxes icv-
lis qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, TuSeTamde aaRwia. iq aris aivnebi, nam-
dvilad uSualod raWveli ostatebis gamoTlili. is minabaZic
ar aris, ubralod, raWvelma gaakeTa. es dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi SemuSavebuli saxe saxlisa, yvelgan morgebuli garemos,
axal saxes qmnis, oRond, jer kidev qarTuli soflis axal
saxes da ara raRac gaurkvevlobis, rogorc es bolo dros,
samwuxarod, xSirad aris xolme. es, rasakvirvelia, agreTve
SemoqmedebiTi potenciis maCvenebelia da Zalian damaxasiaTe-
belia, rom man amoxeTqa soflad, sadac wnexi rusuli admi-
nistraciisa naklebad iyo. es qarTuli sacxovreblebi rusi
axalmoSeneebis saxlebze axdens zegavlenas da isinic iSeneben
iseT aivnebs, rogoric odas aqvs. eWvi maqvs, rom germanul
axalSenebSic aris es elementi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans da
albaT ufro Rrma kvleva aCvenebs, iq rame sxva Tu xdeba.
me vfiqrob, yvelaferi, rac mogaxseneT, imis dasturia,
rom, miuxedavad ukiduresad araxelsayreli viTarebisa, qar-

288
Tuli kultura marto iq ki ar aris cocxali, sadac es cxa-
dad Cans, vTqvaT, mwerlobaSi, sadac es nakleb aSkaraa, magram
dadasturebulia, rogorc saxviT xelovnebaSi (mas Zalian
gauWirda, magram Tavi mainc gaitana da XIX saukunis bolosa
da XX saukunis damdegisTvis Cven ukve Zalian mniSvnelova-
ni movlenebis momswreni varT), aramed iqac, sadac saxelmwi-
fo- da eklesiadakargul qveyanas TiTqosda yvelaze naklebad
SeeZlo, rame eRona. Tqven gaxsovT, rom saqarTvelos ekle-
siam avtokefaliac dakarga, is ruseTis eklesiis nawili gax-
da. idevneboda qarTuli ena, uuxeSesi formebiT idevneboda
qarTuli galoba. imereTSi galobis viTarebas amowmebdnen da
rusi Semmowmebeli romeliRac dokumentSi wers, erT-erTi
lotbari uvicia da aba, ra gasakviria, imaTi Txebis kikinis
msgavsi galoba sxvas ras iTxovso. es laparakSi ki ar wamocda,
oficialur dokumentSi weria. amis daweras rom ikadreb da
amas Sebedav, sul cota, aTaswlovani tradiciis mqone mga-
loblebs, ubralod uzrdelobaa, sxva Tu araferi. sxva for-
ma mainc naxe, is mainc Tqvi, rom moZvelebulia da dRes raRac
sxva ufro kargia.
am viTarebaSi, arqiteqturas TiTqos yvelaze metad unda
gaWirveboda da gauWirda kidec, magram im Zalian Zlierma kul-
turulma muxtma mainc naxa Tavisi gamosavali, Tavis Wkuaze
atara Camosuli arqiteqtori, rasakvirvelia, is, visac guli,
Tvali da Wkua mosdevda. adgilobrivadac, sakuTar ostateb-
Sic, xan ra saxiT da xanac ra saxiT iCenda Tavs da namdvili
SemoqmedebiTi monapovrebic dagvitova rogorc am ucxoele-
bis Seqmnili, iseve adgilobrivi soflis maSeneblis naxelavi.
amitomac aris, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, miuxedavad imisa,
rom XIX saukune pauzaa Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis is-
toriaSi, Cveni kulturis istoriaSi is rCeba, rogorc drama-
tuli, magram lamazi furceli qarTveli eris, qarTuli sazo-
gadoebis Semoqmedebisa.

289
 16. XX saukunis arqiteqtura

epoqa, romelsac Cveni Sexvedrebis ciklis damasrulebeli

saubari Seexeba, mZimea. mZimea imitom, rom rTuli, araerTmniS-
velovani da, sxva Tu araferi, tragikuli iyo mTeli is xana,
romelic 1921 wels daiwyo da TiTqos 1991 wels dasrulda,
Tumca, didwilad, kvlavac mouboloebelia. faqtobrivad, Cven
dResac postsabWoTa xanaSi vcxovrobT _ ara raRac sxvaSi,
rac mere daiwyo, aramed imis gamogrZelebaze.
1921 wlis TebervalSi ruseTidan Cvens qveyanaSi Semosul
laSqars, mogexsnebaT, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi mouZRvodnen.
ra iyo srulebiT axali im cxovrebSi, romelic man moitana? es
iyo sakvirveli saxelmwifo, sadac sityva da saqme erTmaneTs
srulebiT acdenili iyo _ qaRaldze erTi ewera, sinamdvileSi
ki sul sxva iyo. garkveuli gansxvaveba ganacxadsa da ganxor-
cielebas Soris Cveulebrivi ambavia. ar arsebobs saxelmwifo,
romelic imas asrulebdes, rasac adamianebs hpirdeba. ukve sa-
laRoboc ki gaxda, rom winasaarCevno dapirebebi imisTvisaa,
raTa ar Sesruldes. bevri sxvadasxva mizezia, rasakvirvelia
da, pirvel yovlisa _ idealisa da sinamdvilis mudmivi ar-
damTxveva, rac miwieris arsebobis pirobaTagania.
Tumca sabWoTa struqtura sxvanairi iyo. is marTlac age-
buli iyo sicrueze, romelic aSkarad gacxadda 1936 wels, ro-
desac sayovelTao arCevnebi daiwyo. dRevandel axalgazrdebs
ar sjeraT, magram namdvilad ase iyo, amorCeva xdeboda erTi
adamianidan. Tumc ase erqva, sinamdvileSi, aranairi arCevnebi
ar tardeboda, es iyo, ubralod, daniSvna. romeliRac pirebi
amoirCevdnen adamianebs, arsebiTad, ukve daniSnavdnen, mosa-
xleobas ki unda Caeyara qaRaldebi, romlebsac aranairi Zala
ar hqonda. saarCevno ubnebze romc aravin misuliyo, sul er-
Tia, mainc es xalxi gavidoda. Tavidan amdens ver bedavdnen,
radgan amxanagi stalinisTvis forma ratomRac mniSvnelovani
iyo, magram ukve mere saxlidan da zogjer ubnidan erTi ada-
miani midioda xolme da urnaSi aTobiT biuletens agdebda.

290
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cems mexsierebaSi asea. erTxel asec mox-
da, rom qronikaSi gaeparaT an specialurad gaapares kadrebi,
rodesac kaci idga da misi xelidan konvertebi, mgoni, 5 wuTi
fantelebiviT cvioda. es srulebiT Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo.
sabWoTa dros arCevnebze me arasdros mivsulvar. erTxel mi-
vedi, sul bolos, raTa 1989 wels yvela wameSala. manamde fexi
ar mimidgams da arc vicodi, es saarCevno ubnebi sad mdeba-
reobda da es srulebiT normalur movlenad miiCneoda.
uamravi ram xdeboda amis msgavsi. iyo Sesrulebuli gegme-
bi, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, ver gaigebdi, ra Sesrulda. Cveuleb-
rivi iyo ardamTxveva, erTi mxriv, dawerilisa an naTqvamisa
da, sxva mxriv, realobisa. es qmnida Zalze specifikur da mZime
viTarebas, vinaidan adamianebi eCveodnen iluziaSi cxovrebas.
es isaa, rac dResac ver movicileT, adamianebs dResac hgo-
niaT, rom mTavaria Tqvan da amas mere ra mohyveba, TiTqosda
mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod araferi keTdeboda. im
umZimes drosac iyvnen cocxali adamianebi da bevri iyo ise-
Tic, visac ar SeeZlo uqmad jdoma da miaCnda, rom raime sa-
sikeTos gakeTeba misi movaleobaa. arsebobda garkveuli sa-
xelmwifo strategiac. Tumca rusul saxelmwifos, gansakuT-
rebiT, rusul sabWoTa saxelmwifos sCvevia, rom arsebobdes
erTgvari umizno saxelmwifo TavisTavad. Cveulebriv, saxel-
mwifos mizani aris moqalaqeTa keTildReoba, yovel SemTxve-
vSi, ase unda iyos. sabWoeTi ki keTildReobas saerTod ar
iTvaliswinebda. iyo garkveuli Sre, romelic, sinamdvileSi,
sruliad sxvanairad cxovrobda, Tumca es keTildReoba uka-
nono iyo, mas is ar unda hqonoda. es damaluli iyo sanaxev-
rod, radgan sinamdvileSi, yvelam yvelaferi icoda. asea Tu
ise, moqalaqeebze zrunva ar yofila, es marto plakatebze
cxaddeboda. SegiZliaT, Tundac masobrivi mSenebloba naxoT,
ra xarisxis binebi Sendeboda da rogori iyo, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
dagegmareba, rodesac adamiani, rogorc ityvian, kudsac ver
moiqnevda. minaxavs binebi, sadac ar iyo, magaliTad, sakuWnao
an adgili, sadac adamiani sarecxs gaaSrobda. es iyo araf-

291
 risTvis gankuTvnili saxli, mxolod adgili, sadac Tavi unda
Segeyo, dageZina da gageRviZa. arqiteqtura, am SemTxvevaSi,
masobrivi sabWouri mSenebloba da usaxuri ubnebi, romleb-
Sic, me Tu mkiTxavT, veravin gaCerdeba, saukeTesod asaxavs
am qveynis raobas. sxva sakiTxia, rom XX saukunis masobrivi
mSenebloba, garkveulwilad, yvelgan aseTia, Tumca mainc aris
sxvaoba da, pirvel yovlisa, gansxvaveba xarisxSia. rac dro
gadioda, mSeneblobis xarisxi sul ufro uaresdeboda. amas
Zalian martivi mizezi aqvs _ kargad muSaoba ufro da ufro
naklebma icoda. xarisxze moTxovna ar arseboda da rogors
gaakeTebdi, aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. samagierod, kar-
gad keTdeboda saeqsporto saqoneli, romelsac adgilobri-
vTagan Tu vinme xedavda, is, rogorc wesi, mmarTveli fenis
warmomadgeneli iyo.
vidre Tavad sabWoTa xelisufleba idga, es saxelmwifoc
idga iluziaze, rom mmarTvel fenaSi Tavis Seyofa yvelas
SeuZlia. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, es maleve ase aRar iyo. iyo masSi
CarCenili erTgvari aristokratia, Tumca am sityvis Tqmac ki
menaneba. marTlac, iqmneboda garekveuli fena, romelic aris-
tokratuli unda yofiliyo, Tumca, Cemi dakvirvebiT, sxvagan
arasdros arsebula aristokratia, romelic meore TaobaSi
galoTebuli, gadagvarebuli da saxedakarguli iqneboda, aq
ki swored ase xdeboda. saSineli ambebi trialebda partiuli
beladebis Svilebis Tavs, am sruliad gausaqmurebul, moral-
dakargul, areul adamianebTan. cxadia, yovelTvis ase ar xde-
boda, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ase iyo.
SesaZloa, es swored imitom xdeboda, rom isini viTomda
sadad, martivad cxovrobdnen, Tumca sinamdvileSi, vTqvaT,
afrikaSi dadiodnen sanadirod da es urTierTSeuTavsebe-
li iyo. magaliTad, arsebobs amgvari plastikuri metafora
_ amxanagi stalini Tavisi nacrisferi frenCiT. romeliRac
filmi vnaxe da aRmoCnda, rom amgvari frenCebiT gavsebuli
mTeli karada arsebobda, anu es iyo ara askeza, aramed mxo-
lod Tavis moCveneba, viTomda is berulad cxovrobda. iyo
aseTi SemTxvevac, rom gamoqveynda dayudebul, TavSewirul

292
adamianad cnobili feliqs derJinkis dRiuri racioni. aseTi
kerZebi, nandirevi da sxva sakvirvelebebi, romlebic iq iyo
CamoTvlili, mgoni neronsac ar hqonia. sad Soulobda, esec ki
gaugebaria. yvelaferi tyuilze iyo agebuli. SeiZleba, bevri
ar dameTanxmos, magram piradad me meCveneba, rom kanonierad
gacxadebuli uflebrivi uTanasworoba ukeTesia, vidre gacxa-
debuli Tanasworoba, romlis miRma SesaZleblobaTa amgvari
gansxvavebaa. me vfiqrob, rom es ukanaskneli gacilebiT Sxa-
miania, Tumca es wyoba aman asuldgmula da adRegrZela. ukve
bolos, farTo masebisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom is ufro maRal
safexurze ver adis, misi mdgomareoba ar umjobesdeba da Tu-
mca amas didi dro dasWirda, sabWoTa kavSiri daemxo swored
maSin, rodesac es gulacrueba moxda.
faqtia isic, rom, Tuki rame keTdeboda, ZiriTadad, keTde-
boda imaTi meSveobiT, visac sabWoTa xelisufleba aqtiurad
an pasiurad ar uyvarda. saqmes akeTebda is, vinc, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, am xelisuflebas ar eTanxmeboda. arsebobda
mravalgvari iluzia da iyo araerTi adamiani, romelic so-
cialistur ideebs iziarebda. amgvar Sexedulebebs dResac
iziareben da Zalian makvirvebs, rom aseTebi axalgazrdebSic
arian, radgan, wesiT, maT Tvali unda mimoavlon da mixvdebian,
saubari razea. Tumca maSin, rodesac es iyo mxolod Teoria,
sruliad ganyenebuli moZRvreba, Zalze advili iyo, adamians
erwmuna, rom TavisTavad qonebriv-socialuri Tanasworoba
bednierebis pirobaa. sinamdvileSi, aRmoCnda, rom is, rac sa-
zogadoebrivi sakuTreba unda iyos, saxelmwifos xelSia anu
moxeleTa sakuTrebaa. es niSnavs saxelmwifo aparatis absolu-
tur diqtats adamianze, romelsac ar aqvs aqedan TavdaRwevis
aranairi saSualeba. Tuki arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, Tqven Se-
giZliaT, waxvideT, sxva ram gaakeToT da ar iTanamSromloT
saxelmwifosTan. im viTarebaSi es srulebiT gamoricxuli iyo.
SeZlebdi, yofiliyavi mewaRe an mesaaTe, Tumca, kooperativeb-
Si gaerTianebis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, esec saxelmwifo samsa-
xuri xdeboda da maTi Tavisuflebac izRudeboda. es iyo sa-
xelmwifos mxridan adamianTa sruli damoneba. bunebrivicaa,

293
 sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan qveyana, Tundac yvelaze
sazogadoebrivi, viRacam unda marTos. es romeliRac mmar-
Tveli Zala mere yalibdeba biurokratiad, biurokratia ki _
daxSul kastad, romelic Tavis wevrebs ratomRac ara niWie-
rebis, aramed uniWobisa da verafrismaqnisobis niSniT irCevs.
ratomaa ase, Zneli saTqmelia, magram ase xdeboda yvelgan, sa-
dac amgvari wyoba iyo. gaixseneT, TiTqosda sruliad sxvanair
nacisturi germaniaSic ra xalxi dawinaurda, mmarTvel fenaSi
vin iyo _ SemoqmedebiTad uunaro adamianebi. miuxedavad yve-
lafrisa, qveyanas sWirdeboda gzebi, mas esaWiroeboda samxed-
ro warmoeba. saxelmwifos, romelic unda yofiliyo Zlieri _
mxolod da mxolod fizikurad Zlevamosili _ esaWiroeboda,
vTqvaT, eleqtrosadguri, radgan sxvanairad verc samxedro
qarxanas an misTvis aucilebel romelime sxva dawesebulebas
aamuSavebda da verc im e.w. Txel fenas acxovrebda, romelic
am kolosalur qveyanas marTavda.
amas garda, iyo kidev erTi faqtori _ sabWoTa kavSirma
ver moaxerxa, srulebiT unitaruli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. ro-
gorc etyoba, gaTvales, rom Tuki ruseTTan axlad SemoerTe-
buli patara erovnul saxelmwifoebi srulad gauqmdeboda, es
saxelmwifo rasac warmoadgens, zedmetad aSkara gaxdeboda,
es ki maT ar undodaT. erCivnaT, yofiliyo viTomda mokavSi-
re saxelmwifoebi. sinamdvileSi, Zalian xisti RerZi iyo, ma-
gram, Tqven warmoidgineT, es sruliad formaluri, mxolod
furcelze arsebuli damoukidebloba, raRac SesaZleblobebs
iZleoda. pirvel yovlisa, iZleoda uflebas, swavleba mSob-
liur enaze gqonoda, Tumca es yvelam ver gamoiyena. magali-
Tad, rogorc amboben, es SesaZlebloba xelidan gauSva molda-
veTma, sadac ganaTlebulma Srem dedaena dakarga da moldavu-
ri ena 1988-89 wlebSi axlidan iswavla. qalaqebSi moldavurad,
ubralod, veRar laparakobdnen, ena aRar icodnen. ase iyo
belarusSic, Tumca sxva qveynebSi ase ar moxda. magaliTad,
mogexsenebaT, rom qarTul skolaSi Zveli qarTuli mwerloba,
wesiT, ar unda eswavlebinaT, magram xan enobrivi aucileblo-
bis, xanac sxva ramis momizezebiT, es xerxdeboda da amgvarad,

294
SesaZlebeli xdeboda garkveuli informaciis gapareba, cod-
nis miwodeba, raTa adamians sakuTar kulturul tradicias-
Tan kavSiri bolomde ar daekarga. rasakvirvelia, amas konk-
retuli adamianebi akeTebdnen da maT es sakmaod Zvirad uj-
debodaT ara marto imis gamo, rom SeiZleboda romelimesTvis
xeli etacaT, daepatimrebinaT, gaegdoT an SeeviwroebinaT. es
SeiZleba arc momxdariyo, magram Zneli iyo mudmivi kompromi-
si, rodesac viRacas mxolod imitom unda gauRimo, rom raRac
gasakeTebeli gaqvs. amasTanave, kompromiss aqvs saSineli Tvi-
seba _ gamoxdeba xolme xani da adamiani TviTonac veRar sazR-
vravs, kompromisze didi ideisaTvis midis Tu mxolod sakuTa-
ri keTildReobis, wvrilmani yofiTi miznis misaRwevad. gver-
diT myofisTvis es, miT umetes, sruliad SeumCneveli xdeba.
amitomac, rac meti dro gadioda, Semdgomi Taobebi miT
ufro naklebad xedavdnen did miznebs da moCvenebiTi yofiTi
keTildReobis namdvil WaobSi eflobodnen. es namdvili ke-
TildReobac ar iyo da amitomac iyo momwamvleli. magaliTad,
adamianebs ecvaT tanisamosi, romelsac isini ver iyiddnen. es
nivTebi gadamyidvelebs an saidanRac unda CamoetanaT, an im
zeda fenis sawyobidan moepovebinaT. adamianebs es ar unda
hqonodaT, magram hqondaT da yvelam icoda, rom kanondarRve-
viT iyo SeZenili. gamodioda, rom yvela monawileobs ukanon-
obaSi, yvela danaSaulis monawilea.
mTeli mosaxleoba danaSaulis moziare xdeboda, radgan
sxvanairad cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. adgilobrivi nawar-
mi ufro xSirad ulamazo iyo da ulazaTo, Tanac Caicvamdi
da or dReSi SemogefliTeboda. Tumca, kidev vambob, iyo ga-
monaklisebi, vTqvaT, arsebobda qarxnebi, sadac amzadebdnen
gemriel kanfetebs. erTob sainteresoa, rom Turme uwindeli
Sveicariuli firma `einemi~ nacionalizaciis Semdeg gardaiqmna
yvelaze saxelganTqmuli moskovur qarxanad, romelic Sveica-
ruli receptebiT amzadebda gemriel Sokoladsa da sxva kanfe-
tebs. romeliRac sawarmosa Tu qarxanaSi, ubralod, ijda kar-
gi teqnologi, romelic zrunavda xarisxze, magram mis garSemo
ukuRmarToba, uwesoba da ukanonoba xdeboda.

295
 amas garda, sabWoTa viTareba xels uwyobda araspecialis-
tisa da namdvili specialistis uflebriv gaTanabrebas. viRa-
cas gamosdioda, rom amisTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia, magram ar
arsebobda dawesebuleba, romelic Tavisufali iqneboda e.w.
balastisagan. gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom, iSviaT SemTxve-
vaSi, balasti 10% iyo, metwilad ki _ 90%. warmoidgineT, ro-
desac balastiTaa savse ara marto qarxnebi, aramed kvleviTi
dawesebulebebi, muzeumebi, organizaciebi, sadac yvelaferi
sakuTari saqmiT gulanTebul muSakTa keTilsindisierebas
emyareba, Sen ki gyavs uamravi arafris gamkeTebeli. Semdeg
viRac umaqnisTagani saTaveSi moeqceva da yvelaferi uare-
sad ukuRmarTdeba, radgan gamkeTebelsac saqme ufuWdeba da
xeli eSleba. isec xdeboda, rom viRac ZaliT rame karg saqmes
gaakeTebda da xelmZRvaneli, romelic mxolod xels uSlida,
mis gakeTebuls Tavisad miiwerda. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi saqme
mere maleve fuWdeboda xolme, radgan adamians aRar aclid-
nen, gaegrZelebina misi keTeba, gaCerebuli saqme ki ukan-ukan
midis, mogexsenebaT.
erTi sityviT, yovelgvari xelSewyoba hqonda cuds da ga-
cilebiT naklebi _ kargs, magram kargi mainc arsebobda. ro-
gor da ratom? mizezi aris Zalian martivi _ am uzarmazar
qveyanas, garda yvelafrisa, sWirdeboda vitrina. namdvil am-
bavs mogiyvebiT: magaliTad, TbilisSi Camovida safrangeTis
prezidenti b-ni Jiskar d’esteni meuRliTurT. cxadia, unda
daaxvedro vinme iseTi, vinc Tavs ar mogWris, franguladac
daelaparakeba da Tanac bevri icis, radgan Semdeg, roca ukan
dabrundeba, is ityvis, amisTana xalxs Sevxvdio. aseTi xal-
xi saWiro iyo da hyavdaT kidec. maTac sakmaod mZime dReSi
amyofebdnen, magram ase Tu ise mainc acdidnen saqmis keTebas
da Semdeg, roca dasWirdebodaT, ityodnen, ai, Tu ar gvaqvs
mecniereba, ager arian mecnierebi, romlebic dadian msoflio
kongresebze da Tavi ar eWrebTo. es marTlac ase iyo. xelov-
neba ar gvaqvs? ai, batono, mxatvari, ager kidev moqandake da
musikosi, gvyavs, rogor ar gvyavs?! aRarafers vambob imaze,
rom xelovnebis dargTagan zogierTi, ubralod, Semosavlis

296
wyaro iyo. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen musikosebi,
sabaleto dasebi, qoreografiuli ansamblebi, romelTa Sesa-
xebac pirdapir ambobdnen, begaraze dadiano. isini ucxoeTSi
daiarebodnen, Semdeg ki maT honoraris or mesameds arTme-
vdnen. iyo aseTi SemTxvevac, rom qarTveli pianisti, marine
mdivani, venis aeroportSi, rodesac frena gadaido, sruliad
ufulod aRmoCnda. ase cariel-tarieli darCa am ucxo qalaq-
Si da mere samadlod viRacam uSvela. ase iyo, maT CamohqondaT
fuli da amitom sadRac wasvlac SeeZloT. iyo leqso ToraZis
SemTxvevac. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom ara raRac
Zalian mniSvnelovani, Rrma mizezi, samSoblosa da ojaxs igi
arasodes miatovebda. arasdros mikiTxavs, Tu ratom miiRo es
gadawyvetileba, magram raRac gaukeTes iseTi, rom aiZules
ucxo qveyanaSi darCena. viRac imitomac rCeboda, rom es uc-
nauri yofa, ubralod, mobezrda.
axla warmoidgineT arqiteqtorisa da arqiteqturis mdgo-
mareoba. poets SeuZlia, viRacis Tavidan mosacileblad erTi
leqsi xorblis mosavals miuZRvnas da kargi poezia mere weros,
mxatvars SeuZlia, erTxel romelime beladis portreti Seqm-
nas da sxva rame mere xatos. arqiteqtorma ra qnas? is mT-
lianad damkveTzea damokidebuli. arada, am viTarebaSi kerZo
damkveTi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. Tu maincdamainc, 25 we-
liwadSi erTxel viRac premias aiRebs da agaraks gadaakeTebi-
nebs an individualuri proeqtiT binas aiSenebs, sxva dakveTa
araa. es arqiteqorisTvis samuSaod ar kmara da is iZulebulia,
Seasrulos saxelmwifo dakveTa. saxelmwifo dakveTebisas aris
uamravi SezRudva. marto is rad Rirs, rom sxvadasxva adgilas,
ZiriTadad, moskovSi, arsebobda centraluri saproeqto ins-
titutebi, sadac qalaqisa Tu soflis saxlebis tipobrivi geg-
mebi mzaddeboda. mere es gegma mokavSire respublikebs egza-
vneboda da iqaur arqiteqtorebs ki es proeqtebi adgilobriv
pirobebze unda miebaT. terminic arsebobda aseTi, mibma erqva.
ruseTisTvis gakeTebuli soflis saxli xevsureTs rogor unda
miaba?! cotaTi vaWarbeb, rasakvirvelia, magram, unda giTxraT,
rom arcTu didad. warmoidgineT, vTqvaT, CrdiloeTisTvis da-

297
 gegmarebuli bina samxreTSi, sadac sruliad sxva ramaa saWiro.
ase iyo yvelaferi erTmaneTs acdenili.
amas garda, iyo ucnauri SezRudvebi. magaliTad, raRaca
dros ar SeiZleba, aaSeno sakoncerto darbazi, ai, ar SeiZle-
ba! magaliTad, b-nma aleqsi maWavarianma aanTo erTi partiuli
muSaki, mgoni, vinme gegeSiZe da, misi gamoisobiT, Tbilisis
filarmonia kinoTeatrad gaaformes, sinamdvileSi ki, sakon-
certo darbazi aaSenes. romeli ZirgamomTxreli dawesebule-
ba sakoncerto darbazia, rom mis asagebad amisTana xrikebi
gWirdebodes?! isic sainteresoa, rom partiul muSakebSic
moiZebnebodnen xolme patiosani adamianebi, Tumca es Zalian
iSviaTad xdeboda. ZiriTadad, iq iyvnen karieristebi, romle-
bic nebismieri gziT cdilobdnen dawinaurebas, magram zogjer
rame kargis gakeTeba maTac moundebodaT. sxvaTa Soris, es ti-
ranTa Tvisebaa. magaliTad, berias, am yovlad saSinel arsebas,
uyvarda simon janaSia. aravin icis, ratom uyvarda, magram uy-
varda. amitom simon janaSias SeeZlo namdvili saswaulebis mo-
xdena _ cixidan msjavrdebulebi gamohyavda. ar vici, rogor
axerxebda da Zalian iSviaTad SeeZlo, am privilegiiT esargeb-
la, magram amas akeTebda. es mas rad ujdeboda, ukve sxva sa-
kiTxia. vfiqrob, rom is gacilebiT metxans icocxlebda, rom
ara mudmivi daZabuloba da imis fereba, vis danaxvazec albaT
guli eleoda, Tumca, savaraudod madlierebis grZnobac uCn-
deboda. karg adamianebs madlierebis grZnoba aqvT maSinac ki,
roca mommadlierebeli TavisTavad srulebiT uvargisia. sxva-
Ta Soris, amiT gansxvavdebien isini cudi adamianebisagan.
erTi sityviT, arqiteqtori Zalian izRudeboda. amas gar-
da, arqiteqtura dekretuli iyo SemoqmedebiTi Tvalsazri-
siTac. XX saukunis xuroTmoZRvreba Zalian Wrelia. mas sul
gasdevs XIX saukunidan wamoyolili ekleqtizmi da istorizmi.
amasTanave, gaCnda axali e.w. konstruqtivistuli, funqciona-
listuri arqiteqtura. erTi xani egonaT, rom es aris momavali,
mere aRmoCnda, rom ase ar aris da is Secvala neoekleqturma
postmodernistulma arqiteqturam. ai, axla ukve ociode weli
erTob ucnauri suraTia _ erTi mxriv, ramdenadme gardasaxu-

298
li neoekleqtizmi grZeldeba, sxva mxriv ki, 1910-30-iani wle-
bis modernis ekleqtikaa, Zalze manerulad gadamRerebuli is
arqiteqturaa. es yvelaferi rogorRac erTmaneTis paralelu-
rad miedineba. am siWreleSi gzis gagneba isedac Zalian Zne-
lia. amasTan erTad, warmoidgineT, am isedac rTul situacias
marTavs aTiode kaci gasagebi, magram arqiteqturisa da misi
Sida cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT, arcTu mizanSewonili motive-
biT. magaliTad, 1920-iani wlebi aris yvela danarCenis mimarT
funqcionalist-konstruqtivistebis teroris xana. danaSau-
lia, vTqvaT, rom daxato ioniuri kapiteli. amitom amas aRar
aswavlian. magaliTad, saswavleblebSi arqiteqturis istorias
ar aswavlian. rogori warmosadgenia arqiteqtori, romelmac
ar icis, manamde ra iyo da rogor Sendeboda?! 1930-iani wle-
bidan ukuprocesi iwyeba. axla, piriqiT, danaSaulia, daxato
sworkuTxedi da aucileblad korinTuli kapitelebi unda
xato. arada, es xom xSirad dekoria fasadze da meti araferi.
ase aris romidan mokidebuli da Semdeg ukve renesansis xanida-
nac. yvelaze komikuri ki isaa, rom am orderuli arqiteqturis
iluzias ratomRac hqvia realisturi arqiteqtura.
piradad CemTvis es amouxsneli saidumloa. vTqvaT, CemT-
vis gasagebia im tipis msjeloba, rodesac amboben, rom es kar-
gia, xolo konstruqtivistuli ar varga. es SeiZleba sakamaTo
iyos, magram CemTvis misaRebia sakiTxis ase dayeneba. Tumca
realizmi ra SuaSia da ratom aris berZnuli sveti realuri,
xolo didi sarkmliT gaxsnili swori kedeli realuri ratom
ar aris, marTali giTxraT, gaugebaria. da mainc, ase iyo da
iwereboda wignebi, romlebiTac es realisturi arqiteqtura
iqadageboda. arqiteqtori iZulebuli xdeboda, ase ekeTebina.
vinc Zalian niWieri iyo, axerxebda, am viTarebaSi raciona-
luroba SeenarCunebina da es moTxovnili elementebi imgva-
rad gamoeyenebina, rom mxatvruli Sedegi mainc mieRo. aseTi
Senobebi aqvs, magaliTad, nikoloz severovs, aseve _ mixeil
SaviSvils, gansakuTrebiT, 1930-ian wlebSi. sxvaTa Soris, sa-
grZnobad gaWirda 1940-iani wlebidan, roca ukve terori Za-
lian moZlierda.

299
 imavdroulad, daSvebuli iyo aseTi ram _ unda SegenarCu-
nebina ZiriTadi orderuli monaxazi, magram SegeZlo, is ero-
vnuli memkvidreobis elementebiT Segevso. amgvarad, Cndeba
Senobebi, sadac aris erTgvari, arcTu gasagebi, danawevreba
da iqve kedelze marTlac CuqurTmaa mikruli. romeliRac os-
tati kvlavac axerxebda amis SemoqmedebiTad gakeTebas. Tum-
ca gorSi stalinis muzeumis SenobaSi arc aqamde Sevsulvar
da Sesvlas arc vapireb, magram nanaxi maqvs masala, romelic
arCil qurdianma gaakeTa. iq interierSi svetisTavebis nair-
saxeobaTa daujerebeli raodenobaa. arc vici, ras Sevadaro
_ es aris musikaluri improvizacia. adamiani zis da aqiT aqvs
klasikuri orderebis kapitelebi, iqiT Sua saukuneebis, da-
vuSvaT, bagratis taZris an banas svetisTavebi da am Temebze
akeTebs improvizaciebs gamaognebels mravalferovnebiTa da
mixvedrilobiT. aseTi adamianebic iyvnen. imave qurdianma
moaxerxa, erovnuli motivebiT gaewyo, vTqvaT, stadioni da
es kargi gamovida. iyo kidev moskovis sasoflo-sameurneo ga-
mofenaze cnobili qarTuli pavilioni, romelic didi xania
aRar arsebobs. isic qurdianma gaakeTa giorgi leJavasTan er-
Tad. giorgi leJavas ariqteqturac garkveuli donisaa, misi
aris, magaliTad, dRevandeli parlamentis Senoba rusTavelis
gamzirze. ver vityvi, rom es Senoba miyvars, magram is gada-
sagdebic ar aris.
sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom im Taobis arqiteqtorebs,
gansakuTrebiT, romlebmac 1920-30-ian wlebSi miiRes ganaT-
leba, codna aqvT. Semdeg saSualo done Zalian ecema, Tumca
aris nagebobebi, romlebzec SeiZleba Tqva, rom arqiteqtura
da mniSvnelovani movlenaa. ubralod, am uamrav naSenSi War-
bobs Zalian cudi da Rirebuli uaRresad cotaa. Tanac, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom es cudad naSeni reliefsac arRvevs da,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, istoriul ganaSenianebasac anadgurebs,
maTi arseboba miT ufro dasanani xdeba. esec ar aris mar-
to sabWouri movlena. II msoflio omis dros ngreva iyo bevr
qveyanaSi. evropis qalaqebi ingreoda, magram bevrgan Zvelis
adgilas axali qalaqebi Sendeboda. Tumca ver vityvi, rom Se-

300
degi xSirad aris mosawoni. SexedeT frankfurts, magaliTad,
an berlins, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT nawils, sadac Zalian
mZime Sedegebia. da mainc, iq erTi ram aris mniSvnelovani _
arqiteqtura, romelic iqmneba, ar iqmneba viRacis brZanebiT.
es Zalian rTuli procesia da erTmaneTTanaa gadaxlarTuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri, SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebi, magram
imas mainc ver ityvi, rom es vinme erTma gamoigona. es SeiZle-
ba bevris Secdomaa, magram Ziebis kvali mainc SeimCneva. aq ki,
roca adamiani Ziebaze verc fiqrobs, misi sadardelia, rogor
moergos koniunqturas, Tanac ise, rom mTlad uvargisi ar gaa-
keTos da Tavi ar moeWras. Zalian mZimea ase muSaoba.
Tumca mTeli am drois ganmavalobaSi, yvela aTwleulSi,
aris romeliRac nageboba, romelic mogindeba, rom samomav-
lod darCes. aris nagebobebic, romlebsac me ar davtovebdi,
Tumca Cemi bevri kolega am Senobebis Taobaze gansxvavebuli
azrisaa. me, magaliTad, ar davtovebdi politeqnikuri insti-
tutis pirvel korpuss. mgonia, rom sircxvilia dedamiwaze
amgvari arqiteqturis arseboba. uro da namgali aqvs mas geg-
mis safuZvlad da sityvasac ver vpoulob, romelic daaxasia-
Tebs Seqmnil abdaubdas. marTali giTxraT, iq misvla Zalian
mZimed damamaxsovrda. romeliRac derefanSi Sevedi da veRar
mivxvdi, rogor unda gamomeRwia, radgan Turme namglis bolo
iyo. erTi sityviT, mgonia, rom es Zalian cudi aris. Tumca
yvela am etapze aris nagebobebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeinarCu-
no. aris iseTi Senobebi, romlebzec ver ityvi, rom ar varga,
miuxedavad imisa, rom SezRudvebiT Sendeboda. Tan SezRudvebi
sxvadasxvanairia _ xan getyodnen, rom unda daawepo CuqurT-
ma, xan kidev _ Senobas, garda sworkuTxa Riobebisa, araferi
unda hqondeso. esec SezRudvaa, radgan SeiZleba danawevreba
an raime sxva iyos saWiro.
am CarCoebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gaekeTebinaT raRac.
iyvnen arqiteqtorebi, romlebic amas axerxebdnen. magaliTad,
Zalian afasebdnen adre gardacvlil ramaz kiknaZes. Tundac,
magaliTad, giorgi Caxavasa da misi jgufis cnobili gzaTa sa-
ministro, romelic saerTo azriT, is Senobaa, romelmac mso-

301
 filio arqiteqturaSi daiquxa da XX saukunis ZiebaTa nusxaSi
Sevida. am dargis specialisti imdenad ar var, rom es ganvsa-
zRvro, magram saerTo azri aseTia. es, ra Tqma unda, gasaxare-
lia, magram samwuxaro isaa, rom imave avtorma da misma jgufma
ver gaagrZela muSaoba, arada, sxvaTa Soris, maT im Senobis
kompleqsis gagrZelebis proeqtic hqondaT. is proeqti ar
ganxorcielebula da, mgoni, masze arc arvin fiqrobs. aqve
unda vaxsenoT, magaliTad, iseTi nagebobebi TbilisSi, rogo-
ricaa sportis sasaxle da Tundac sasoflo sameurneo insti-
tuti. albaT kidev SeiZleba moiZebnos Senobebi, romlebzec
ityvi _ es unda iyos, momavalSi es XX saukunis qarTul arqi-
teqturas warmoaCens. saubedurod, imavdroulad, Sendeboda
uxarisxo Senobebi. arqitetorebis Zalian didi nawili an mou-
mzadebeli aRmoCnda, an ver ganviTarda.
rogorc Cans, gvyavs Zalian bevri niWieri adamiani, romleb-
mac sakuTari monacemebis gamovlena ver moaxerxes. me ori
aseTi SemTxveva vici. ubralod, srulebiT SemTxveviT, maTi
studentobis droindeli namuSevrebi Camivarda xelSi, mere ki
ukve, vTqvaT, 15-20 wlis Semdeg, vnaxe, rad gadaiqcnen da es
Semzaravi ram aRmoCnda. adamianma aseTi regresi ganicados,
dakargos yvelaferi, ase Caqres da SemoqmedebiTi energiisgan
gamoifitos, saSinelebaa. Tumca, samwuxarod, darwmunebuli
ar var, rom es mxolod ori SemTxveva iyos, albaT bevria.
safiqrebelia, rom umravlesobas veRarc vuSveliT, vinaidan,
roca adamiani ormocdaaT wels gadacdeba, is Tavidan gan-
viTarebas ver daiwyebs, aseTi saswaulebi, rogorc wesi, ar
xdeba. neta xdebodes, magram amas, jerjerobiT, me ver vxedav.
ra xdeba dRes? faqtobrivad, Cven kvlav imaves vagrZe-
lebT. dResac igivea _ arian arqiteqtorebi, romlebsac sity-
va namdvilad eTqmiT da kargad, Sedegianad muSaoba SeuZliaT.
gvaqvs garkveuli Sedegebic _ magaliTad, b-n vaJa orbelaZis
makdonaldsis Senoba, aris ramdenime nageboba, vTqvaT, gia
abulaZis firmisa da Tavad b-ni gias namuSevrebi, vTqvaT, nika
sefiskveraZisa da misi jgufis proeqtebi. albaT ramdenime
kidev moiZebneba. axla mxolod imas vambob, rac maxsendeba. da

302
mainc, Zalian bevria srulebiT ugvani. moxda kidev erTi ram
_ sabWoTa wesebi, rogorc wesi, idioturi iyo, magram dRes
Cven saerTod aRaraviTari wesi ar gagvaCnia da SesaZlebelia,
moxdes iseTi ram, rac 1990-iani wlebis bolos sportis sasa-
xlis ukan moxda _ gaiyida quCa, quCis saval nawilze daidga
saxli da Seiqmna viTareba, romelsac, arc vici, ra unda da-
erqvas. amgvari precedenti saerTod ar arsebula. Tqven rom
waikiTxoT, magaliTad, rogori iyo XVIII saukuneSi Tbilisis
mSeneblobis wesebi, gagikvirdebaT. iq veravin gabedavda ara-
Tu quCis gadaRobvas, aramed mezoblisTvis misasvleli gzis
Sekvecas. amisTvis daisjebodnen, aSenebulsac daungrevdnen
da daajarimebdnen kidevac. ansamblio, mxatvruli gadawyve-
tao _ amaze saerTod laparakic ar aris. SexedeT, fiqris go-
raze ra xdeba, SexedeT arCil qurdianis mSvenier modernul
nagebobas _ televiziis Senobas, romelsac zemodan raRac
uSvelebeli Senobebi wamoadga. am ubnebs saerTod Tavsa da
bolos veRar unaxav.
aRar vambob, ra xdeba istoriul ubnebSi. aqac, samwuxa-
rod, ZiriTadad, Cveni uaryofiTi gamocdileba meordeba. Zve-
li Tbilisis, quTaisis da a.S. ngreva adridan daiwyo. quTaisi,
magaliTad, dawves 1920-ian wlebSi, cecxli waukides bazris
ubans, amouwves quTaiss guli, daangries soboro. vaxtang be-
riZe Tvlida, rom quTaisma gacilebiT metad izarala, vidre
Tbilisma. ar vici, me ase ver Sevadareb, magram b-ni vaxtangis,
am SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT mjera. mere daiwyo ngreva restavra-
ciiT, viTomda restavracia keTdeboda. TbilisSi es proce-
si gansakuTrebiT farTod 1970-iani wlebidan warimarTa. jer
1940-iani wlebis bolos metexis ubani gaanadgures, Semdeg ukve
me TviTon moveswari, rogor erTianad aiRes riye da mere 40
weli ver moifiqres, am mocarielebul adgilze ra gaekeTebi-
naT. rodesac aseTi ram aRar gaudiodaT, iwyeboda viTomda
restravracia da ixateboda arqiteqtura, rogorc Cans, pir-
dapir fotoebze, radgan Sesabamisi dokumentacia, ramdenadac
vici, ar arsebobda. Cndeboda, magaliTad, aivnebi, romlebsac
kari ar hqonda da, etyoba, fanjrebidan xtebodnen. aseTi saxli

303
 namdvilad iyo, Tumca mere, sxvaTa Soris, erT-erTi fanjara
karad gadaiqca. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca gvqonda foto da zus-
tad Canda, rogori aris arqiteqtura, magram sxva keTdeboda.
magaliTad, unda yofiliyo sada aivani toskanuri svetebiT,
Tumca daWrelebuli aRmosavluri yaidisa keTdeboda. arada,
ar SeiZleboda, im saxls aseTi hqonoda. aseve keTdeboda sru-
liad gaugonari kompoziciebi. me dResac gansakuTrebiT ma-
Rizianebs orsarTuliani aivnebi, sadac qveda sarTulis aivani
wydeba _ kuTxes Semouvlis da gawydeba, zeda ki grZeldeba.
es TbilisisTvis srulebiT arabunebrivia da a.S. am viTomda
restavracias Tan ngreva sdevda, zogjer iqneba gamarTlebu-
lic, magram amasac veRarvin gaigebda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, arc
ki viciT, ra daingra. zogjer veRar gaigeb, sad ra aris _ sad
Zvelia, sad viTomda Zvelia, axali da imas mimgvanebuli rome-
lia. amis mixvedra Zalian rTulia. abanoTubanSi, magaliTad, me
marTla aRar vici ra aris Zveli da ra aris 1970-iani wlebisa.
samwuxarod, 2000-ian wlebSi, ukve damoukideblobis xanaSi,
mSenebloba kvlav aseTia. masSi aris raRac iseTic, rac sasar-
gebloa, magaliTad, araerTi Senobis konstruqciuli gamagre-
ba. es, cxadia, unda gakeTebuliyo, magram keTdeboda ise, rom
mere fanjris alaTas ukan veRar abrunebdi. ra saWiro iyo, Ca-
moeTalaT mTeli naZerwoba da mere yalibebSi Tavidan daemza-
debinaT? Tu Zveli SerCenilia Tavis adgilze, ratom unda Ca-
moaTalo? siswrafisTviso, siiafisTviso _ ase amboben, magram
es xom swori ar aris?! amitomac, me ar viziareb erTmniSvne-
lovan uaryofiT damokidebulebas mTeli am samuSaoebisadmi,
magram iq rom namdvilad seriozuli xarvezebia, es ueWvelia.
Zvel ubnebSi romeliRac nagebobebi daingra da ver xvdebi,
ratom. magaliTad, aris saxli, dgas TavisTvis da zemodan aqvs
Camocmuli betonis axali konstruqcia. ratom Camoacves, ga-
magebineT! ratom aris es axali gaugebari moculoba zemodan?
ratom moungries, magaliTad, erT-erT saxls fligeli? sru-
lebiT gaugebaria, magram es im cudi praqtikis gagrZelebaa.
swored amas vedavebi am mSeneblobaTa kritikosebs _ maT ar
gaiTvaliswines, rom es axali movlena ki ar aris, Zvelis ga-

304
grZelebaa, amitom mas ar SeiZleba edavo, rogorc axals. aq
unda vilaparakoT imaze, rom ar moxda cudi praqtikis daZle-
va da aRmofxvra. ai, amaze unda gvelaparaka! Cven vlaparakob-
diT sul sxvaze sakiTxze da amis Sedegi isaa, rom es kvlavac
gagrZeldeba da, mgoni, ukve grZeldeba kidec.
am mxriv, rasakvirvelia, Zalian bevri ram aris gasakeTebe-
li. es Zalian rTuli problemebia, miT umetes, rom sabWoTa
epoqaSi revoluciamdeli ganaSenianebis mizandasaxuli daZve-
leba xdeboda. Semdeg, 1990-iani wlebSi, sruli upatronoba
iyo, bunebrivia da axla ukve marTla katastrofaa. ver gaam-
tyuneb mosaxles, romelsac ar unda, cxovrobdes saxlSi, sa-
dac TavSi aguri ecema, baTqaSi cviva da, RmerTma icis, am
Senobebs kidev ra emarTeba. Tumca, sxva mxriv, dauSvebelia,
davyabuldeT imas, rom saerTod yvelaferi gavanadguroT da
rkina-betonis simaxinjeebi avaSenoT. urTulesi problemebia
Seqmnili da ver vityvi, rom me axla vxedavde Zalas, pirvel
yovlisa, socialur da profesiul Zalas, romelic am proble-
mebs gadaWrida. miuxedavad amisa, uimedoba, ra Tqma unda, uad-
giloa. Cven namdvilad gvyavs niWieri xalxi, profesionalebi _
cota, magram gvyavs. raki isini arseboben, es mainc gvitovebs
imeds, rom SeiZleba, bolos da bolos, sadaveebi odesme maT
xelSic aRmoCndes, es sakiTxebi maTi gadasawyveti gaxdes da
ara im adamianebisa, romlebic sabWoTa xanaSi sxvadasxva meTo-
debiT dawinaurdnen da, didwilad, dResac sazRvraven movle-
nebs arqiteqturuli moRvaweobisas.
saWiroa damkveTTan Zalian seriozuli muSaoba. Cveni damk-
veTi, frTxilad da zrdilobianad rom vTqvaT, ubiria. is
srulebiT ver erkveva imaSi, rasac ukveTavs, ver kiTxulobs
naxazs, ver xvdeba, ras miiRebs da aSenebulsac ki ver afasebs
saRad. ar unda sWirdebodes damkveTs imis axsna, rom viwro
quCa, rodesac aqeT-iqidan ocdaxuTsarTulian saxlebs aaSe-
neb, quCa aRar aris da im sarTulebze, garda zeda orisa, cxo-
vreba SeuZlebeli iqneba. ar unda sWirdebodes amis axsna, ma-
gram rom sWirdeba da uxsni, yurs mainc ar gigdebs, radgan
erTaderTi argumenti misTvis swrafi mogebaa. rogor gavage-

305
 binoT adamianebs, rom, roca isini mravalbinian saxls aSene-
ben, is unda qiravdebodes, maSin aqvs azri am mSeneblobas da
ara ise, rogorc axla xdeba _ pirdapir gayidian da mere meore
saxlis mSeneblobas iwyeben. saxlis mflobeli seriozuli ka-
pitalistia da misi qoneba aris farTi, romelic qiravdeba. es
ar xdeba. ase rom, aqac Zalian seriozuli samuSaoa.
qarTulma sazogadoebam daiviwya arqiteqturuli memkvid-
reobis Rirebuleba. Tavis droze Cvenma maswavleblebma Zalian
bevri iRvawes imisTvis, rom gaRvivebuliyo codna, gaRvivebu-
liyo siZvelis siyvaruli. sadReisod es yvelaferi waSlilia.
Zalian mcirea procenti adamianebisa, romlebic naRvloben
Rirebulis dakargvas an dazianebas. amitomaa, rom bevr ra-
mes dRes ar aqvs iseTi gamoxmaureba, rogoric unda hqono-
da. samwuxarod, moxmaureebSic ver vendobodi yvelas. ar var
darwmunebuli, rom Tuki didi lukmas miiReben, im wamsve ar
Seicvlian pozicias, radgan karieristuli sawyisi iq Zalian
aSkarad Cans. es yvelaze ar iTqmis, madloba RmerTs, magram
aseTi ramec xdeba. es Zalian saxifaToa, radgan kulturas ar
uyvars momxveWelebi. mas uyvars gulwrfeli adamianebi. kul-
turuli Rirebulebebi mxolod gulwrfelobiT iqmneba. Tqven
albaT SeiZleba gaakeToT tanki, raTa mogeba naxoT, magram,
lamaz saxls mxolod angarebiT ver aaSeneb, es SeuZlebelia,
mas kidev raRac unda Caatano. profesiuli Tu socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, samuSao Zalian bevria. me mainc mgonia, rom
sruli sazogadoebrivi ngrevisa da rRvevis viTareba kidev
ufro mZime unda iyos, radgan mTavari Sedegi sabWouri cxov-
rebisa swored isaa, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba _ arc kargi,
arc cudi. is, ubralod, ar aris. aRar arsebobs arafris wesi,
kidev vambob _ arc kargi, arc cudi da me davrwmundi imaSi,
rom azrs moklebuli mkacri wesi srul uwesobaze ukeTesia.
imas Searbileb da roca wesi saerTod ar arsebobs, verafers
izam. adamianebma isic ki aRar ician, erTmaneTs rogor miesal-
mon da es realobaa.
dRes xSirad gamoTqvamen sayvedurs axalgazrdebis mimarT.
neta rogor vsayvedurobT?! ra vaswavleT, ra magaliTi vuC-

306
veneT? erTi saxlidan rom gavlen da meoreSi Sevlen, iq xvde-
baT sxva qveyniereba, romelSic sxva wesebia. ra unda aiTvisos
axalgazrda adamianma? rasakvirvelia, mas uCndeba gancda, rom
yvela matyuaraa, yvela TvalTmaqcia da realurad faseuli
araferi arsebobs. es samwuxaroa, magram Zalian bunebrivia. me
ukve is makvirvebs, rom axalgazrdobis marTlac did nawils
raRac kriteriumebi kidev SerCa. ver vityodi, rom es krite-
riumebi CemTvis yovelTvis misaRebia, magram mainc arsebobs
erTgvari warmodgena keTilsa da borotze. miuxedavad yve-
laferi imisa, rac wina Taobebma vakeTeT, maT es mainc Ser-
CaT. esec maZlevs imeds. me vxedav raRac niSnebs sazogadoebis
aRorZinebisa, magram amas didi xelSewyoba unda, amis niSnebi ki
maincadamainc uxvad ar gvaqvs. viRac, ra Tqma unda, cdilobs,
xeli Seuwyos momaval Taobas, magram, samwuxarod, es arc ise
xSiria. arc mesmis, ase ucnaurad ratom irjebian, magram be-
vri marTlac ise cxovrobs, gegoneba, dedamiwaze martoa da
arc momavali arsebobs, aRarc misi monacvle unda gazardos
da TviTonaa araTu qveynierebis centri, aramed Tavad qvey-
niereba. vfiqrob, es, uzneobis garda, ubralod, ugunurebaa.
samwuxarod, es realoba aseTia.
axla yvelaferi, rasakvirvelia, imazea damokidebuli, ram-
denad imarjveben isini, visac marTla raRac unda, ramdenad
SeZleben Rirebulis SenarCunebas da sakuTari azris gatanas.
cxadia, yvelaferi damokidebulia axalgazrda Taobaze.
amitomac mTavari, rasac yovelTvis veubnebi Cems studen-
tebs, aris is, rom yovelma maTganma unda gaigos _ momavali ar
iqmneba sxvis mier, momavals marTla yoveli adamiani qmnis. es
ar gaxlavT metafora. sworad gadaxvalT Tu ara quCas, marTla
aseT wvrilmanebze aris qveynis momavali damokidebuli. `me ra
SemiZlia, iman unda gadawyvitos“ _ araswori angariSia. ramde-
nic SegiZlia, imdeni gaakeTe sworad da roca bevri swori pata-
ra saqme Seikribeba... ubralod, amas dro unda, es uceb ar Cans.
bevr guliswyvetasTanac aris dakavSirebuli, Tuki Sen raRac
sworad gaakeTe da sxvam ki es awyobili dagiSala an agiria. es
marTlac Zalian gulsatkenia, magram unda gvesmodes, rom wu-

307
 Tisofeli aseTia, batoni wuTisoflisa ki, mogexsenebaT, ver
aris keTili arseba da, sxvaTa Soris, mas tyuilis mama hqvia.
wuTisofeli ar aris martivi, wuTisofeli ar aris marto sike-
Te _ es unda gvesmodes. Tumca es CvenTvis ar auqmebs sikeTis
qmnis pasuxismgeblobas, radgan sxvanairad qveyniereba, ubra-
lod, gaqreba. rogorc vicxovrebT, rogorc gairjeba yoveli
Cvengani, iseTi iqneba Cveni sakuTari momavali da Cveni qveynis
myofadi. rac ufro mets gavakeTebT qveynisTvis, miT ufro
mets miviRebT misgan. ai, es aris is ori martivi wesi, romle-
biTac unda ixelmRvanelos yvelam, miT umetes, axalgazrda
adamianma. unda daviviwyoT amgvari azrebi, rom Cven, mcxov-
rebni melburnSi an Tundac kambojaSi, rodesac yvelaferi da-
lagdeba, maSin davbrundebiT. ver dabrundebi sxvis aSenebul
qveyanaSi! is Sen ar migiRebs da SeiZleba saerTodac ar dagxv-
des imitom, rom, am logikiT, Tu yvela, vinc raRacis maqnisia,
gaikrifa, ukacravad da vin unda aSenos es qveyana, vin? dar-
Cenilma orma adamianma? maTi Zala amas ar eyofa! da Tu aaSenes
TavianTi garjiT, is ise aSendeba, rom gadaxvewilisTvis iq ad-
gili aRar iqneba. ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani TviTon akeTebs
sakuTar arCevans, magram esec unda gvesmodes _ ver Camoxval,
ver dasaxldebi iq, sadac Seni wili nakeTebi ar aris. is saSeno
aRar iqneba, is ar iqneba Seni samSoblo.
da mainc, perspeqtiva arsebobs, momavali arsebobs, oRond
unda gaaqtiurdes da ganxorcieldes is potencia Tu Sesa-
Zleblobebi, romlebic Cven gvaqvs da ar is, rac damangreve-
lia. ar unda vifiqroT gauTaveblad mezoblis cudze _ geo-
grafiul mezobelsac vgulisxmob da karis mezobelsac. imaze
ar unda vifiqroT, is ras akeTebs arasworad. davufiqrdeT
imas, Cven TviTon ra da rogor gavakeToT. es aris erTaderTi
gza, romliTac am qveyanaze saerTod rame keTdeba. es aris
erTaderTi gza, romliTac SeiZleba gadavarCinoT da Sevinar-
CunoT Cveni qveyana.

308
ილუსტრა იები
ufliscixe

310
უჯარმის ციხე

311
ძველი შუამთის მონასტერი

312
ბოლნისის სიონი

ბოლნისის სიონი.
სვეტისთავის რელიეფი

313
ურბნისის კათედრალი

314
თბილისი. ანჩისხატის ტაძარი

315
ძველი გავაზის ღმრთისმშობლის ეკლესია

316
მცხეთის წმ. ჯვრის ტაძარი

მცხეთის წმ. ჯვრის

ტაძარი. სამხრეთი
კარის ტიმპანის
რელიეფი

317
ატენის სიონის ტაძარი

318
მარტვილის კათედრალი

319
სამწევრისის წმ. ჯვრის ტაძარი

320
ნეკრესის გუმბათიანი ეკლესია

321
გურჯaანის ყველაწმინდა

322
კუმურდოს კათედრალი

323
კაცხის ტაძარი

324
ქუთაისი. ბაგრატის ტაძარი

325
მცხეთა. სვეტიცხოველი

326
ალავერდის კათედრალი

327
სამთავისის ტაძარი

328
მცხეთა. სამთავროს ტაძარი

329
ნიკორწმინდის ტაძარი

330
იკვის ტაძარი

331
წილკნის ტაძარი

332
იყალთოს მონასტერი

333
გელათის მონასტერი

334
გელათი.
ღმრთისმშობლის შობის
ტაძარი. ჩუქურთმა
სადიაკვნის სარკმელთან

გელათი. ღმრთისმშობლის
შობის ტაძარი. გირჩი
საკურთხევლის
სარკმელთან

335
შიომღვიმის მონასტერი

336
თიღვის ტაძარი

337
იკორთის ტაძარი

338
მაღალაანთ ეკლესია

339
თბილისი. ლურჯი მონასტერი

340
ბეთანიის ტაძარი

341
ქვათახევის ღმრთისმშობლის ეკლესია

342
ყინწვისის წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია

343
ყინწვისის წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია. ინტერიერი

344
ფიტარეთის ტაძარი

345
თბილისი. მეტეხის ტაძარი

346
საფარის მონასტერი

347
ზარზმის ტაძარი

348
ახალი შუამთა

349
გრემი

350
ანანური

351
თბილისი. სიონის ტაძარი

352
ninowmindis samreklo

353
თბილისი. ანჩისხატის სამრეკლო

354
ბარაკონის ტაძარი

355
darbazuli sacxovrebeli

356
odasaxli

357
თბილისი. წმ. ნიკოლოზის ეკლესია

358
თბილისი. წმ. სამების ეკლესია

359
თბილისი. ბეთლემის ქუჩა-კიბე

360
თბილისი. მთავარმართებლის სასახლე
(ამჟამად – მოსწავლე ახალგაზრდობის სასახლე)

361
თბილისი. სახაზინო თეატრი
(ამჟამად – თბილისის ოპერისა და ბალეტის თეატრი)

362
თბილისი. საარტისტო საზოგადოების თეატრი
(შოთა რუსთაველის სახელობის სახელმწიფო თეატრი)

363
თბილისი. დიდების ტაძარი (ამჟამად – დ. შევარდნაძის სახელობის ეროვნული
გალერეა)

364
თბილისი. საქართველოს უზენაესი სასამართლო

365
თბილისი. აბრეშუმის სახლი (ამჟამად – აბრეშუმის სახელმწიფო მუზეუმი)

366
თბილისი. yofili sastumro „vetceli“

367
თბილისი. ბანკის შენობა გ. ლეონიძის ქუჩაზე

368
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლი ავლაბარში

369
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლები სოლოლაკში

370
თბილისი. საცხოვრებელი სახლი ძველ კუკიაზე

371
თბილისი. სახლები კალაში

372
სავაჭრო რიგი ძველ თბილისში

373
თბილისი. yofili მელიქ აზარიანცის Semosavliani saxli

374
თბილისი. ქვაშვეთის ეკლესია

375
თბილისი. ს. ჯანაშიას სახelobis საქართველოს მუზეუმი

376
თბილისი. თბილისის კინოსტუდიის შენობა

377
თბილისი. იv. ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო
უნივერსიტეტის II კორპუსი

378
თბილისი. მთავრობის სახლი (ამჟამად – საქართველოს პარლამენტის შენობა)

379
თბილისის სპორტის სასახლე

380
თბილისი. საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ფილარმონია

381
თბილისი. საქართველოს საავტომობილო გზების სამინისტრო
(ამჟამად – საქართველოს ბანკის სათავო ოფისი)

382
თბილისი. საქართველოს რადიომაუწყებლობისა და ტელევიზიის სახელმწიფო
კომიტეტი (ამჟამად _ საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებლის
ცენტრალური კორპუსი)

383
 ქართული
ხუროთმოძღვრების
საკითხები
უძველესი
დროიდან
XX საუკუნის
ბოლომდე
დიმიტრი
თუმანიშვილი

დიმიტრი თუმანიშვილი
„წარსულმა შეიძლება ბევრი რამ გვასწავლოს, მათ
შორის, ძალიან ძველმაც. სწორედ ამიტომ ვიცავთ ჩვენ
მას. ძველი ნაშთების შენახვა თვითმიზანი არ არის.
ჩვენ ვიცავთ სიძველეს იმიტომ, რომ უკეთ ვიცოდეთ
დღევანდელობა და უკეთ გავიგოთ მომავალი. აწმყოს
ვერ გაიგებ, თუ წარსული არ იცი. ვერ გაიგებ, ვერ
მიხვდები, რატომ არის ის ასეთი თავისი კარგითა და
ქართული ავით. ამიტომ ამბობდა ილია ჭავჭავაძე, რომ უნდა ნახო
წარსული — ბალავრის ქვა, რომელზეც აწმყო დაშენდა
ხუროთმოძღვრების და დამპალი, უვარგისი კენჭი, რომელმაც დღევანდელი
სირთულეები მოიტანა. ამის მასწავლებელი მხოლოდ

საკითხები და მხოლოდ წარსულია, სხვა საშუალება არ არსებობს.

ამიტომ მოვალენი ვართ, მომავალ თაობებს დავუტოვოთ
წარსულის დანახვის საშუალება. ვინ იცის, თავიანთი
უძველესი დროიდან გადმოსახედიდან მათ იმ ნამყოში რაღაც ისეთიც
დაინახონ, რაც ჩვენ გამოგვრჩა. ჩვენი მოვალეობაა,
www.art.edu.ge
XX საუკუნის ბოლომდე შევუნარჩუნოთ მემკვიდრეობა მომავალს.“