Tissues  Classified according to number of cell

layers and cell shape

 What is a tissue?  Simple and stratified = number of cell
Group of cells with similar structure layers
and function plus extracellular substance  Squamous, cuboidal, columnar,
(matrix) transitional = cell shape

 Cytology:
Study of cells
 Histology:
Study of tissues

Types of tissues
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Epithelial Tissues

 Location:
- cover body (internal and external)
- ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, Types of Epithelial Tissues
etc.
 Simple Epithelium
 Characteristics: Structure: 1 layer of cells
- cells close together (very little  Stratified Epithelium
extracellular matrix) Structure: many layer of cells
- form most glands  Simple Squamous
- have free surface Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
- Basal surface: Function: diffusion and filtration
Attaches epithelial cells to Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart,
underlying tissues kidneys
 Simple Cuboidal
Functions of Epithelial Tissues Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped
cells
1. Protect: Function: secretion
Ex. Skin Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys
2. Act as a barrier:  Simple Columnar
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
3. Diffusion and Filtration: Function: secrete mucus and
Ex. Lungs and kidneys absorption
4. Secretion: Location: stomach, intestines, resp.
Ex. Sweat glands Tract
5. Absorption:  Pseudostratified Columnar
Ex. Small intestine Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
appears stratified but isn’t
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Function: secrete mucus and propel
debris out of resp. Tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea
 Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like
cells
Functions: protect and acts as a
barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat,
esophagus
 Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epi.
changes shape (stretched squamous,
not stretched cuboidal)
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder

Free Cell Surfaces

 Surface not in contact with other

 Smooth to reduce friction, ex. Blood
vessels
 Microvilli:
- increase surface area
- ex. Small intestine
 Cillia:
- move materials across cell’s surface
- ex. Trachea
 Gablet cells:
- produce mucus
- ex. Stomach

Cell connections

 Tight junctions:
- bind adjacent cells together
- ex. Intestines
 Desmosomes:
Mechanical links that bind cells
 Hemidesmosomes:
Bind cells to basement membrane
 Gap junctions: between organs and tissues
- small channels that allow molecules  Elastic fibers:
to pass between cells Recoil after being stretched
- allows cells to communicate
- most common
Connective tissue= cells + extracellular
Glands matrix

 What are they? Cells blast cell, clast

Structures that secrete substances
onto a surface, into a cavity, or into Protein Fibers
blood E.C Ground substance
 Exocrine glands: Fluid
- glands with ducts
- ex. Sweat or oil glands Collagen
 Endocrine glands: P.F Reticular
- no ducts (directly into bloodstream) Elastic
- ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands,
etc. Proteins
G.S Sugars (carbs)

Types of Exocrine Glands Functions of Connective Tissue

 Simple: no branches 1. Enclose and separate:

 Compound; many branches Ex. Around organs and muscles
 Tubular: end of duct 2. Connect Tissue:
 Alveolus: sac-like structure Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone
3. Support and movement:
Ex. Bones
Connective Tissues Characteristics 4. Storage:
Ex. Bones store calcium and adipose
 Cells far apart tissue stores fat
 Contain large amount of extracellular 5. Cushion and insulate:
matrix Ex. Adipose tissue protects organs and
 Classified based on type of helps conserve heat
extracellular matrix and function 6. Transport:
 Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve Ex. Blood
 Extracellular matrix contains 3 7. Protect:
components (in varying amounts): Ex. Immune cells
protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
 Ground substance: proteins and sugars

Types of Protein Fibers

 Collagen fibers:
Look like ropes and are flexible but
resist stretching
 Reticular fibers:
Supporting network that fills spaces

Types of Ordinary Tissue
 Loose
Location: between prgans, muscles,
glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
Function: support and protect
 Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close
together
Function: connect and can withstand
pulling forces
 Adipose
Location: under skin and around
organs
Structure: collagen and elastic
fibers, cells filled with
lipids
Function: storage, insulate,
cushion
Cartilage
 Type of connective tissue
 Composed of chondrocytes
 Contains collagen
 Withstands compressions
 Provides support, flexibility,
strength
Types of Cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction
(cushion)
 Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
Function: can withstand compression
 Elastic cartilage:
Location: ear and tip of nose
Structure: elastic fibers
Tissue Repair
 What is it?
Substitution of dead cells for viable
cells
 Regeneration:
Cells of same type develop (no scar)
 Replacement:
Cells of a different type develop (scar)
Inflammation
 Occurs when tissues are damaged
 Signals the body’s defenses (white
blood cells) to destroy foreign materials
and damaged cells so repair can occur.
 Chemical mediators:
- released after injury
- cause dilation of blood vessels
Symptoms of Inflammation
1. Redness (Rubor): blood vessels dilate
2. Heat (Calor): due to increased blood flow
3. Swelling (Tumor): from water and
proteins
4. Pain (Dolor): nerve endings are
stimulated by damage and swelling
5. Loss of function: