Improve The Gain of the substrate integrated WOSA for
Millimeter-Wave 5G Application
Abstract— In recent years, there has been a lot of interest
in high-gain, low-cost planar antennas for applications in
the upper microwave and millimetre-wave regions. The
primary goal of this project is to design a substrate
integrated waveguide-feed open slot antenna (WOSA) with
increased gain and to investigate the effect of structure
dimensions. The antenna is built on a single laminate that
includes the feeding structure and the radiator, and it
achieves results that are comparable to those of an
antenna array built with the same technology. The
proposed antenna is noticed in accordance with the design
specifications. It has been designed a wideband substrate
integrated waveguide-feed open slot antenna (WOSA).
Except at 63 GHz with a 48% bandwidth, the return loss is
less than 10 dB from 53.3 GHz to 86 GHz. The antenna is
thin and compact, making it portable. Within the
operating frequency range, the peak gain varies from 6 to
13 dBi. Within the operating frequency range, the VSWR
parameter was found to be less than 2. It can be used for
5G applications that use the V-band and W-band
frequencies
Index Terms—Millimeter-wave (mmW), slot antenna, substrate
integrated waveguide (SIW), wideband antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
The emergence of millimeter-wave (mmW) applications
creates high demand of mmW antennas with wide bandwidth
and high gain. Antenna array is a popular approach to achieve
high gain with planar structure and low profile. In mmW
frequencies, the antenna arrays fed by micro-strip line or co-
planar waveguide (CPW) feeding networks may suffer from
high transmission loss, low radiation efficiency, and large
back lobe. Waveguide structures, such as substrate-integrated-
waveguide (SIW), plate-laminated waveguide, and ridge
waveguide, exhibit superior performance than transmission
lines at mmW bands due to their closed form. On the other
hand, fabrication of mmW antenna arrays becomes
challenging due to the tiny sizes and complex structures. Thus,
antenna arrays which are wideband, rely on waveguide
feeding network, and can be easily fabricated are attractive for
mmW applications. Slot antenna is a popular array element at
mmW bands due to its simple structure and ease of
fabrication. It can be cut on a surface of a waveguide or a
cavity to radiate without the need for feeding pins/probes and
additional layers
Therefore, an array antenna was used to increase the
bandwidth and gain to suit its work with wireless
communication applications operating at an operating
frequency of 30 GHz and above [5 ].
Due to the high demand for wireless broadband, many
have been conducting research on MMW technology for many
years [6] .The most prominent obstacles they faced when
designing a MMW array antenna were losses in the feed
network that hindered achieving high gain in the array antenna
where the transmission loss increases as the operating
frequency increases in addition to producing unwanted
radiation leading to poor performance of the array antenna To
avoid this, the waveguide structure was used instead of the
micro-strip line and high antenna gain was obtained with
lower transmission losses but high manufacturing cost ,its size
is large and the obstacle to its production is still present [5] .
As a key component, the MMW antenna with low cost,
high gain, and high integration ability has attracted a
considerable amount of interests from both industry and the
academia, there are various types of antennas working at high
frequencies which have been investigated, such as patch ,
grid , Yagi , dipole , but most of them suffer from narrow
bandwidth and/or low radiation efficiency, which are very
critical impractice [6]. Also there are a lots of MMW
antennas have been reported recently, such as slot antennas,
dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs), cavity antennas [6] ,
and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-fed cavity-backed
patch antennas [6], the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
has been employed to design a high-gain antenna array [7] .
Although some of these designs achieved wide bandwidths
(29%-35%), they suffer from complex feeding structures or
unstable gains [7]. Among these antennas which will give a
promising solution in the next years because of their
incomparable advantages of high gain, planar structure, small
size, low cost and easy to manufacture however, arrays of this
form either show limited gain because of restricted slot
number or are multilayered [6] .
Recently, the open slots technology has been used to
manufacture the substrate integrated waveguide fed open slot
antenna (WOSA) for the first time and has obtained excellent
results in terms of performance, size and ease of manufacture
and it is considered a promising solution for 5G applications
and will receive great attention in the coming years ,it offers a
dramatically improved bandwidth of 60% over traditional slot
antennas and gain up to 12dBi retains stable radiation
performance [8]. However, the novel substrate integrated
waveguide fed open slot antenna (WOSA) suffer from a
relatively small gain, which cannot satisfy the requirement of
most MMW applications.
II ANTENNA DESIGN
A. Antenna Configuration and Performance
The high frequency performance of the aperture
transitions stated in conventional antenna is not good enough,
especially for the gain antenna for the 53-72 GHz and 72-86
GHz, thus the size and shift of the aperture transitions for
these two operative bands must be further adjusted. Although
the five dimensions (W, a, L, S, and c indicated in Figure 1 are
physically independent, they interact and affect the input
matching of transitions together. As a result, finding the best
of the aperture), S (center-to-center distance between the
shorted circuit and aperture) and c (length of the enlarged end
of SIW) Also the design parameters and results for a WOSA
antenna in simulation software package HFSS is explained
and the results obtained from the simulations are
demonstrated.

outcomes or design by optimizing these dimensions or

characteristics one at a time is difficult. A. Parametric Study of (WOSA) antenna by varying The
Change the dimensions of the Transition Between SIW dimensions of the Transition Between SIW and RWG
and RWG is a directed random search technique to look for the for V-band .
optimal solution in complex multi-dimensional search spaces.
The new dimensions and shifts for the change optimized by varying W (width of the aperture), a (width of the
aperture transitions For V-band and W-band are shown in
enlarged end of SIW), L (length of the aperture), S (center-to-
Table I as below:
center distance between the shorted circuit and aperture) and c
(length of the enlarged end of SIW) the s-parameter variation
is studied and bandwidth is enhanced for transition design of

Figure 1 : Dimensions of the aperture transition between RWG and

SIW (a) V-band (b) W-band

TABLE I Optimized dimensions of the aperture transitions

between RWG and SIW with enhance antenna for V-band.

C A Figure 2: S-Parameter Results compared by varying W and

W L S L of the aperture
As you can see in figure 2, The change in the value of
V- 2.2 1.5 1.976 3.48
W (width of the aperture) and L (length of the aperture) leads
band 2.6
to the change of the center frequency according to the increase
W- 1.7 1.65 6.04 3.24
and decrease as it is observed in the figure 4.3 and the value
band 2.1
w=2.2mm and L=2.6mm we've got maximum bandwidth
which is represented by continuous line.
III. PARAMETRIC STUDIES
To better understand operating principle and design rules
of the proposed antenna, we conducted a set of parametric
studies on the antenna .We will study change the dimensions
of the Transition Between SIW and RWG which is a directed
random search technique to look for the optimal solution in
complex multi-dimensional search spaces this method is used
to find the optimal dimensions and placements of the aperture
transitions for the two operative bands 53-72 GHz and 72-86
GHz. Each individual has alterable five properties W (width of
the aperture), a (width of the enlarged end of (SIW), L (length
 figure 3: S-Parameter Results compared by varying S (center-to-center
distance between the shorted circuit and aperture).
Also As you can see in figure 3, the resonant frequency
increases with decrease in S (center-to-center distance
between the shorted circuit and aperture) and but with
decrease in s the bandwidth is decreasing .Since that variable
connected together with other parameters as c parameter, if
you change one, the other changes. For S=1.36mm and
C=1.976mm we got maximum bandwidth which is
represented by blue line.
B. Parametric Study of ( WOSA )antenna by varying The
dimensions of the Transition Between SIW and RWG for W-
band.
Also by varying W (width of the aperture), a (width of
the enlarged end of SIW), L (length of the aperture), S (center-
to-center distance between the shorted circuit and aperture)
and c (length of the enlarged end of SIW) the s-parameter
variation is studied and bandwidth is enhanced for transition
design of antenna for W-band.
Figure 4. S-Parameter Results compared by varying W and L of the
aperture
As you can see in figure 4., we find that the S-Parameter
bandwidth is maximum for w=2.2 mm and L=1.8 mm which
is represented by red line. For other values of w and L the
resonant frequency movement closer towards each other
reducing the overall bandwidth.
Figure 5: S-Parameter Results compared by varying S (center-to-center
distance between the shorted circuit and aperture). a (width of the enlarged
end of SIW),
Also As you can see in figure 5, we find that the
increase in the value of the two variables lead into significant
change to the bandwidth hence when value of the two
variables decrease ,the bandwidth decrease .They react
together and determine the input matching of transitions
Since these two variables are connected together, if you
change one, the other changes. For S=1.65mm and a=6 mm
we got maximum bandwidth which is represented by red line.
Effects of Dimensions of the aperture transition between
RWG and SIW for the bandwidth, the gain and the center
frequency of the radiator are a great and important impact.
The bandwidth and the gain can be controlled by that
dimensions. so that if the value of L and W increase, the the
center frequency of the radiator increase toward the V-band
and vice versa and impedance bandwidth firstly enlarges and
then reduces. Thus, there is an optimal value of W and L to
obtain the widest bandwidth and high gain. Manipulation of
the values of the other parameters such as c, a and s with a
suitable length can effectively enhance the bandwidth of the
radiator and the gain. Meanwhile, the achievable widest
bandwidth and high gain are dominated by values of the five
After conducting the parametric studies, we can have design
guidelines as follows.
 adjust a value of SIW width, a, to maintain TE10
mode transmission in the SIW over the target
operating frequency band;
 Select a the value of L and W of the aperture, to
make the center frequency of the radiator in the
required band .
 Optimize the W and L , to obtain a widest bandwidth
and high gain;
 Tune S (center-to-center distance between the shorted
circuit and aperture) and c (length of the enlarged end
of SIW), to further enhance the bandwidth

V. Simulation and discussion
 The V-band and W-band prototypes are simulated.. The Figure: Simulated VSWR Curve
simulation results were obtained from Ansoft HFSS software.
Fig. 12 plots simulated reflection coefficients of the antenna ,
and good agreement is observed. results show that the two
antenna achieved impedance bandwidth of 28.3% from 53.3 to
72.3 GHz and 18.1% from 72 to 86 GHz for S11 ≤−10 dB,
respectively. Simulated andmeasured peak gains and
simulated directivities of the antenna are shown in Fig.. The
VSWR results are less than 2 for the V- and W-band.
Simulated peak gains and directivities of the antenna
prototypes are shown in Fig. The antenna achieves average
gains of 6dBi and 13 dBi across the operating band from 53 to
86 GHz.
A. Simulated results and discussion of (WOSA) antenna
.for V-band

Figure: Gain and directivity Vs Frequency for V-band

Shown in figure .a maximum gain of 26 dB achieved at 57

GHz frequency but it dropped until he reached the frequency
range from 60-64 GHz got a very low gain and then it started
to rise and stable state change from 6-13 dBi . Also when we
change the values parameter L and W we have got to improve
for Gain at frequencies that got low Gain in the frequency
range from 60-64 GHz as seen in the figure 4.7 but the
bandwidth we got at the change

B. Simulated results and discussion of (WOSA) antenna for

Figure: Simulated Return Loss curve for V-band W-band.

The simulated return loss is below −10 dB from 53.3

GHz to 71.4 GHz except at 63 GHz. The antenna is thin and
compact which makes it easily portable. The value of VSWR
was also found to be within 1 and 2 in this range. A bandwidth

of 27 % was achieved.

Figure 4.12: Simulated Return Loss curve for W-band

The simulated return loss is below −10 dB from 72.10

GHz to 86.16 GHz. A bandwidth of 18.1% was achieved.
 Table 2-1: Comparative Analysis of Different Antenna Designs for Millimeter Wave Range

Type of Feeding Number BW of antenna Gain (dBi) Ref.

antenna element scheme. of element array

Parallel-plate Waveguide 3% 1 [1]

slot array

SIW Slot via- 600 MHz 15.7

Array Antennas hole [2]

Waveguide SIW 4*4 15%(59-66 GHz) 15.9 [3]

slot antenna

Hollow- Waveguide Slot Full-Corporate- 2* 2 11 32 [4]

Array Antenna Feed
Cavity-backed SIW 4*2 11.6% (57-64 GHz) 10-12 [5]
slot antenna

Cavity- SIW 2* 2 11.7%(32.9 -37.1 9.5-10.8 [6]

antenna GHz)

Patch antenna SIW 4* 4 19.6% (41.1-44.8 17.3 [7]

GHz)

Waveguide SIW 4* 4 16.6 %(54.2- 18.3 [8]

slot antenna 66.8GHz)

planar aperture 21.5% (56.2 - 69.7 15.3 [9]

antenna GHz)

Patch antenna CPW and 2* 2 32.4%(37.5-53 GHz) 7.5-12.5 [10]

via

Planar CPW 6 18.2%(55 - 18.7-20.4 [11]

aperture antenna 66GHz)

Slot Array RGW 8*8 50-67.8 2.5 [12]

 Substrate SIW 4* 4 32.3 % (54- 5.6 – 6.5
integrated 74.8GHz)
WOSA(V-band)

Substrate integrated SIW 4*2 18.1%(75.1- 12.3- [ 15]

WOSA(W-band) 89.6 GHz) 15

Substrate SIW 4*2 32.3 % (54- 11.3-15.6

integrated 74.8GHz)
WOSA(V-
band)

Substrate integrated SIW Single 18.1% (72-86 6- This

WOSA(W-band) 13 work

Substrate SIW Single 28.3%(53-72 ) 6-12.3

integrated
WOSA(V-
band)

the previous papers, in which they used the same technique

Figure: Gain and directivity Vs Frequency for W-band
A maximum gain 13 dBi was attained at the frequency of
81 GHz. The gain was found to be above 6 dBi in the entire
bandwidth region almost. Where here a slight change when
varying the parameter values are negligible.
IV. Comparison and discussion.
that we used in our design, where we find that the first
proposal in proposed [14] got high bandwidth but with low
gain so they tried to raise the gain in the proposed [15] where
they used an array of antenna they obtained results
comparable to the first proposal in the bandwidth and obtained
a high gain compared to the first. Our design was an attempt
to raise the gain of Single antenna and get on gain asymptotic
results of the antenna array and actually we has been raising
the gain and get the results of the asymptotic results of the
antenna array as observed in the table II below, although our

We note in the table 2.1 the most important differences of use of single antenna just there is a big difference in terms of

the results between the parameters of the antenna proposed in installation and the complexity of design and size with
antenna array .

CONCLUSION

We have designed two different substrate integrated

waveguide-feed open slot antenna (WOSA) for V-band and
W-band .The characteristics of proposed antennas have been
investigated through different parametric studies using HFSS
simulation software. The proposed antennas have achieved
good results. WOSA integrated substrate is particularly
.
suitable as an array element due to its excellent performance
and unique structure. First, it offers significantly improved
bandwidth of 60% over conventional slot antennas and retains
stable radioactive performance. A bandwidth of 28% (53-72 )
GHz was achieved with a gain varies from 6 to 12.3 dBi in V-
band, a bandwidth of 18.1% (72-86 ) GHz was achieved with
a gain varies from 6 to 13 dBi in W-band. It has also been
demonstrated that substrate integrated WOSA can serve as an
excellent antenna element at MMW bands due to its wide
bandwidth and simple structure.

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