Exp.

1 Title: Diffusion in liquids Skill assessed Date:____/____/______

Aim: To observe diffusion in liquids
Material: Distilled water; Saturated aqueous solutions of: sucrose & copper II sulphate;.
Equipment: 250 ml measuring cylinder, beaker, pipette, teat dropper, conical flask
Diagram:

FOR TEACHERS ONLY

SKILLS ASSESSED M/M ORR A/I P/D
MARK OBTAINED
Procedure: (N.B.) Procedure must be written in the passive voice
1. Place 50 cm3 of saturated sucrose solution in a tall measuring cylinder.
2. With care, add 50 cm3 of copper II sulphate solution. Make sure that you disturb the lower
layer as little as possible.
3. Set the measuring cylinder aside and observe it at regular intervals over several days.
4. Write up what you observe.
5. Try to explain what you observe using Particle theory.

Procedure:

1. 50 cm3 of saturated sucrose solution was placed in a tall measuring cylinder.

2. With care, 50 cm3 of copper II sulphate solution was added and made sure that the lower
layer was not disturbed.
3. The measuring cylinder was set aside and observed at regular intervals over several days.

Observations:
Over the course of 5 days, it was observed that the copper II sulphate had fully diffused
throughout the liquid and the entire solution was a bright blue, as supposed to last time. The
Copper II sulphate move from the area where it was high in concentration, to an area of low
concentration through a concentration gradient and spread evenly throughout the sucrose. This
also proves that matter is in fact, made up of moving particles.
Discussion:
Diffusion is movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration, through a concentration gradient. The Copper II Sulphate was in an area of high
concentration, so overtime it eventually moved through that concentration gradient to fully
diffuse in the solution. This experiment therefore proves, that matter is made up of moving
particles.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration, through a concentration gradient. And the particle
theory was true.

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Exp. 2 Title: Osmosis Skill assessed Date:____/____/______

Aim:
(1) To observe the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane.
(2) Observe the effect of salt solutions on potato.
(3) To show how osmosis supports the atomic theory

Material: Salt or sugar solution (5%). Potato, distilled water·

Equipment: knife, beakers, Petri dishes, dropper, Measuring cylinder

FOR TEACHERS ONLY

SKILLS ASSESSED M/M ORR A/I P/D

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Procedure:

1. 2 potatoes were peeled

2. the potato was sliced in half.
3. Each half was placed in a separate beaker and cover with water.
4. the ends from both potato halves were removed so that there is a flat surface for the potato to
sit on
5. A spoon was used to make a hollow in the potatoes.
6. Each piece of potato, hollow side up, was placed in a Petri dish.
7. A teaspoon of salt was added into hollow of potato A & pure water in the hollow of potato B
8. 15–25 mL of water was added to Petri dish A
9. 15 ml of salt or sugar solution was added to B
10. Each container was covered and set aside for 24 hours

Observations:
It was observed that the potato in the pure water, got swollen and stiff, this was because the
water molecules moved from an area of high concentration (pure water) to an area of low
concentration (the potato) and it went through the potato’s semi permeable layer and got swollen.
The potato in salt solution however, the water molecules were much higher concentration in the
potato than of the salt solution, therefore, water molecules moved out and the potato was
noticeably shrunken and was a lot more flexible.
Discussion:

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration, to an area of
low concentration through a semi permeable membrane, The reason the potato in this experiment
got stiff in the pure water is because water molecules moved from an area of high to low
concentration, this area of low concentration was the potato, and the potato’s semipermeable
layer allowed water molecules in, thus leading to it swelling. The potato in salt solution shrunk
because the concentration of water was a lot higher than that of the salt solution, so water moved
out the potato instead causing it to shrink. Osmosis is very important in our life, such as cell
division, absorption of nutrients, and plants as well it is present in the roots. The roots of the
plant absorb water and acts a semipermeable barrier, which allows water molecules to transfer
from high concentration (soil) to low concentration (roots).

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that, Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high
concentration, to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane, and matter
is made up of many particles.

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Exp. 3 Title: Paper Chromatography Skill assessed: Date: ____/____/_____
Aim: to separate the different pigments present in a leaf using paper chromatography,
Material: Propanone (Highly flammable), Sand, Spinach leaves
Equipment: Mortar and pestle; Chromatography paper, Teat pipette, 100 cm3 Beaker, Small capillary
tube to transfer drops of liquid onto chromatography paper.
Use the type of teat pipettes (usually fitted to Universal Indicator bottles) that do not allow squirting –
e.g. Griffin.

DIAGRAM

FOR TEACHERS ONLY

SKILLS ASSESSED M/M ORR A/I P/D
MARK OBTAINED

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Procedure:
1. Finely cut up some soft leaves and fill a mortar to about 2 cm depth.
2. Add a pinch of sand and six drops of propanone from the teat pipette.
3. Grind the mixture for at least three minutes.
4. On a strip of chromatography paper, draw a pencil line 2 cm from the bottom.
5. Use a fine glass tube to put liquid from the leaf extract onto the centre of the line. Keep the
spot as small as possible.
6. Allow the spot to dry, add five more drops of solution, letting each one dry before putting on
the next. The idea is to build up a very concentrated small spot on the paper.
7. Put a small amount of propanone in a beaker and hang the paper so it dips in the propanone.
Ensure the propanone level is below the spot.
8. Leave until the propanone has soaked near to the top.
9. Mark how high the propanone gets on the paper with a pencil and let the chromatogram dry.
Procedure:
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Observations:
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Discussion:

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Conclusion:

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Attach chromatogram.

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Exp. # 4 Title: Ethanoic acid Skill assessed: Date: ____/____/_____
Aim: To observe how an organic acid like ethanoic acid can behave as:
An ordinary acid and an acid capable of making an ester
Material: dilute & concentrated ethanoic acid, blue litmus paper; lime water; wood splints; a
piece of magnesium ribbon; concentrated sulphuric acid; ethanol; sodium carbonate.
Equipment: 4 test tubes, 1 Bunsen burner, boiling tube, test tube holder, teat dropper, & beaker.
Diagram 1:

Diagram 2:

FOR TEACHERS ONLY

SKILLS ASSESSED M/M ORR A/I P/D
MARK OBTAINED

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Procedure:
1. Pour a few cm3 of dilute ethanoic acid into a test tube and add a piece of blue litmus paper.
2. Put a few cm3 of dilute ethanoic acid in to a test tube and add a piece of magnesium ribbon.
Try to ignite the gas given off with a lighted splint
3. Put a few cm3 of dilute ethanoic acid into a test tube and add a little sodium carbonate try to
identify the gas given off by drawing some of it off in a teat dropper and bubbling it through
lime water
4. Pour concentrated acid into the boiling tube to a depth of 2 cm.
5. Add and equal volume of ethanol and mix the liquids carefully
6. Add 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4,
7. Warm the mixture gently for 1 minute
8. Carefully pour it into a beaker which is half full of water. Smell the liquid floating on the
surface of the water

Procedure:

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Observations:
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Answer these Questions in your discussion

1. How does ethanoic acid behave like an ordinary? (state 4 ways)?
2. How does ethanoic acid not behave like an ordinary acid?
3. What are the tests for CO2 and H2?
4. Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid?
5. What is the function of the H2SO4 in the preparation of ethyl ethanoate?
Discussion:
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Conclusion:
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