The Cedar Grove Academy

Centre of Excellence

Department of Science and Physical Education & Sport

Physical Education

9 Faith, Gentleness, Happiness, Joy

Study and Work Sheet

WEEK 1 & WEEK 2

Define term Hygiene

Hygiene is conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease,

especially through cleanliness.

How do you keep your hygiene in check?

Techniques to maintain proper hygiene:

1. Brushing your teeth twice a day is recommended.

2. Every day, wash your body.
3. Regularly wash your clothes and linens.
4. Hands should be washed frequently.
5. After using the restroom, wipe your hands thoroughly.
6. At the absolute least, wash your hair every three days.
 Identify the different type Hygiene

Type of Hygiene
1. Mental Hygiene – thoughts are positive and productive
2. Physical Hygiene – keeping your body clean (oral hygiene, genital hygiene, hair
hygiene, etc)
3. Environmental Hygiene – your surroundings such as home and car (domestic
hygiene)
4. Food Hygiene – cleaning and storage of food

Type of Personal Hygiene

Skin Care Hygiene
Oral Hygiene
Hand Hygiene
Face Hygiene
Hair Hygiene
Genital hygiene
Dental Hygiene
Body Hygiene

How to maintain good personal hygiene:

 Knowing how to maintain good personal hygiene can make it easier to build a routine.
A person should have some basic knowledge of the following types of hygiene:

Dental Hygiene:

 For a healthy mouth and smile, the American Dental Association (ADA) recommend

brushing the teeth for 2 minutes at least twice a day — once before breakfast and once
before bed.
 Persons should use ADA-accepted fluoride toothpaste and replace the toothbrush
every 3–4 months. The ADA also advises people to floss daily.

Hand washing:

The CDC Trusted Source outlines five simple steps for effective hand washing:

1. Wet the hands with clean, running water, then turn off the tap and apply soap.
2. Lather the hands by rubbing them together with the soap, remembering to reach the
backs of the hands, between the fingers, and under the nails.
3. Scrub the hands for at least 20 seconds, which a person can time by humming the
“Happy Birthday” song twice.
4. Rinse the hands well under clean, running water.
 5. Dry the hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

Body:
 It is advisable to shower or bathe daily, using soap and water to rinse away dead skin
cells, oil, and bacteria. People can pay special attention to areas that accumulate more
sweat, such as the armpits, in between the toes, and the groin area.
 They should also wash their hair with shampoo at least once a week, or more if
necessary. Applying deodorant when fully dry can help prevent body odors.

Nails:

 Using sanitized tools to trim the nails and keep them short is one of the best ways to
ensure that no dirt can collect underneath them.
 Scrubbing the underside of the nails with a nail brush can form part of a person’s hand
washing routine.

Menstrual and Genital hygiene:

 It is important to change sanitary products regularly and to wash the hands before and
after changing tampons, pads, or any other sanitary products.
 As vaginas are self-cleaning, using soap to clean the vagina can cause an imbalance of
its natural bacteria and lead to infections. The vulva (the external part of the vagina)
should only need cleaning once a day using a mild soap and water.
 People with an uncircumcised penis can clean it by gently pulling back the foreskin
and washing underneath it with warm water or soap.

Differentiate between Personal and Environmental Hygiene

Personal hygiene is the behaviours that must be practised in daily life, starting
from morning to sleep time to protect our health. To protect our health we must maintain
a healthy body, hair, mouth and teeth. Our clothes must be washed frequently. Personal
hygiene is intimately involved with health while Environmental hygiene encompasses
effective cleaning of surfaces using appropriate products, decontamination of medical
equipment and devices used in patient-care procedures, safe and appropriate handling of
sharp tools, blood and body fluid spills, waste and linens.
 The importance of each type of hygiene and why it is necessary to
practice
One of the personal advantages of proper cleanliness is improved health. Keeping your body
clean can help you avoid getting sick or getting infected with bacteria or viruses. Maintaining
proper hygiene can also boost your self-esteem. In other words, taking care of your
appearance makes you feel better about yourself. Hygiene protects our bodies from diseases
and strengthens our immune systems. A nutritious and well-balanced diet is essential for
optimal health. Fruits and vegetables contain essential minerals and vitamins that our bodies
require. Fruits and vegetables must be washed and cooked before consumption. Personal
hygiene is essential in everyone’s life. Because you feel very joyful and clean, having
excellent personal hygiene might make you feel more confident and boost your self-esteem.
Personal cleanliness can make a student feel better about themselves and their lives.

The factors that contribute to poor hygiene

Poor hygiene can be a sign of self-neglect, which is the inability or unwillingness to attend to
one's personal needs. Poor hygiene often accompanies certain mental or emotional disorders,
including severe depression and psychotic disorders. Dementia is another common cause of
poor hygiene. Other people may develop poor hygiene habits due to social factors such as
poverty or inadequacy of social support. Physical disabilities can also interfere with one's
ability to care for oneself and may result in an individual being unable to attend to personal
hygiene. There is no treatment for poor hygiene, although antipsychotic
and antidepressant medications are used when certain mental illnesses are the cause of this
behavior.

Other causes of poor hygiene

 Brain Trauma
 Delusional Disorder
 Drug-Induced Psychosis
 Lack of Social Support
 Physical Disability
 Poverty
 Vascular Dementia

The different medical conduction that is associated with poor hygiene

The most common poor hygiene diseases include food poisoning, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea,
constipation, vomiting, nausea, skin infections, trachoma, pneumonia, malaria and many
more resulting from bacterial infections. Dental Disease: Not only can poor dental hygiene
lead to bad breath, it can also lead to dental disease. As you allow food particles and bacteria
to build up on the teeth, a coating called plaque begins to form. The bacteria in this plaque
release acids, which break down the enamel on your teeth. As this process continues over
time, a hard substance called calculus can form on the teeth, irritating the surrounding gums.
This irritation can progress into gingivitis, leading to inflammation of the gums, which can
later lead to gum disease. Gum disease causes infection, and eventually may destroy your
teeth. Washing your hands with clean running water and soap helps reduce the amount of
bacteria on your skin, lessening your chance of contracting diseases such as:

 the common cold

 influenza (flu)
 salmonellosis
 hepatitis A
 typhoid
 streptococcus
 staph infections
 athlete’s foot
 tooth decay
 head lice
 hot tub rash
 pinworms
 pubic lice
 scabies
 swimmer’s ear
 ringworm

Skeletal System – JOINTS

Define term JOINTS as it relates to the human body

A joint, also known as an articulation or articular surface is a connection that occurs between
bones in the skeletal system (areas where bones meet). Joints provide the means for
movement. The type and characteristics of a given joint determine its
degree and type of movement. Joints can be classified based on
structure and function.
 Identify the categories of joints found in the human body
Type of Joints
There are three types of joints in the body. Synovial joints are freely movable and
allow for motion at the location where bones meet. They provide a wide range of motion and
flexibility. Other joints provide more stability and less flexibility.
Bones at cartilaginous joints connected by cartilage and are slightly movable.
Bones at fibrous joints are immovable and connected by fibrous connective tissue.
Joints can be classified by either their structure or function. Structural classifications are
based on how the bones at joints are connected. Fibrous, synovial, and cartilaginous are
structural classifications of joints:

 Immovable (Fibrous) Joints / (Fixed Joint)

 Slightly Movable (Cartilaginous) Joints
 Freely Movable (Synovial) Joints

Describe the different types of joints under each category

Immovable or fibrous joints are those that do not allow movement (or allow for only very
slight movement) at joint locations. Bones at these joints have no joint cavity and are held
together structurally by thick fibrous connective tissue, usually collagen. These joints are
important for stability and protection. Manible,
There are three types of immovable joints: sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis.

Slightly movable joints permit some movement but provide less stability than immovable
joints. These joints can be structurally classified as cartilaginous joints, as bones are
connected by cartilage at the joints. Cartilage is a tough, elastic connective tissue that helps to
reduce friction between bones. Two types of cartilage may be found at cartilaginous joints:
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is very flexible and elastic, while
fibrocartilage is stronger and less flexible.

Freely movable joints are classified structurally as synovial joints. Unlike fibrous and
cartilaginous joints, synovial joints have a joint cavity (fluid-filled space) between connecting
bones. Synovial joints allow for greater mobility but are less stable than fibrous and
cartilaginous joints. Examples of synovial joints include joints in the wrist, elbow, knees,
shoulders, and hip.

Types of synovial joints

There are six types of synovial joints which allow varying types and ranges of movement to
occur.  The variation in the movements at these joints is because of the differences in their
characteristics and limiting factors, as previously discussed.  The six synovial joints are:

1. Gliding joints

 2. Saddle joints

3. Hinge joints 

 4. Pivot joints 

5. Ball and socket joints

6. Condyloid Joint also known as an “Ellipsoid joints”

ACTIVITIES:

TYPES OF FREELY LOCATION IN THE BODY MOVEMENT ALLOWED AT

MOVEABLE JOINTS EACH JOINTS

Ball and Socket Shoulder and hip Rotation, Flexion, Extension,

adduction, abduction,
circumduction

Hinge Joint Elbow and Knee Flexion, Extension

Pivot Joint

Gliding Joint

Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint

RESEARCH ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Put the information in a table format using these heading:

Diseases and Disorders,
Definition
Location (where on the body these diseases or disorders affects)
Prevention
Cause,
Treatment