7/8

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Information & Communication
Technology
Computer Systems Servicing
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Testing Electronic Components
Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 7/8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 6: Testing Electronic Components (TEC)
First Edition, 2021

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Published by: The Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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 7/8

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Information & Communication
Technology
Computer Systems Servicing
Quarter 4 - Module 6:
Testing Electronic Components
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Good day dear learner!

This module is solely prepared for you to access and to acquire lessons befitted in your
grade level. The exercises, drills and assessments are carefully made to suit your level of
understanding. Indeed, this learning resource is for you to fully comprehend on how to “Testing
Electronic Components (TLE_IACSS0-12TEC-IVc-e-25_TLE_IACSS-9-12TECO-IVh-j-27)”
Independently, you are going to go through this module following its proper sequence.
Although you are going to do it alone, this is a guided lesson and instructions/directions on
how to do every activity is plotted for your convenience.

Using this learning resource, you ought to “Test Electronic Components (TLE_IACSS0-
12TEC-IVc-e-25_TLE_IACSS-9-12TECO-IVh-j-27)” as inculcated in the K-12 Most Essential
Learning Competencies.

Using this module, this competency is carried in this lesson:

Lesson 6: Testing Electronic Components (TEC)
LO2. Plan an approach for components testing

At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following objectives:
• identify electronic components;
• detect and record problems and faults by testing; and
• establish a sense of determination in troubleshooting to solve electronic
component problems.

WHAT I KNOW
Test I: Matching Type
Directions: Match the components in column A with its schematic symbol in column B.
Write the letter of your answer on your answer sheet.
Column A Column B
a.
1.

b.
2.

c.
3.
d.
4.
e.
5.

Disclaimer: The pictures are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding of the lesson.
The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures. The said sources and links are
found in the reference part of this module.
1
Test II: Multiple Choice
Directions: Reach each item carefully. Write the letter that correspond to your answer On
your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following component does not belong to the group?

A. Resistor B. Capacitor C. Transistor D. inductor
2. Resistor: Ohms; Capacitor: _________
A. watts B. farad C. volts D. ampere
3. In testing, to acquire an accurate result, the component tested must be ____________.
A. mounted on the circuit board B. mounted on the board and energized
C. taken out from the circuit board D. all of the above
4. This is a troubleshooting step where a technician must collect as much information about
the system, the circuit, and the components used.
A. component testing B. repairing
C. diagnosing D. isolating defective component
5. Good troubleshooting is ____________________.
A. a matter of luck B. a logical and orderly procedure
C. begun by measuring all voltages D. always done with the power off

WHAT’S IN

Directions: Answer the question in 3-5 sentences. Write your paragraph on your answer
sheet.

Why is it important to use the right tools and follow the procedures properly in
accordance with instruction and work site procedures when connecting or terminating
electronics circuits and electrical wirings?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

WHAT’S NEW
Directions: Study the picture below and answer the questions that follow. Write the answer
on your answer sheet.

1. What can you say about the picture?

2. What do you think is the process being
done?
3. What could help him/her to accomplish the
task?

Disclaimer: The pictures are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding of the lesson.
The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures. The said sources and links are
found in the reference part of this module.
2
 WHAT IS IT

Testing Electronic Components

Common Components and their Schematic Symbols

Name & Description Actual Component Schematic Symbol

Resistor a.
Fixed resistors are:
a. carbon composition resistor
b. wire wound resistor b.
Non Polarized Capacitor
Common types are:
a. Mylar b. Ceramic
Electrolytic Capacitor
It is polarized type of capacitor

Rectifier Diode
It is used primarily in converting AC
to DC.
Light Emitting Diode
It emits light when current flow
through it.
Transformer
Usually, this is a step-down power
transformer.

Inductor
It is a coil of wire.

NPN Transistor
The three leads are:
a. base
b. emitter
c. collector
Integrated Circuit (IC)
It is composed of resistors, diodes
and transistors in a package.
Speaker
It is an audio output device.

Relay Switch
It is an electrically controlled switch.

Disclaimer: The pictures and contents are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding
of the lesson. The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures. The said sources
and links are found in the reference part of this module.

3
Three Basic Steps in Fixing a Failure
Step 1: DIAGNOSE
Determine whether a problem really exists. To carry out this step, a technician must
collect as much information about the system, the circuit, and the components used, and then
diagnose the problem.
Step 2: ISOLATE
Apply a logical and sequential reasoning process to isolate the problem. In this step, a
technician will operate, observe, test, and apply troubleshooting techniques in order to isolate
the malfunction.
Step 3: REPAIR
Make the actual repair and final test the circuit.
Basic Measuring and Test Equipment
A variety of test equipment is available to help you troubleshoot analog or digital
circuits and systems. Some are standard, such as the Multi-tester and oscilloscope, which can
be used for either analog or digital circuits. Other test instruments, such as the logic clip, logic
probe, logic pulser, and current tracer, have been designed specifically to test digital logic
circuits.
The analog multi-tester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and
resistance.

A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more

electrical values—principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a
standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic industries.
Oscilloscopes, or scopes are an important tool of an
electronics engineer or tester. An oscilloscope is an item of electronics
test equipment that enables waveforms to be seen and, in this way,
makes it very much easier to see any problems occurring in an
electronics circuit.
Component Substitution
In many cases it is possible to replace a failed component with an exact replacement.
The use of "exact" is often critical. Unfortunately, there are times when an exact replacement
is unavailable. This is particularly true if the equipment is old or imported. In such cases you
may have no choice but to substitute with a close rather than exact replacement. This is
permissible in many cases, provided that several important factors are kept in mind.
This should be equal to or greater than that of the original component. In the case of
test and measuring instruments, capacitors should not only be close-tolerance types but
should also be high-stability components. As with resistors, if the capacitors used here change
with age or temperature, the instrument will become unreliable.
a. Transformer - Replacement should have the same turns ratio, voltage/current ratio and
rating as the original component. The power rating (VA) and frequency range are also
important.
Disclaimer: The pictures and contents are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding
of the lesson. The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures and contents. The
said sources and links are found in the reference part of this module.

4
b. Transistor - Transistor substitution is fairly common, particularly with lower cost equipment.
In some cases, you may have a choice between a number of different transistors. At other
times the replacement must be exact.
c. Resistors - Be sure that the replacement component has the same power rating and
resistance value. Its tolerance must be at least as good, and can be better.
d. Capacitors - Ensure that the replacement component has the same capacitance value as
that of the original, and that its tolerance is the same or better. The working voltage rating
must also be the same or better (greater).
e. Other Components - The same considerations apply to other types of components (diodes,
fuses, speakers, etc.). In every case, it is necessary to proceed with caution, and to be sure
that the replacement is correctly rated.
Datasheet
A datasheet, data-sheet, or specification sheet is a document that summarizes the
performance and other characteristics of a product, machine, component (e.g., an electronic
component), material, subsystem (e.g., a power supply), or software in sufficient detail that
allows a buyer to understand what the product is and a design engineer to understand the role
of the component in the overall system. In component substitution, it’s safer and reliable to
consult the specifications of certain component.

Parts of an Analog Multi-tester

Meter Scale – shows the calibration of Ohms, Volts and Ampere

Name Plate - shows the brand name and model of the multi-tester
Needle Corrector - used to adjust the needle pointer to rest to zero when not in used
Positive test Prod - the red test pointer
Negative test Prod - the black test pointer
Alternating Current (AC) Voltage Selection Range - ranges used or setting when
measuring the AC Voltage
Direct Current (DC) Voltage Selection Range - ranges used or setting when measuring the
DC voltage
0Ω Adjust - used to set to zero the needle pointer by shorting the two test prods before
measuring the resistance
Needle Pointer - points to the number in the meter scale that indicates the reading
Ohmmeter Range -ranges used or setting when measuring the resistance
DC milli-Ammeter Range -selection ranges when measuring small amount of direct current
Disclaimer: The pictures and contents are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding
of the lesson. The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures and content. The
said sources and links are found in the reference part of this module.

5
Testing Resistors

Before testing the resistor, be sure that this is taken out from the circuit board to have
an accurate measured value. It is virtually impossible for fixed resistors to internally short
circuit. Generally, the resistor’s internal elements will begin to develop a higher resistance than
its specified value or in some cases go completely open circuit. Resistor tolerance is the
percentage of deviation of resistance value from its color-coded value. Usually general-
purpose resistors have ±5% tolerance. For example, a 10Ω ±5% resistor can have an actual
resistance between 9.5Ω to 10.5Ω when measured with an ohmmeter.

Measuring Resistance

Suppose you are testing a 100Ω ±5% resistor (based on its color code). How would
you conclude that it’s good or defective? Since this resistor has 5% tolerance, it is expected
that measurement reading will fall between 95Ω to 105Ω to consider it good. Otherwise it is
defective and needs to be replaced.

Testing Capacitors
Several years ago, capacitors were referred to as condenser, but that term is very
rarely used today. Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store an electric charge, and the
unit of capacitance is the Farad.

Three Basic Problems that Faulty Capacitor May Have:

1. A short, which is easy to detect and is caused by contact from plate to plate.
2. An open, which is again quite easy to detect and is normally caused by one of the leads
becoming disconnected from its respective plate.
3. A leaky dielectric or capacitor breakdown, which is quite difficult to detect, as it may only
short at a certain voltage. This problem is usually caused by the deterioration of the dielectric.
The capacitor with this type of problem is referred to as a leaky capacitor.
Proper way of checking a capacitor of 47μF and larger with an analog ohmmeter by
using the procedure is shown below.
Step 1: Ensure that the capacitor is discharged by shorting the leads together.
Step 2: Set the ohmmeter switch to X10 range.
Step 3: Connect the test prods to the capacitor. The needle pointer will deflect rapidly to 0
ohms initially.
Step 4: While the test prod is steady connected to the capacitor leads, the needle pointer
should then return to infinity as the capacitor charges.

Testing Transformer

A transformer is a device with primary and secondary windings. It will transfer power
from the primary windings to the secondary windings through induction.
An open in the primary winding will prevent any primary current, and therefore there
will be no induced voltage in the secondary and therefore no voltage will be present across
the load. An open secondary winding will prevent the flow of secondary current, and once
again, no voltage will be present across the load.
Disclaimer: The contents are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding of the lesson.
The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented content. The said sources and links are
found in the reference part of this module.

6
 A partial or complete short in the primary or secondary winding of transformer will result
in an excessive source current that will probably resulted to overheating and burn of
transformer.

An ohmmeter can be used to test for partial or complete shorts in transformer windings
as shown below.

Testing Diode

Diodes are semi-conductor device which is used to convert alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC). The two electrodes or terminals of the diode are called Anode and
Cathode.
An ohmmeter can be used to check whether a diode has malfunctioned or is operating
correctly. A good diode should display a very low resistance when it is biased ON (forward
biased), and a very high resistance when it is biased OFF (reverse biased). A good diode must
conform to these two conditions, otherwise it is considered defective and needs to be replaced.
The three possible defects occurred in diodes are; open (shows very high resistance on
forward testing), shorted (shows low resistance on reverse testing) and leaky (shows small
amount of resistance when reverse tested).

Testing Transistor

Transistor is a semi-conductor component basically used as switching or amplifying

signal. It has two types; the NPN and PNP and with three leads called the base, collector and
emitter. Although transistors are exceptionally more reliable component, but they will still
malfunction. These failures are normally the result of excessive temperature, current, or
mechanical abuse and generally result in one of the three problems:
1. An open between two or three of the transistor’s leads
2. A short between two or three of the transistor’s leads
3. A change in the transistor’s characteristics
If the transistor tester is not available, the ohmmeter can be used to detect open and
shorted junctions, which are the most common transistor failures. Figure below shows the step
by step procedure for testing an NPN transistor.
a. Forward test of base – emitter junction of transistor shows low resistance
b. Forward test of base – collector junction of transistor shows low resistance
c. Junction test of emitter – collector of transistor shows high or infinite resistance

WHAT’S MORE

Directions: Identify the following basic electronic components. Draw their schematic symbols
and write their functions in the columns. Write the answer on your answer sheet.
Figure Name Symbol Function

Disclaimer: The contents and pictures are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding
of the lesson. The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented contents and pictures. The
said sources and links are found in the reference part of this module.

7
 Disclaimer: The pictures are used to put emphasis and to show concrete examples for deeper understanding of the lesson.
The Department of Education-Cebu Province does not claim or own the presented pictures. The said sources and links are
found in the reference part of this module.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Fill in the blanks with terms that will complete the paragraphs. Write the answer
on your answer sheet.

Before testing the resistor, be sure that this is taken out from the circuit board to
have an accurate measured value. It is virtually impossible for fixed resistors to internally (1)
___________. Generally, the resistor’s internal elements will begin to develop a higher
resistance than its specified value or in some cases go completely (2) ____________.
Resistor’s (3) __________ is the percentage of deviation of resistance value from its color-
coded value. Usually general-purpose resistors have ±5% tolerance. For example, a 10Ω ±5%
resistor can have an actual resistance between (4) ___________ohms to (5)
___________ohms when measured with an ohmmeter.
Several years ago, capacitors were referred to as (6) ___________, but that
term is very rarely used today. (7) ______________ is the ability of a capacitor to store an
electric charge, and the unit of capacitance is the (8) ______________.
A (9) _______________is a device with primary and secondary windings. It will
transfer power from the primary windings to the secondary windings through (10)
____________.
An open in the primary winding will prevent any primary current, and therefore
there will be no induced voltage in the secondary and therefore no voltage will be present
across the load. An open (11) _____________ winding will prevent the flow of secondary
current, and once again, no voltage will be present across the load.
A partial or complete short in the primary or secondary winding of transformer
will result in an excessive source current that will probably resulted to (12) __________ and
burn of transformer.
Transistor is a (13) _____________ component basically used as (14) ___________ or (15)
_____________.

8
 WHAT I CAN DO

Directions: Illustrate the process of testing a good (functional) rectifier diode with an
ohmmeter. Draw the process on your answer sheet.

Rubrics:
Accuracy in Using Schematic Symbols - 5
Visual Impact - 5
Neatness - 3
Timeliness - 2
TOTAL - 15 POINTS

ASSESSMENT
Directions: Find any defective electrical or electronic appliance in your home (e.g. computer,
radio, TV, cassette, karaoke, rice cooker, etc.). Identify the appliances you have
chosen to evaluate. Open it and try to inspect the internal parts. Let a family
member take pictures of you wearing your personal protective equipment while
doing the activity. Enumerate and describe the components you will find inside.
Use the template below and answer the questions that follow on your answer
sheet.

9
 Sample Template

Name: Grade & Section:

Testing Electronic Components

picture of you with picture of you with picture of you with

appliance no. 1 appliance no. 2 appliance no. 3

Components: Components: Components:

_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________

1. Explain how these appliances function before it was damage.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What was the cause of damage of this appliance based on your
observation?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. In this lesson on testing electronic components, what have you learned while fixing
electronic failures that you can apply in your life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Directions: Complete the statement below. Write the answer on your answer sheet.

Good troubleshooting is ______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

10
 11
What’s More
Name Symbol Function
It is used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
Resistor voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses.
It is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of
Integrated Circuit tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.
These are generally used in DC power supply circuits due to
Electrolytic their large capacitance's and small size to help reduce the
Capacitor ripple voltage or for coupling and decoupling applications.
It has the functions of developing electromotive force in the
Inductor direction that reduces fluctuation when a fluctuating current
flows and storing electric energy as magnetic energy.
It is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric
Light Emitting current is passed through it.
Diode
What I have Learned
Assessment
1. SHORTED
➢ Answers may
2. OPEN vary
3. TOLERANCE Additional Activities
4. 9.5 OHMS What I Know
➢ Answers may vary
5. 10.5 OHMS Test I.
6. CONDENSER What I Can Do 1. C
7. CAPACITANCE 2. E
➢ Outputs may vary 3. A
8. FARAD
9. TRANSFORMER 4. B
10. INDUCTION What’s New 5. D
11. SECONDARY Test II.
➢ Answers may vary
12. OVERHEATING 1. C
2. B
13. SEMI-CONDUCTOR What’s In 3. C
14. SWITCHING 4. C
15. AMPLIFYING SIGNALS ➢ Answers may vary
5. B
REFERENCES

A. Online Sources

Nigel P. Cook Electronics a Complete Course 2nd Ed.

Marcelo T. Enriquez Electronics Technology IV

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-electronic-circuit-board-isolated-white-
background-close-up-electronic-circuit-board-isolated-white-image172996845

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-electronic-components-desktop-computer-
motherboard-close-up-electronic-components-desktop-computer-image172994526

https://intranet.ctism.ufsm.br/gsec/Datasheets/IRF740.PDF

Cook, N. P., Lancaster, G. A., & Cook, N. P. (2004). Laboratory manual to accompany
Electronics: A complete course. Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Grob, B. (1992). Mathematics for Grob basic electronics (2nd ed.). Lake Forest, IL:
Glencoe/Macmillion-McGraw-Hill.

Multi-tester and their Parts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from https://prezi.com/kj-
n8ln9phkb/multi-tes 1

TAN, M. E., & CUNANAN, R. C. (n.d.). K-12 Learner’s Material, Consumer Electronic
Servicing. DepED.

12
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education: DepEd-Cebu Province

Office Address: Sudlon, Lahug Cebu City, 6000 Cebu

Telefax: (032) 520-3216, 520-3217

Email Address: cebuprovince@deped.gov.ph