Running head: ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 1

Ang Kwento ng Pagiging Tagasalo:

A Narrative Case Study on the Activation of the Tagasalo Role
Jonathan Robert A. Ilagan
Ateneo de Manila University
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 2

Ang Kwento ng Pagiging Tagasalo: A Narrative Case Study on the Activation of the
Tagasalo Role
The Tagasalo appears to be a unique phenomenon in the Philippines wherein a family

member is tasked with taking care of the rest of the family or a particular family member

(Carandang, 1987). It had originally been conceptualized as a role that is taken on by a family

member as a means of adjustment to stressors that a family may be experiencing (Carandang,

1987). The behavioral patterns of the Tagasalo were studied and eventually defined as a

personality trait (Udarbe, 2001; Tian, 2004). Defining this phenomenon as a trait implies that

being a Tagasalo is a consistent and stable aspect of an individual’s characteristic thoughts,

emotions, and behaviors; thus, making it seem as if becoming a Tagasalo is an inherent

reality for those that possess this trait (Cattel, 1946). However, I argue that this phenomenon

is indeed a role that is activated within the family system, and later on integrated into a

person’s self-concept; thus, making it seem as if it were an integral aspect of one’s

personality, but in reality began as a role that was given, played, and then taken on by a

family member. Therefore, in this study, I revisit the Tagasalo as a role in an attempt to

discover how this role is activated, what the life of a Tagasalo is like, and how being a

Tagasalo can influence one’s future.

History of Research on the Tagasalo Phenomenon

The term, Tagasalo, is derived from two Tagalog words: taga-, which is a prefix that

means “one who” and -salo, which means “to catch”. The literal translation, therefore, is one

who catches, which is an accurate description of this phenomenon. As aforementioned, this

had originally been defined as a role that is given and/or taken on by a single family member

within the family system who is tasked to take care of the rest of the family or another

member of the family (Carandang, 1987). Carandang (1987) was the first person to coin this

term after her observations of multiple clinical cases wherein a particular member of the
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 3

family was taking the brunt of the rest of the family, which eventually led to a need for

psychotherapy.

Given the salience of this phenomenon in Filipino families, it is surprising that it took

over a decade for research on this topic to begin again. In 2001, Udarbe revisited this topic by

identifying behavioral patterns of the Tagasalo and defining this phenomenon as a

conglomerate of personality traits. She discovered that the Tagasalo personality was

composed of the following traits: Dependability and Affiliation, Anxiety in Social Situations,

and Responsibility (Udarbe, 2001). Using these results as a basis, Tian (2001) attempted to

obtain construct validity for this structure of personality by correlating the Tagasalo scale

(Garcia, 1999) with the Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP), an indigenous objective

assessment of personality. This study did not find any correlation between the Tagasalo

personality and the PPP, which may imply that this conceptualization of Tagasalo may not

necessarily be valid.

Tagasalo as a Role
Although there is a dearth in literature that focus on the Tagasalo phenomenon, it

continues to be revisited in other works, such as Tarroja’s (2010) study on the Filipino family

and Macapagal et al.’s (2013) textbook on social psychology, wherein this phenomenon was

conceptualized as a role on both occasions.

In line with Role Theory, a role can be defined as adhering to norms and expectations

that come with a particular position in a group (Burr, 2002). Therefore, in a group, roles are

bound to develop or be activated and the family is no exception to this phenomenon

(Goldklank, 1986). In the Philippines, it appears that the Tagasalo is a role that is activated

within the family system, wherein the responsibility of everyone else’s well-being is placed

or given to one member.

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In Western culture, a similar phenomenon occurs, as well. Parentification can be

defined as a familial process wherein a child is expected to take on a parental role within a

stressed and disorganized family system (Chase, 1999). This therefore reverses the roles of

parent and child, wherein a child is expected and forced to care for the physical and/or

emotional needs of his/her parents, which is a mark of dysfunctional families (Chase, 1999).

Unlike parentification, however, the Tagasalo phenomenon is not necessarily seen as

a symptom of dysfunction. In addition to this, the catching that a Tagasalo does is not limited

to the expectations that come with parentification; in fact, it is much broader as it refers to

more than just taking care of one’s parents, such as coming to the rescue of other family

members, solving others’ problems as if it were their own, mediating conflict within the

family, and at times, being the breadwinner of the family, as well (Udarbe, 2010).

Carandang (1987) discussed how Filipino families, in general, have less diffused

boundaries between family members, which is an appropriate setting for this role to develop

(Bowen, 1986). Because of the collectivistic culture in the Philippines, it is normal to be

concerned with the issues of other people. In the family setting, therefore, having a particular

family member rise to the occasion to take care of the other family members is also within

the norm. She argues that the presence of a Tagasalo is not necessarily a sign of a

dysfunctional family (Carandang, 1987). In fact, taking on this role can be seen as a

manifestation of warmth and support to the rest of the family system, which then reinforces

the perpetuation of this role. However, this becomes problematic when taking on the

Tagasalo role begins to become physically draining and emotionally exhausting, which may

then be a mark of dysfunction within the family system.

Role Theory

The activation of a role appears to begin through a process known as role-playing,

which occurs when a person acts as if one was the occupant of a social position (Sarbin,
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1943). In the Tagasalo phenomenon, this occurs when a family is placed in a situation of

adjustment that necessitates a particular member to take on the role that catches the rest of the

family (Carandang, 1987). It is important to note, however, that roles within a family are

mutually determined by the member that may play the role and the rest of the family

(Goldklank, 1956). In cases of parentification, for example, the parentified child appears to

be determined by the overly-responsible child and the underly-responsible family members;

thus, creating complementary roles within the family system (Goldklank, 1956; Chase, 1999).

Furthermore, role-playing may eventually develop into role-taking, which is a process

wherein the person initially playing the role believes that he/she has become the legitimate

occupant of that social position (Sarbin, 1943). From playing the role of the family’s catcher,

after a period of time (and possible reinforcement from the family system), an individual may

eventually believe the he/she is legitimately the Tagasalo of the family.

According to Goffman (1959), the taking on of roles is a means of self-representation

(Macapagal et al., 2013). In this particular case, taking on the Tagasalo role within the family

system is a way in which that particular family member may represent oneself. Therefore,

being a Tagasalo appears to be a role that an individual may take on, but it can also become a

means of defining oneself; thus, becoming an integral part of one’s self-concept.

Theoretical Contribution
The Tagasalo phenomenon has been defined as either a role or a personality trait in

previous literature. Defining it as one or the other has theoretical and practical implications.

More specifically, if we were to conceptualize Tagasalo as a personality trait, it would imply

that catching or taking care of the rest of the family is a predetermined life given that

personality traits are consistent and stable aspects of one’s characteristic thought patterns,

feelings, and behaviors across different situations and/or circumstances (Cattel, 1946).
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 6

Theoretically, it would mean that Tagasalos are born to develop into individuals who will

eventually be the family member with all this responsibility.

However, I argue that there is evidence that suggests that the Tagasalo is a role that is

activated within the family system. As aforementioned, it is a phenomenon that appears to

prevalently exist in the Filipino family, whether that family be functional or dysfunctional.

Additionally, previous literature has shown that this role is usually activated as an adjustment

to a stressor; therefore, making it a response to a stimulus (Carandang, 1987; Tarroja 2010).

By reconceptualizing this phenomenon as a role, it implies that the Tagasalo role is

developed and not innately predetermined. Furthermore, roles are malleable as opposed to

stable personality traits, which has practical implications. Carandang (1987) argued that the

first step towards healing for Tagasalos in distress is bringing the effects of catching to

consciousness. In cases wherein this role is negatively affecting the mental health and well-

being of an individual, the conceptualization of this phenomenon as a role allows for

disengagement from this responsibility. Although role-taking may indeed be a form of self-

representation, defining the Tagasalo as a role allows an individual to also be able to break

free from it if necessary.

Using insights from Role Theory (Burr, 2002; Sarbini, 1943), more specifically how

the Tagasalo can be activated through role-playing, legitimized through role-taking, and

integrated in self-representation, the narrative of this study will be analyzed through the

holistic-content approach to answer the following questions:

1. How is the Tagasalo role activated?

2. What is it like being a Tagasalo?

3. How does taking on the Tagasalo role affect one’s future?

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Method

As discussed in the introduction, previous studies have approached the Tagasalo

phenomenon in a multitude of ways. Given that I am revisiting this phenomenon as a role (as

originally conceptualized), it is important to differentiate how my study differs from that of

Carandang (1987). In her book, The Filipino Child Under Stress, she focused on analyzing

clinical cases of individuals who had taken on this role (1987). In doing so, she looked at how

being a Tagasalo affected the mental health of an individual through various case studies

using her therapy sessions as main data sources. My study, however, is a qualitative case

study that is both exploratory and descriptive in nature. It focuses on the narrative of an

individual Tagasalo to not only look at how this role is currently affecting her life, but to be

able to look at how this role can be activated and how it may affect the future from the

perspective of a single case.

Participant

The participant of this study is a self-identified Tagsasalo, to whom we will be

referring to as DC in this study. DC is female, 22 years old, and currently the sole

breadwinner of her family. She is the third child in a family of four, with one older brother,

one older sister, and one younger sister. Her parents separated when DC was approximately 7

or 8 years old.

Data Collection

Data was collected via an unstructured one-on-one interview that followed three main

questions: 1) Can you tell me the story of how you became a Tagasalo; 2) What is it like

being a Tagasalo; and 3) What influence does this role have on your future?

Informed consent was provided and DC allowed me to take notes and audio record the

interview while it was happening. The interview was then transcribed to allow for data

analysis.
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Data Analysis

In an attempt to uncover how the Tagasalo role can be activated until the point of it

becoming a form of self-representation (role-playing, role-taking, then self-representation), I

analyzed the data using the holistic-content analysis approach for narratives, which is a way

to retain the temporal aspect of a narrative, while simultaneously being able to interpret parts

of a narrative in relation to its other parts, such as the outcome of the story. This was done by

series of reading and re-reading the narrative, grouping words or phrases together, identifying

themes, and placing them along temporal dimensions, such as past, present, and future (Beal,

2013).

To ensure validity, I employed a form of member checking by reporting my results to

DC to check if my findings were accurate, to which she said the analysis resonated with her

experience as a Tagasalo.

Results

The narrative of DC revolved around the activation of the Tagasalo role in the past,

her life as a Tagasalo in the present, and the ways that being a Tagasalo might and already

have affected her future. Throughout DC’s narrative as a Tagasalo, an emphasis on roles,

distress, responsibility, hope, and feeling stuck are very much apparent. Additionally, this

narrative finds its location set within the family system. Therefore, I have decided to analyze

her narrative using the holistic-content approach and present these results of this analysis in a

temporal order, with themes being categorized in the past, present, and future. Table 1

provides a summary of the results.

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Table 1. Summary of Themes per Time Period

Past

The Onset of Stressors. In accordance with DC’s narrative, this theme was a

precursor to the activation of the Tagasalo role. In this case, the onset of stressors led to an

adjustment on the family’s part. One of the ways in which the family adjusted was by having

DC take on responsibilities that were initially not hers to do (Carandang, 1987). This theme is

apparent in the following quotation:

“Noong 7 or 8 years old pa lang ako, iniiwan lang ako sa bahay dahil nagttrabaho si
mama at iniwan kami ni daddy… umalis rin ang yaya namin… Si ate, palaga naman
siyang busy studying, consistently honors rin. Si kuya, he’s a guy so lahat ng mga
bilin sa kanya was just to watch over us and protect us, kasi 3 girls kami. Napunta sa
akin ang mga ibang reminders to do everything.“

When DC was a child, her father and mother had been slowly separating. According

to her, her father would stay in the house throughout the week then leave on weekends. After

a while, he would only be around during the weekends, and then at one point, when she was

around 7 or 8 years old, he left. Shortly after this, their yaya left, as well; thus, forcing the

family to make an adjustment. In this adjustment, her mother became the sole breadwinner,

her kuya was asked to physically take care of his siblings, her ate was tasked with doing well

in school, and for DC, it appears that the Tagasalo role was placed on her and activated.

Role-Playing. According to Role Theory, the activation of a role is usually

immediately followed by the playing of the role (Burr, 2002). In this context, role-playing
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 10

refers to acting as a Tagasalo in order to help the family adjust to the changes that had

occurred within the system. The following quotation shows how DC engaged in role-playing

shortly after the activation of her role occurred:

““Sa akin binigay ang mga responsibility… like mga reminders sa mga kailangan
gawin, budget for the day”

It is apparent here that these responsibilities were given to her for her to play out and

that she willingly followed what her mother tasked her with. In accordance with Role Theory,

playing a role is likened to occupying a social position, which DC appears to be doing here

within the social context of her family (Sarbin, 1943).

Role-Taking. As opposed to role-playing, role-taking refers to believing that one

considers oneself the legitimate occupant of a particular social position (Sarbin, 1943; Burr,

2002). In the Tagasalo narrative of DC, there came a point in time where DC believed that

she had assumed this role and that it had become a position in the family that was solely and

legitimately hers. This is made apparent in the following quotations:

“eventually noong tumanda ako, bumibigat yung roles, pagayos ng bills, pagtago ng
certificates… lahat ng bagay, pinapaayos sa akin”

“siguro talagang nafeel ko siya noong grumaduate ng HS si ate, nagcollege siya.

Tapos even yung requirements niya sa college, sa aking hinihingi, doon ko siya
nafefeel, pag andaming nanghihingi sa akin, tapos sabay sabay, nakakataranta and
mabigat.”

These quotations provide insight into DC’s family system. Despite being younger

than her ate and kuya, her ate went to her and asked DC for help with college applications. It

appears that it was at this point that DC felt like she legitimately occupied the role of her

family’s Tagasalo, not only in her eyes, but also in the eyes of her other family members.
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 11

Present

Feelings of Distress. As evident in the themes that find itself in the past, feelings of

distress appear to carry over to the present. The onset of stressors served as a major factor in

the activation of the Tagasalo role for DC. In the present, the continuing presence of stressors

appear to reinforce the need for a Tagasalo within the family. Given that this is a role that

had already been taken on by DC, the continuous feelings of distress felt by the family appear

to give her a reason to continue being a Tagasalo so that these issues can be addressed. The

following quotation shows how there continues to be stressors to her family system, which

contribute to overall feelings of distress for herself and other family members:

“tinutulungan kami ng sister ni mama, pero bumaba ang salary niya… ngayon
naghahati talaga kami sa lahat ng gastos at gagawin. And then recently, nastroke si
mama, so she lost her job na before nakakatulong din.”

Anxiety. Coupled with feelings of distress and the continuing presence of stressors,

the taking on of this role also have an effect not only on the family as a system, but to DC

herself. Although she may feel that she is in the legitimate position to take on the Tagasalo

role for her family, that does not negate the fact that doing so can be burdensome, tiring, and

anxiety-provoking. The quotation presented here shows that being a Tagasalo can have

detrimental effects on the well-being on the family member who takes this on:

“Nakakataranta talaga, nakakatress. Kasi lahat umiikot sa akin, lahat ng mga

ginagawa ko ay para sa kanila”

This quote shows that the motivation of what she does is really for the betterment of

her family; however, even if her intentions for taking on this role is for the good of those that

are close to her, there are lasting effects, such as feeling stressed and anxious knowing that

her family’s well-being is her responsibility.

Forced Responsibility. As aforementioned, along with the taking on this role came a

feeling of responsibility on DC’s end. However, this role was initially given to her and she
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 12

obliged by playing the role. According to her, she felt like it had become an integral aspect of

her life when her sister graduated from high school, which led to a development. From

playing the role of Tagasalo, she had begun to take on this role, instead. Although she may

have willingly accepted this role at the beginning, it is possible that she did not expect it to

evolve into what it had become now. Given this, the taking on of the Tagsalo role in her

family is currently coupled with a feeling of forced responsibility, which is further elaborated

in the following quotes:

“It’s something na kailangan kong gawin, kailangan kong ganpangan… Sometimes

sobrang forced siya, na wala ako ibang choice kung di gawin. Kahit na ayaw ko, kahit
hindi dapat ako, gagawin ko pa rin.

“nakikita ko kasi na wala talagang choice. Wala kaming magagawa. Lahat ng kapatid
ko nagaaral, my mom cant work and my dad… bumbalik siya every once in a while,
ngayon bumalik siya. Siyng yung nagaabsent sa work para magbantay kay mama. If
maabsent si ate, 3 times ibabalik sa ospital. If kuya, tatagal pa siya sa college. He
already stopped before so I could graduate. Wala talaga. Feeling ko kung piliin ko
yung gawin ang gusto ko, kawawa naman sila. Like ngayon na ginagawa ko na, paano
pa kung bibitawan ko pa to?”

Self-Concept. Playing a role, and eventually taking on a role can have implications

on the way that an individual perceives oneself. In accordance with Role Theory, taking on a

role for an extended period of time can lead to it becoming a central aspect of the self through

self-representation (Burr, 2002; Goffman, 1959). In the case of DC, the Tagsalo role appears

to now have become an integral part of her self-concept. This can be seen in the way that she

refers to the role in line with herself:

“Nakikita ko kasi if di ko gagawin, wala ibang gagawa… ako na ang magsasalo ng

mga kailangang gagawin.”

Future

Sacrifice. DC shared that being the Tagasalo in her family has already affected her

future in multiple ways. She had always wanted to pursue further studies in psychology and

eventually become a clinical psychologist, but she has been unable to do so because of the
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 13

responsibilities that she feels she must fulfil to her family. In her eyes, the needs of the family

come before hers. Due to this, she has had to sacrifice many concrete things, such as job

opportunities and scholarships, so that she can both be close to her family and provide for

them given her current situation. The following quotes can provide a glimpse of how much

she has had to sacrifice as a Tagasalo:

“I’ve already let go of several scholarship offers and trainings. Gusto ko sanang
kunin, ayoko naman ipaalam sa kanila… marami nang issue sa family, ayokong
bigatin ang iniisip nila”

“I mean, ngayon, alam na nila na madami akong sinasacrifice, madi nang Nawala sa
akin dahil sa kanila and nabibigatan na sila doon. And napapansin ko rin in the way
they interact with me. Parang ayoko nalang na malaman nila na masmadami pa and
masmabigaypa ang mga nangyayari sa akin.”

As previously discussed, DC had sacrificed multiple opportunities that could further

her self-development as an aspiring psychologist. However, it is important to note that she

had also had to sacrifice many things on an internal level, as well. For example, she chooses

not to tell her family members of the sacrifices she has had to make for them because she

does not want them to feel guilty about (indirectly) placing her in this role or situation.

Having to keep all of these woes inside is another form of sacrifice that continues to make on

a day-to-day basis.

Hope of Release. Throughout DC’s narrative, she shared how being a Tagasalo is

imperative. It is imperative to keep her family afloat; and it is imperative for her to be the one

that does it. Despite this, however, there is a longingness of alleviating the stress, anxiety, and

other detrimental effects it has on her life. This hope of release is evident in these snippets

from DC’s narrative:

“I’m hoping… that I can leave at least yung role na yun once naggraduate si ate kasi
sana tutulungan niya ako pagsaluhin sa pagprovide sa family, pero I don’t think
mangyayari siya.”
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 14

“And siguro yung pinakaideal situation is pagkagraduate ni ate, at least tulungin niya
ako pagsaluhin sa pagpprovide ng family. Siguro by then, I can start… (with my life)
I don’t know”

Choice to Stay. Coupled with her hope of release is a sense of unsurety that it could

actually happen. Although she shares that she would want to be released from the woes of

being a Tagasalo, at the end of her narrative she says that she would choose to continue

living this role:

“Kaya ko tumigil maging Tagasalo, kaya ko siyang bitawan, pero ayoko.”

Synthesis of Themes

Overall, the narrative of DC appears to initially have a progressive structure, wherein

she is initially given the role, lives up to being a Tagasalo, and eventually realizes that taking

on this role has multiple effects on her own life and well-being. However, towards the end of

the narrative, the manner in which she describes her future seems bleak and static; the

narrative ends with a feeling of being stuck in the Tagasalo role as she continues to

voluntarily allow it to perpetuate.

Discussion

In line with the first research question of this study, the results show that the Tagasalo

role seems to be activated when a family system finds itself in a period of adjustment. This

role also appears to be mutually determined. In DC’s case, her mother assigned the role to

her, but she also accepted the role. As time went by, her family members’ acceptance of her

role appears to be one of the reasons why this role perpetuated in a process of mutual

determination of roles (Goldklank, 1956).

The way that this role is activated has implications on how coping within the family

system occurs. As aforementioned, DC’s father left at a young age (as did her yaya), which

altered the family system completely; thus, resulting in the assignment of the Tagasalo role to

her. Given this, it appears that the procurement of this role is a way for the family, as a whole
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 15

system, to cope with distress. Although this form of adjustment helps the family cope as a

whole, it places the burden on one individual, in this case, the Tagasalo.

Furthermore, the themes that emerged in the present provides insight into my second

research question: What is it like being a Tagasalo? The narrative of DC seems to show that

the ongoing stress that the family experiences serves as a constant reminder (or reinforcer)

that the Tagasalo role is needed in the family; thus, making her feel anxious from this forced

responsibility. Not only does this cause her a sense of personal distress, but it also reinforces

the idea that this role may be who she is within this system; from playing a role and taking on

a role, being that Tagasalo has seem to become a form of self-representation; thus, suggesting

that DC’s Role Identity as a Tagasalo is integral to her self-concept; a phenomenon that may

be more prevalent in collectivistic cultures, like the Philippines, due to how tightly knit one’s

role is with one’s identity.

The last set of themes, which centered on how the Tagasalo role can affect one’s

future (the third research question), were as follows: sacrifice, hope of release, and choice to

stay. These three themes also appear to have implications on coping within the family. Unlike

the assignment of a role, sacrificing appears to be how the Tagasalo is forced to individually

cope within a system that had turned to this person as its means of coping as a whole.

Although the Tagasalo, in this particular study, may use sacrificing as a means of coping, it is

clear that there is still a hope of release from this role, but she ultimately decides to remain as

the family’s Tagasalo at the end of the day.

Practical Implications

Internal turmoil, distress, and anxiety are all intrapsychic conflicts that appear to be

attributed to being a Tagasalo, the familial coping mechanism in Filipino families. These

psychological symptoms experienced by Tagasalos are definitely a cause for concern,

especially since it can negatively affect an individual’s mental health and well-being. The
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 16

results of this study show that in the Philippines (and possibly other collectivistic cultures),

the role that one person takes in a group is integral to one’s self-representation and identity;

this may be further exacerbated when that group is the family and the role is the Tagasalo

(Goffman, 1959).

Why is it that DC hopes for release from this role in the future, but chooses to

continue being the Tagasalo of the family? In line with her narrative, it shows that being the

Tagasalo is an active choice. It is true that this choice is influenced by a multitude of factors,

but DC herself shared that she would rather choose to continue being this person for her

family as opposed to not doing so. If a Tagasalo actively chooses to continue taking on this

role, then release from it would also require active disengagement. Carandang (1987)

discussed that the first step towards healing from all the intrapsychic conflict from being a

Tagasalo is awareness. However, I argue that not only does a Tagasalo have to become

aware of the effects that this life may have on oneself, but one must also realize that one has

become the main coping mechanism of the family and that sacrificing may have become an

individual form of coping. It appears that the Tagasalo may have to choose to either actively

disengage from this role or continue leading a life of coping for the family.
ANG KWENTO NG PAGIGING TAGASALO 17

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