Chapter III Data

Processing
WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?
• Data processing is how raw
information is manipulated in order
to produce a result.
• The result may lead a better
understanding of a problem or a
situation.
The success of a business depends on
how the volumes of data generated are
handled and interpreted.
 Stages of Data Processing
• Collection
• Preparation
• Input
• Processing
• Output and interpretation
• Storage

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 Evolution of Data Processing
Electronic Data Processing (EDP)
• EDP is often defined as the use of
computers in recording, classifying,
manipulating, and summarizing data.
• It is also called transaction processing
systems (TPS), automatic data
processing, or information processing.
• Transaction processing systems: These
process data resulting from business
transactions, update operational databases,
and produce business documents.
Examples: sales and inventory processing
and accounting systems
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Management Information Systems
(MIS)
• This new role focused on developing
business applications that provided
managerial end users with predefined
management reports that would give
managers the information they needed
for decision-making purposes.
• Management information systems
provide information in the form of pre
specified reports and displays to support
business decision-making. Examples:
sales analysis, production performance
and cost trend reporting systems
 Management Information Systems (MIS) TODAY

• A management information system

(MIS) provides information needed to
manage organizations efficiently and
effectively.
• Management information systems
involve three primary resources: people,
technology, and information.
• Management information systems are
distinct from other information systems
in that they are used to analyze
operational activities in the organization.
• Academically, the term is commonly
used to refer to the group of information
management methods tied to the
automation or support of human
decision making,e.g. decision support
systems, expert systems, and executive
information systems

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 Types of MIS
• Management information systems (MIS): produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports
based on data extracted and summarized from the firm’s underlying transaction
processing systems to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform
structured and semi-structured decision problems.–
• Decision support systems (DSS): are computer program applications used by middle
management to compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem
solving and decision making.
• Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to
summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as
accounting, human resources and operations.
• Marketing information systems are MIS designed specifically for managing the
marketing aspects of the business.
• Office automation systems (OAS): support communication and productivity in the
enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be
implemented at any and all levels of management

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 Enterprise Applications
• Enterprise systems, also known as enterprise resource planning(ERP) systems provide
an organization with integrated software modules and a unified database which enable
efficient planning, managing, and controlling of all core business processes across
multiple locations. Modules of ERP systems may include finance, accounting,
marketing, human resources, production, inventory management and distribution.
• Supply chain management (SCM) systems enable more efficient management of the
supply chain by integrating the links in a supply chain. This may include suppliers,
manufacturer, wholesalers, retailers and final customers.
• Customer relationship management(CRM) systems help businesses manage
relationships with potential and current customers and business partners across
marketing, sales, and service.
• Knowledge management system(KMS) helps organizations facilitate the collection,
recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination of knowledge. This may include
documents, accounting records, and unrecorded procedures, practices and skills

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 Computer Reservations Systems (CRS)
• A computer reservations system (or central
reservation system) is a computerized system
used to store and retrieve information and
conduct transactions related to air travel.
• Originally designed and operated by airlines,
CRSes were later extended for the use of travel
agencies.
• Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets
for multiple airlines are known as global
distribution systems (GDS).
• Airlines have divested most of their direct
holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who
make their systems accessible to consumers
through Internet gateways.
• Modern GDSes typically allow users to book
hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline
tickets. They also provide access to railway
reservations and bus reservations in some
markets although these are not always integrated
with the main system.

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 AMADEUS
• Created by Air France, Iberia, Lufthansa,
• 144 Airline Passenger Service System
Customers through 60,000 airline sales offices
worldwide
• 90,000 travel agencies worldwide, both offline
and online, in 195countries. Online agencies
include:– Expedia– CheapOair– Ebookers–
CheapTickets– MakeMyTrip– Opodo–
Jetabroad
• 440 bookable airlines (including over 60 Low
Cost Carriers)
• Over 100,000 unique hotel properties
• 30 Car rental companies representing over
36,000 car rental locations
• 21 Cruise Lines
• 203 Tour Operators
• 103 Rail Operators
• 23 Travel Insurance Companies

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 SABRE
• Created by American Airlines
• Used by Aeroflot, Vietnam Airlines, JetBlue
Airways, Frontier, Westjet, Volaris, AeroMexico,
Virgin America
• Online Travel Agencies:– Travelocity–
Lastminute.com– Travel Guru– Priceline
• Schedules for 400 airlines
• 380 airline industry customers, including 44 airlines
representing all major alliances
• 88,000 hotels
• 50 rail carriers
• 180 tour operators
• 13 cruise lines
• 24 car rental brands serving 30,000 locations
• 9 limousine vendors providing access to more than
33,500 ground service providers
• • 55,000 travel agencies in over 100 countries

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 OTHER FAMOUS GDS ´S IN TOURISM

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 Challenges and Expectations from Big Data Analytic
Tools
• An overview of the sector, including the
key factors that have shaped patterns
and demand
• Not just data, but insights that you can
incorporate in your strategic decision
making
• Nuanced underlying factors that
influence consumer behavior
• Data points to understand the past,
analyze the present, and project the
future
• Trends that will impact the sector in the
short- and long-term
• Deeper understanding of the target
audience, their motivations, aspirations,
and expectations from service providers

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 Big Data In Tourism Overview And Trends Analysis
• Detailed overview of parent market
• Changing market dynamics in the industry
• In-depth market segmentation
• Historical, current and projected market size in
terms of volume and value
• Recent industry trends and developments
• Competitive landscape
• Strategies of key players and products offered
• Potential and niche segments, geographical
regions exhibiting promising growth
• A neutral perspective on market performance
• Must-have information for market players to
sustain and enhance their market footprint

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Chapter IV Tourism
and Sustainability
 Objectives of Sustainable Tourism
• A fairer distribution of the benefits
of tourism activity, especially
regarding the local community.
• Substantial improvement in the
quality of life of residents.
• Strengthening cultural and social
identity values.
• Preserving the attractions of the place
for future generations.
• A rewarding experience, of quality
and interest to the visitor.
• The balance between tourism,
business and conservation.

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 Principles of Sustainable Tourism
1) The conservation of the natural
environment
• Ensuring that tourism development is
compatible with the maintenance of
• essential ecological processes and
biodiversity.
• Conservation of natural resources.
• Maintenance of architectural heritage.
• Monitor site load capacity.
• Periodically assess environmental
impacts.

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 Principles of Sustainable Tourism
2) Social and cultural integration:
• The main beneficiaries of tourism
will be the residents themselves,
thanks to the common welfare
opportunities provided, but always in
a way that is compatible with their
culture and traditions.
• Participation of the local population.
• Promotion and rescue of national
identity
• Generation and promotion of a tourist
culture.

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 Principles of Sustainable Tourism
3) Economic profitability:
• Balance between investments and
tourism revenues, ensuring
• conservation of the attractions that
generate the benefits.
• Employment.
• Profitability
• Investment
• Business opportunities.

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 Tourist Cargo Capacity
• Cargo capacity is the limit of the use
of a tourist attraction, the point where
it is possible to control the negative
effects caused by the pressure of
Visitors.
• It consists of knowing how many
tourists a tourist spot can absorb to
that doesn't look crowded and lose its
appeal. For example, a lake full of
boats for walks or sports, is not a
seductive landscape, or some
archaeological areas overcrowded of
visitors lose all their charm and
interest.

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 Warning signs for Tourist Cargo Capacity
• To know the risk limit on which the
effects are harmful on the estate, the
following warning signs should be
taken into account:
1) Physical, a clear risk limit is when a
process begins to occur accelerated
deterioration of the facilities or the site,
at a rate higher than their normal
maintenance, for example:
• A historic building that progressively
loses some of its architectural value
artistic, as a whole of the
concentration of people (graffiti,
humidity,vandalism, etc.)

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 Warning signs for tourist cargo capacity
2) Biological: corresponds to an
over-exploitation of the natural resource,
above limits that prevent their
regeneration, for example:
• The fragility of the soil layer of a forest
subjected to continuous footsteps of
visitors or the collection of species of
flora uncontrollably.
3) Socio – cultural: the risk occurs when
tourist pressure is able to alter the cultural
values and traditional habits of the local
population, for example:
• When typical foods or the normal diet is
replaced by customs imported, such as
fast food.

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 Warning signs for Tourist Cargo Capacity
4) Psychological: an undesirable level
is reached when visitors feel
uncomfortable or dissatisfied by
excessive public concentration, or by a
poorly sized space, for example:
• A museum of small dimensions or
with over-visitors, where it is
impossible to appreciate and enjoy
the works on display.

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 The Quality of the Services offered
• The term quality is very broad and
can be applied to:
• The environment in which tourism
activity takes place
• Accommodation, food,
transportation, etc.
• Professionals dedicated to serving
visitors.
• The living conditions of the local
population
• The tourism offer

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 Tourism and Natural Environment
• Large areas of the national territory have suffered the havoc of degradation. No have
only succumbed to landscapes, a large number of natural, economic and emissions
have negatively transformed broad ecosystems areas of the country. It is a model that
needs to be profoundly transformed into a strategic sector for the economy, but also
with an impact potential about the natural environment. The future of our attractions
depends to a large extent on the ability to transform the model, moving towards a
sustainable model.
• The change of model implies a new scale of social and cultural values that are
inexcusable acceptance for tourism's own continuity. It involves the passage of the
concept of quantitative growth of tourism to that of its qualitative development
through integration of activities into the environment, sizing and designing them in
such a way so that the level of disruption of the environment is within the acceptable
limits for this.
• The central idea of these new cultural values in the sector is to focus on need to
achieve the positive articulation of tourism in local development and assessing their
contributions, costs and risks from a benchmark long-term sustainability.

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 Ecotourism
• Sustainable tourism is expressed through
tourism activities, which vary in depending on
the attractiveness and potential of each site.
Among these ways of expressing the sustainable
tourism, highlight: ecotourism, adventure
tourism, rural tourism, alternative, and many
more, as many as special conditions have a
place, and as preference show their visitors.
• One of the most widespread modalities is
"ecotourism". The concept of ecotourism
emerged in the 1980s when he saw himself in
nature tourism, by the that many people were
attracted, an opportunity to fund the
conservation of protected areas, and to train the
population and visitors.
• Ecotourism is then defined as: "a type of
eco-based tourism, focused on the observation,
enjoyment and preservation of nature,
concerned with reduce negative impacts on the
environment and the well-being of the
population "Nice place to stay"

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 Ecotourism
• To convince us if that's the way, nothing better than going over the main advantages of ecotourism:
• The demand for holidays related to nature and culture, grows to a faster than other types of tourism, so it
represents an interesting business opportunity. It should be noted that the initial demand is small, and therefore it's
easy to duplicate or triple it in no time.
• Some of the benefits must be reinvested in the maintenance and protection of the heritage, which requires proper
management of tourism activity.
• Ecotourism favors allowing most of the tourist revenue remain in the country, if it is able to create the necessary
services (accommodation and transport mainly), at the level of what operators and tourists demand.
• Long-term vision and benefits also stable in the long run, if not compromise the attractions that future generations
must enjoy, its destruction condemns the end of tourist activity.
• Less initial investment is required, of equipment, services and necessary infrastructures are simpler than those
demanded by large Resorts.
• It should be recognized that there is an additional cost factor, as that are usually attractive, are located in remote
places devoid of the basic infrastructures (roads, airports, among others).
• It is a small-scale tourism, tailored to human contact and proximity to nature, so you need only the services and
facilities with the least impact on the original environment, but without losing the idea of comfort and comfort for
the visitor.
• Success depends on the conservation of nature and the involvement of nature local population, tasked with
rationally exploiting the use of heritage as an economic alternative, and as a promise of a better life for present and
future generations.

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 Sustainable tourism and government support.
• Tourism attracts benefits and problems. If it is
well planned, developed and tourism generates,
and provides opportunities for local
entrepreneurs to create business. All of this
translates into a better standard of living for
residents. The tourism-generated tax revenues
can be devoted to improving tourism equipment
and social work.
• Tourism stimulates the expansion of other
activities such as agriculture, fisheries,
manufacturing and handicrafts, encourages the
development of of new and better commercial
and cultural facilities that are used by the local
community and its visitors.
• Tourism can justify and contribute to the
financing of conservation work local natural
areas, archaeological and historical sites,
artisanal traditions and improvement in
environmental quality, as all of this attracts
tourists.

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