BIOTECHNOLOGY

First Quarter

Module 1 (Week 1 and 2)

PARTS AND ORGANELLES OF THE CELLS

Direction; Read and understand each lesson. Write your answer in the given answer sheet.
Most Essential Learning Competency: Discuss the main parts and organelles of the cell. (Animal,
Plant, and Bacteria)
Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the different parts of the cell
2. Differentiate animal cell and plant cell
3. Differentiate prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Complete the flow chart below. Choose your answer from the box

Organ Cell Organ system Organism Tissue

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

1. ________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. ___________ 5. ___________

Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. In other words, cells
make up living things and they provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert
those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. 

The Cell Theory

Cell theory is a collection of ideas and conclusions from many different scientists over time
that describes cells and how cells operate.
The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked
strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name.
However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as
it appeared under the microscope.
Using handcrafted microscopes, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first
person to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally

referred to as animalcules (which we now refer to as microorganisms).

In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells. The following year,
Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are made up of cells. These discoveries of Schleiden
and Schwann introduced the Cell theory. This theory states that:
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
In 1855, third statement on the cell theory was added by Rudolf Virchow. It states that:
3. All living cells come from preexisting cells, by division.
This ability of cells to divide and form new cells is the reason for the reproduction and
growth of all organisms.

As time passed by, and as technology advances, new studies and discoveries were made by
many scientists thus formulating The Modern Principles of the Cell Theory which include the
following:
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
3. All living cells come from preexisting cells, by division.
4. The activity of an organism is the total activity of the independent cells of the organism.
5. All energy flow of life occurs within the cell.
6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed from one to another during cell
division.
7. The chemical composition of cell are basically the same in organisms of similar species.

Answer the question briefly.

1. What role did the invention of the microscope play in the development of the cell theory?
Cells are divided into two types according to the way their DNA is stored.

1. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a membrane covered nucleus, they have their DNA located in a
part of the cell called the nucleoid. Single-celled organisms such as bacteria are a type of
prokaryotic cell.

2. Eukaryotic cells –have a membrane-covered nucleus which stores the cell's

DNA. Multicellular organisms such as plants and animals are made up of eukaryotic cells.

CELL STRUCTURE
Cells have three major parts:
1. Nucleus serves as the control center of the cell;
2. Cytoplasm is the material between the nucleus and the outer boundary where organelles are
found;
3. Cell Membrane serves as the outer boundary of the cell and organelles the passage of materials
to and from the cell.

Animal Cell
 Structure/Organelles Function
Cell membrane/Plasma  Extremely delicate, thin, elastic, living and semi-permeable
Membrane membrane
 Made up of two layers of lipid molecules in which protein
molecules are floating
 Maintains shape & size of the cell
 Protects internal contents of the cell
 Regulates entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell
 Maintains homeostasis
Nucleus  The nucleus is a membrane bound structure and act as the
“control center” of the cell.
 The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid/DNA) and controls the cell's
growth and reproduction.
 The nucleus is bounded by a double membrane called the
nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane). This membrane
separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
 The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus
and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out
of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
 The nucleus contains coded instructions for all of the cell’s
activities. These coded instructions are stored on special
structure called the chromosomes.
 The nucleus also contains the nucleolus which helps to
synthesize ribosomes. Copious amounts of RNA and
proteins can be found in the nucleolus as well.
Cytoplasm  Jelly-like material formed by 80 % of water
 It contains or hold the organelles inside the cell.

Mitochondria Small, rod shaped organelles and are commonly called the
“power house” of the cell. They trap the energy that results
when food is broken down. Mitochondria provide energy for the
cell. Some types of cells are more active than others, that’s
why they can have more mitochondria.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum are network of canals extends from the
nucleus to the cell membrane and takes up quite a lot of space
in some cells. It moves material from one place to another place
inside the cell.
There are two regions of the endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) has ribosomes
attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. It
synthesizes secretory proteins and membrane proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) lacks attached
ribosomes. It synthesizes lipids for cell membrane
 • In liver cells SER detoxify drugs & poisons
• In muscle cells SER store calcium ions

Ribosomes Ribosomes are the tiny dots you see on the edges of some of
the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are cell organelles that
consist of RNA and proteins. They are responsible for
assembling the proteins of
the cell.

Golgi Body/Golgi Complex/Golgi
Apparatus
Structures called golgi bodies are responsible for packaging
and releasing certain cellular products, particularly those from
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cells that specialize in
secreting various substances typically have a high number of
Golgi bodies.

Lysosomes Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that are made by

the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. They are active in
recycling the cell's organic material also contain chemicals that
digest wastes and
wornout/damaged cell parts. In many organisms, lysosomes
are involved in programmed cell death. When a cell dies,
chemicals in the lysosomes act to quickly break down the cell.

Plant cells do not have lysosomes.

Vacuole Vacuoles are storage areas in cells found in the cytoplasm
whose function includes intracellular secretion, excretion,
storage, and digestion.
It’s a Single membrane sac filled with liquid or sap (water,
sugar and ions)
• In animal cells, vacuoles are temporary, small in size and few
in number
• In plant cells, vacuoles are large and more
in number

Centriole Centrioles are hollow, cylindrical structures made of

microtubules they form spindle fibers which help in the
movement of chromosomes during cell division

Cytoskeleton Formed by microtubules and microfilaments

• Microtubules are hollow tubules made up of protein called
tubulin
• Microfilaments are rod shaped thin filaments made up of
protein called actin
• Determine the shape and give structural strength to the cell
• Responsible for cellular movements
Cell Wall  Non-living and outermost covering of a cell (plants &
bacteria)
 Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible.
  Provides definite shape, strength & rigidity
 Prevents drying up(desiccation) of cells
 Helps in controlling cell expansion
 Protects cell from external pathogens

Chloroplast • Double membrane-bound organelles found mainly in plant

cells
• Grana are stacks of thylakoids (membrane bound, flattened
discs)
• Thylakoids contain chlorophyll molecules which are
responsible for photosynthesis. Also provide green colour to
leaves, stems and vegetables
• Stroma is a colourless dense fluid
Nucleoid The DNA of a bacterium is a single circular chromosome that
resides in the nucleoid

Flagella Flagella is a tail like structure that can be used to help

bacteria move.
Pilus Used to exchange genetic material during a type of
reproduction called conjugation
Capsule A layer that lies outside the cell wall. It is a well-organized
layer, not easily washed off, and it enables the cell to attach to
surfaces in its environment and can be the cause of various
diseases.

A. Let us see how well you can make a summary of what you know about the cell. Below is a table
that lists the names of the cell structure(s). Now, compare animal, plant and bacterial cells by
putting a (/) if the structure is present and an (x) if the structure is absent under each column.
B. Based on what you have learned on the different structures and functions of cell parts explain
the following.
1. In plant cells, vacuoles are big. In animal cells, vacuoles are small. Why do you think so?
2. Why might a muscle cell have more mitochondria than other cells?
3. Tadpoles were born with tails, but as they grow they disappear. What cell part makes the tadpole
tails disappear? How?
4. What type of cell is COVID-19? Why do you think so?

PERFORMANCE TASK 1.
THE CELL CITY
Identify the names of the organelles that were not identified. Then draw a model of a cell that looks
like a city. Each organelle has a role in the city given below. Use their roles in creating the Cell City.
Put it in a short bond paper.

*Endoplasmic
1.
Reticulum –
you may use
4 bus instead
of subway

*Lysosomes –
you may use
garbage truck

25

3
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this information
you can conclude that the cell is:
a. a plant cell b. a animal cell c. a bacterial cell d. a prokaryotic cell
2. A cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is known as a(an)
______________ cell.
a. plant b. animal c.eukaryote d. prokaryote
3. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small number of
a. ribosomes b. lysosomes c. mitochondria d. chromosomes
4. In which of the following items would you expect to find cells?
a. strawberry b. eyeglasses c. silver dollar d.
plastic flower
5. Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called
a. plants b. organelles c. eukaryotes d. prokaryotes
6. What site regulates what goes in and out of the cell?
a. cell wall b. vacuole c. cell membrane d. nuclear membrane
7. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains flagella,
ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
a. plant b. fungi c. animal d. bacteria
8. Where is the site of protein synthesis?
a. nucleus b. lysosomes c. ribosome d. mitochondria
9. Which is the “brain” of the cell?
a. nucleus b. chlorop[lats c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria
10. Which of the following forms of life is NOT eukaryotic?
a. a bacterial cell c. a plant cell like gumamela
b. protist such as amoeba d. a human cell such as red blood cell
11. Which of the following is found in the nucleus?
a. vacuole b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. DNA
12. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell
a. lysosome b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. endoplasmic reticulum
13. Which of the following statements is always true?
a. All cells have a cell wall c. All cells contain chloroplast.
b. All cells contain nucleus. d. All cells have a cell membrane.
14. Which of the following structures are common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
a. nucleus b. ribosomes c. both b and c d. cell membrane
15. Which stores water for the cell?
a. vacuole c. ribosome b. lysosome d. chloroplast

Module 2 (Week 3 and 4)

CELL FUNCTIONS
Most Essential Learning Competency: Explain different cell functions.
Learning Objectives: a. identify the ways how materials are transported in and out of the cell
b. differentiate the two types of Cell Division
c. describe how ATP is produced

LESSON 1. CELL TRANSPORT

Plasma membranes must allow certain substances
to enter and leave a cell, and prevent some harmful
materials from entering and some essential materials
from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes
are selectively permeable—they allow some substances
to pass through, but not others. If they were to lose this
selectivity, the cell would no longer be able to sustain
itself, and it would be destroyed. Some cells require larger
amounts of specific substances than do other cells; they
must have a way of obtaining these materials from
extracellular fluids.
. There are two basic ways that substances can cross the plasma membrane: passive
transport, which requires no energy; and active transport, which requires energy.

Identify the words being described by each sentence.

1. When water is mixed with other molecules we form a mixture called __ o __ ut __on.
2. Water is the sol__ __ __ __ and the dissolved substance is called 3. Sol __ __ __.
3. If there are more dissolve substances in the mixture than water the solution is called
c __ nc __n__ra__ed

Passive transport is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any
of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A physical space in which there is unequal
distribution of molecules is called concentration gradient. Once the molecules become uniformly
distributed, a dynamic equilibrium exists. The equilibrium is said to be dynamic because
molecules continue to move, but despite this change, there is no net change in concentration over
time. 
TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Can you remember walking into the front door of
your home and smelling a pleasant aroma coming from
the kitchen? It was the diffusion of particles from the
kitchen to the front door of the house that allowed you to
detect the odors. 
*Diffusion is defined as the net movement of
particles from an area of greater concentration to an area
of lesser concentration.
Many things can diffuse. Odors diffuse through the
air, salt diffuses through water and nutrients diffuse from
the blood to the body tissues. This spread of particles
through the random motion from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is
known as diffusion.
 *Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-
permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Water moves in or out of a cell until its
concentration is the same on both sides of the plasma membrane.

In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher water

concentration to one of lower concentration. In the diagram shown, the
solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but
the water can.

Tonicity is the capability of a solution to modify the volume of

cells by altering their water content. There are three types of
solutions that cells can be in.
Hypotonic solution - Here there is a higher concentration of
solutes inside the cell than outside the cell. When this occurs, more water will enter the cell than
leave to balance out the concentration of solute.
Isotonic solution- has the same concentration of solutes both inside and outside the cell. For
example, a cell with the same concentration of salt inside it as in the surrounding water/fluid
would be said to be in an isotonic solution. Under these conditions, there is no net movement of
water; in this case, the amount of water entering and exiting the cell’s membrane is equal.
Hypertonic solution – there is more solute outside the cell than inside it. In this type of solution,
more water will exit the cell causing than enter to balance out the concentration of solute outside
the cell.
This figure shows the effects of osmosis on red blood cells and plant cells

*Facilitated Diffusion. Water and many other substances cannot simply diffuse across a
membrane. Hydrophilic molecules, charged ions, and relatively large molecules such as glucose all
need help with diffusion. The help comes from special proteins in the membrane known
as transport proteins. Diffusion with the help of transport proteins is called facilitated diffusion.
There are several types of transport proteins, including channel proteins and carrier proteins
(Figure 5.7.65.7.6)

 Channel proteins form pores, or tiny holes, in the membrane. This allows water molecules
and small ions to pass through the membrane without coming into contact with the
hydrophobic tails of the 
lipid
 molecules in the interior of the membrane.
 Carrier proteins bind with specific ions or molecules, and in doing so, they change shape.
As carrier proteins change shape, they carry the ions or molecules across the membrane.
 Let’s Experiment

What happens to the potato cells when submerged in water?

You will need
1 medium sized potato cut into 4 strips knife and chopping board
Sugar spoon
kitchen paper or tissue water
Note: Ideally you should use distilled water for this experiment. If you don’t have any, tap water
will work.
What you do
1. Cut at least 4 strips from the potato and remove any skin.
2. Put water into the glasses.
3. Stir in 2 spoons of sugar into one of the glasses. (Mark your glasses, so you know which one
have sugar)
4. Put two cuts of potatoes into each of the glasses. You may need to hold the potato into the
sugar water with the spoon.
5. Leave the potatoes for about 40 minutes.
6. Then remove from the solution and dry carefully with kitchen paper or tissue
(Don’t forget to take a picture while doing the experiment)
Process Questions.
1. What do you notice about the potato strip from each solution?
2. What type of Passive transport happens in the experiment? Explain your answer?
3. What do you think are the types of solutions were the potatoes are submerged into? Why do
you think so?

Active Transport mechanisms require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). If a substance must move into the cell against its concentration gradient—that
is, if the concentration of the substance inside the cell is greater than its concentration in the
extracellular fluid (and vice versa)—the cell must use energy to move the substance. Some active
transport mechanisms move small-molecular weight materials, such as ions, through the
membrane. Other mechanisms transport much larger molecules.

Two Types of active transport use to transport small molecular weight materials e.g. ions.
1. Primary active
transport: also called
direct active transport,
directly uses energy to
transport molecules
across a membrane.
Example: Sodium-
potassium pump,
which helps to
maintain the cell
potential.

2. Secondary active transport:

or co-transport, also uses energy
to transport molecules across a
membrane; however, in contrast
to primary active transport, there
is no direct coupling of ATP;
instead, the electrochemical
potential difference created by
pumping ions out of the cell is
instrumental.

Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of
cells, and even whole cells, into a cell. There are different variations of endocytosis, but all share a
common characteristic: The plasma membrane of the cell invaginates, forming a pocket around the
target particle. The pocket pinches off, resulting in the particle being contained in a newly created
vacuole that is formed from the plasma membrane.

Three variations of endocytosis are shown. (a) In one form of endocytosis, phagocytosis, the cell
membrane surrounds the particle and pinches off to
form an intracellular vacuole. (b) In another type of
endocytosis, pinocytosis, the cell membrane
surrounds a small volume of fluid and pinches off,
forming a vesicle. (c) In receptor-mediated
endocytosis, uptake of substances by the cell is
targeted to a single type of substance that binds at
the receptor on the external cell membrane.
Exocytosis. In contrast to these methods of
moving material into a cell is the process of
exocytosis. Exocytosis is the opposite of the
processes discussed above in that its purpose is to expel material from the cell into the extracellular
fluid. A particle enveloped in membrane fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane. This
fusion opens the membranous envelope to the exterior of the cell, and the particle is expelled into
the extracellular space

In exocytosis, a vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane, binds, and releases its contents to
the outside of the cell.

Place these features in the correct part of the Venn diagram

Involves water only

Requires energy
Is Passive
Movement of Particles
Needs a semi-permeable membrane
High to low concentration
Against a concentration gradient
Involves transport of solute
How oxygen leaves a leaf

LESSON 2: CELL DIVISION

The Chromosome
All living things contain what we call the
genetic material that serves as the set of instructions
that direct the activities and functions of the cells.
These genetic materials, also known as the
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, are passed on from
one generation to the next to ensure the continuity of
life. In eukaryotic cells (cells with organelles), the DNA
are bound with proteins (histones) and are organized
as beads on strings to form chromosomes. The
number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of
the species to which it belongs. For example, humans
have 46 chromosomes while rice have 12.

The Cell Cycle

The chromosomes of a cell change form as the
cell transition from one stage to another in a typical
cell cycle.
 The cell cycle may be divided into two stages: the interphase, where the chromosomes are
long and extended, referred to as chromatin, and the cell division phase, where the chromosomes
become condensed or thickened.
The interphase refers to the period that follows one cell division and precedes another.
The interphase is divided into three substages.
The stage from the formation of a new cell until it begins to replicate its DNA is called the first gap
or G1, during which time the cell grows initially. This stage is characterized by protein and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. RNA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is then used to
synthesized proteins.
The middle of the interphase, called the synthesis stage or S1, is the period of DNA
synthesis or replication. The chromosomes are
duplicated in preparation for the next cell division. The
second gap period, or G2, falls between the S period
and the next cell division or M (mitosis or meiosis)
phase. G2 represents a period of rapid cell growth to
prepare for cell division.

Two Types Of Cell Division

Mitosis. This type of cell division occur in somatic or
body cells which produces two identical cells with the
same number of chromosomes. The purpose of
mitosis is for growth and development and to
regenerate damage tissues. Mitosis is divided into four
stages.
 Prophase – The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin
condenses into chromosomes or double stranded sister chromatids, and the nuclear
envelope, or membrane, breaks down. In animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin
to separate and move to opposite poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a spindle
starts to form between them.
 Metaphase – During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister
chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell. This is also
known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate
and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides.
 Anaphase – During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The
sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. One sister
chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite
pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
 Telophase – During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This
prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The
spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form eventually
dividing the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells in the process called cytokinesis.
Meiosis. Meiosis is a special type of cell division where a sex cell (egg cell
or sperm cell) or gamete undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce
four daughter cells (meiosis I and meiosis II), each with half the chromosome
number as the original parent cell with a unique set of genetic materials as a
result of exchange of chromosome segments.
Meiosis has two stages. These are divided between the first time the cell divides (meiosis I)
and the second time it divides (meiosis II). The PMAT is done twice in the process.

Meiosis I
 Prophase I – The chromosomes in this phase begin to pair off as homologous or exact pair.
(There are 46 chromosomes, if you pair them up you will have 23 pairs). The chromosome
contract due to repeated coiling. Crossing-over takes place during this stage when a segment
of a sister chromatid of one
chromosome is exchanged with the
same segment of the sister chromatid of
the homologous chromosome through
the formation of a cross-linkage of
segments during the process of crossing
over as shown in the diagram.
After crossing-over, the sister
chromatids of each chromosome may no
longer be identical with each other
based on the genetic material they
contain.
 Metaphase I - The paired chromosomes arranged themselves in the equatorial plate.
 Anaphase I – Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. The
homologous chromosomes separate from each other completely and start their movement
towards the poles of the cells as they are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the centromere of
each chromosome does not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.
 Telophase I – This is the stage when the chromosomes reach their respective poles.
Cytokinesis follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has half the
chromosome number because only one chromosome from each pair goes to the daughter cell.
This is called the haploid condition, in contrast to the diploid condition at the beginning of
meiosis I where each chromosome pair is intact. Telophase is followed by interphase II.

Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore
necessary for the cells to undergo another round of cell division.
 The second meiotic
division, also known as meiosis II, is
mitotic in nature and consist of the
following stages: prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II and
telophase II; these stages are identical
with mitotic stages. The results are
four cells, two from each daughter cell
from meiosis I, with one half the
diploid chromosome number and with
only one sister chromatid for each
chromosome nucleus.
In males, these four are all
sperm cells. In females, one of the
cells is an egg cell while the other
three are polar bodies (small cells that
do not develop into eggs)

Comparing mitosis and meiosis

Directions: Differentiate mitosis from meiosis. Write in the table the needed information to complete
the task.
LESSON 3: ATP PRODUCTION
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy currency of the cell. It is the energy cells can
use to do work. It is composed of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached.
Energy is stored in phosphate bonds. Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken.

ATP or energy is released through the

process called Cellular Respiration. Cellular
respiration is a chemical process that breaks
down glucose from food and produces energy or
ATP.
The site of cellular respiration is the mitochondrion
(plural, mitochondria), the power house of the cell. It
contains enzymes needed for the conversion of food energy
into ATP.
The process of cellular respiration can be
summarized in the equation below.

Answer the question briefly.

1. What is the importance of oxygen? Why do we need it?

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration has three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as Krebs
cycle), and the electron transport chain. The first stage of (glycolysis) is anaerobic, which means no
oxygen is needed. The last two stages (citric acid and electron transport chain) are aerobic, which
means oxygen is necessary in the process.
Anaerobic Phase
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol of the cell. This process breaks down glucose
molecule into pyruvic acid molecules. In the start of the process two ATP molecules are used to
initiate the process; in the end, four molecules of ATP are produced. This process produces a net of
2 ATP only.
Aerobic Phase
After glycolysis, a pyruvic molecule moves to the mitochondrion. Two more stages of cellular
respiration complete the process of ATP production; the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport
chain. Aerobic phase provides more ATP as compared to the anaerobic phase, glycolysis.
The figure shows how
many ATP were produce in
each stage. In glycolysis, 4
ATP were actually produced
but because we use 2 ATP at
the start, we’ll only have a
net of 2 ATP. Then we get 2
ATP from Krebs cycle, and
another 32 ATP from Electron
transport Chain. In total we
have 36 ATP, and these are
produced using one molecule
of glucose.

Fermentation
There are instances that cells lack oxygen supply for a short period of time. When this
happens, fermentation occurs. Products of glycolysis enter into anaerobic condition. There are two
types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells, usually after a vigorous or strenuous
physical activity. When lactic acid accumulates in muscle cells, the muscle tissue incurs oxygen
depth which causes muscle fatigue.

Point of this happening is so NADH can

go back to NAD+ and keep glycolysis
going and produce ATP.

Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast cells. It produces ethanol, carbon dioxide and lesser
amount of ATP. This type of fermentation is being applied in industries to produce products like
bread, wine, cheese, yogurt, and many more.
Answer the following questions.
1. When you exercise your breathing increases. Why do you think so?

2. Due to the pandemic, you weren’t able to go out and jog. You then decided to jogging at home
and jog in place. The following day you felt that your thighs were aching. Why is it so?

A. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Carrier molecules that bring materials into cells are
a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Glycogen d. Phospholipid
2. Which of the following conditions is required for diffusion to occur?
a. ATP energy. c. A concentration difference.
b. A living cell. d. A selectively-permeable membrane.
3. When put in a hypotonic environment, an animal cell will
a. swell. b. shrink. c. secrete enzymes. d. remain unchanged
4. In an experiment, frog’s eggs were placed in a salt solution. After several hours their mass
increased significantly. We can therefore conclude that, compared to the frog’s eggs, the solution
was
a. isotonic. b. saturated. c. hypotonic. d. hypertonic.
5. Which of the following moves material against a concentration gradient?
a. osmosis b. diffusion c. active transport d. facilitated transport
6. Which of the following processes would be directly affected by a lack of cellular ATP?
a. Osmosis. b. Diffusion. c. Active transport. d. Facilitated transport.
7. Which of the following processes moves molecules using engulfing towards the cell?
a. Osmosis. b. Diffusion. c. Endocytosis d. Facilitated transport.
8. Which of the following are moved by facilitated diffusion?
a. Oxygen b. Water c. Glucose d. Carbon dioxide
9. The method of moving large food particles into a cell by formation of a vesicle is called ________.
a. vesicle cytosis b. endocytosis c. plasmolysis d. Exocytosis
10. _______ is reached when molecules continue to move and collide, but no change in
concentration occurs.
a. Dynamic equilibrium b. Homeostasis c. Osmosis d. concentration gradient
11. In the cell cycle, in what stage of the interphase is the DNA synthesize and replicated?
a. G1 b. G2 c. S1 d. S2
12. Which of the following is true about meiosis?
a. There are two identical cells produced after the cell division
 b. The daughter cells contains full set of chromosomes
c. Meiosis is use for growth and development
d. Meiosis are used in producing sex cells
13. How do we know that cells are reproducing in a wound?
a. The appearance of scars in few days c. The ceasing of blood drop
b. The calming of nervousness d. The stopping of pain
14. Why is there a need for DNA to replicate during the synthesis stage of the interphase?
a. To make sure that the cell undergoes cell division
b. To make sure that when cell divides each daughter cell has an exact copy of the DNA.
c. To make sure that the number of chromosomes would be exactly the same as in original
cells.
d. To make sure that the cell grows rapidly.
20. What events take place when the cell undergoes cytokinesis?
a. There is the growth of nucleus. c. There is division of the cytoplasm
b. It is a period of replication. d. The reappearance of the nuclear membrane.
B. The diagram below shows cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note the cells are not arranged
in order in which the cell cycle occurs. Use the diagram to answer questions 16-20. Write the letter
of your answer.

_____16. Which cell is a metaphase?

_____17. Which cell is a telophase?
_____18. It is where the sister chromatids move away from each other.
_____19. Stage for protein and RNA synthesis
_____20. Cells A and F shows the same stage of the cell cycle. What stage is that?

C. Modified true or false. Write true if the statement is correct, if it is incorrect change the
underlined word/s to make the statement true.
__________21. For one molecule of glucose, there are 36 ATP molecules created directly from the
Krebs cycle.
__________22. The electron chain reaction is responsible for making most of the cell's ATP.
__________23. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast cell and is use in making bread.
__________24. The cell membrane is responsible in creating ATP in the cell.
__________25. Glycolysis is an aerobic phase
__________26. Energy is stored in Phosphate bonds
__________27. To create energy, food combines with carbon dioxide.
__________28. Energy stored in cells is called Adenosine Diphosphate.
__________29. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
__________30. Cellular respiration has three stages.

Prepared by: Noted:

EDEL RUTH P. DELA CRUZ HELEN R. BUENO
Biotechnology Teacher/Teacher I Principal I