ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 6

SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM – made up of 206 bones Most of the mineral in the bone are in the form of
with the associated connective tissues (cartilage, CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS CALLED
ligaments, tendon). HYDROXYAPATITE
Bones – dynamic living tissues; able to grow,
OSTEOGENESIS
detect pain stimuli, adapt to
IMPERFECTA/BRITTLE stress and undergo
BONE
repair after injury. -condition where genetic faults that result in little
collagen/ poor quality collagen. the bones won’t
Joints – also known as ARTICULATIONS; get the strength and flexibility it needs, causing
juncture between 2 or more bones (ex. Elbow the bones to become brittle.
joints, made bet. The bones of our forearm and
arm)
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM:
4 CATEGORIES OF BONES BASED
Support – serves as the body framework, without ON THEIR SHAPES
skeletal system we will just become a BLOB LONG ARMS
(shapeless). LEGS
Protection – protects the vital structure of the body LONG BONES – Consist of a shaft that has
(example skull protects brain) enlarged ends; contains mostly of compact bones
and has a spongy bone at the end; usually the
Movement – bones are attachment sites for our bones in extremities. (Humerus, femur)
skeletal muscles. WHEN muscles contract, they
move the bones the attach to thus producing SHORT WRISTS
movement. ANKLES
SHORT BONES – cube shaped; contains mostly
Storage – bones stores fats, calcium and spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
phosphorus and will release it to our blood for (ex. carpals, tarsal)
homeostasis.
FLAT RIBS,
Blood cell production – HEMATOPOIESIS; PELVIC,
making of the blood. Inside of our bones have red CRANIAL
blood marrow where blood cells are formed. SCAPULA,
BONE CELLS STERNUM
FLAT BONES – Thin flattened and usually
Osteocyte – mature bone cells curved bones; has 2 thin layers of compact bone
spongy bone in the middle of the 2 thin palm back
Osteoblast – BUILD; bone forming cells
bones called DIPLOE
Osteoclasts – for resorption & removal; bone
IRREGULAR VERTEBRAE
eating cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FACIAL
BONES
IRREGULAR BONES – those that have an
FIBROUS COMPONENT -contains the most irregular shape since they do not fit into the other
abundant protein in the body. (COLLAGEN) bone shape classification.
Ground substance – proteoglycans (IN-CHARGE ADDITIONAL
to trap/retain water). CATEGORY
Mineral are also part of extracellular matrix of RECOGNIZED BY THE
bones which are the CALCIUM AND SCIENTISTS
PHOSPHATE; gives strength for weight bearing SESAMOID BONES- like
a sesame seed its round in
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM
shape that may develop in a tendon (example Spongy bone – spiky/lacy open appearance and
kneecap/patella which develops in patellar tendon) there are small spaces and the small spaces are
usually filled up with bone marrow.
PARTS OF A LONG BONE
SHAFT OF THE
LONG BONE-
Diaphysis; the
central rode of the
long bone
Ends of long bone
– Epiphysis; end
of the epiphysis
COMPACT where the other
BONE bones would meet.
Hyaline /articular cartilage – covers the ends of
the epiphyses where the bones articulate (joins) COMPACT BONE – Makes up of the 80% of the
with other bones. total mass; found at the diaphysis of long bones
and surfaces of all other bones.
When the child is still growing, there is a part
wherein it’s in between the epiphysis and Haversian system - The structural and functional
diaphysis called the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE OR unit of compact bones. (osteon)
GROWTH PLATE; it is made up of cartilage Osteon has a haversian canal at the center; also
wherein the bones grow in length. known as the central canal. It serves as a passage
ONCE you grow it will fully ossified and will no way for the blood vessels and nerves that lie
longer be called the epiphyseal or growth plate. parallel to the bone (for nutrition to the bones)
ITS now called EPIPHYSEAL LINE. Concentric lamellae – are circular calcified matrix
MEDULLARY CAVITY – Space inside the that looks like rings.IT contains osteocytes
diaphysis, and there are also smaller spaces that Lacuna – connect with one another into the central
are filled w/marrow (yellow marrow). canal via little canal.
Yellow marrow – contains fat Canaliculi - small canal or duct or passageway in
Red marrow – contains of blood forming cells the body.
ONLY site for blood formation in adults. Volkmann’s canal / perforating canal – lie
Red marrow can only be found in the MOST perpendicular to the haversian canal; contains
proximal epiphyses of the limbs. blood vessels that bring nutrients from the outside
of the bones.
Fetus blood formation can take place in spleen,
thymus and liver as a person ages red marrow are
replaced by yellow marrow.
Periosteum – outer covering at the surface of the
bone; dense connective tissue that contains blood
vessels, and nerves
Endosteum - Inner lining of the medullary cavity.

2 types of bone: compact & spongy

Compact bone – looks dense. Smooth and
homogenous
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Spongy
bone

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION – Chondro

(cartilage); the bones develop in a cartilage model
the cartilage will act as a mold as a general shape
SPONGY BONE – cancellous bone; makes up for the bone.
20% of the total bone mass; found at the end of
long bones and interior of all other types of bones.
TRABECULAE – needle like bony
interconnecting rod. there are spaces in this bone
which will be filled up with bone marrow. Each
trabeculae contains osteocytes and lamellae.
Nutrients are given through diffusion through the
canaliculi that extend to the very thin spikes of the
trabeculae.
Trabeculae are arranged according to the line of
stress on a particular bone.

-formation of bone-by-bone cells- osteoblasts
2 types of OSSIFICATION: (both types result in
compact and spongy)
INTRAMEMBRANOUS -Osteoblast begin to
make bone in connective tissue membrane
specifically in ossification center. Bone contains
more than one ossification center.
OSSIFICATIO
Perichondrium - is a dense layer of fibrous
connective tissue that covers the surface of most
of the cartilage in the body.
Bone collar – formed by osteoblast, osteocyte
Primary ossification center – center part of the
diaphysis; where bone first begins to appear.
BONE OSSIFICATION + GROWTH

Mesenchymal cells – undifferentiated connective INTRAMEMBRANOUS

tissue (no specific job/purpose) ENDOCHONDRAL

Osteoid – protein mixture secreted by osteoblasts OSSIFICATION

that forms the organic matrix of bone. OSSIFICATION
• Cranial vault • Sternum

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION •Face • Ribs

• Scapulae
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Spine
• Pelvis & long
bones
Intramembranous ossification undergoes
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH; there is an
increase in the width
Endochondral ossification undergoes
INTERSTITIAL GROWTH; grows in length.
>occurs in all bones and important so that our
bones can adopt to the changes in our bodies.
Involves building by osteoblast and removal by
osteoclasts.
>bone remodeling is important for our blood
calcium levels to be at normal limits
>Removal of existing bone by osteoclasts
>Deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
> Responsible for change in bone shape, bone
adjustment, repair, and calcium ion regulation
>stimulus for homeostasis is the decreased
calcium levels
Parathyroid gland – secrete hormone (parathyroid
hormone) that will stimulate the osteoclast to do
their work
>if blood calcium levels are increase; it will
stimulate another endocrine gland (thyroid gland)
that will secrete a hormone (calcitonin) that will
inhibit the osteoclastic activities so that the
osteoclast will increase in manpower so the
calcium in the blood will be taken in the bond and
thus achieving homeostasis
Close fracture – skin is not perforated it remains
under the skin
Incomplete fracture – not totally separated;
there’s only a portion that break (ex. greenstick
fracture)
(Greenstick fracture – most common fracture
among children.)
Complete fracture – totally separated
Comminuted fracture – AND
BONE REMODELING complete fracture in
which the bone breaks into pieces
Impacted fracture – bone is driven into another
bone or fragment
BONE REPAIR – mending the broken bones
Blood vessels in the area will be damage thus
there will be bleeding and there will be blood clot
formation
Hematoma formation – blood clot formation;
blood vessels are damage
Callus formation – fibrous tissue network to
connect the gap made from injury.
Callus ossification – osteoblast will build spongy
bones (complete 4-6 weeks after injury)
Bone remodeling – spongy bone is now
remodeled to form a compact bone and a mature
spongy bone
Wolff’s law – every change in form and function
is followed by definite change in the internal
architecture.

FRACTURES AND BONE REPAIR

Fracture -Any break in the continuity of a bone.
Classification according to the direction of the
fracture:
Linear fracture – parallel to the axis of bone
Transverse – perpendicular / 90 degrees
Oblique – other angles
Open fracture – the bone is out in the open
environment; bone protrudes to the skin