Muse Thesses

WACHEMO UNIVERCITY
College of Engineering and technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Title: - Design and Modification of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine
Name ID
1. Habtamu Massebo 4573/09
2. Muluneh Yosef 4911/09
3. Muse Tagesse 4915/09
Advisor: - Mr. Bekele
DATE: - 23/11/2013 EC
Hosanna Ethiopia
WACHEMO UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Design and Modification of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine
Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Students Name ID No.

1. Muse Tagesse 4915/09
2. Muluneh Yosef 4911/09
3. Habtamu Masebo 4573/09
Approved by:
Advisor Signature Date
______________ ______________ _______________
Examiner Signature Date
______________ ______________ _______________
WCU MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Design And Modification of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine 2013 EC
DECLARATION
We are Fifth year Mechanical Engineering students; we have completed our Final thesis on Design and
modification of multipurpose agricultural machine. We declare that our work is original and compiled
according to the final thesis writing guideline given by the Department.
Name ID Stream Sign
1, Muse Tagesse ……………..4915/09 Manufacturing _____________
2, Muluneh Yosef …………… 4911/09 Thermal _____________
3. Habtamu Massebo ……..…. 4573/09 Manufacturing ______________
As the student’s academic advisor, I declare that this paper is written by the students is whose original
work and compiled according to the guideline provided by the Department.
Approved By: date signature
BEKELE (M.Sc.) _________________ ____________
ii
ABSTRACT
This project work mainly focuses on design and development of hybrid plough, seeding and fertilizing
machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; plough,
seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn
plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of plough is shallow.
These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s
modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few
organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian
Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial
mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output,
methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end
user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional
design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing
2D and 3D drawings using CATIA and solid work. For the case of its economical applicability for
poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique
features of this new design include; simultaneous plough, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its
mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system
relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the
seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification
based on capacity of the user. Therefore, designing this machine will result in considerable
improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Key terms: Hybrid, Plough, farmers, Agriculture, transformation, seeding, fertilize
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to say thank you GOD for his amazing and merciful protection including from
corona pandemic virus and giving strength to complete our all 5 years BSc degree fulfillment program and
to do this project. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our Advisor Mr. Bekele for providing
good guidance, assistance and encouragement throughout the duration of the project. We appreciate his
consistent support from the first day we started our project to these concluding moments. We would like
to express our gratitude to Wachemo University for their support starting from orientation to approval of
our project idea.
iv
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ iv
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... v
List of table ................................................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ x
NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the study ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective .............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 General Objective ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.4 Significance of Study ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Scope of the Project ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 limitation of study ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.7 organization of study............................................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................... 7
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................................... 10
3. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL SELECTION ............................................................................ 10
3.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Secondary data Sources ................................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Data Analysis Methodology .......................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Advantages of Designing Multipurpose Agricultural Machine are; .............................................. 11
3.6 Concept generation ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.7 MATERIAL SELECTION ........................................................................................................... 11
3.7.1 Stainless steel .............................................................................................................................. 11
v
3.7.2 Mild Steels .................................................................................................................................. 11

3.7.3 Aluminum ................................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................ 13
4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Explanation on parts of design ........................................................................................................... 13
4.1.1 Axle ............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.1.2 Following are the three different types of axles .......................................................................... 13
4.1.3 Rear Axle .................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.4 Front Axle ................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.5 Stub Axle .................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.6 Wheel .......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.7 Different Types of Wheels .......................................................................................................... 14
4.1.8 Conventional Steel Wheels ......................................................................................................... 14
4.1.9 Modern Alloy Wheels ................................................................................................................. 14
4.1.10 Forged versus Cast Wheels ....................................................................................................... 15
4.1.11 Chrome Coated Wheels ............................................................................................................ 15
4.2. Shaft .............................................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Seed box ......................................................................................................................................... 16
4.3.1 Fertilizing box ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.4 Seed covering device ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.4.1 Furrow opener ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.5 Concept selection criteria ............................................................................................................... 16
4.6 Method: Weight assignment and rating ......................................................................................... 17
4.6.1 Concepts Performance rating ...................................................................................................... 17
4.7 Rank the concepts .......................................................................................................................... 17
4.7.1 Concept scoring matrix ............................................................................................................... 18
4.7.2Selecting best concept .................................................................................................................. 18
4.8 Designing of the Components ............................................................................................................ 18
4.8.1 Design of axle ............................................................................................................................. 19
4..9 Deflection or bending consideration ............................................................................................. 20
vi
4.10 Design for shear stress ................................................................................................................. 21

4.11 Design of ground wheel ............................................................................................................... 21
4.12 Sign of Horizontal Shaft .............................................................................................................. 21
4.12.1 Shaft Materials .......................................................................................................................... 21
4.12.2 Surface Factor ka ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.12.3 Size Factor kb ........................................................................................................................... 22
4.12.4 Loading Factor k ....................................................................................................................... 22
4.12.5 Reliability Factor Ke ................................................................................................................. 23
4.13 The endurance limit ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.13.1 The endurance limit for bending ............................................................................................... 24
4.13.2 The endurance limit for torsion................................................................................................. 24
4.13.3 The endurance limit for axial load ............................................................................................ 24
4.14.4 Horizontal shaft layout .............................................................................................................. 25
4.14.5 Length of the Horizontal shafts................................................................................................. 25
4.15 Minimum diameter calculation .................................................................................................... 26
4.15.1 Bending moment ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.15.2 Design of seed and Fertilizer box ............................................................................................. 27
4.15.3 Design of the seed delivery system ........................................................................................... 30
4.15.4 Design of seed soil covering mechanism .................................................................................. 30
4.15.5 Design of the furrow opener ..................................................................................................... 30
4.16 Modification part ............................................................................................................................. 31
4.16.1 Design of ORGATE electric connection .................................................................................. 31
4.17 Complete assembly of the manual hybrid plough, seeding and fertilizing (multi-purpose
agricultural) machine. .............................................................................................................................. 32
4.17.1 Working principle: .................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 33
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 33
5.1 RESULT ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Budget Estimated Thesis utilization ............................................................................................................ 34
5.2 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 35
vii
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................................ 36

6. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION........................................................................................ 36
6.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 36
6.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................................................... 36
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Appendix ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
Parts of drawing ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Assembly drawing ................................................................................................................................... 39
Two dimensional views ........................................................................................................................... 40
viii
List of table
TABLE 1: MATERIAL SELECTION .................................................................................................................... 12
TABLE 2 STANDARD TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE FACTOR .............................................................................. 19
TABLE 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL USED FOR SHAFT ................................................................... 21

TABLE 4: STANDARD TABLE FOR MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH .................................................................... 22
TABLE 5: STANDARD TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE FACTOR .............................................................................. 23
TABLE 6: STANDARD TABLE FOR RELIABILITY FACTOR KS ............................................................................ 23
TABLE 7: STANDARD TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE FACTOR .............................................................................. 24
TABLE 8: VALUE OF KB AND KC .................................................................................................................... 26
TABLE 9: TYPES OF SEED DENSITY................................................................................................................. 28
TABLE 10: RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DESIGN OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC FEED MAKING MACHINE ........................ 33
TABLE 11 COST OF MATERIAL ....................................................................................................................... 34
ix
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING AND SEEDLING SYSTEM......................................................................... 4
FIGURE 2 STUB AXLE ................................................................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 3 WHEEL AXLE ................................................................................................................................. 19
FIGURE 4 THE AXLE FREE BODY .................................................................................................................... 19

FIGURE 5: FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE AXLE .............................................................................................. 20
FIGURE 6: GROUND WHEEL .......................................................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 7: DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL SHAFT .................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 8:REACTION FORCE FOR RESULTANT LOADS ..................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 9: SHEAR FORCE FOR RESULTANT LOADS .......................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 10: SEED BOX ................................................................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 11: FERTILIZER BOX ......................................................................................................................... 28
FIGURE 12: SEED CONTROLLING SYSTEM AND SHAFT.................................................................................... 29
FIGURE 13: SEED DELIVERY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 30
FIGURE 14: CONCAVE DICE ........................................................................................................................... 30
FIGURE 15: SINGLE AND SIX LINE FURROW OPENERS .................................................................................... 30
x
NOMENCLATURE
GDP…………………………………………Gross domestic product

GTP………………………………… ………Growth and transformation plan
CAD………………………..………………..Computer aided design
CATIA……………………………………….Computer aided three dimensional interactive application
xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Ethiopia is an agriculture based country in which, 80% of people depends on the outcome of
farming. But, if we observe that with increase in population the farm gets distributed among the
family and because of this, farmer in Ethiopia held averagely only two-acre farm. Also
economically, farmers are very poor due to which they are unable to purchase tractors and other
costly equipment hence they use traditional method of farming. Basically, many farmers in
Ethiopia also use oxen, horses and others for farming operation. This will not satisfy need of
energy requirement of the farming as compared to other countries in the world [1].
So we are thinking that human and animal efforts can be replaced by some advance
mechanization which will be suitable for small scale farmer from economical and effort point of
view. So we are developing this equipment which will satisfy all this need and to solve labor
problem. Ethiopia ranks 28th of world agricultural growth. [2] The special Machines plays a
major role in various fields such as industrial, medical, military applications etc., the special
Machine field are gradually increasing its productivity in agriculture field.
Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopian economy. It contributes approximately 46 % to the
national GDP and employs over 80 % of the population. The agriculture sector has grown at a
high rate of 8% per year. [3]The government has created the Agricultural Transformation
Agency of Ethiopia to build on this progress and drive the transformation of the agriculture
sector to realize the interconnected goals of food security, poverty reduction, and human and
and
economic development. Ethiopia’s current Five Year Growth Transformation Plan (GTP)
establish ambitious targets for agriculture for 2011-2015. The targets focus on enhancing the
productivity and production of smallholder farmers and pastoralists, strengthening marketing
systems, improving participation and engagement of the private sector, expanding the amount of
land under irrigation, and reducing the number of chronically food insecure households
The mechanization and rationalization of agriculture was key factor of the agricultural
revolution. [4]
New tools were invented and old ones perfected to improve the efficiency of various agricultural
operations. [5]
1
The seed drill was invented in china in the 2nd century and introduced to Italy in the mid-16th
century. First attributed to Camilla torello, it was patented by the Venetian senate in 1566 [6].
Thomas Jefferson worked out an elaborated design for an effective moldboard. However, he was
too interested in other things besides inventing to keep working on agricultural tools, and he
never attempted to patient his product. [7]
The first real inventor of practical plow was Charles New bold of Burlington country, New
Jersey; he received a patent for cast-iron plow in June 1797. [8]
In Ethiopia land preparation usually starts in April, which is after a long dry season continues till
small cereals are planted. During this extended period, the work load is high, despite the feed
shortage. This obviously affects the performance of draft animals. Only acknowledge based
agricultural mechanization system, where precision and efficiency are the pillars that will operate
under this paradox of feeding increasing population in a situation of dwindling resource base.
Agricultural Mechanization deals with the use of any mechanical aid in agricultural production.
These mechanical aids could be simple hand tools, animal drawn implements or sophisticated
mechanically powered agricultural machines. The source of energy ranges from humans,
animals to engine or electrical power. Generally, these are categorized as hand tool, animal and
mechanically powered technology. The productivity of each level depends on the power source.
During Agriculture is the main part of many countries economy. It provides jobs to many people.
Many industries are dependent on agriculture. Agriculture considers many factors like weather,
type of crops, type of lands, land area etc. Due to socio-economic reasons amount of land per
family or head is becoming less and less. This has led to increased number of small and medium
scale farmers. Now, Agriculture requires many activities to be done. Many of them are done by
heavy machineries which are costly and yet to be accessible for small scale farmers.
We have make efforts in the direction to use scientific methods and available technologies to
make multipurpose agriculture equipment that can be used for small and medium scale farming
for different types of crops. Research was done to prove that tractor with comparatively low
power can be more economical and efficient. Also equipment or machine is designed based on
various types of activities related to various types of crops. Design of equipment also considered
information gained from previous studies as well.
2
Agriculture is being one of the major occupations in Ethiopia, it is very essential to discover and
implement new idea in this field, though lot of work has been done in this area. It is observed
that, these ideas are not being implemented properly in actual agricultural field. This is due to
more cost for rural people. Multipurpose agriculture equipment is basic and major equipment
involved in agriculture for maximum yielding. Conventional method of planting and cultivating
the sugarcane is a laborious process and hence for that reason there is a scarcity of labors, this
result in delayed agriculture to overcome these difficulties, multipurpose agriculture equipment
is designed.
The special Machines plays a major role in various fields such as industrial, medical, military
applications etc. The special Machine fields are gradually increasing its productivity in
agriculture field. Some of the major problems in the Ethiopia agricultural are rising of input
costs, availability of skilled labors, lack of water resources and crop monitoring. To overcome
such adversity, the automation technologies were used in agriculture. The automation in the
agriculture could help farmers to reduce their efforts. The machines are being developed for the
processes for plough, seed sowing, leveling, and water spraying. All of these functions have not
yet performed using a single machine. The proposed idea implements the machine to perform the
functions such as; plough, seed sowing and fertilizing. These functions can be integrated into a
single machine.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Agriculture is mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country gross
domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports. Although agriculture is one of Ethiopian
most promising resource, the sector has been slowed by periodic drought, high levels of taxation
and poor infrastructure often make it hard and expensive to get goods to market. . Ethiopia has
about 51.3 million hectares of arable land. However, just over 20% is currently cultivated,
mainly by the small holders. Over 50% 0f small holder farmers operate on one hectare or less.
Agricultural production is mainly subsistence, and large portion of the country commodity
exports is provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. [9]
Since agricultural sector has crucial role in Ethiopian economy it has to be supported by
technologies. The present agricultural equipment are high cost, the rent of machines is also
considerably high, the machines are not easy to handle, and the machines require a skill labor.
3
The present machines available in a country are used for single purpose. In early days, to
perform any task of farming we required separate equipment for every different task. Here we
are trying to make such equipment that will perform double operations like plough and seeding.
The main problems that made to start this project are;
 Labor wastage
 Traditional techniques that the farmers are following now a day in Ethiopia to plough
and seed sowing.
 The methods which most our farmers use are time taker, tedious, it consuming of human
and ox labor.
The main target of our project is design of plough, seed sowing and fertilizing machine which is
mainly concerned to narrow the above gap. It enables to plough, sow and fertilize large area of
land with in short period of time and effective way. It also considers Ethiopian farmer’s economy
capacity because the machine is; Cost effective machine since it made from local materials, it
never required high skill to operate and reduces the time required to plough and also reduces
human labor and no need of animal power.
Figure 1: Traditional ploughing and seedling system
4
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective
Design and modify hybrid plough, seeding and fertilizing (multi-purpose agricultural) machine
for Ethiopian farmers in order to increase productivity, reduce unwanted labor utilization and
time consumption.
1.3.2 Specific objective
 To design all components of multi-purpose agricultural machine
 To analysis forces using mechatronics, dynamics, and kinematics
 To design and modify multi-purpose agricultural machine
 To design and assemble an OR GATE electric circuit in the machine
 To prepare 2d and 3d drawings using auto cad and solid work
1.4 Significance of Study
In modern era, the world is developing rapidly in day to day life using modern machines the
process of agricultural working is till traditionally in most of country especially in Ethiopia. It
was a human based operation that consists a lot of time consuming and labor waste. For the sake
of eradicating traditional work we are decided to design and modification of agricultural machine
that operation takes a little time and human efforts therefore our project has the following
significance;
 To modernize traditional agricultural activities.

 To Decrease labor waste.
 To reduce time of farming.
 To increase productivity with quality machines.
1.5 Scope of the Project

Multifunctional agricultural machine mainly focuses on the basic problems faced by fellow
farmers. I.e. plough, seeding, and fertilizing. We are looking this project as revolution in small
farms in Ethiopia, which is most uncovered area.
This project will consist of the design of multipurpose agricultural machine which include
material selections, design mechanism, dimensional analysis, power requirement, component
selection, strength analysis and 3D model. This project is only the geometrical and dynamic
design of multipurpose agricultural machine. The Manufacturing of machine is not carried out.
5
1.6 limitation of study

As we try to identify in the above our project is focused on design and modification of
Multifunctional agricultural machine. It may require a lot of time and cost. When we were doing
this project we were restricted by the following
 Absence of sufficient time
 Lack of money to do prototype and manufacture it
 Lack of raw material
1.7 organization of study
Our final project paper is containing theoretical part and also design part. At the chapter one it
contain background of study, problem statement, objective, limitation of study, significance of
study and scope. At the chapter two it contains literature review. At the chapter three it contain
methodology and material selection. At the chapter one it contain design analysis at the chapter
five it contains result and discussion at the last chapter it contain conclusion and
recommendation.
6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Different literatures indicated that, the traditional farming is basically not productive,
uneconomical and exasperating for workers involved. As stated by sowing okra by hand
increases production cost as extra man-hours is required for thinning operation as excessive seed
is inevitably sown per hill. [10] Moreover, the traditional planting method is tedious, causing
fatigue and backache due to the longer hours required for careful hand metering of seeds if
crowding or bunching is to be avoided. [11]
Developed manually operated seeding attachment for an animal drawn cultivator. The seed rate
was 43.2 kg/hr. while the field capacity was 0.282ha/h. Tests showed minimal seed damage with
good performance for wheat and barley. [12]
Tested the Magulu hand planter on the field and found the work rate of the planter to be between
18 man-hours per hectare and 27man-hour per hectare when using conventional hand hoe
planting method. [13]
Designed and developed a direct paddy seeder to match a two-wheel tractor. The machine had a
field capacity of about 0.5ha/h at a forward speed of 0.81m/s. Damage due to the metering
mechanism was nil for soaked seeds and 3% for peregrinated seeds. Undertook, a study to
compare the performance of three different models of jab planters with the traditional method of
planting. [14]
In terms of field capacity and labor requirements, there was not much difference between the
traditional planting method and the jab planters. However, backache and fatigue were
substantially reduced while using the planters. [15]
Developed a rolling punch planter for stony conditions, using 12 spades radially arranged with
cam activated doors and a plate seed meter. Preliminary evaluation showed important
improvement in the planting operation with reduction inhuman effort, more accurate stands and
high field capacity. To attain optimum planting condition for productivity, [16]
developed a power tiller-operated groundnut planter cum fertilizer drill with an actual field
capacity of 0.160 ha/h. Roshan v Marode. Etal, 2013 work on design and implementation of
multi seed sewing machine. However, it has productivity limitation, its feed rate mechanism is
not well analyzed and it doesn’t include soil covering mechanism.Amol B. Rohokale, Pavan D.
Shewale, Sumit B.Pokharkar, Keshav K. Sanap;who reviewed on multi-seed sowing machine,
7
The main purpose of this paper is to compare between conventional sowing method and
new proposed machine which can perform number of simultaneous operation. The required
row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and fertilizers placement varies from crop to
crop can be achieved by the proposed machine. This machine reduces the sowing time, human
efforts and labor cost.
Review of methods of seed sowing and concept of multi-purpose seed sowing machine,
Redesigned and tested the seed sowing machine using CAD package like. This Paper deals with
the various sowing methods used in Ethiopia for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. The
comparison between the traditional sowing method and the new proposed machine which can
perform a number of simultaneous operations and has number of advantages. As day by day the
labor availability becomes the great concern for the farmers and labor cost is more, this machine
reduces the efforts and total cost of sowing the seeds and fertilizer placement. [17]
The purpose of developing this paper is to develop multipurpose machine to reduce cost and time
required for seed sowing and fertilizer placement. By using advance seed sowing machine and
advance techniques we can increase the production of crops in minimum cost and time. [18];
The main objective of this project is to design and development of semi-automated
multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe to use of weeding, plough and cultivating in single
equipment. Their aim is to reduce the man power required for the operation of the wheel hoe.
The only way is to automate it but we cannot fully automate it due to few constraints such as it
will require electricity which will not be mostly available in villages, they will be requiring
Microprocessor and sensors which will again increase the cost. And might require skill to use it.
They thought of solution being that instead of automating it fully they planned to semi automate
it using engine, motors and power transmission equipment’s. This might help us reaching their
goal by reducing the man power as well as cost. In this design, testing of semi-automated
multipurpose agricultural wheel hoe to use of various agricultural operations.
They designed and fabricate Wheel hoe and made semi-automated operative with the use of 2
stroke petrol engines to assist human to perform various agricultural operations like cultivating,
plough, weeding and also other operations by attaching and detaching different tools for different
agricultural operations. They are using four pneumatic wheels used to support the set-up and
tools were found best suited to grip over ground. We noticed that Engine power and efficiency
8
were almost Up to the desired level of performance. They were tested the model for cultivating
operation and noticed that the semi-automated wheel hoe gives the better performance compare
to manual and power tiller. [19]
Design of a new agricultural multipurpose vehicle to be used for various applications. As global
competition is pressing farmers on many fronts, mechanized agriculture has become one of the
important modern agricultural methods. [20]
We can clearly observe that authors made the equipment only to facilitate seeding. On the other
hand, authors worked for sowing, spraying fertilizers, cultivation. But in these both works the
basic operational power is obtained either by pulling by oxen, by pushing through hand or by
using motor. So irrespective of above mentioned works we developed and a system which can be
used for plough, sow, and fertilize would not be in the need of much effort to operate it because
we used a power from the rotation of wheel with belt system. This system can bring agricultural
revolution and would be accepted with a glare in the eyes of poor farmers. Authors emphasized
on the design and development of manually operated seed planter machine, which was cheap and
using local components. By using of their machine they achieved flexibility of distance and
depth variation for different seed plantation is possible. Their system is also manually hand
driven but we made our system as a belt mechanism system. Authors focused on Solar operated
automatic seed sowing machine to fulfill the tasks like digging, seed sowing, water pouring and
fertilizing by using non-conventional energy sources. They investigated that solar operated
automatic seed sowing machine will help the farmers in remote areas of country where fuel is not
available easily and can perform their regular cultivation activity as well as saves fuel up to
larger extent.
Even though many scholars made different agricultural machinery our farmers unable to use
these machinery because of the economical capacity of our farmer is poor so our aim is to
enhance the farmer to use new agricultural machinery since this machine is cost effective
because it made from local material, labor cost of our country is low and also it has no foreign
currency. Generally, it is cost effective machine so it will solve the farmers’ problem especially
for Ethiopian farmers.
9
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL SELECTION
3.1 Methodology
The following section specifies how the project has conducted. Include data collection and
analysis. In this dynamic structural analysis of multipurpose agricultural machine will be carried
out.
The following are steps carried out to perform our project:
 Collecting relevant data from farmers about the methods of farming and asking
oral questions
 General design of specification, design assumption and limitation.
 Material selection of different components multipurpose agricultural machine.
 Geometrical solid model will be prepared using AUTOCAD & SOLIDWORK.
3.2 primary data source
A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected
firsthand by the researcher for a specific research purpose or project. Primary data can be
collected in a number of ways. However, the most common techniques are self-administered
surveys, interviews, field observation, and experiments.
3.3 Secondary data Sources
Design text books, reference books, previous researches, and papers relevant documents from
Agricultural Transformation Agency of Ethiopia
3.4 Data Analysis Methodology
 Technical interpretation of farmer’s design needs
 Concepts generation for design
 Analyzing alternative design concepts by assigning weight and selection of one best
concept
 Detail dimensional design of selected concept
 Force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics
 2D and 3D drawings by cattie and Solid work
4. Cost analysis using ABC costing method
10
3.5 Advantages of Designing Multipurpose Agricultural Machine are;

Easy to operate and plough
less labor and functional at anywhere
Ease of manufacture
Easy to maintain
Less cost
Pulling system can use motor or other mechanism like oxen:
Avoid unnecessary
3.6 Concept generation
Concept generation is a key activity in the engineering design process. Design Wisdom holds
that increased concept generation in the initial phases of design Leads to better design outcomes.
One common way to represent design cognition is by sketches, list out the working principle and
parts. Based up on the customer need requirements, we generate six new ideas.
3.7 MATERIAL SELECTION
3.7.1 Stainless steel
It is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 11.5 wt. % chromium content. Stainless steel
does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as ordinary steel (it “stains less”), but it is not stain-proof.
It is also called corrosion resistant steel when the alloy type and grade are not detailed,
particularly in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless
steel to suit the environment to which the material will be subjected in its lifetime. Common uses
of stainless steel are cutlery and watch straps. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by amount
of chromium present. Carbon steel rusts when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide gas is
active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide. Stainless steels have sufficient
amount of chromium present so that a passive gas of chromium oxide forms which prevents
further corrosion.
3.7.2 Mild Steels
Carbon steel is sometimes referred to as ‘mild steel’ or ‘plain carbon steel’. The American Iron
and Steel Institute defines a carbon steel as having no more than 2 % carbon and no other
appreciable alloying element. Carbon steel makes up the largest part of steel production and is
used in a vast range of applications. Typically, carbon steels are stiff and strong. They also
exhibit ferromagnetism (i.e. they are magnetic). This means they are extensively used in motors
11
and electrical appliances. Welding carbon steels with carbon content greater than 0.3 % requires
that special precautions be taken. However, welding carbon steel presents far fewer problems
than welding stainless steels. The corrosion resistance of carbon steels is poor (i.e. they rust) and
so they should not be used in a corrosive environment unless some form of protective coating is
used.
Stainless steel is made up of iron, chromium, nickel, manganese and copper. The chromium is
added as an agent to provide corrosion resistance. Also, because it is non-porous the resistance
to corrosion is increased.
3.7.3 Aluminum
Aluminum has a high oxidation and corrosion resistance mainly due to its passivation layer.
When aluminum is oxidized, its surface will turn white and will sometimes pit. In some extreme
acidic or base environments, Aluminum may corrode rapidly with catastrophic results
Table 1: material selection
Criteria Aluminum Stainless steel Mild steels
Corrosion resistance 2 4 3
Maintenance 2 4 5
Fabrication 3 5 4
Strength 4 5 4
Cost 2 4 5
Weld ability 2 5 3
Total 15 27 24
Rank 3 1 2
12
CHAPTER FOUR
4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Explanation on parts of design
4.1.1 Axle
An axle is a shaft for rotating wheels of the vehicle. One end of the axle is connected to the
differential via sun gear and the other end is connected to the wheels.
4.1.2 Following are the three different types of axles
 Rear Axles
 Front Axle
 Stub Axle
4.1.3 Rear Axle
In between the differential and the driving wheels is the rear axle to transmit power from the
differential to the driving wheels. It is clear from the construction of the differential, that the rear
axle is not a single piece, but it is in two halves connected by the differential, one part is known
as the half shaft.
The inner end of the half shaft is connected to the sun gear of the differential. And the outer end
of the driving wheel. In rear-wheel-drive vehicles, the rear wheels are the driving wheels.
Whereas, in front-wheel drive vehicles, the front wheels are the driving wheels. Almost all rear
axles on modern passenger cars are live axles, that is, they revolve with the wheels.
Dead axles simply remain stationary; do not move with the wheels. Housing completely encloses
the rear axles and the differential, protecting them from water, dust and injury, in addition to
mounting their inner bearings and providing a container of the lubricant.
4.1.4 Front Axle
The front axle is used to carry the weight of the front part of the vehicle as well as to facilitate
steering and absorb shocks due to road surface variations. It must be right and robust in
construction. The front axle is usually a steel drop forging having 0.4% carbon steel or 1-3%
nickel steel. It is made of I-section in the center portion, while the ends are made either circular
or elliptical.
4.1.5 Stub Axle
The front wheels are mounted on the stub axles, which are connected to the front axle by means
of kingpins. The stub axles are the foraging of 3% nickel steel and alloy steels containing
chromium and molybdenum.
13
Figure 2 Stub axle

4.2.6 Wheel
A wheel is a circular block of a hard and durable material at whose center has been bored a hole
through which is placed an axle bearing about which the wheel rotates when torque is applied to
the wheel about its axis. The wheel and axle assembly can be considered one of the six simple
machines. When placed vertically under a load-bearing platform or case, the wheel turning on
the horizontal axle makes it possible to transport heavy loads.
4.1.7 Different Types of Wheels
The different types of wheels available include conventional steel wheels, modern alloy wheels,
forged and cast wheels and chrome coated wheels.
4.1.8 Conventional Steel Wheels
The most common type of wheel that you will find is the standard steel rim wheel. Wheel
enthusiasts often call these ‘steeliest’ for short. Steel wheels have been around since the early
cars were first made and are still in common use today, although the quality and design have
improved dramatically over the years. Modern steel wheels are usually made from a pressed steel
sheet that is forged into the shape required for the rim. They are cheap to manufacture and
purchase, but can cost more over the lifetime of a vehicle as they are also relatively heavy and
will use more fuel as a result.
4.1.9 Modern Alloy Wheels
To reduce weight and improve strength, many modern wheels are made from alloys of
lightweight materials. Most of these are alloyed with aluminum due to its high strength-to-weight
ratio with materials such as magnesium, nickel, or titanium being added to increase strength. In
addition to being lighter and using less fuel, most of these alloy wheel rims also have the
advantage of being better heat conductors which lets them dissipate the heat from braking far
14
more efficiently than steel. This can be an important factor in situations where extended braking
occurs as the accumulated heat can damage the vehicle brakes and potentially cause them to lock
up or stop working. Alloy wheels are more expensive than steel rims, but will usually pay for
themselves in reduced fuel costs over the life of the wheel due to their lower weight.
4.1.10 Forged versus Cast Wheels
There are two main ways that wheel rims are made. They can be forged from pieces of hot metal
that are pressed into shape and often heat-welded together from multiple pieces. They can also be
cast from molten metal that is forced into a mold to form the shape of the rim. Steel rims are
usually made using the former method and alloy rims with the latter, though this is not always
the case. Cast wheel rims are easier to make and tend to be cheaper as a result. Forged rims are
often stronger relative to the material they are made of, as the process of casting the rim can
introduce flaws. Forged rims are made from metal pieces that can be manufactured in ways that
reduce the likelihood of flaws in the metal and the process of hot-pressing them into shape can
give a better internal structure to the metal compared to the turbulent flow of cast metal.
4.1.11 Chrome Coated Wheels
Cheaper wheels are coated with paint to stop corrosion or are left with their natural surface if the
rim material is corrosion resistant. In more expensive wheels, chromium is often used to add a
layer of surface protection to the wheel. Chrome wheels also have the advantage of looking shiny
and fashionable, so they are often favored where the look of the vehicle is an important factor.
4.1.12 Bottom Line
The vehicle wheels and wheel rims are an important part of a car, and the choice of rim is often a
large factor in how safe and smooth the ride is. There are many different types of wheels and
knowing which type is best for your car can be useful information. Choose the rim type that
works best for your lifestyle and driving choices, but make sure that your car wheels are safe and
economical to drive on.
4.2. Shaft
A shaft is a rotating machine element usually circular and cross section which is used to transmit
power from one part to another or from machine which produces power to a machine which
absorbs power.
Horizontal shaft means the shaft which is parallel with ground.
15
4.3 Seed box

A box for storing seeds until they are ready for seedling/planting.
4.3.1 Fertilizing box
The mechanical fertilizer box is a box is usable for storing fertilizer.
A fertilizer distributer can only be mounted on rigid hoes.
4.4 Seed covering device
Covering device: it is a device to refill a furrow after the seed has been placed in it. Covering the
seeds are usually done by pitta, chains, drags, packers, rollers, or press wheels, designed in
various sizes and shapes. Transport wheel:
There are two wheels fitted on the main axle.
4.4.1 Furrow opener
The furrow openers are provided in a seed drill for opening a furrow. The seed tube conducts the
seed from the feed mechanism in to the boot from where they fall in to the furrows.
The types of furrow openers used vary with soil and operating conditions. The common types of
furrow openers used for conventional tillage are hoe, shovel, shoe, runner, single disc, double
disc, chisel and inverted T furrow openers.
4.5 Concept selection criteria
Concept selection is an integral part of the product development process; it is the process of
evaluating concepts with respect to customer needs and other criteria, comparing the relative
strength and weakness of the concepts. This is basically based up on the customer or end user
requirements interpretations which are listed above in the organizing needs in to hierarchy
portion.
16
4.6 Method: Weight assignment and rating

4.6.1 Concepts Performance rating
Poor – 1, Good- 2, Very good – 4, Satisfactory - 3, Excellent- 5, fantastic 6
Table 2 Weighting criteria and concepts rating
Selection criteria Weight % Concept
1 2 3 4 5 6
Easy to operate and plough at same time seed and fertilizer. 20
Less labor and functional at anywhere. 10
Ease of manufacture and 10

Easy to maintain. 10
Less cost. 20
Pulling system Can use Motor or other mechanism like oxen 15
Avoid unnecessary force. 15

4.7 Rank the concepts
Once the ratings are entered for each concept, weighted scores are calculated by multiplying the
raw scores by the criteria weights. The total score for each concept is the sum of the weighted
scores.
Where
= raw rating concept j for ith criteria
= weighting for the ith criteria
n = number of criteria
= total score for the concept j
17
4.7.1 Concept scoring matrix

Table 3 Concepts score results
selection criteria W 1 2 3 4 5 6
% R S R S R S R S R S R S
Easy to operate and plough at same time 20 4 0.8 4 0.8 4 0.8 4 0.8 5 1 2 0.4
seed and fertilizer
Less labor and functional at any where 10 4 0.4 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 4 0.4 3 0.3
Easy of manufacture 10 3 0.3 4 0.4 3 0.3 4 0.4 4 0.4 4 0.4

Easy to maintain 10 3 0.3 4 0.4 3 0.3 3 0.3 3 0.3 5 0.5
Less cost 20 4 0.8 4 0.8 4 0.8 3 0.6 4 0.8 4 0.8
Pulling system can use motor or other 15 4 0.6 3 0.45 3 0.45 3 0.45 4 0.6 1 0.15
mechanism like oxen
Avoid unnecessary force 15 4 0.6 1 0.15 1 0.15 1 0.15 4 0.6 1 0.15
Total score 3.8 3 2.9 2.8 4 2.7
Rank 2 3 4 5 1 6
Continue No No No No Yes No
Where, W% = weight in percent, R = rate S = score

4.7.2Selecting best concept
Each concept is given a rank corresponding to its total score, as shown in the above table. Some
the most creative refinements and improvements occur during the concept selection process
realizes the inherent strengths and weaknesses of certain features of the product concepts.
Therefore, concept five achieves the highest ranking after the first pass through the process and it
is going to be developed.
4.8 Designing of the Components
1. Design of axle
2. Design of wheel.
3. Design of horizontal shaft
18
4. Design of seed and Fertilizer box

5. Design of Seed controlling system
6. Design of seed covering mechanism
7. Design of the furrow opener
8. Fertilizer and seed tube
9. Seed control system
4.8.1 Design of axle
Figure 3 wheel axle

The material selected for the axle should have higher bending strength and
shearing strength. So meet these requirements steel is selected.
Table 3 standard table for temperature factor
:AISI number Treatment σt MP σy MPa
Annealed 394.7 294.8
Figure 4 The axle free body

100 N loads is the approximated weight of the seed box, seed itself and the controlling disc.
There are four sets of seed box, and controlling disc. Therefore, the total weight applied on the
axle will be 400N. The reactions R1 and R2 are the support forces of the wheel.
19
Figure 5: Free body diagram of the axle

We brought the forces applied to the mid-point. The axle is considered as simply supported
beam. Therefore, the maximum moment can be calculated as follows:
∑Fx =0
R1 +R2 =400N
But from symmetry R1 and R2 are equal.
Therefore R1 = R2 = 200N
And Mmax =FL/4 = 400N *700mm/4 =70000 N-mm
= 70 N
The maximum moment is at the middle of the axle
4..9 Deflection or bending consideration
Taking safety factor to be 2
⁄
147.4 MPa is the allowable bending stress
To find the dimension of the axle
𝝈b
Where Z is section modulus and it is calculated as follow

z=πd3 / 32
For a circular cross section so,
147.4 MPa =70000/ πd3 / 32
d= (147.4π/32 * 70000)1/3 = 16.915 mm
We can take the diameter as much as we want as far as it is greater than 16.915mm to meet other
requirements. So, let us take it to be 20mm.
20
4.10 Design for shear stress

The shear stress is applied at the wheel positions and it is due to the sheer force of 200N.
So, the shear stress applied on the axle is less than the allowable stress. So, the aforementioned
diameter is safe.
4.11 Design of ground wheel
Diameter is selected mainly based on machine height. The width of wheel depends on type of
soil and wheel sinking. The wheel going to be designed is the one on the axle for a required
dimension. It rotates with the axle at a translational speed of 0.4m/s and rotational speed of
19.1rpm. The diameter is assumed to be 200mm. This diameter is taken to match furrow height
and the controlling disc extension down the axle. The metering disc is directly mounted on the
axle. Now, let us proceed to the design of different parts of the wheel. In wheel design parameter
the wheel diameter needs to be ranging from 10cm – 40cm. So enough space is provided along
the axle to slide it sideways and fix where required.
Figure 6: Ground wheel

Note: - we select wheel with pegs type and 20cm diameter for safe design.
4.12 Sign of Horizontal Shaft
4.12.1 Shaft Materials
The material used for ordinary shafts is carbon steel of grades 40 C 8, 45 C 8, 50 C 4 and 50 C
12. When a shaft of high strength is required, then alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or
Chrome vanadium steel is used. For my shaft design researchers select shaft material 50 c 4.
Table 4 Mechanical properties of steel used for shaft
Material type Yield strength Ultimate tensile strength
50C4 370Mpa 700Mpa
21
Endurance Limit Modifying Factors on Horizontal Shaft

Se= ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*S′e
Where, ka= surface condition modification factor Kb= size modification factor
Kc= load modification factor
Kd = temperature modification factor
Ke= reliability factor
Kf= miscellaneous-effects modification factor
S′e= rotary-beam test specimen endurance limit
Se= endurance limit at the critical location of a machine part in the geometry and condition of
use When endurance tests of parts are not available, estimations are made by applying Marin
factors to the endurance limit.
4.12.2 Surface Factor ka
The data can be represented by k ut Where Sut is the minimum tensile strength and a
and b are to be found from standard table
Table 5: standard table for minimum tensile strength
Surface finish factor Sut,KPsi Sut,Mpa B
Ground 1.34 1.58 _0.085
Machine or cold drawn 2.70 4.51 _0.265
456Hot rolled2 14.4 57.7 _0.718
Where is the minimum tensile strength and a and b are to be found in Table. From standard
table a= 4.51 and b =−0.265. Then, Ka= 4.51 −0.265 =0.94
4.12.3 Size Factor kb
The size factor has been evaluated using;
Kb=1.51
=1.24 , 2.79≤d≤51 mm
51<d
For axial loading there is no size effect, so kb= 1
4.12.4 Loading Factor k
When fatigue tests are carried out with rotating bending, axial (push-pull), and torsion
loading, the endurance limits differ with . Here, we will specify average values of the
load factor as
22
Kc=1 bending, Kc=0.85 axial, Kc=0.59 torsion

Temperature Factor Kd Any stress will induce creep in a material operating at high
temperatures; so assuming operating temperature 500c.
Table 6: standard table for temperature factor
Temperature ST/Srt
50 1.00
100 1.010
150 1.020
200 1.020
250 1.00
Therefore, Kd = ST/SRT=1.00
4.12.5 Reliability Factor Ke
Data presented by Haugen and Witching show standard deviations of endurance strengths of less
than 8 percent. Thus the reliability modification factor to account for this can be written as ke= 1
−0.08 za Where za is defined by and values for any desired reliability can be determined from
Table gives reliability factors for some standard specified reliabilities. Take value of ke0.868.
Table 7: standard table for reliability factor Ks
Reliability,% Transformation variety Za Reliability factor ke
50 0 1.00
90 1.288 0.897
95 1.645 0.868
99 2.326 0.14
99.9 3.091 0.753
Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity
Notch sensitivity q is defined by the equation
Where q= usually between zero and unity.
Equation shows that if q = 0, then Kf= 1, and the material has no sensitivity to notches at all. On
the other hand, if q = 1, then Kf= Kt, and the material has full notch sensitivity.
23
In analysis or design work, find Kt first, from the geometry of the part. Then specify the
material, find q, and solve for Kf from the equation. Kf= 1 + q (Kt− 1) Kf s= 1 + qshear (Kts−
1); for steel materials kt=1.65 Kt=1.65 Kf= 1 + 0.85(1.65 − 1) =1.55
Table 8: standard table for temperature factor
No Factors name Factors symbol Factures
value
1 Surface condition modification value Ka 0.98
2 Size modification factor Kb 1
3 Load modification factor for torsion Kct 0.59
4 Load modification factor axial Kca 0.85
5 Load modification factor bending Kcb 1
6 Temperature modification factor Kd 1.00
7 Reliability factor Ke 0.868
8 Miscellaneous-effects medication factor Kf 1.55
9 Stress concentration factor Kt 1.65
Table.9: Summary for value of endurance limit factor
4.13 The endurance limit
The endurance limit S′e=0.5SU = 0.55*700=350Mpa
4.13.1 The endurance limit for bending
 Se = ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*S′e
 Se =0.94*1*1*1.000*0.868*1.55*350
 =442.63MPa
4.13.2 The endurance limit for torsion
 Se = ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*S′e
 Se =0.94*1*0.59*1.000*0.868*1.55*350
 =261.15Mpa
4.13.3 The endurance limit for axial load
Se = kakbkckdkekfS′e
Se = kakbkckdkekfS′e
Se =0.94 =376.24Mpa
24
4.14.4 Horizontal shaft layout
Figure 7: design of horizontal shaft

4.14.5 Length of the Horizontal shafts
A= clearance, B= Belt for Left side wheel
C= Space between two wheels, D= Belt for Right side wheel, E=clearance Assumption of total
length of horizontal shaft= A+B+C+D+E=40+30+460+30+40 Assume total length of shafts
became L =540mm
Input Shaft design is based on the ASME equation:
T=60P/2 = =41.1Nm
Note: - To calculate the maximum bending moment we must assume the weight of seed and
fertilizer, weights of vertical shaft, seed and fertilizer box weight, frame weight including load
on belt. Take 200N
M= =30Nm
Reaction forces
 Reaction Forces for resultant Loads
Figure 8:reaction force for resultant loads
25
 For resultant Load
Figure 9: shear force for resultant loads

4.15 Minimum diameter calculation
By ASME code equation for shaft design we have combined shock and fatigue factors for ASME
code shaft design equation
Table 9: Value of kb and kc
Types of loading Kb Kc
Gradually applied load 1 1.0
Suddenly applied load
With minor shocks 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5
With heavy shocks 2.0-3.0 1.5-3.0
k = 0.2 i.e., 20% reduction in strength due to keyway is assumed. From Table above, for rotating
shaft with minor shock loads, Kb = 1.5 and Kc = 1.0.
by Taking 50 C4 steel for the shaft, σyp= 370MPa
τyp= σyp /3
26
=370/3 = 123.33 MPa and taking factor of safety of 3 [τ] Input Shaft design is based on the
ASME equation:
T=
T= =41.1Nm=41.1* Nmm
4.15.1 Bending moment

M= = =30* Nmm
Equivalent twisting moment

√
=√
=60944.32Nmm
= √
= (60944.32Nmm)
=14.65mm
Note: - The minimum design diameter is 14. 56mm.we can take any value of standard diameter
of shaft above 14mm. The standard sizes of transmission shafts are: 25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm
steps and 60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm steps. Therefore, we select shaft have 25mm diameter.
4.15.2 Design of seed and Fertilizer box
3.391 Design of Seed box
Figure 10: Seed box

Cylinder shape of seed and fertilizer boxes is generally used in the machine for free flow seed.
Volume of seed box is given by
Vb=1.1V where Vb=volume of seed box
Vs=volume of seed box cm3 Also
VS= where Ws=weight of seed in the box g
Ys =bulk density of seed g/cm3
27
Combine the above two equation

Vb=1.1
For light easy operation of the drill, take 2 kg seed is filled in the box at a time.
Table 10: types of seed density
No Types of seed Bulk density(g/cm)
1 Wheat 1.118
2 Green gram 1.12
3 Bajira 0.62
4 Gram 0.82
The maximum bulk density of all seed is the wheat seed density.
Therefore, take wheat bulk density 1.118 g/cm.
Vb= =1967.79 says2000
3.15.2 Fertilizer box
Figure 11: Fertilizer box

For easy construction, balanced operation of seed cum fertilizer drill and symmetry in size, the
same volume and shape of fertilizer box is selected as that of seed box.
Therefore volume of fertilizer box Vf =2000
Bulk density of fertilizer f=1.2g/
Vb= =1833.33 we can take of the volume of seed box 2000
Total volume of seed box is two times of fertilizer box

Total seed box volume =2*fertilizer box
=2*2000cm3= 4000
Assume the minimum height of the box for both fertilizer and seed h=20cm.Radius of
seed box can calculate from formula of cylinder
V=h*
28
=√ =√ =7.978cm say 8cm and give clearance 2cm then
=10cm
=√ =√ = 5.64cm say 6cm and give clearance 2cm then
=8cm
3.392 Design of Seed controlling system
Figure 12: Seed controlling system and shaft

Seed controlling is the main part in the Hybrid ploughing seeders. Hence its design needs critical
attention. As we have discussed in the conceptual design topic, we chose plate type controlling
device. The material is chosen to be a sheet metal.
The diameter of the ground wheel is 200mm.The maximum diameter of the seed controlling
plate is 40mm. Let‟s take the diameter of seed controlling to be 30mm.
The speed of the oxen is 0.4m/s (from reference).
When the wheel rotates once the oxen travel 3.14*200= 628mm. In this distance 628/100 wheat
seeds should fall. And 628/250 maize seeds should fall.
Wheat seed per rotation of the wheel = 6.28 =7
 maize seed per
rotation of the wheel = 2.512 = 3
The number of holes in the controlling plate for wheat is calculated as 3.14*30= 94.2 when the
wheel rotates once the controlling plate also rotates once. Per rotation the plate should deliver 7
wheat seeds and 3 maize seeds.360/7= 51.428 at degree the holes arranged. If the cut out the
circumference of the plate is 3mm for wheat, the total length of the cut out will be 7*3 = 21mm.
The uncut length between holes is 94.2-21 = 73. 2mm.The length between two holes can be
calculated as 73.2/7 =10.45mm so, the dimensions are all safe.
29
4.15.3 Design of the seed delivery system
Figure 13: seed delivery system

4.15.4 Design of seed soil covering mechanism
Figure 14: Concave dice

4.15.5 Design of the furrow opener
Figure 15: single and six line Furrow openers
Distance of draft application on furrow opener is:

a=h/3=20/3=6.66cm
Moment arm length =h-a= (20-6.66) =13.34cm
Bending moment =D (h-a) =15kg 13.34cm=200kg-cm
=200kg-cm 10N/kg 10mm/cm =20000Nmm
Take factor of safety =2
Therefore, maximum bending moment =20000Nmm =40000Nmm
Note: - It is assumed the M.S flat Tyne is used in the belt control, fb=56N/mm2 for mild steel
Also section modulus of Tyne (Z) =Mb/fb =40000/56=714.2
Take b=20mm size flat
T=Thickness of flat, mm Z= (1/6)*t (for rectangular section)
714.2=1/6*t (20)2 (b=20mm assumed )
T= (6*714.2/400) =10.7mm
30
Note: - so M.S flat of 20 sizes is quite safe for the furrow opener. But, in the market 35 10mm
size M.S flat is available which is selected for the furrow opener of the machine
4.16 Modification part
4.16.1 Design of ORGATE electric connection
Electrical system design is the design of electrical systems. This can be as simple as a flashlight
cell connected through two wires to a light bulb or as involved as the space
shuttle. Electrical systems are groups of electrical components connected to carry out some
operation. Often the systems are combined with other systems. They might be subsystems of
larger systems and have subsystems of their own. For example, a subway rapid transit electrical
system is composed of the wayside electrical power supply, wayside control system, and the
electrical systems of each transit car. Each transit car’s electrical system is a subsystem of the
subway system. Inside of each transit car there are also subsystems, such as the car climate
control system.
OR gate:
If any input is high, the output is high
If all inputs are low, the output is low
“If this input OR this input is high, the Output is high”
Figure 16 electrical connection
31
4.17 Complete assembly of the manual hybrid plough, seeding and fertilizing (multi-
purpose agricultural) machine.
4.17.1 Working principle:
The ground wheel will rotate when it pulled by any method, mean by oxen or by motor. In
addition, the rotational motion from the ground wheel is transmitted by V-belt to the seeding
interval controlling mechanism (smaller axle and disk assembly) so that, seeding at intervals is
possible. This coordination results in simultaneous plough and seeding. But the fertilizer flows
continuously at initially adjusted flow rate (has flow rate valve). Next to these operations it
covers the borrowed/ ploughed line by soil at the left and right with the help of circular flatty
pans arranged suitably. The machine can plough at a time at least six line. No need of human
supporter to keep the line. And it gives light sign when either seed or fertilize finished in their
boxes. And also gives light sign whine both seed and fertilizer
Figure 17: complete assembly drawing.
32
CHAPTER FIVE
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 RESULT
The summary of results from the design of the cattle feed making machine are presented in
Table. It shows the average dimensions of the components and requirements of the machine. The
finished design drawing is shown in figure.
Table 11: results obtained from design of semi-automatic feed making machine
S.No Description Result
1 Type of machine Multi-purpose agricultural machine
3 Working condition Semi-Automated
4 Required Number of operator Single
5 Material input Seed and Fertilizer
6 Output result Ploughing, seeding, fertilizing,
covering
7 Length of machine 1.8m
8 Width of machine 1m
9 Height of machine 1.3m
10 Power produced by shaft 566 ft-lbs/sec
11 Speed of shaft 19.1rpm
12 Shaft diameter 200mm
33
Budget Estimated Thesis utilization

Table 12 cost of material
No Items Quantity Cost per-item Total cost Remark
(in birr) (in birr)
1 Rear Axles 1 100 100
2 Front Axle 1 100 100
3 Stub Axle 1 150 150
4 Ground wheel 1 200 200
5 Shaft 1 210 210
6 Seed box 1 90 90
7 Fertilizer box 1 89 89
8 Seed controlling system 1 300 300
9 seed delivery system 1 290 290
10 Concave dice 2 500 1000
11 Furrow opener 1 100 100
12 V-belt 1 120 120
13 flow rate valve 1 100 100
14 Motor (if needed instead of oxen) 1 20000 20000
15 Oxen(as needed instead of motor) 2 10500 21000
16 Total 14 or 15 22864 or
23864
Labor cost =5000 birr
Overall cost=labor cost + material cost
Overall cost=5000+22864=27864 or 5000+23864=28864 birr
34
5.2 DISCUSSION
The above table tells all about this project work. And it shows that multi-purpose agricultural machine is
able to do different agricultural activities in the same machine at the same moment. It simplifies farmers
work time, working condition, human labor, and easy operation. The machine has width of 1m, length of
1.8m, height of 1.3 m. The plough pull force is the force in compare of two oxen if we use motor. That
means 566 ft-lbs/sec of power. This machine is driven by single person. The machine solves Ethiopian
farmers need in some significant amount.
35
CHAPTER SIX
6. CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
After th0e designing and trail on the “Multipurpose Agricultural (Farm Machine)” conclusion which we
made are as follows:
 Based on the overall performance of the machine we can definitely say that the project will
satisfy the need of small scale farmer, because they are not able to purchase costly agricultural
equipment.
 The machine required less man power and less time compared to traditional methods, so if we
manufacture it on a large scale its cost gets significantly reduce and we hope this will satisfy the
partial thrust of Ethiopian economy.
 So in this way we solve the labor problem that is the need of today’s farming in Ethiopia.
 As per the researchers‟ data, there is high demand for a product which reduces time, energy
utilization and increase productivity.
 Plough, seed, fertilizer and cover by soil gently for multiple rows at a time. So that covers more
area in once reducing labor utilization and turn back time for other rows.
 Therefore, this hybrid plough, seeding and fertilizing machine is ideal solution to traditional
farming system in Ethiopia and then to assure food security.
6.2 Recommendation
Further research may be carried out to allow the machine accommodate more volume of feeds. It is
recommended that our designed machine be subjected to manufacture, development and testing thought
the year for more performance evaluation.
This project may not solve outstand problem for huge farm, but it contributes crucial role for small scale
farm.
36
REFERENCES
[1] 1.w.m.r.i. Ethiopia, "www.researchgate.net/publication/332266280 mechanization research in
Ethiopia," [Online].
[2] t. o. t. p.-w. i. it, "www.thoughtco.com>," [Online].
[3] I.-i.-E. infomineo, "Infomineo.com>agriculture-in-Ethiopia infomineo," [Online].
[4] 4. W. b. n. a. d. a. O. n. a. d. files, "4. World bank national accounts data and OECO national
accounts data files".
[5] P. T. M.-G.-H. P. C. L. E. 5. Design of Machine Element, "5. Design of Machine Element,

Prof.V.B.Bhandari, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.2007 Edition".
[6] P. S. P. e. 2. III., 1. Strength of Machine Element, Prof.R.K.Rajput S.Chand Pu Fluid mechanics and
hydraulic mechanism, R.K. BANSAL, Ninth edition.
[7] S. V. K. S. S. G. Prof. Swati D.Kale, “Agriculture Drone for Spraying fertilizer and pesticides”,
“International journal of advance research in computer science and software Engineering”, volume
5,Issue, 12,(Dec-2015).
[8] H. N. M. F. S.R.Kulkarni, “Fabrication of portable foot operated Agricultural Fertilizer and pesticides
spraying pump”, “International journal of Engineering Research and technology”, ISSN:2278-
0181,volume 4 ,Issue, 07(July-2015).
[9] Y. S. B. M. R. L. J. G. M. J. M. a. K. V. 2. Saharawat, "Saharawat, Y.S., Singh, BEvaluation of

alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a ricewheat rotation in north-western IGP. Field
Crops Res. 116: 260–267".
[10] (. e. al., Composer, [Sound Recording]. 1997).
[11] K. e. a. 1986, "Kumar et. al. 1986".
[12] S. a. H. 1991.
[13] G. a. H. 1992, "Gupta and Herwanto 1992".
[14] .. [. a. V. 1994].
[15] M. a. D. 1996, "Molin and D‟Agostini 1996".
37
[16] P. e. a. 1997, "Pradhan et. al. 1997".
[17] D. S. S. C. Aditya Kawadaskar, Artist, Review of methods of seed sowing and concept of multi-
purpose seed sowing machine. [Art].
[18] A. P. R. A. V. G. R. K. G. Wankhede, Artist, Who worked on design modification of advance seed

sowing cum fertilizer machine. [Art].
[19] M. S. B. M. M. Y. A. H. M. B. Mr. Muhammed Kashif R, Artist, who worked on design and

development of semi-automated multipurpose agriculture wheel hoe,. [Art].
[20] K. C. K. N. D. M. L. Humbade A.B., Artist, who worked on multipurpose agriculture vehicle. [Art].
[21] M. S. B. M. M. Y. A. H. M. B. Mr. Muhammed Kashif R, Artist, [Art].
[22] A. P. R. A. V. G. R. K. G. Wankhede, Artist, [Art].
38
Appendix
Parts of drawing
Assembly drawing
39
Two dimensional views
40

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WACHEMO UNIVERCITY

College of Engineering and technology

Title: - Design and Modification of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine

Advisor: - Mr. Bekele

Students Name ID No.

WCU MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Name ID Stream Sign

1, Muse Tagesse ……………..4915/09 Manufacturing _____________

2, Muluneh Yosef …………… 4911/09 Thermal _____________

3. Habtamu Massebo ……..…. 4573/09 Manufacturing ______________

Approved By: date signature

BEKELE (M.Sc.) _________________ ____________

Key terms: Hybrid, Plough, farmers, Agriculture, transformation, seeding, fertilize

3.7.2 Mild Steels .................................................................................................................................. 11

4.10 Design for shear stress ................................................................................................................. 21

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................................ 36

TABLE 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL USED FOR SHAFT ................................................................... 21

FIGURE 4 THE AXLE FREE BODY .................................................................................................................... 19

GDP…………………………………………Gross domestic product

Figure 1: Traditional ploughing and seedling system

 To modernize traditional agricultural activities.

1.5 Scope of the Project

1.6 limitation of study

3.5 Advantages of Designing Multipurpose Agricultural Machine are;

Figure 2 Stub axle

4.3 Seed box

4.6 Method: Weight assignment and rating

Ease of manufacture and 10

Avoid unnecessary force. 15

4.7.1 Concept scoring matrix

Easy of manufacture 10 3 0.3 4 0.4 3 0.3 4 0.4 4 0.4 4 0.4

Less cost 20 4 0.8 4 0.8 4 0.8 3 0.6 4 0.8 4 0.8

Total score 3.8 3 2.9 2.8 4 2.7

Where, W% = weight in percent, R = rate S = score

4. Design of seed and Fertilizer box

Figure 3 wheel axle

Figure 4 The axle free body

Figure 5: Free body diagram of the axle

Where Z is section modulus and it is calculated as follow

4.10 Design for shear stress

Figure 6: Ground wheel

Endurance Limit Modifying Factors on Horizontal Shaft

Kc=1 bending, Kc=0.85 axial, Kc=0.59 torsion

4.14.4 Horizontal shaft layout

Figure 7: design of horizontal shaft

Figure 8:reaction force for resultant loads

 For resultant Load

Figure 9: shear force for resultant loads

4.15.1 Bending moment

Equivalent twisting moment

Figure 10: Seed box

Ys =bulk density of seed g/cm3

Combine the above two equation

Vb= =1967.79 says2000

3.15.2 Fertilizer box

Figure 11: Fertilizer box

Vb= =1833.33 we can take of the volume of seed box 2000

Total volume of seed box is two times of fertilizer box

BEKELE (M.Sc.) _____