M.I.

L Reviewer

Media and information Sources

 Reliability of information - Information is said to be reliable if it can be

verified and evaluated others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in
evaluating the reliability of information.
 Accuracy of information - Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report
to the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the
type of information being evaluated.
 Value of information - Information is said to be of value if it aids the user
in making or improving decisions.
 Authority of the source - Much of the information we gather daily do not
come from a primary source but are passed on through secondary
sources such as writers, reporters, and the like. Sources with an
established expertise on the subject matter are considered as having
sound authority on the subject.
 Timeliness - Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
based on the time it was produced or acquired. While a piece of
information may have been found accurate, reliable, and valuable during
the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the
passing of time (thus making it less valuable). Other information may be
timeless, proven to be the same in reliability accuracy, and value
throughout history.

Other Sources Of Information

Apart from books, magazine, and journals, a researcher can also access
reliable information through other sources such as the following examples.

 Thesis and Dissertations - A thesis refers to a scholarly or academic

research either an undergraduate or a master's degree. Meanwhile, a
dissertation refers to the scholarly work of a doctoral student. If you would
like to check previous research works, browse theses or dissertations.
 Interviews - Interviewing a resource person who is an expert in a specific
field is another way of getting accurate and reliable information. A reporter
making a documentary on juvenile delinquency, for example, can ask a
lawyer's objective opinion on how the law interprets cases involving
minors. The people who have survived historical events like World War II
and talk about their experience are good sources of information, too.
 Museum - A researcher can go to a museum to find resources for his
study.
 Primary sources are original materials that were produced during a
particular period in history. Examples of these are relies, artifacts, documents
or recordings, and other original sources of information.

The original copy of Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere found in the National
Library is considered a primary source. Museums house sculptures and
paintings too.

Secondary source are documents made after an event has occurred.

These are second-hand accounts about an event, a person, or a topic.
Secondary sources may render different perspectives from another person,
who can also be the researcher.

Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People is considered a secondary

source since it retells the events from the past although he did not personally
witness some of the events.

 Internet - Nowadays, searching information on the Internet is easier and

more convenient than going to the library. Instead of browsing several
books, the researcher can just type the key word on the search engine.

The Search Engine

A search engine is a program capable of searching documents in the web

using specific key in words.

Top 5 Search Engine

 Google
 Bing
 YAHOO!
 Ask
 Aol.

Finding Sources Of information in A Book

Books are one of the most reliable sources of information. Generally, a

textbook author gives a thorough discussion of topics found in the book.

 Table of contents - To help you locate a specific topic in a book, check

out the table of contents (TOC), which displays the page number opposite
its topic title. The TOC is found on the preliminary pages of the book.
 Index - You can search for a specific concept, term, or name in the index.
 Glossary - provides a list of concepts or terms with its corresponding
meaning. It is arranged alphabetically.
 Bibliography - is almost always found at the book's last page. It is also
arranged alphabetically.

Citation of sources Information

Textbook authors and other nonfiction writers are expected to present

accurate and useful information. There are different format and style guides
which an author can use to present these information, including citations and
references.

 American Psychological Association (APA). The APA Style contains

rules for the preparation of manuscripts for writers and students in social
sciences, such as psychology linguistics, sociology, economics, and
criminology, business, and nursing. Below is a sample bibliography fora
simple book entry.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing

up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

 The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). The CMS manuscript for

publication including grammar, usage, and documentation. It has two
documentation styles. The Notes-Bibliography System (NB) is used in
literature, history, and the arts, while the Author-Date System is preferred
in social sciences. Below is a sample bibliography for a simple book entry.

Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

 Modern Language Association (MLA). The MLA style is commonly used

in writing papers and citing sources within liberal arts and humanities,
such as English studies, language and literature, foreign language and
literatures, literary criticism, comparative literature, and cultural studies,
below is a sample bibliography for a simple book entry. Gleick, James.
Chaos:

Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.

Identifying Relevant Information

 Apart from knowing where to access information, a researcher should know
how to identify if the gathered information is significant. Below are some
guidelines on how to analyze if the information from these sources is useful or
not.

 Printed materials. Check the authors profile at the back cover of the
book to know if he has expertise on the material written. You can also
check the preface to have an overview of the book's framework.
For theses and dissertations, you can check the abstract or a brief
description about the study. You can also verily information about the book's
publisher. Well-established publishers are known for releasing quality books.

 Films. Apart from checking out the reviews for a film, you should also
check the profiles of the director and scriptwriter.
For example, the 1993 movie Schindler's List, directed by Academy Award
winner Steven Spielberg, can be considered a reliable source of information
about World War II because of the director's esteemed reputation.

 Interviews. When interviewing people for a feature article, look for

experts who have actual experience to ensure that the information you will
acquire is accurate and reliable.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES

Media Languages - are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative
structures
that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.

LANGUAGE - PERTAINS TO THE TECHNICAL AND SYMBOLIC

INGREDIENTS OR CODES AND CONVENTIONS THAT MEDIA AND
INFORMATION PROFESSIONALS MAY SELECT AND USE IN AN EFFORT
TO COMMUNICATE IDEAS, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE.

CODES

Codes - are systems of signs that when put together create meaning*
Semiotics
- study of signs
 SYMBOLIC CODES- show what is beneath the surface of what we see
(objects, setting. body language, clothing, color, etc.) or iconic symbols
that are easily understood.
 WRITTEN CODES - use of language style and textual layout (headlines,
captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc.)
 TECHNICAL CODES - Are ways in which equipment is used to tell the
story This includes sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting as
well as camera techniques, framing, depth of field, lighting, exposure and
juxtaposition.

Basic Camera Shots

 Shot Angles

 EXTREME LONG SHOT - Also called extreme wide shots such as a large
crowd scene or a view of scenery as far as the horizon
 LONG SHOT - a view of a situation or setting from a distance
 MEDIUM LONG SHOT - shows a group of people in interaction with each
other, example: fight scene with part of their surroundings in the picture
 FULL SHOT a view of a figure's entire body in order to show action and/or
a constellation group of characters
 MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT - shows a subject down to his/her chest/waist
 CLOSE UP SHOT - a full-screen shot of a subject's face showing the
finest nuances of expression
 EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT-a shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or any object
in details
 CONVENTION- In the media context, refers to a standard or norm that
acts as a rule governing behavior.
 MESSAGE-The information sent from a source to a receiver
Role they play in Media Consumption
 AUDIENCE - the group of consumers for whom a media message was
constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the message.
 PRODUCERS - People engaged in the process of creating and putting
together media content to make a finished media product
 OTHER STAKE HOLDERS - Libraries, archives, museums, internet, and
other relevant information providers
More about codes and conventions.
How codes and conventions apply in media studies

Codes and conventions are used together in any study of genre it is not
enough to discuss a technical code used such as camera work, without
saying how it is conventionally used in a genre.
 For example, the technical code of lighting is used in some way in all form
genres. It is a convention of the horror genre that side and black lighting is
used to create mystery and suspense an integral part of any horror movie.

TYPICAL CODES AND CONVENTIONS OF DANCE MUSIC VIDEOS

 The artist isn't usually in the video, although this can change. An example
is Keisz

- Hideaway

 The videos are usually performance or concept based

 Upbeat music

 Dance routines

 Fast-paced editing

 Usually filmed in club/party settings

 Girls in skimpy costumes

 .High-key lighting

 Lots of close-up shots of the artist/actor

 . Summery location such as the beach

 . Alcohol and drugs are commonly seen in these videos

Trademark
A trademark refers to a specific sign associated with a particular brand of
goods or services. Companies use a trademark to distinguish their products
from other available and similar products in the market.
Patent
A patent pertains to exclusive right granted to an invention. Just like copyright
law, a patent protects the owner from other people who deliberately or
unintentionally copy his invention.
Netiquete
Netiquette means, let us first define what etiquette is. When we refer to
someone who has etiquette, it means that the person has proper decorum
and behaves according to what society dictates to be right.
 Divide
Divide refers to the economic, educational, and social inequalities
experienced by those who cannot afford to have computer and Internet
access.
Digital Divide
Digital divide can also pertain to the gap on the kind of information which can
be accessed, and the available form of communication that is allowed to be
distributed.
Virtual Self
Virtual self pertains to one's representation in the virtual world, which exists
online and is only available once a person is connected to the Internet.