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Seepage
Seepage
Seepage
Two-Dimensional Flow
Isotropic Soil - Property in all directions are equal, k=kx=kz
Anisotropic Soil - Does not have the same physical properties
when the direction of measurement is changed, so, for the
permeability, kx≠kz. For an anisotropic soil,
𝐇𝐍𝐟 a. How high (above the ground surface) will the water
𝐪 = √𝐤 𝐱 𝐤 𝐳
𝐍𝐝 rise if piezometers are placed at points a, b, c, and
d?
b. What is the rate of seepage through flow channel II
per unit length (perpendicular to the section
Seepage through Earth Dams shown)?
3. Given that β=45°, α=30°, B=3m, H=6m, height of dam=7.6 m,
and k=61x10-6, calculate the seepage rate, q, in m 3/day/m
length.
4. Refer to the constant-head permeability test arrangement in a
two-layered soil as shown in Figure 1. During the test, it was
seen that when a constant head of h1 = 200 mm was maintained,
the magnitude of h2 was 80 mm. If k1 is 0.004 cm/sec, determine
the value of k2 given H1 = 100 mm and H2 = 150 mm.
5. Refer to Figure 4. Given:
• H1 = 6 m •D=3m
• H2 = 1.5 m • D1 = 6 m
Step 1: Obtain α. Draw a flow net. Calculate the seepage loss per meter length
Step 2: Calculate Δ and then 0.3 Δ. of the sheet pile (at a right angle to the cross section shown).
Step 3: Calculate d. 6. Draw a flow net for the single row of sheet piles driven into a
𝒅 𝒅𝟐 𝑯𝟐 permeable layer as shown in Figure 4. Given:
𝑳= −√ − • H1 = 3 m • D = 1.5 m
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶
• H2 = 0.5 m • D1 = 3.75 m
7. An earth dam is shown in Figure 3. Determine the seepage rate,
Step 4: With known values of α and d, calculate L from: q, in m3/day/m length. Given: α1 = 35°, α2 = 40°, L1 = 5 m, H
Step 5: With known value of L, calculate q from: = 7 m, H1 = 10 m, and k = 3x10-4 m/sec. Use Schaffernak’s
𝒒 = 𝒌(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶)(𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶) solution.
Design of Filters
When seepage water flows from a soil with relatively fine
grains into a coarser material, there is danger that the fine soil
particles may wash away into the coarse material. Over a
period of time, this process may clog the void spaces in the
coarser material.
Where:
D15(F) = diameter through which 15% of filter material will
pass
D15(S) = diameter through which 15% of soil to be protected
will pass
D85(S) = diameter through which 85% of soil to be protected
will pass
Example Problems:
1. Refer to figure 1. Given: H1=305 mm., H2=508 mm., h1=610
mm., h=508 mm., Z=203 mm., k1=0.066 cm/sec, and diameter
of the soil specimen is D=76 mm. Determine the rate of flow of Figure 2 - Example Problem No. 2
water through the two-layered soil.
2. A flow net for flow around a single row of sheet piles in a
permeable soil layer is shown. We are given that
kx=kz=k=5x10-3cm/sec.
Figure 3 - Example Problem No. 3
Figure 4