BUONG BO Ket CAU MAT BUONG “NGUGG” (INVERTED PAVEMENT): TOM TAT KET QUA NGHIEN COU, THU NGHIEM VA TIM HIEU YEU CAU VE VAT LIEU THI CONG (PHAN 1) 1. GIGI THIEU CHUNG Két cdu_ mat dueng “nauoc” inverted Pavement, Sandwich pavement, Upside down pavement) la mét phucng phap thiét ké twang adi méi, trong 6 d6 cing cia céc lop két edu bbén duéi lén han dang ké so véi 6 cting cla céc I6p bén trén. Phuong phép nay duoc phat trign va ting dung rong rai tal Nam Phi tirnhting nam 70 ca thé ky trude. O Uc va Phap, céc két cu mat duang tuong ty v6i lop méng dé dim day cing kh phé bign, Uu diém néi bat cla két du ngugc le iét kiém chi phi xay dung do tan dung duge nguén vat ligu i 18 tién va sin cé trong nue, gidm duge vat ligu Bitum nhap khéu; déng thai tiét kim ding ké chi phi duy tu bio duéng ‘rong qué trinh khai théc (Theo bao cao cita Nam Phi, két cd gud tiét kiém téi 20-25 % chi phi so v6i két cdu mat dung ‘truyén théng 6 kha nang chiu ‘tai tuong duong); - Gidm dang ké hoac loai try hoan toan hién tuong nut phan anh; KS. Nguyén Gia Nghiém, ThS. Dang Hoang Hiép, ThS. Nguyén Quy Ngoc Trung tam Tu van quéc t6 Téng céng ty Tu van thiét ké GTVT - CTCP Hinh 1: Vet cét l6p méng dp phdi aé dam chat luong cao G1 sau khilu lén tréng giéng nhu bé tong = Lop méng kin nude gitip két cu lam vie tét ngay c& trong igu kign 8m; - Lop méng duéi gia cé xi mang tao diéu kién dim chat hon lop méng trén khéng gia 6 (nhe higu ving de); - Lop méng dui gia cé xi mang khang yéu cdu khat khe vé vat ligu va cudng 46; - Phil hop véi nguén vat lieu, trinh 6 thi cong sin c6 do két du nguge khéng yéu céu vat ligu méi hoac thiét bi dac biet ma chi don gin [a 4p xép lai cdc lop két c&u cho hop I hon; 2. COSOLY THUYET Két du mat duong truyén thong da trén su két hop cia kép mat BTN hodc BTXM va lp méng da dam 8 truyén tai trong xudng lap nén dat. Trong d6, céc loai vat ligu c6 mé dun dan héi cao hon, bén han dugc & phia trén; Ac loai vat ligu ¢6 mé dun dan THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SOQUY IV/2016 Ml 25© pone BO KET CAU TRUYEN THONG KET CAU NGUGC 86 cUNG 26 cUNG at Te i ae rons win use ween rang orc ‘in cB héi nhd hon duge bé tri ban dudi dé phi hop véi phan bé Aing suat bén dudi banh xe, Két cu nguat, tri lai, bé tri kep méng dudi cing hon cac I6p trén (thong thudng bang vat ligu gia ¢6 xi mang). Bén trén lop méng dudi la lép da dam dm that chat va mét Ip BTN méng 6 trén cling, Cu tao nay cho phép dim lép dé dam xen kep chat han so v6i lp méng da dam trong két cdu truyén théng (do hiéu Ung de). Béng thoi, do sucé mat cua lép mong dudi cing hon ma céc lop vat ligu phia trén (bao gém cd BTN va mét phn lép méng trén cép pphdi da dam) cha yéu chi nén. Hinh bén cho thdy céu tao ign hinh cua mot két céu ngugc. Trong dé lip BTN thudng rat méng va déng gop khéng dang ké vio viéc chiu tai cla toan bo két ciu ma chi c6 téc dung tao ra mét lép "mang" bing phing, kin nuéc. Lép méng trén bing di dam JONG QUEL eA 26 30-:-60(mm) BE TONG NHUA: (mm) vena | > nous ousioia cd mdi fa 16p chiu t8i chinh trong hon mé dun dan héitinh cia lop két caunguoc méng dui ién ké véin6 (thuéng Theo De Beer (2012), két cdu gia c6ximéng ham luong thép), nguac duce higu Ia 1a két cSu c6 mé dun dan héi tinh cia lp Minh hoa dudi day cho thay 16 méng trén (khéng gia ¢é) nhé_hon sy lam viée cla BTN trong 26 MI THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SO QUY IV/2016DUONG BO két Su mat dudng thong thuéng va két cu nguoe: Trong két céu théng thudng, lop BTN day va ctng lam viéc nhu két céu dm. Trong két cdu guage, lép BTN mang lam viee nhu mét lop mang bao v8. Céc ghién cu cho thay hi [am viée nhu lp mang méng, ting sudt kéo 6 day BTN gidm di Trong két cu _ngugc, do lép BIN phia trén méng, lap méng dé dam khéng gia c6 phai chiu ing suat I6n han ding ké so vdi trong két cu théng thudng va ¢6 xu huéng bi hin din, Vi vay, khi x2y dung |ép méng 48 dam trong két cu nguge, cén hai cai tin bién phap dém én dé loai bd bién dang tich lug. Cac nghién ctu cho thay: lap méng da dam sau khi dm chat la vat ligu bat ding hudng (anisotropic) cé 48 cing phi tuyén phu thude vao ting sust (Stress-dependent stiffness). Nh higu ting cing hod khi chiu tai (stresschardening) ca dé dam khéng gia ¢é, mé dun dan héi iia lép méng dé dim ting lén dang ké, thuéng lén t6i 689 Mpa (theo Maree et al. 19824, 1982b; ONNeil et al. 1992). Mé dun dan héi cao nhu vay lai gidp cho vige phan tan t6t hon ting sust do tai trong xe gay ra, Hon nila, sul c6 mat ca lép méng duéi axing hon méng trén trong két cu nguge thudng am cho truc trung hoa khi chiu uén roixudng duéi lép méng trén khéng gia 6, dan t6i cdc I6p trén chi yéu lam vige & trang thai chiu nén D6 cing cao cia lép méng tren bing dé dim khéng gia cé cling lam gidm Ung suat kéo tai bé mat tigp xtc véi BTN. Két cau théng thugng: Lép BTN day la lép chiu lye chinh, lam viée nhur két cu dim chiu udn; lp méng @4 dam chi c6 tic dung 4a Két cu nguge: Lop BTN méng lam vie nhu lép mang méng truyén tai trong xuéng duéi, lp méng aa dam 6 day déng vai tro chiu Ie chinh, Bi voi nén duBng ben dudi, nhé c6 céc lép méng trén bing a dim va lép méng duéi gia c6 xi mang 4 cting, ung suat tac ong len nén at gidm di, nho 6 loai bé nguy co hu hong mat dung do lun nén, Téng hop két qua phan tich két ‘cu mat dudng nguiac bing m6 hinh phén ty hdu han 3 chigu, Papadopoulos (2014) da rit ra két luan nhu sau = Sy phan bé ting suat trong két ‘cu ngugc khac biét dang ké so véi trong két céu truyén théng do su chénh lech d6 cting gitia cdc lap lién ké, Lop BTN va méng PDD gia cé xi mang cting fam viée nhw két cu dém va chiu kéo. Lép méng trén CPBD lam vide nhu mét lop dem a6 bé t6ng nhua va phan tén ding suat kéo xuéng lép méng duéi gia 6 xi mang, trong khi ban than 1né chi chiu nén, Lép nén duding gan nhu khéng bi anh hudng béi taitrong: - Lop BTN méng lam viée gin inhu phan ti mang hon la nhut phan tw dém. Khi chiéu day gia xuéng, bién dang kéo & day lop cing giém theo nhung Iai tang len & bién téc dung cia tai trong. Bigu nay chi 16 rang khi chigu day l6p BTN ti! 25mm én 50mm, tuy theo diéu kién thai tiét. Lép BTN méng trong két cdu nguoc sé ¢6 bién dang kéo thip, diéu nay fam tang tudi tho méi, déng thai tiét kim dugc chi phi xay dung cing nhu bao tr; = D6 cting cita lép méng CPD phu thude vao ting suat. Vi thé, 6 cting thay di dng ké dudi tc dung cia tai trong, dac biét la khi sit dung Ip BTN méng; - Ung suat cat & mat tiép xtc duéi tac dung cua viée ting gidm tc lam tang ting suat kéo trong lop BTN, dic biét la vai lop BIN méng; ~ Két cu nguac khéng cé xu huéng phat trién bign dang déo 4 [6p nén nhung ¢6 thé hurhéng do Ip BTN bi nuit mi. THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SOQUYIV/2016 Ml 27© pone BO 3. TONG HOP KET QUA THU NGHIEM HIEN TRUONG VE KET CAU NGUGC TAI HOA KY Nhiéu nghién cdu vé két du nguge da duge tién hanh trén thé gidi déu cho thay r6 uu dim clia két cu nguoe so véi két cd mat duéng truyén théng. Ban canh sulam viéc tot hon, két cd nguge con tiét kiém dang ké chi phi duy tu bio dung so véi két cu théng thudng, Mac di viée nghién city, thi nghiém va ép dung dai tra két céu nguoc da dugc ting dung réng rai 8 Nam Phi tir 40 nam nay, nhung viec 4p dung chiing nhiéu quéc gia kh&c méi chi ding & mule do thir nghiém. Tai Hoa Kj, két c&u nguoc da duge thir nghiém tai mot sé bang (chi yéu la céc bang cb khi hu &m), trong khi nhigu bang khéc t6 thai d6 hoai nghi Nguyén nhan din dén su cham 18 ap dung két cu ngugc tai Hoa Ky cé thé la do: (1) Kin nghiém thiét ké va thi céng két c&u truyén théng véi lép BIN day hoac Ip BTXM t6 ra vin higu qua (2) Tai gu huéng dan vige thi céng lip méng trén cua két cd nguge, vi dy nhu phuong phap am nén u6t (slushing) cua Nam Phi con chua day da 3) Lép méng cp phéi gia <6 xi mang bi coi | nguyén nhan gay nift phan anh, nhat fa d6i voi cc bang cé khi hau lanh gi Nghién dtu hoc thuat trong khuén khé du én NHCRP 445 da tom tat céc két qua nghién cttu, thir nghiém, ing dung ca két edu ngugc tai Hoa Ky tuna 1954 dén nay: ~ Két cu nguge lin déu tien duge xay dung & Hoa Ky vao nam 1954 tai bang New Mexico bang vige rai Sem BTN va 15cm méng da dam trén mat dudng BTXM da nut vé. Sau 6 nam khai thac, mat duéng khong bi nift phan anh cing nhu han vet ban xe, Sau dé, 2 doan thit nghiém véi két cu 75cm BTN, 15cm 48 dim, 15 cm 48 dim gia c6 xi mang 4% da dugc xay dung vao nam 1960. = Nam 1983, Barksdale and Todres 12 két cdu mat duéng tht nghiém tai bang Georgia (trong 6 c6 2 két cSu nguoe vdi 8,9em BTN, 20cm cp phéi dé dam va 15m méng 44 dim hoac cat gia c6 xi mang). oan dung thir nghiém sau 46 chiu 2 triéu chu ky tai trong 28,9kN va chiu tip tai trong 33,4kN cho téi khi hu hang, Két qua theo doi cho thay két cdu nguge giém duc ting suat nén truyén xuéng lop én, gidm bign dang kéo 6 day 6p BTN, giém bién dang mat dudng, $6 chu ky t8i trong téi hu hang cua két cu nguioc (3,6 trigu va 44 trigu chu ky) nhiéu hon ding ké so voi két céu truyén théng (tu 0,15 triéu dén 3 trigu chu ky); ~Tutumluer and Barksdale (1995) mé inh két cu ngugc dua trén ac két qua thir nghiém cia Barksdale and Todres (1983) dua ra céckét luan: + Két cu nguae chiu duge 56 Iugng len chu ky tai trong do: Giam ting sut theo phuong thang diing trong lép nén nhé higu ting dém iia 6p méng cting, gidm ting suat kéo & aay dp BTN va giam dé véng dan héi cla két cau so véi két cdu truyén théng + Phén trén cia l6p méng gia 6 va gan nhu toan bé lip méng trén khéng gia cb chiu nén ngang, trong khi nda duéi lép méng gia <6 va mét l6p méng phia trén nén dudng chiu kéo ngang + B6 én cia ting suat nén gang trong Iép méng 43 dam khéng gia cé thay 461 trong khoang 0 én 110 kPa (0.4én 16 psi) + TH cdc phan tich két du theo phuong phap phin tisha han, cdc tée gia dua ra két edu nguge téi uu vé mat kinh té - ky thuat cho Ip nén yéu bao gém: 15cm méng trén CPBD va 15 dén 20cm méng duéi gia 66 xi mang. - Xay dung 2 doan du’ng thir nghiém din vao mé dé tai hat Morgan, bang Georgia nam 2001. Két cu gém: 7,5cm BTN, 15cm méng trén CPBD (mot doan dim nén theo phyong phép truyén théng va doan kia dim nén theo phuang phap ust cua Nam Phi) va 20cm méng duéi gia c6 xi mang. oan déi cchting sti dung 15cm Iép méng duéi di dam khéng gia c5. Qua 10 nam theo déi, Lewis et al (2012) thay nhu sau + 2 doan thi nghiém bing két c&u_nguoe vin trong tinh trang tét sau 10 nam ma khéng cén bao duéng hoac thim lai; 28 MI THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SO QUY IV/2016DUONG BO + Mat dubng that nghiém khéng bi han vét banh xe hoac nuit, trong khi mat duding Adi ching bi nuit mei va han vét 16 r@t + Thi nghiém FWD nam 2007 cho thay két céu_nguoc con lai téi 99,34% tudi tho (dam nén truyén théng) va 94,61% tuéi tho (dim nén theo phuang phip ust cila Nam Phi) trong khi két cau Gi chiing chi con 67,92% tuéi tho; + Bang ngacnhién la émnén theo phuong phép truyén théng cho két qua tét tuong duong, tham chi tét hon mét chuit so véi phyong phap uét cua Nam Phi = Cac thi nghiém tai bang Louisiana: Rasoulian et al. 2000, 2001). Titi et al. (2003) theo doi lign tue trong hon 10 nam hai két cu mat duding tai tuyén LA- 97 (dutng cép bang). Két cdu gue gém: 89cm BTN, 10cm cdp phéi dd dam (géc 4a voi), 1Sem dé dm gia ¢6 xi mang va 30cm dat gia 6 véi; so vei két cu truyén théng gém: 8,9em BIN, 21,5cm dé dam gia 6 xi mang, 30cm dat gia cé voi. Céc két cu tuong ty cing duge thir nghiém tai Trung tam nghién ctu giao thong cia Bang Louisiana. Két qua cho thay két cd nguoc lam viée tét hon dng ké, Titi et al, (2003) dua ra céc két ludn chi yéu sau + Qua thdi gian khai thc cd 2 két cu déu bi net, nhung tinh trang net phat trign cham hon nhiéu 6 két cdunguac; + 86 96 ghé IRI sau 10,2 nam khai théc & két cdu ngugc thép hon, digu nay [a nho két cdu ngugc da han ché duge nti phan anh; + Trong thi nghiém méi, két cu ngugc chiu dude 1.294.800 lan tac dung cia tai trong truc 80KN so véi 314.500 lan cua két céu truyén théng, cao hon toi 4 an; + Théng qua viée phan tich két qua thi nghiém, Metcalf et al, (1998) két lugn rang dang huhéng phé bién nhat (8896) ai voi két cu nguac lahan vét banh xe, trong khi 6i véikét cu truyén théng la nuit. Tuy nhién, cée phan tich sau dé trong khuén khé chuong trinh nghién edu céc dac trung dai han cua mat dudng lai két ludn rang, dang hu héng cia c& hai két cfu du la nc; + Trong thir nghiém nay, chi phi xay dung ban déu déi vvéi két cu nguac cao hon khoang 20%, nhuing lai chiu duge 56 t8i trong truc tich luy gp 3 lan (hoge hon) so vi két c&u truyén théng, do 6 két cSu nguoe t6 ra kinh téhon han, = Cée thie nghiém khéc tai bang Georgia: Nam 2009, bang Georgia tigp tuc x’y dung thir nghiém két cu nguge tai hat Troup. Két ctu gém: 3,7cm BTN mat trén, Scm BTN mat duéi; 15cm CPBD, 25cm méng gia a dam gia c6 xi mang, 15cm ay 40 dudng gia ¢8. Buchanan (2010) da so sinh chi phi vong di cia két cu nguac véi két du mat dugng BIXM 6 kha nang chiu tai tung duong va két luan rang két cu nguoc tiét kigm t61 20% chi phi xay dung va bdo duéng trong 30 nam on Avellandeda (2010) thong qua nghién ctu quan 46 46 xing - ting sust trong lép méng a dim tai doan this nghiém 4a két lugn rang chi phi xay dung ban dau cé thé gidm téi 40%, = Cac thi’ nghiém tai bang Virginia: Nam 2010, mét doan dudng két cu nguge 43 duce xy dung tai dung 659, doan qua mé a Lucky Stone. Lin quan dén higu qua kinh té cia doan tht nghiém, Weingart (2012) bdo céo ring chi phi xy dung ban déu giam t6i 22,39 so vei két cSu truyén théng c6 kha nang chiu tai tuong duong; 4. KET CAU BIEN HINH VA YEU Au VE VAT LIEU 4.1 Két céu mat duéng ngugc dién hinh Bé tign cho viée theo dei va so sanh, bai béo xin dua ra mot 86 két cfu dién hinh trong Catalogue két cdu mau ma Nam Phi khuyén nghi cho cc két cu mat dudng chiu the 1--30 trigu ti trong truc tiéu chuan (ESAL) 8OKN tich luy/lan. Tir d6, di si tim higu céc yéu cfu vé vat ligu, tinh ty thi céng 46 vei méi lop va so sinh véiTCVN, Két cu 4p dung cho duéng cép A, ving khi hau &m, s6 tai trong truc tich luy thiét ké /lan THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SOQUYIV/2016 MI 29© pone BO Két cu ES3 (1,0--3,0x 10°ESAL/Ian) | Ghi chy 30mm BTN CHAT: (1) Be téng nhya chat c6 thé [a BTN cp phdi gidn doan t (Asphalt surfacing Gap-graded), hoac BTN cp phéi lién 150mm tuc (Asphalt surfacing Continuous-graded), hoac BTN cp phéi gién doan mét phan (Asphalt surfacing Semi-gap- { graded) 200mm >SP22, etn Mana, (2) Truéng hop lp méng trén khé réo, chiéu day lop mong | dudi gia c5 xi mang cé thé giam tai tri s6 ghi trong ngoac (3) Lép dinh nén va nén dung bén duéi ding chung cho 7 cic két cA E53, E510, £530 nhu sau: két cu ES10 (3, 10,0 x 10° ESAL/Ian) 40mm BTN CHAT j 150m1 Két cu E530 (10,0--30,0x 10° ESAL/Ian) (4) Méx céch tuang d6i, c6 thé so sénh $6 lugng tai trong true tich luj 10-30 trigu ESAL 8OkN/lan twang dung véi 56 t8i trong tructich lu trong 10+-20 nam / an xe 68 vai mot ddng cé ~50% sé long xe (khong quy di ra PCU) ka xe khch In, xe tii trung, xe tai ning céc loai &Vigt Nam. (Vige tinh toan nay dia trén gi thigt: Ty 8 xe c6 ta 50% 400mm cepn cia 66 x1 MANG ‘S| cén 100% va céc xe C6 tai ché t6i da tai trong cho phép (300m es theo quy dinh hign hanh); 50mm BTN CHAT (5) Cn phan biét khai niém cp phéi gién doan (Gap- graded) va cp phéi hé (Open-graded). Cp phéi gién oan la cp phdi thiéu mot s6 cd hat van c6 thé tao ra két céu dc chéc, kin nud; con cp phéi hd sé tao ra két cu 6 rng Ién, thost nude t6t (Nguén: TRH 4:1986 Structural design of Flexible pavements for interuban and rural roads) 30 MI THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SO QUY IV/2016DUONG BO 4.2 Lép Bé tong nhwa Baing 1: Cap phd hén hop bé téng nhua Iép mat theo tiéu chudn Nam Phi Cap phdigian doan | Cip phdilién tuc Cap phai he (Gap-graded) (Continuos-graded) | _(Open-graded) sang HL da He tone) | HES | trang | MES& | the | Trung | Min | the | min | mee binh P phén mst. |-|-)|-)-]/-)-]- | - 130 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100] - | - | 100 | - | 100 13.2_|75-100| 75-100 | 75-100 [84-100 100_| - [30-100] 100 | 70.100 95 | 65-85 | 70-90 | 70-90 | 70-92 |82-100| 100 | 35-65 | 74-100 | 50-82 Leng fot 4,75 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 65-75 | 50-70 | sa-75 [64-83 | 6-16 | 12-26 | 1638 (ingen Faas asss [2.02 [oom [arse [esr [aero] eve | sis | aan 1 mans ig [ase [ss3 [coo | 26a [ra [35a] - | - | 4s 0.60 | 36:52 | 45-63 | 55-70 | 1628 | 1832 [2440] - | - | 3.10 030 | 25-45 | 35-55 | 45-65 | 1220 | 1323 [1628] 38 | 38 | 38 01s [1232 | 1535 | 2040] 815 | 916 [ro20f - | - | 26 0075 | 512 | 512 | 542 | 410 | #10 |4i2] 2s | 25 | 14 Tyla % cae | CS | 57.056 | 92,0% | 92,0% | 93.5% | 93,0% |93,0%8| 93,0% | 93,0% | 90,596 loai vat ligu |_lieu tronghén | Bitum | 70% | 7.0% | 70% | 55% | 60% | 60% | 60% | 60% | 85% hop (tham [Bot as khao, theo | oat | 1,0% | 1,0% | 1,0% | 10% | 1,0% | 1,0% | 1,0% | 1,0% | 1,0% hai twang) | tinh INguén TRH 8:1987 Design and use of hot-mix asphalt in pavements) Bing 2: Céc chi tiéu coy yéu cau di véi dé dam, edt va b6t ad Ding | Lép tao Selig auvatly Ding cho Iép | cholép | nhdm Cotligu Chitiau vat ly mat méng va | (Rolled-in | nghiém buvanh | chips) Be cu mat mon Cushing 210 kN vl Ep streng di phe RS: VSO KN] tok | 210KN | TMHI;82 (1)10% FACT (khong nhe hon) (vat [Yt cd Toat fp ligu khé), hoae phéi khac Dadi 21 vi ep phi (céchat_| (2) ACV (khéng Ién hon) hai 25 % vei cic] 29% | 21% | TMHI;B1 sot li loaicdip phoikhic trén sang [55 chéngmaimonciadd Polished 475mm) | stone value) (khéng nhé hon) a 55 __| SAsseas Luong hap thu nude (Water 1 1 | Mat: absorption) (téida) (% khdiluong) B14 Him ang tho dt gn 30 - xo rmnnest THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SO QUYIV/2016 MI 31© pone BO Being 2: Cac chi tiéu co ly yéu céu d6i voi ad dam, cat va bot ad Ding | Léptao st lia au vat ly Diing cho Iép | cho lép | nhém Cotligu Chi tigu vat ly mat méng va | (Rolled-in| nghigm burvénh | chips) ‘Duong luveng cat (khong nhé han) Cat (cae hatlot | (1) Toan bé hat min 35 35 mee qua sing 9 4,75mm_| (2) Cat diing 48 trén chung véi cot va sétlai | tiaukhde 30 30 tren sang "i 5s i 0,075mm) | Long hip thy nudc t6i da (% Khoi 1s 1s TMH1; lugng) : " Bis Teithigu gov | TOtnEs Cohat lot qua sang 1° TMH; 84 Bot da o.075mm | au gang (cdc hat orem letaua | pung trong trong Toluen (Bulk 05009 British Sang | density in toluene), hoac 0510 099/01 | ahem] >| Standard 0,075mm) Z 812 Lé rang trong bét da da dm nén . (voids in compacted filer) 031005 |03%005 (Nguén: TRH 8:1987 Design and use of hot-mix asphalt in pavements) Bang 3: Céc chi tiéu ky thuat yeu céu ai voi bé tong nhua Cp giao thong Ea ES By chitia Can | Can | Can | Can | Can | Can a dudi | trén | duéi | trén | dudi | trén $6 chay dim 75x2 | 75x2 | 75x2 | 75x2 | 75x2 | 75x2 'B} én dinh Marshall, KN a [as | 7 | 15 [ 4 | 10 [tmaice 'Bé déo Marshall, mm 2 [4 [2 [4 [2 [5s [mia BO én dinh/ a déo, N/mm 25] - | 2 | - [2 | - [mae 8 dun ty bién 6 40 Ad C (Cr MO dun ty bién 6 40.46 PCreeP| gy | | go | . | as |. |rmnnicer modulus),Mpa Cubng 46 chiu kéo gian tigp 25°C, Mpa| og | - | os | - | o8 | - [ast 86 rng du% 3 [6 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 5 |tmnics Bd én dinh cdniai (immersioninden)% | 75 [ - [75 | - | 75 [ - |rmuics (Cap giao théng: £4: 12 dn $0 triéu ESAL BOkNAan £3:3,0 dén 12 triéu ESAL BOKN/Tan £2:0,8 dén 3,0 trigu ESAL 80kN/an (Nguén: TRH 8:1987 Design and use of hot-mix asphalt in pavements va TRH 14:1985 Guidelines for road construction materials) 32. THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SO QUY IV/2016DUONG BO Bang 4:96 réng cot! 61 thiéu (VMA) khuyén nghi cho hén hop BTN cdp phéi chat Ca hat én nhdt thuc té(mm) | 6 réng cét ligu tdi thidu (VMA, % thé tich hén hop) 375 12.0 265 13.0 19 140 13.2 150 95 160 (HET PHAN 1) [2]. Inverted base pavements Do sé trang cé han, céc ndi dung sau sé tiép tuc dugc trinh bay trong PHAN 2: + Clie yéu edu déi véi lbp méng trén bang cap phi dé dam logi G1; + Cac yeu edu di véi lip méng duéibang cap phéi séicudi gia cé ximéng loai C3; + Cade yeu cu d6i v6i lbp dinh nén vainén duéng: + So sdinh cde yéu cu vé vat ligu theo Tiéu chudin ctia Nam Phi véi tiéu chudn hién hanh cia Viet Nam; va + S0b6 vé phuong phap thi céng ap mong trén bang cdp phoi aé dam logi GI m TAILIEU THAM KHAO [1 NHCRP Synthesis 445, practices. for Unbound Aggregate pavement layers = a synthesis of Highway Practice, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD, WASHINGTON D.C 2013; Bl (4) (5) (61 New results, by Carlos Santamarina & Efthymios Papadopoulos, 2014 GCA Management Workshop; TechnicalRecommendations for Highways, National Institute for Transportation and Road research of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria South Africa; South African Pavement engineering manual-Second edition, South African National Road agency, October 2014; Material manual, Chapter 16 Revi: Acceptance control base layers, WCPA Department of Transport and Public works, South Africa, 2008; Inverted base pavements: New field test and design catalogue, Georgia Department of Transport, United States, January 2014; (7), Successful G1 crushed stone basecourse construction, Eduard Kleyn, Consulting civil engineer, Pretoria; {8]. Inverted base pavements: New field test and design catalogue ~ Final report, by J. Carlos Santamarina, Efthymios Papadopoulos, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta. - Georgia contract with Georgia Department of Transportation Office of Research & in cooperation with US FHWA, January 2014; {9}. Inverted pavements, southern eastern asphalt User/producer group, Kevin Vaughan - Vulcan Materials company, November 19%, 2014 - Nashville; [10]. Construction and Performance of Inverted Pavements in Georgia, by Lewis, Ledford, Georges, and Jared, Georgia Department of Transportation, 2012. [11]Analysis of inverted base pavements with thin-asphalt layers, by EPapadopoulos & J.C Santamarina, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Feb 2015, THONG TIN TU VAN THIET KE - SOQUYIV/2016 MI 33