Journal Title

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Critical temperature of superconducting materials

Anton Vladimirovich Matasov

Department of Physics and Technologies of Electrical Materials and Components (PTEMC), National
Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute", Moscow, Russia

E-mail: matasov_av93@mail.ru

Received xxxxxx
Accepted for publication xxxxxx
Published xxxxxx

Abstract
Based on the model of electron scattering by plasmons in a solid, an expression is obtained
for the critical temperature depending on the London penetration depth, coherence length, and
lattice parameter of the material. Good agreement is obtained between the calculated and
experimental critical temperatures for many cuprate, organic, iron-based, heavy-fermion
superconductors, boron carbides, MgB2, H2S and other unconventional and conventional
superconducting materials. Based on the developed model, the possible values of the material
parameters for a room-temperature superconductor are obtained.

Keywords: critical temperature, theory of superconductivity, cuprate, fe-based superconductors, MgB2, H2S, London
penetration length, coherence length

none of them is general to all classes of superconducting

1. Introduction materials.
Some of the mechanisms other than the electron-phonon
Increasing the critical temperature is crucial to the
mechanism are as follows: the formation of triplet Cooper
widespread application of superconducting materials, due to
pairs due to the phenomenon of ferromagnetism of itinerant
the design of the appropriate cooling system, as well as the
electrons [7, 8], Bose-Einstein condensation of indirect
impact on the parameteres of technical superconductors. The
excitons [9, 10], spin fluctuations in compounds containing
main problem in controlling the critical temperature is the lack
ions with a nonzero magnetic moment, in combination with a
of a general theory of superconductivity.
nematic structural phase transition [11, 12], correlation of
Currently, the generally accepted theory of
spin-orbit interaction with the magnitude of the
superconductivity is the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)
superconducting gap [13-14], combinations of interactions
theory [1-3], which assumes the formation of superconducting
with electron-phonon, and others.
particles through electron-phonon interaction. In the general
In addition to the repulsive contribution of electron-
case, the mechanism of electron-phonon interaction is not
electron interactions to pairing, the possibility of the formation
common for all superconducting materials. There are studies
of Cooper pairs through interaction with plasmons is
in the field of generalization of the standard BCS theory, in
discussed. Basically, the plasmon mechanism of
particular, the Eliashberg theory, which is used to estimate the
superconductivity is considered in layered, cuprate
critical temperature [4-6]. There are works in the field of
superconducting materials [17-22]. At the moment, this
describing superconductivity in specific materials and classes
mechanism is not general, researchers have been discussing
of unconventional superconductors [7-14]. One of the last
the possible contribution of interactions with plasmons to the
general approaches to describing superconductivity is the
formation of a superconducting state, there are works showing
work on the influence of the ordering of zero-point vibrations
both attractive and repulsive contributions to electron pairing.
in the formation of a superconducting state [15-16]. However,
The most popular statistical models of prediction critical
temperature are various compositions from the decision tree

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Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX
model, which impose limitations on the critical temperature
and the inability to determine the critical temperature higher
than what is available in the data [23-26].
The need to construct a model for determining the critical
temperature for all classes of superconducting materials leads
us to consider in this work a model of oscillations of
superconducting electrons. This paper considers: the
description of the model of electron scattering by plasmons in
the framework of the general theory of energy losses in solids,
the application of this model to the determination of the
characteristic velocity of a superconducting particle, critical
temperature, generalization of the model; the results of the
developed model in the form of a comparison of the
experimental and calculated values of the critical temperature
for cuprate, organic, iron-based, heavy-fermion
superconductors, boron carbides, MgB2, H2S and other
unconventional and conventional superconducting materials,
dependences of the critical temperature on the London
penetration depth, coherence length, lattice parameter of the
material; discussion and conclusions.
2. Critical temperature of superconductors based on
oscillations of superconducting electrons
Сonsider the plasma frequency of electrons in a metal [27].
Usually, the plasma frequency is defined from the classical
point of view as the oscillations of the valence electrons in a
metal with respect to the positively charged atomic cores.
Consider the fluctuation δr of the radial distance of a gas of
free electrons with concentration n from the positively charged
core. The gas is displaced as a result of fluctuations outward
from the equilibrium position r by an amount δr, which means
that an electric field E arises in a spherical shell containing δn
= 4πnr2δr electrons:
𝑒
𝐸 = 2δ𝑛 = 4π𝑛𝑒δ𝑟 (1)
𝑟 this region. With increasing temperature, the London
The force F begins to act on the electrons, which prevents
expansion:
𝐹 =‒ 𝑒𝐸 =‒ 4π𝑛𝑒2δ𝑟 (2)
Then it can be shown that the frequency of harmonic
oscillations of electrons under the action of the force F is equal
to:
4π𝑛𝑒2
𝑤𝑝 = (3)
𝑚
Let us consider the mean free path of electrons in the
framework of the general theory of energy loss in a solid:
𝑑𝐸 4π𝑒4𝑛
‒ 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝐵), (4)
𝑚𝑣2ε0
E - particle energy, B - ratio of particle energy to excitation
energy.
B is the following ratio for the scattering of an electron by
a quantum of plasma oscillations:
2𝑚𝑣2
𝐵= ħ𝑤𝑝 (5)
Using (3), we express the change in energy in terms of wp:
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𝑑𝐸 𝑤𝑝2𝑒2 2𝑚𝑣2
‒ 𝑑𝑥 = ln( ħ𝑤 ) (6)
2
𝑣 𝜀0 𝑝
If we consider the plasmon as the main reason for energy
losses in determining the average mean free path of electrons
l, then we can write:
1 𝑑𝐸 1
𝑙
=‒ 𝑑𝑥 ħ𝑤 (7)
𝑝
From (6), (7) we obtain:
1 𝑤𝑝𝑒2 2𝑚𝑣2
= ln( ) (8)
𝑙 ħ𝑣2𝜀0 ħ𝑤𝑝
The model considered above makes it possible to determine
the electron mean free path (8) through the frequency of
plasmons, on which the particles are scattered, and the particle
velocity. When proceeding to the consideration of the
transition of the superconducting state to the normal one for
this model, it is necessary to determine what will be the mean
free path, as well as the frequency of particles with which the
interaction of superconducting electrons will occur at the
moment of the phase transition.
It is generally accepted that the London penetration depth
does not directly affect the formation of the superconducting
state due to the determination of this length when an external
magnetic field is applied to the superconducting material.
However, like temperature, an external electric field, a
magnetic field is critical during the phase transition.
Therefore, the London penetration depth, as well as the
coherence length, should determine the onset of the
superconducting state.
Conditions required for the transition from the model of
electron scattering by plasmons to the model of oscillations of
superconducting electrons:
1. The London penetration depth determines the size of
the superconducting region of the Abrikosov vortex in
type II superconductors and determines the size of
possible oscillations of superconducting particles in
penetration depth increases and upon reaching a
certain characteristic value, interaction with particles
of the same wavelength (possibly plasmons) occurs,
which leads to an increase in the energy of
superconducting particles and the destruction of the
superconducting state. The characteristic wavelength
of oscillations of superconducting electrons or, in the
case of the model considered above, the wavelength of
plasma oscillations will be 2πλ0 (λ0 is the London
penetration depth at zero temperature), if we equate the
corresponding masses, charges, and particle
concentrations in the expressions for the wavelength of
plasma oscillations and London penetration depth.
2. The mean free path when considering the
superconducting state is the coherence length.
3. Assuming that the process of destruction of the
superconducting state will begin to occur when the
energy of the superconducting electrons is e times
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greater than the excitation energy of these electrons, ξ0, λ0 are the measured values of the coherence length,
the logarithm in the model presented above will take London penetration depth.
on the value 1.
According to the provisions discussed above, we get: 3. Results
2𝜋𝑐 𝑐
𝜔𝑝 = 𝜆 = 𝜆
𝑝
(9) Based on the obtained expression for the critical
temperature, it can be concluded that the critical temperature
2𝑚𝑣2
ln ( )=1
ℏ𝜔𝑝 (10) increases with an increase in the coherence length, lattice
parameter, and a decrease in the London penetration depth
𝜆 𝑞2𝑐
(Figure 1).
𝜉
=
ℏ𝑣2𝜀0
=κ (11)
Note that the fine structure constant α is hidden in
expression (11), we obtain an expression for the velocity of
the Cooper pair:
4𝜋𝛼 2
𝑣2 = 𝜅
𝑐 (12)
At the moment of destruction of the superconducting state,
we assume that this speed is critical, and also that this speed
can be attributed to both the Cooper pair and the pair of
superconducting electrons.
Next, to obtain an expression for the critical temperature,
let us consider the well-known estimate for the critical
temperature [28] in the case of the electron-phonon
mechanism of electron pairing:
ℏ𝑣𝐹
𝑇𝑐 = 2𝑘ξ (13)
This expression contains the characteristic size, the
coherence length ξ, at which the attraction between electrons
is effective with the formation of a Cooper pair, as well as the
characteristic electron velocity, the Fermi velocity vF for the
electron-phonon mechanism.
If the mechanism of destruction of superconductivity is
different, then it should be assumed that the characteristic size
of the interaction between electrons will also change. For our
model, electrons interact with each other over a length of the
order of the London penetration depth. We choose (12) as the
characteristic electron velocity.
Then the expression for the critical temperature is
represented as follows:
ℏ𝑣
𝑇𝑐 = 2𝑘λ (14)
Since the electron-phonon interaction makes a significant
contribution to superconductivity at low temperatures, we
generalize the model by introducing the effective London Figure 1. Dependence of the critical temperature on the
penetration depth and coherence length by analogy with the coherence length and London penetration depth.
works and ideas of Pippard [29]. That is, take into account the Comparison of the calculated values of the critical
oscilations of the crystal lattice of the material by introducing temperature Tc* with the experimental Tc for the non-
the dependence on the crystal lattice parameter l into the generalized model (14) is given in Table 1. The values of the
characteristic lengths ξ, λ. lengths ξ, λ are taken for this materials in the direction c except
Let the effective coherence length and the London Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, HgBa2CaCu2O6+x, HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+x, β-
penetration depth take the following values: (BEDT-TTF)2|Au2. For the generalized model (14), (15), (16)
ξ0𝑙 the corresponding comparison with the experiment is
ξ=ξ
0+𝑙
(15) presented in Tables 2-6. The values of the lengths ξ, λ are
ξ0 taken for this materials in the direction ab except H2S, metals
λ = λ0 (16)
ξ and alloys.

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The references to experimental values are presented in the

last column of the tables. The values of the lengths ξ, λ, l are
chosen to best match the experimental critical temperature.
Material ξ, nm λ, nm v*106, m/s Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
La1.85Sr0.15CuO 0.7 430 3.663 32.5 34 [30]
YBa2Cu3O7 0.4 180 4.28 90.8 92.4 [30]
Bi2Sr2CuO6+x 1.5 800 3.931 18.8 13 [30]
200-300 [31]
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x 2 7.412 94.3 94
by 300
200-450 [31]
HgBa2CuO4+x 1.2 6.265 94.9 95
by 252
HgBa2CaCu2O6+x 1.7 205 8.267 154 127 [31]
130-200 [31]
HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+x 1.5 7.862 150 135
by 200
κ-(BED- 500-2000 [31]
0.8 2.619 10.41 10.4
TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 by 961
(BEDT- 0.5-1.2 550-1500 [31]
2.294 11.19 11.2
TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br by 0.5 by 783
βL-(BEDT-TTF)2|3 2 3500 2.17 2.37 1.5 [31]
44-46 4000-5000 [31]
β-(BEDT-TTF)2|Br2 8.516 6.5 2.2
by 44 by 5000
18-25 [31]
β-(BEDT-TTF)2|Au2 4000 6.09 5.81 4.2
by 18
6.6-12 1430-1570 [32]
CNT(5,0) 5.982 15.03 15
by 6.6 by 1520
NbSe2 2.5 1500 3.706 9.44 7 [31]
Table 1. Comparison of experimental critical temperatures of some superconductors
with theoretical ones for the non-generalized model.
BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylendithio)tetratiafulvalen and CNT(5,0) is a carbon nanotube with
a chirality of (5,0).

crystal lattice
Material ξ0, nm λ0, nm ξ, nm λ, nm v*106, m/s Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
parameter , nm
FeSe 3.4 357 a=0.361 0.501 930 2.106 8.644 9.1 [33]
c=0.587
by l=c
FeSe0.5Te0.5 2.6 560 a=0.378 0.33 by 2.204 15.03 15 [31]
c=0.5981 λ=λ0
by l=a
BaFe1.8Co0.2As2 2.8 210 a=0.39639 0.571 465 3.181 26.13 25 [31]
c=1.298
by 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑐
LiFeAs 2-4 210 a=0.3791 0.42 561 2.485 16.911 17 [34]
by 3 c=0.63
by 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑐
LaO0.89F0.11FeAs 4.5 215 c=0.87 0.729 534 3.354 24 26 [31]
by l=c
Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 0.45 304 c=1.3022 0.334 by 3.011 37.83 38 [31,
by l=c λ=λ0 34]
Table 2. Comparison of theoretical and experimental critical temperatures for some Fe-containing superconductors.
The measured characteristic lengths are taken in the ab direction, except for Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2.

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crystal lattice
Material ξ0, nm λ0, nm ξ, nm λ, nm v*106, m/s Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
parameter , nm
URu2Si2 10 1000 a=0.4126 0.873 3384 1.458 1.646 1.5 [31]
c=0.9568
by l=c
UPt3 20 780 a=0.5764 0.478 5044 0.884 0.669 0.5 [35]
c=0.4899
by l=c
CeCu2Si2 9 950 a=0.41 0.392 4551 0.843 0.707 0.68 [36]
c=0.99
by l=a
UBe13 9.5 1100 a=1 0.905 3564 1.446 1.55 0.85 [31]
by l=a
UNi2Al3 24 330 a=0.5206 0.396 2570 1.127 1.674 1 [31]
c=0.4024
by l=c
UPd2Al3 8.5 500 a=0.537 0.399 2307 1.194 1.977 2 [37]
c=0.419
by l=c
CeIrIn5 25 530 a=0.4668 0.458 3915 0.982 0.96 0.4 [35]
c=0.7515
by l=a
Table 3. Comparison of theoretical and experimental critical temperatures for some heavy fermion
superconductors. The measured characteristic lengths are taken in the ab direction.

crystal lattice
Material ξ0, nm λ0, nm ξ, nm λ, nm v*106, m/s Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
parameter , nm
LuNi2B2C 7 70-130 a=0.3466 0.33 525 2.277 16.571 16.6 [31]
by 114 c=0.5815
by l=a
YNi2B2C 6.5 120-350 a=0.3549 0.337 554 2.238 15.435 15.5 [31]
by 126 c=0.5761
by l=a
ErNi2B2C 15 750 a=0.3512 0.343 by λ=λ0 1.942 9.889 10.5 [31]
c=0.5778
by l=a
TmNi2B2C 15 80 a=0.3493 0.341 530 2.303 16.587 11 [35]
c=0.5794
by l=a
Table 4. Comparison of theoretical and experimental critical temperatures for some boron carbides. The measured
characteristic lengths are taken in the ab direction.

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crystal lattice
Material ξ0, nm λ0, nm ξ, nm λ, nm v*106, m/s Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
parameter , nm
PbMo6S8 2.3 284 a=0.6551 0.51 603 2.639 16.712 15 [38]
by l=a
TaS2 33.8 410 a=0.3342 0.331 4144 0.811 0.748 0.5 [38]
c=1.376
by l=a
YPtBi 14.812 1600 a=0.6652 0.636 7718 0.824 0.408 0.77 [39]
Bc2=1.5T by l=a
K3C60 3.5 480 a=1.424 1.012 892 3.057 13.081 19.5 [35]
by l=a
YBa2Cu3O7 1.4 75 a=0.382 0.304 161 3.95 93.782 93.7 [33]
b=0.389
c=1.168
by l=b
MgB2 3.46 90 a=0.30834 0.32 296 2.982 38.451 39 [38]
c=0.35213
by l=c
H2S(155 GPa) 2.15 189 - by by 9.678 195.56 190- [38]
ξ=ξ0 λ=λ0 203
Table 5. Comparison of theoretical and experimental critical temperatures for some superconductors. The
measured characteristic lengths are taken in the ab direction.

crystal lattice v*106,

Material ξ0, nm λ0, nm ξ, nm λ, nm Tc*, K Tc, K Ref.
parameter , nm m/s
Al 1600 50 a=0.405 0.405 3143 1.03 1.252 1.19 [31]
by l=a
Cd 760 130 a=0.2979 0.409 5605 0.775 0.528 0.55 [31]
c=0.5618
by 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑐
In 360-440 24-64 a=0.3252 0.494 1728 1.535 3.393 3.4 [31]
by 360 by64 c=0.4946
by l=c
Nb 39-40 32-44 a=0.3301 0.327 480 2.37 18.846 9.2 [31]
by 39 by 44 by l=a
Pb 51-83 32-39 a=0.495 0.492 506 2.83 21.335 7.2 [31]
by 83 by 39 by l=a
Sn 120-320 25-50 a=0.5831 0.318 1403 1.366 3.72 3.72 [31]
by 250 by 50 c=0.3181
by l=c
Ta 93 35 a=0.331 0.33 588 2.151 13.975 4.39 [31]
by l=a
V 45 39.8 a=0.3024 0.3 487 2.254 17.674 5.4 [31]
by l=a
NbTi 5 160 a=0.295 0.279 678 1.84 10.3 9.5 [35]
c=0.468
by l=a
NbN 5 200 a=0.2952 0.517 622 2.616 16.058 16 [35]
c=1.125
by 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑐
Table 6. Comparison of theoretical and experimental critical temperatures for some superconducting metals
and alloys.

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The obtained estimate of the critical temperature (14) is
consistent with the data on many cuprate, organic
superconductors, as well as nanotube with chirality (5,0) and
NbSe2. The generalized estimate of the critical temperature
with the effective London penetration depth (16) and
coherence length (15) is in good agreement with the
experimental data of other unconventional types of
superconducting materials, superconductors with heavy
fermions, iron-containing superconductors, boron carbides,
MgB2, H2S, as well as for many conventional
superconductors, which are described by the BCS theory and
other superconducting materials.
Note that for all materials (Tables 1-6) the characteristic
velocity of the Cooper pair is of the order of 106 m/s, which
may indicate that the mechanism of oscillations of
superconducting electrons has a characteristic particle energy.
Based on these restrictions, the values of the characteristic
lengths ξ, λ for a room-temperature superconductor can take
the values from Table 7.
ξ, nm λ, nm Tc,˚C
0.1 52 20
0.2 65 24
0.3 75 20
0.4 82 23
0.5 89 20
0.6 94 23
0.7 99 22
0.8 104 20
Table 7. Possible values of the coherence length and the
London penetration depth of superconductors at room
temperature in the mechanism of oscillations of
superconducting electrons.
4. Discussion
The mechanism of oscillations of superconducting
electrons is partially discussed in [40, 41], however, in the
present work, a more detailed analysis of the mechanism is
performed and the model is tested against experimental data.
The obtained estimate for the critical temperature (14) is
consistent with many classes of unconventional and
conventional superconductors. However, the model does not
agree well with some conventional metals (Nb, Pb, Ta, V) and
alloys, for which the London penetration depth and coherence
length are close in value. Generalization of the model is
required in this case.
Many researchers, on the basis of experimental data, as well
as estimates (13), accepted that the critical temperature
increases with decreasing coherence length [28, 30, 31], which
contradicts the present model. However, the dependence on
the London penetration depth is not taken into account, a
change in which, according to expression (14), has a stronger
effect on the critical temperature. Also, in view of the
surprising coincidence of the experimental data with the
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calculated (Tables 1-6), it is possible to revise the fundamental
dependences of the critical temperature on the parameters of
the material that determine the superconducting state.
The dependence (14) does not contain free parameters and
in view of the general approach to all classes of
superconducting materials, it is the first expression for the
critical temperature of this kind.
However, the considered model is phenomenological.
Since the model is based on the semiclassical model of
electron scattering by plasmons [27], it remains unclear how
exactly the interaction of electrons with plasmons leads to
pairing.
If we argue within the framework of the considered
semiclassical scattering model, the Cooper pair oscillates in
the superconducting region of the Abrikosov vortex, when the
oscillations exceed the characteristic oscillation length (the
maximum possible length is the London penetration depth),
the Cooper pair interacts with superconducting "plasmons",
the pair acquires energy and a superconducting state collapse.
The well-known Hamiltonian for taking into account the
electron-phonon and Coulomb interactions is written as [42]:
|𝑊𝑞|2 𝑤𝑞
𝐻 = 𝑈𝑞 + 2 ħ
(
𝑤 ‒ 𝑤𝑞2
2 ) (17)
When the electron frequency w is less than the phonon
frequency wq, the term corresponding to the indirect exchange
is negative, which corresponds to the attraction between
particles with a corresponding small Coulomb repulsion Uq.
Note that at a particle frequency w that corresponds to a
wavelength equal to the London penetration depth λ, at an
exchange particle frequency wq that corresponds to a plasma
oscillation wavelength λp = 2πλ, the exchange interaction
potential will be repulsive, which indicates the validity of
considering the destruction of the superconducting state in our
model.
The high values of the critical temperature in
superconducting materials obtained at ultrahigh pressure [43-
45] can be explained within the framework of the present
model, that with increasing pressure, the London penetration
depth decreases, which significantly affects the critical
temperature.
The lattice parameter, lengths ξ, λ from the range of
experimental values are selected in accordance with the
calculated and experimental critical temperatures. Note that
for the non-generalized model, the characteristic lengths were
taken mainly in the "c" direction and in the generalized
direction in the "ab" direction, which is mainly due to the fact
that measurements of the characteristic lengths in the "c"
direction are not enough. The problem of why a particular
crystallographic direction will be decisive for the destruction
or creation of a superconducting state is not considered in this
work, which requires a more detailed consideration of the
properties of the electronic system for each material
separately.
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Expression (12) leads to the limitation of the Ginzburg-
Landau constant (𝑣 < 𝑐 → κ > 0.092), which is inconsistent
with the experimental data. However, when effective lengths
ξ, λ are taken into account, this condition, as can be seen from
the tables (1-6), is always met. It should be noted that for any
further estimates, it is the effective lengths ξ, λ that should be
taken into account. It is also worth noting that other estimates
that take into account the BCS approach may not agree with
the results of this work due to the fact that the model is
phenomenological and the results of the BCS theory are
almost not taken into account.
Condition number 3 in the derivation of the critical
temperature in this work, which allows equating the logarithm
to 1, is not justified in sufficient form.
It is well established fact that Tc(l) = const even in case of
strongly disordered crystal lattice. Note that in accordance
with Ginzburg-Landau-Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory,
thermodynamic critical Hc(l) is also invariant on the mean-
free-path. However, in this work, as we see from Tables 1-6,
the correspondence between the experimental and theoretical
critical temperatures is observed at 𝑙~𝑎(𝑏,𝑐) and, in fact,
dependences on the lattice parameters are considered.
The difficulty in validating the model is that experimental
data on characteristic lengths may differ from one source to
another [30-39], which can lead to model inconsistencies for
some materials.
Despite the shortcomings inherent in phenomenological
models, the obtained expression for the critical temperature
works for many different classes of superconducting
compounds, which is the main advantage of this work. The
results obtained can become a starting point for a deeper
understanding of the mechanisms of destruction of the
superconducting state and the construction of a general theory
of superconductivity.
5. Conclusion
Based on the model of oscillations of superconducting
electrons, expressions for the critical temperature are obtained
in this work as a function of the London penetration depth,
coherence length, and lattice parameter of the material. It is
found that the critical temperature increases with an increase
in the effective coherence length, the lattice parameter of the
material, and a decrease in the effective London penetration
depth. The expression for the critical temperature is checked
for agreement with experimental data for most of the known
classes of superconductors, and good agreement between the
results and experiment is obtained. The values of the
characteristic lengths for room-temperature superconductors
are obtained. Indirectly, within the framework of the model,
one can explain the high values of the critical temperature of
superconductors obtained at ultrahigh pressures.
Further establishment of the connection between the
characteristic lengths that determine the superconducting state
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with other parameters of the material leads to the synthesis of
new superconductors with higher values of the critical
temperature, current, and magnetic field. The agreement
between the experimental and calculated data on the critical
temperature obtained in this work suggests that the considered
model can make a huge contribution to the general theory of
superconductivity and synthesis of new superconducting
materials with desired properties.
The limitations of the considered model are associated with
the absence of an explanation for the formation of the
superconducting state and the presence of considering only the
process of destruction of the superconducting state. The model
does not fit well with conventional metals and alloys, for
which the London penetration depth and coherence length are
close in value. Further directions in the framework of the
generalization of the model can be associated with these
constraints.
Statements and Declarations
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support
were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial
interests to disclose.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design.
Material preparation, data collection and analysis were
performed by Anton Vladimirovich Matasov. The first draft
of the manuscript was written by Anton Vladimirovich
Matasov and all authors commented on previous versions of
the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
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