ACADEMIC GATEWAY REVIEW CENTER

SECTION COLUMBIA (2022)

Language Proficiency
Oral Communications Q2- LISTENING
PRONOUNS
- Replaces nouns to avoid repetition
- Rules:
1. Use case of the pronoun that reflects its functions in the sentence
2. Make sure that the pronoun agrees w antecedents in number and gender
3. Use pronoun only after mentioning its antecedents
4. Clarify which among confusing nouns are you pertaining to
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESIVE POSSESIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
(doer) (receiver)
SINGULAR I, you, s/he, it me, you, my, your, mine, yours, myself,
him/her, it his/her its his/hers, its yourself,
herself, itself
PLURAL we, you they us, you, them our, your, their ours, yours, ourselves,
theirs yourselves,
themselves

TAG QUESTIONS
- Clarifying your understanding of something

TRANSITIONAL DEVICES or TRANSITION WORDS

- Links our ideas together
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 More popular because it’s convenient
 FANBOYS  for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
2. SUBORDIANTING CONJUNCTIONS
 Connects clauses
 EXAMPLE: in addition, moreover, especially, also, likewise, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
- Presents unlikely hypothetical situations
- Formula: were + would/could
- EXAMPLE: If I were a boy (CORRECT)
If I was a boy (WRONG, because “was” should be “were”)

4C’S OF WELL-WRITTEN SENTENCES

1. Clear
2. Concise
3. Complete
4. Correct

PREPOSITIONS
- Precedes a noun, pronouns, or noun
phrase to show direction, time, place,
location, spatial relationships, or to
introduce an object
- EXAMPLE: in, at, on, of, to, from,
within, etc.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
 Modifies a verb/noun
 ACADEMIC GATEWAY REVIEW CENTER
SECTION COLUMBIA (2022)
Language Proficiency
Oral Communications Q2- LISTENING
VERB TENSES
PERFECT
SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA:
S+V S + was/were + V (- S + had + V S + had been +V (-
ing) ing)

Finished action and Ongoing past action 2 finished actions

PAST

specific time

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

She went down those He was going down the He had already gone He had been going down
stairs two minutes ago stairs when he fell down the stairs when the the stairs when he fell
elevator arrived
FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA:
S + V + es/s S + is/am/are + V(- S + has/have + V S + has/have + been
ing) + V (-ing)
PRESENT

Routine and facts Ongoing present Not finished or Emphasis on

action specific duration

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

She rarely goes down They are going down the Have you ever fallen We’ve been going down
those stairs stairs right now. down the stairs? the stairs forever.
FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA: FORMULA:
S+ will/shall + V S + will/shall be + V S + will have + V S + will have been +
(-ing) V(-ing)
FUTURE

Willingness, plans, Ongoing future 2 future actions

predictions action

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

I will help you down the He will be going down She will have gone down We will have been going
stairs in a few minutes the stairs when… the stairs by the time the down these stairs for two
elevator arrives months by the time the
elevator is constructed

RUN-ON SENTENCE
- Occurs when independent clauses are not joined properly
- EXAMPLE: I hate this movie because it’s so boring

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

- The subject performs the action - The subject is being “acted upon”
denoted by the verb - EXAMPLE:
- EXAMPLE: 1. Five hamburgers must have been
1. The man must have eaten five eaten by the man
hamburgers 2. The letter was mailed by Marilyn
2. Marilyn mailed the letter
 ACADEMIC GATEWAY REVIEW CENTER
SECTION COLUMBIA (2022)
Language Proficiency
Oral Communications Q2- LISTENING
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. subject = singular ; verb= singular
2. subject = plural ; verb = plural
3. 1 subject and more than 1 verb  verb must agree with subject
4. 2/more singular nouns connected with “or” or “nor”, use a singular verb
5. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by
"or" or "nor," the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is closest to the verb.
This is also called the rule of proximity.
6. When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still agrees
with the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the sentence.
7. The words and phrases "each," "each one," "either," "neither," "everyone," "everybody,"
"anyone," "anybody," "nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no one" are singular and
require a singular verb.
8. Noncount nouns take a singular verb.
9. In sentences beginning with "there is" or "there are," the subject follows the verb. Since
"there" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.
10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but are considered singular and
take a singular verb. EXAMPLES: "group," "team," "committee," "family," and "class."

ADVERB
- Performs a variety of functions, making it difficult to treat them as a single category
- Always ends in -ly
- EXAMPLE: When? She always arrives early
How? He drives carefully
Where? They go everywhere together
In what way? She eats slowly
To what extent? It is terribly hot

CONDITIONAL / IF-STATEMENTS
1. TYPE ZERO
 Described known truths
 Main part: present principle  If part: present simple
 EXAMPLE: Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees Celsius
It gets dark when the sun goes down
2. TYPE ONE (open condition)
 Expresses real and possible situations in the future
 Main part: will + infinitive  if part: present simple
 EXAMPLE: We will stay at home if it snows
She will get angry if I’m late for the party
3. TYPE TWO (half-open condition)
 Hypothetical condition that can only be fulfilled in theory
 Main part: would + infinitive  if part: past simple
 EXAMPLE: We would stay at home if it snowed
I would buy a new board if I had more money
4. TYPE THREE (closed condition)
 Situations that cannot exist; missed opportunities
 Main part: would + perfect infinite  if part: past perfect
 EXAMPLE: Would you have helped me if I had asked you?
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a house
 ACADEMIC GATEWAY REVIEW CENTER
SECTION COLUMBIA (2022)
Language Proficiency
Oral Communications Q2- LISTENING

VERBS
- Words that describe an action or state of being
1. ACTION VERBS
 Expresses specific actions and are used any time you want to show action
 EXAMPLE: jump, think, do, go, stand, smile, listen
She thinks about poetry all day
I run faster than David
2. TRANSITIVE VERBS
 Action that affects someone/something else (direct object + verb + indirect object)
 EXAMPLE: Gary ate the cookies
Mary baked her mother a blueberry cheesecake
They sold him the tickets
3. INTRANSITIVE VERBS
 Action that affects someone/something else (verb + indirect object)
 EXAMPLE: We travelled to London
He arrived with moments to spare
Kathryn sat away from the others
4. AUXILIARY VERBS
 Also known as helping verbs
 Used together w a main verb to show the verb’s tense
 EXAMPLE: would, should, do, can, did
I will go home after the tournament
I may dance with you later
Has Jenny spoken her final words?
5. STATIVE VERBS
 Expresses a state rather than an action
 EXAMPLE: John doubts the doctor’s opinion
I think she wants to go with her mom
I believe the doctor is right
6. MODAL VERBS
 Auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, and
obligations
EXAMPLE: can, must, may, should, would
He can shoot a 3-point shot easily
I should go home
You must not delay us in our flight
7. PHRASAL VERBS
 Combination of words that are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the
original verb
 EXAMPLE: run out, go all out, make out, think through
Mary looked forward to her high school reunion
Leory handed in the wallet to the police
8. IRREGULAR VERBS
 Those who don’t use the regular spelling patterns of past simple and past participle
verbs
 EXAMPLE: eat = ate, think = thought, hold = held, catch = caught, feel = felt