PRACTICAL RES.

MODULE 1

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

is a systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers numerical

(quantitative) data and subjects them to statistical methods.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. LARGE SAMPLE SIZE - to ensure reliability.

2. STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS - In-depth information about the preferences of the
respondents can be drawn.
3. HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME - as respondents of the research face close-ended questions.
4. CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS - more specific and right to the question than the open-ended.
5. NUMERICAL OUTCOME - is easy to read and understand, and it is easy to deduce a conclusion.
6. GENERALIZATION OF OUTCOME - can be generalized easily for the whole population.
7. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS requires objective answer and helps the researcher to
focus their works

MODULE 2

STRENGTHS

A. GENERALIZABLE

Represent a wider population because of its greater number of respondents.

B. OBJECTIVE

Use of systematic and mathematical procedures in summarizing and analyzing the data is scientifically
accurate and rational.

C. REPLICATED

Repetition of this study in other location and different set of respondents is allowed and it can be
compared with its related studies

D. PROCESS FASTER DATA ANALYSIS.

Can summarize information and can compare across categories and over time in a short period of time.

E. TEST HYPOTHESES

Is capable of testing significant relationship, difference and effect.

F. UNBIASED

Gathering of data preferred random sampling which keeps distances from the respondents.

WEAKNESS

A. SUPERFICIAL

The researcher cannot explain the meaning of the questions for the respondents and there are no
opportunities respondents to explain their answers.

B. INFLEXIBILITY

The study is designed first before it is conducted which makes its procedures fixed that leads to limited
information.

C. FALSE REPRESENTATION

Define more personalized and standard questions instead of the respondents’ reflection.

D. COSTLY

Due to a very large sample, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing
the questionnaires.
 MODULE 3

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

NON-EXPERIMENTAL

Where there is no manipulation done to any variable in the study.

A. DESCRIPTIVE
✓ Purpose of descriptive studies is to describe, and interpret, the current status of individuals,
settings, conditions, or events
✓ Is appropriate to answer the following research questions including “What is the level of” “What
is the extent of”

B. COMPARATIVE
✓ Comparing and contrasting two or more groups of the study subjects based on a particular
dependent variable.
✓ Appropriate to answer the following research questions including “Is there a significant
difference”

C. CORRELATIONAL
✓ To discover, and then possibly measure, relationships between two or more variables.
✓ Appropriate to answer the following research questions “ Is there a significant relationship”
✓ (Correlation ≠ Causation)

EXPIREMENTAL

Researcher establishes different treatments or conditions and then studies their effects on the
participants.

It is because of this ability to manipulate the treatment conditions and control for many extraneous
factors that experimental studies are the most conclusive of all research designs.

A. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
✓ They all involve the random assignment of participants to treatment conditions
✓ Random assignment is one of the most powerful techniques for controlling for extraneous
threats to validity

B. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
✓ there is no random assignment of the participants to groups, which weakens the ability to
control for extraneous influences.

MODULE 4

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS

Discipline Purpose
Social Inquiry understand the behavior and social interactions
among individuals
Arts investigate methods or approaches that enhance
one’s creativity.
Information and Communication Technology To examine the trends and tendencies in the use
of information technology
Science To determine the effectiveness of a newly
developed medicine treatment, or approach in
addressing health problems
Agriculture and Fisheries To examine how agriculture in a particular
community is influenced by global trends.
Sports To understand the relationship between one’s
health and athletic performance.
Business assess approaches that will help companies in
their decision-making practices.
 Education discover new interventions and assess existing
programs with a common goal, to increase the
performance of the learners.

MODULE 5

KINDS OF VARIABLE

A variable can be independent or dependent according to how they behave in the study

A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
✓ Refers to the one that may cause the results
✓ The change agent for one or more other variables

1. ACTIVE INDEPENDENT It is the one that is designed, imposed, controlled by the investigators.
2. ASSIGNED INDEPENDENT the researcher has no control over how the variable appears for each
subject. (Ex. gender, strand, grade level)

B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
✓ variables that change as an effect of the changes brought by the other variable (IV).

CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

✓ Continuous quantitative variables can take a decimal or a fraction of quantity without reducing
its meaning in reality.
✓ (a weight of a person may be at 45.5 kilos, 60.8 or 70 kilos)

DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

✓ Is always a whole number. Reducing the quantity into its decimal or fraction form does not have
meaning in reality.
✓ (10 females and 10 males but cannot say 10.5)

NATURE OF VARIABLES DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Nominal labels or categories of a bigger Sex (male, female)
variable.
Ordinal Natural order among the Letter Grade (A, B, C)
categories Class ranking of honors
Interval Can be measured along a Degree Fahrenheit
continuum and the intervals Degree Celsius
between values are equally
spaced.
Ratio Condition that 0 (zero) of the Age (16, 17, 18, 19)
measurement indicates that Height (5”, 5”3’)
there is none in that variable.
INTERVAL AND RATIO variables are scale variables that take the highest mathematical accuracy
because aside from we can reduce the quantity to its average value, we can transform these
quantitative variables to qualitative variables.

MODULE 6

DESIGN A RESEARCH USEFUL IN DAILY LIFE

1. AREA OF INTEREST
2. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE
3. CLEAR AND SPECIFIC GOAL/S
4. CONTRIBUTION
5. AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION
 RESEARCH TITLE

o WHAT words list the variables or constructs the study explore

o WHO words name the people, groups, sample or population
o WHERE words suggest the region, organization, place or location of the study
o WHEN words tell the time frame of the study
o HOW words tell about the research design or how data was collected or analyzed

FRAMING THE TITLE

• list key variables (independent and/or dependent variables)

• identify respondents and their location
• define its research design (if applicable or optional)
• be written in scientific or technical style
• be concise and non-repetitive

TYPES OF TITLES

1. DECLARATIVE title declares the results of the study and its summary.
2. DESCRIPTIVE titles often include details about the methods used to conduct the study rather
than the findings.
3. INTERROGATIVE title poses the research in the form of a question—commonly avoiding the
inclusion of any details of the study itself.

ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD TITLE

1. Informs the reader accurately about the contents of the paper.

2. Simple, direct, clear, brief and informative. It should convey information a precise manner.
3. Does not contain abbreviations or jargon.
4. Does not contain numerical values of the parameters.

STRATEGIES FOR RESEARCH TITLE DEVELOPMENT

1. SINGLE TITLE – presents a simple-statement research title

Ex: The Satisfaction Level of SHS Students on School Programs

2. DOUBLE TITLE - presents a two-statement research title

Ex: The Satisfaction Level of SHS Students on School Programs: Comparing the Difference between
Grade 11 and 12

MODULE 7

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION (SMARTER)

1. SPECIFIC – means focusing on an issue for an in-depth analysis of the problem being studied,
clear and feasible.
2. MEASURABLE – means it can be analyzed by an appropriate assessment tool such as statistical
analysis.
3. ACHIEVABLE – means that it should be within the ability or capability of the researcher carrying
out the research.
4. REALISTIC – means formulating a research question within their context or field of interest.
5. TIME-CONSTRAINED – means it can be finished within a given time set by the researcher.
6. ETHICAL – means that it is free from deceptive practices in research which could minimize or
avoid the risk of harm to the respondents.
7. RELEVANT – means that it is responding to the current situation, literature or practice.

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

WH Question + linking verb + level + variable A + respondents + location

“What is the level of”

INFERENTIAL QUESTION

Asking for statistical significance + main variable + respondents + location + assigned independent
variable
 MODULE 8

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

is a structure that shows the connectedness of phenomena under study. This is a visual illustration of
the connection of key concepts or defined variables to be tested.

CORRELATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Example: Is there a significant relationship between the COVID-19 awareness and healthcare practices
of the senior high school students in Pilipi National High School?

COMPARATIVE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

COMPARING 2 GROUPS:

Example: Is there a significant difference in the COVID-19 awareness of the senior high school students
of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to sex?

COMPARING 3 GROUPS OR MORE:

Example: Is there a significant difference in the COVID-19 awareness of the senior high school students
of Pilipi National High School when grouped according to grade level?

LESSON

SLOVIN/YAMAE FORMULA

n = N/(1+Ne2)

Where:

n = Number of Samples

N = Total Population

E = Error Tolerance level

 POPULATION VS SAMPLE

o POPULATION – the entire group that you want to draw conclusion about
o SAMPLE – Specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.
o SAMPLING FRAME – actual list of individuals that sample will be drawn from.
o SAMPLE SIZE – The number of individuals you should include.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHOD, every member of the population has a chance of being selected.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE

- Everyone has an equal chance (uses random number generator and etc.)

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

- Individuals are chosen at regular intervals (Ex. 6, 16, 26, 36)

STRATIFIED SAMPLING

- Diving the population into subgroups based on relevant characteristics (gender, Age)
- Select a sample from each subgroup

CLUSTER SAMPLING

- Diving the population into subgroups

- You randomly select entire subgroups

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHOD, based on non-random criteria, not everyone has a chance.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

- Happen to be the most accessible to the researchers

- Easy and Inexpensive
- Can’t produce generalizable results

VOLUNTARY RESPONSE SAMPLING

- Easy access
- People volunteer
- Biased

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

- Researchers use their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the
research.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

- Recruit participants via other participants