Treaty of Peace Between the U.S.

A and the Kingdom of Spain (Treaty of Paris)

• Treaty - a written agreement between two or more countries, formally approved and signed by
their leaders (Cambridge Dictionary)
• a Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of
Spain desiring to end the state of war
• Plenipotentiaries of the US President (WILLIAM R. DAY, CUSHMAN K. DAVIS, WILLIAM P. FRYE,
GEORGE GRAY, and WHITELAW REID)
• Plenipotentiaries of the Queen Regent of Spain (DON EUGENIO MONTERO RIOS, DON
BUENAVENTURA De ABARZUZA, DON JOSE DE GARNICA, DON WENCESLAO RAMIREZ DE VILLA-
URRUTIA, and DON RAFAEL CERERO)
• signed on December 10, 1898
• Spanish-American War
[February 15, 1898 - explosion of U.S.S. Maine in the Havana, Cuba harbor, killing 266 of the 354
crew members. The US blamed the Spanish military occupying Cuba at that time for what
happened, which led to the declaration of war between these countries.]
• ARTICLE I - Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba.
• ARTICLE II - Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under
Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones
• ARTICLE III - Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and
comprehending the islands lying within the following line… The United States will pay to Spain the
sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the
ratifications of the present treaty.
• ARTICLE IV - The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the
ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the
Philippine Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States.
• Some of the other provisions:
Releasing prisoners of war and sending them back to their respective countries
Spaniards should evacuate the Philippines
Mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity
Free exercise of their religion
Spain shall have the power to establish consular officers

Excerpts from “Political Caricatures of the American Era” by Alfred McCoy and Alejandro Roces
[Editorial cartoons]

• 377 cartoons
• Alfred McCoy - J.R.W. Smail Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who
specializes in Southeast Asia. He has written about and testified before Congress on, Philippine
political history, opium trafficking in the Golden Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, and
international political surveillance.
• Alfredo Roces - a Filipino Postwar & Contemporary painter who was born in 1932.
A. Is the Police Force Bribed? (The Independent, June 09, 1917), p. 32.
- Depicts first of Manila's periodic police scandals
 - mysterious informant name Pedro Chua wrote the Philippines Free Press alleging that senior
police were accepting bribes from Chinese gambling houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts.
B. New Bird of Prey (The Independent, 17 January 1920), p. 34.
- As Manila’s population began to pilot upward during World War I, housing became scarce and
rents escalated. Rising rent combined with high food prices to reduce the Manila working
class in sudden poverty.
- Governor-General Francis B. Harrison suggested passage of a bill which set rents at 12 percent
of assessed value of the property.
- Harrison’s suggested reform was little more than a temporary palliative
- Government taxes were used to rewards the Filipino elite for their loyalty, not to advance the
mass.
C. While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building (The Independent 1 May 1920), p. 35
- urged the government to confiscate the large priests’ residence attached to Santa Cruz parish
church.
- The people should not be made to share the painful congestion of Plaza Goiti and Plaza Santa
Cruz while a single priest sit midst a sprawling residence.
D. Where The Mosquito Is King, Donde El Mosquito Es Rey (Free Press, 16 April 1921), p. 36
- During the 19th century, Spanish public health procedures were grossly inadequate to the
imperatives of Manila's site, and the Americans found the city of cesspool of ill health when
they occupied it in 1898.
- The Board of Health distributed millions of doses of quinine and eliminated mosquito
breeding grounds by filling up the standing water hole, such as the moats around Intramuros,
or spraying them with petroleum. Houses near swampy sites were relocated and the low
ground filled.
E. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Libertad, Igualdad, Fraternidad” (Philippines Free Press, Feb. 12,
1921), p. 41.
- The Philippine Assembly passed a law authorizing all legislators, active or retired, to bear
firearms.
F. The Returning Student – El Estudiante Vuelve (Philippine Free Press, April 6, 1929), p. 99.
- When Manila emerged as the national center for university education during the 1920s, the
annual March ritual of the city-wise student returning home to his village was played
out in barrios across the archipelago.
G. Brothers Under The Skin – Hermanos En El Fondo (Philippines Free Press, June 18, 1938) p. 106.
- As social conflict and socialist ideology spread in Central Luzon during the 1930s the Free Press
was forced to deal with social substance instead of bucolic trivia in its provincial reportage.
- Urges Filipinos, in the name of Rizal whose birthday was following day, to end social conflict
and deal with each other fairly.
H. The Loyalty of the Filipinos (The Independent, 14 April 1917), p. 181.
- World War I sparked an outburst of pro-American loyalty among Filipinos and
transformed Uncle Sam’s media image. The prewar cartoons of 1907-08 showed him as a
satanic monster, drawn in Caucasian caricature with great nose, fanged teeth and crooked
smile. These three cartoons from war and post war issues of the nationalist newspaper.
- The Independent show him as a figure worthy of Filipino love and respect.
 - was published on 14 April 1917, only ten days after the U.S Congress declared war on
Germany and America entered the conflict
- Uncle Sam leading little Juan, loyal and smiling, on the road to war
I. The Latest—Lo Ultimo (Philippines Free Press, October 14, 1933) p. 217.
- Through ruthless reprisals against opponents, Quezon gradually broke the opposition. As in
The Latest, the Philippine Legislature, now under his control, voted to reject the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Bill in October 1933.

Excerpt from Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood by the Commission on Independence

- Leonard Wood - a United States Army major general, physician, and public official. He served
as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor
General of the Philippines.
- From the time of the American arrival in the Philippines in 1898, Filipinos persistently
demanded their independence.
- US appointed Filipino politicians to key government positions hoping that by doing so the
Filipinos will slowly forget their desire for independence.
- Under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson, the Jones Law categorically
expressed that America would give the Filipinos independence once a stable government is
established.
- Except for the governor general, the vice governor, and a few more sensitive positions, all
other positions were offered to Filipinos.
- 45 provinces that were put under Filipino governors, and more than 800 municipalities under
Filipino mayors.
- The Jones law also created a bicameral Congress that gave opportunities to politicians based
in the provinces to participate in policy making.
- After Republican President Warren Harding took office, he sent Leonard Wood and William
Cameron Forbes (Wood-Forbes mission) to the Philippines to observe if ever the Filipinos have
already complied with the conditions of the Jones law. The mission conducted an exhaustive
investigation visiting 48 provinces and 449 municipalities. It exposed the corruption and
patronage system that became prevalent in government owned and controlled corporations
during the Harrison era.
- Anti-Wood Sentiment exploded on July 21, 1923 with the decision of Governor General to
reinstate Ray Conley. Wood personally believed that Conley was not accountable and the
charges against him were only fabrications of influential and well connected persons who
were affected by the anti-gambling campaign. It led to resignation of Filipino officials.
- Executive Order No. 37 - declaring that the laws creating and defining the powers of the Board
of Control which is authorized to vote the stocks owned by the government in certain private
corporations, are absolute nullities.

President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress in 1986 [Speech]

- became just the fifth woman in the history of the United States to address a joint session of
Congress
- emotional appeal for new aid and support for her country since its debt ballooned after
martial law
 - Ninoy suffered in prison awaiting for trial, and the death penalty sentence imposed on him
for seven years and seven months.
- Filipinos want democracy.
- The 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution gathered millions of Filipinos from all walks of life
to march along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the main artery of Metro Manila, to
end the dictatorship of President Ferdinand E. Marcos and begin a new era marked by true
freedom and democracy.

Raiders of the Sulu Sea

- A Historiography documentary film focusing on Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards
defended the city with the Fort Pilar as Spain’s last stronghold and bastion of defense and
economic expansion in the South of the Philippines.
- It depicts the Southeast Asian flourishing free trading in the area and the adverse effects and
repercussions when Europeans such as the English, Dutch and Spanish who wanted to control
the economy as well to colonize and Christianize.
- The documentary centers on the activities of the slave raiders as a way of retaliation to the
colonizers and a way to defend their way of life against oppression.
- The Sulu and Maguindanao sultanates were then the two main kingdoms controlling the
Muslim colonies of the southern Philippines. With the king of Maguindanao, Rajah Dalasi, at
the helm, they launched a bloody attack on Fort Pilar.
- 3 different groups of Muslims:
Tausug - A tribe without maritime experience, but known for its fierce warriors and
widespread political power
Illanun - The one which was very important in piracy history; long-standing seafaring
community
Balangingi Tribe or Samal - Occupied the chain of islands between Basilan and Sulu island; also
a long-standing seafaring community
- Ancient Maritime Vessels and Weapons used by the Muslims:
Garay - Built from bamboo, wood, and the nipa palm and could carry more than 100 sailors.
This single-sailed ship was 25 meters long and six meters across and housed a powder
magazine and cannon at the bow. With 30 to 60 oars on each side, the garay was faster than
any other seagoing vessel of its time.
Salisipan - Small boats designed for coastal raids
Kalis - Sword with a mystical side
Barong - One the Tausug warriors use to cut off an M-14, a carbine. A single-edged leaf-shaped
blade made of thick tempered steel. This approximately one-meter long weapon was used in
close hand-to-hand battle to cut Spanish firearms down to size.
Kris - Weapon of warfare and ceremony. Measuring up to 1.2 meters in length, was not only
carried by slave raiders into battle but also by nobles and high-ranking officials of the southern
sultanates. Double-edged and with either a smooth or wavy blade
Kampilan - Heavy single-edged sword adorned with hair to make it look even more
intimidating. At the tip of the blade are two horns projecting from the blunt side which is used
to pick up the head of a decapitated body.

A Legacy of Heroes, Story of Bataan and Corregidor (Documentary Film)

 - It discusses World War 2 in the Philippines and how thousands of heroic young Filipinos
braved the odds and struggled to defend and protect the freedom of their people and
motherland.
- The film centers on the stories of valor and heroism by the gallant Filipino veterans of World
War 2. Through the eyewitness accounts of patriotic Filipino and American men who fought,
the documentary returns to the events of the war, beginning from the attacks of the Japanese
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and then the Philippines immediately after, to the battles in Bataan
and Corregidor and the Death March where courage and sacrifice rose to its heights creating
a saga in Philippine history and a legacy of heroes that will always be remembered.
- War Plan Orange - The War Plan of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to concentrate our military forces
in Bataan and make Corregidor as fortress.
- Orion-Bagac Line - The retrenched line of defense after the first one is infiltrated
- The Fall of Bataan was due to the lack of reinforcements such as food, medicine and weapons.

Works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo (Paintings)

- Juan Luna y Novicio (1857 – 1899) - A great Filipino painter, and occasionally a sculptor. He
was a prominent propagandist who pushed for political reforms along with Jose Rizal. His
victory taking the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts for his “Spoliarium”,
along with the 2nd prize silver of fellow Filipino painter Felix Hidalgo, created a celebration
that would be a highlight in the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement.
- Works: Spoliarium (1884), Parisian Life (1892), Blood Compact (1886)
- Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (1892-1972) - First National Artist in Painting (1972) of the
Philippines, and is also referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art". Amorsolo
graduated from both Liceo de Manila Art School in 1909 and the University of the Philippines
School of Fine Arts. He also graduated from U.P. with honors in 1914, and received a study
grant in Madrid, Spain. While in New York, his art was influenced with an encounter with
postwar impressionism and cubism.
- Works: The Making of the Philippine Flag, Antipolo (1947), Rice Planting (1922)

The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines

- From Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World

- March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his crew reached Zamal (Samar)
- Cocoanuts (coconuts) - the fruit of the palmtree; has lots of uses such as for oil, milk, etc.
- Acquada da li buoni Segnialli - “the Watering-place of good Signs”
- people from Zuluan met Magellan and his crew and gave them goods
- boloto – small boat
- slave belonging to the captain-general was a native of Zamatra
- March 31, 1521 – the first mass in Mazaua; led by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama
- A cross was erected on the summit of the highest mountain and they prayed Pater Noster and
Ave Maria.

The Cavite Mutiny and the Rebellion Case Against GomBurZa

- The GomBurZa was sentenced to death by garrote.

- Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 by Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera
 According to him, this incident was merely a mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers
of the Cavite arsenal against the harsh policy of despotic Governor and Captain-General Rafael
de Izquierdo (1871-1873) which abolished their old time privileges of exemption from paying
the annual tribute and from rendering the polo (forced labor).
- Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 By Jose Montero y Vidal
This narrative of Montero y Vidal, normally a good historian, was so woefully biased that Dr.
T. H. Pardo de Tavera commented that he, “in narrating the Cavite episode, does not speak
as a historian; he speaks as a Spaniard bent on perverting the facts at his pleasure; he is
mischievously partial.”
- Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the Spanish Minister of War, dated Manila,
January 23, 1872, blaming the Cavite Mutiny on the native clergy, some local residents,
intellectual, and even El Eco Filipino, a Madrid-based reformist newspaper. He believed that
a priest will serve as the head of the government that the Filipinos will establish once they
oust the Spanish authorities.

The First Cry of the Revolution

- The primary sources are accounts pertaining to the first cry for freedom that has either took
place in Bahay Toro, Pugad Lawin or Biyak na Bato. The sources present different versions
that would give light to, not only where such first cry took place, but equally important is to
the realization of the struggle of the men and women of the Katipunan and their resolve to
put an end to oppression and injustice. The sources also highlight the primary contribution of
the hero and revolutionary leader Supremo Andres Bonifacio of starting the fight against the
Spanish colonial masters.
- Dr. Pio Valenzuela - The controversial “Cry of Pugad Lawin,” which has been confirmed by no
other eyewitness of the event than Dr. Pio Valenzuela. He was imprisoned to Fort Santiago,
where, upon investigation, he told Fransisco Olive, the Spanish investigator, that the “Cry”
was staged at “Balintawak on Wednesday, August 26, 1896.” However, much later, Dr.
Valenzuela, with a fading memory and without consulting the written documents of the
Philippine Revolution, wrote his Memoirs of the Revolution. In his memoirs, he claims that
the “Cry” was held at Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896.
- Santiago Alvarez - August 24, 1896. It was 12 o’clock noon when the meeting adjourned
amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons of the Country” (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan).
Alvarez was not an eyewitness of the historic event. Hence, his version cannot be accepted as
equal in weight to that given by actual participants of the event.
- Gregoria de Jesus - Katipunan leader and wife of Supremo Andres Bonifacio; "Lakambini of
the Katipunan”. She was the custodian of the secret documents, seal, and some weapons of
the Katipunan, and constantly risked her life in safeguarding them. According to her version
of the First “Cry,” it occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896.
- Captain Olegario Diaz - Spanish commander of the Guardia Civil Veterana of Manila, who
investigated the discovery of the Katipunan, also included in his official report findings on the
site and date of the first rally of the Revolution. According to his report, the first “Cry”
occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896
- Guillermo Masangkay - According to this eyewitness account by Katipunan General Guillermo
Masangkay, Bonifacio’s childhood friend, the historic first rally of the Philippine Revolution of
1896 occurred at the rustic barrio of Balintawak, a few kilometers north of the city of Manila,
on August 26, 1896
- As mandated, National Historical Institute is tasked to resolve, clear, and declare historical
controversies. As such, on 14 August 1986, through NHI Board Resolution No. 2, series of
1986, the NHI declared the event as the ‘Cry of Pugadlawin’ which occurred on the 23rd of
August 1896 (NCHP, 2022).