PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

• Philosophy comes from two Greek words: philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). The ancient Greeks
used this term to refer to “love of wisdom”.
• Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, Knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language.
• Philosophers are people who engage in philosophy
• Pythagoras Pythagorean theorem
• Heraclitus logos
• Democritus study of the causes of natural phenomena.
• Diogenes of Sinope He was a known advocate of living a Simple and virtuous life
• Epicurus He believed that philosophy could enable man to live A life of happiness.
• Socrates He was considered the foremost philosophers of Ancient times. He was credited with
formulating the Socratic method means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions
that let the learner Examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic
• Plato a students of Socrates Plato’s most significant ideas included his Theory of Forms, which
proposes that everything that exists is based on an idea or template that can only be perceived
in the mind.
• Aristotle For him, all ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what
we can sense and perceive.
• Partial thinking focuses on specific aspects of a situation
• Holistic thinking refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns In systems
• Aesthetics is the branch of Philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes things
“beautiful”.
• Logic is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning.
• Epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing.
• Ethics is the branch which deals with moral questions and dilemmas. Political
• Philosophy studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power and the rights and
obligations of citizens.
• Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and
existence.
• Philosophy of the Human Person is an area in philosophy that understands the Human person
from a philosophical perspective.
• Reflection requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, Feelings, and action and to
learn more about one’s life and experiences. Human self-reflection is the capacity of humans to
exercise introspection and To attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and
Philosophy has an important place in our daily lives. Engaging in Philosophical reflection leads to
the development of beneficial skills that Individuals can apply in everyday situations.
• Propositions are statements about the world or reality. Propositions may or may not carry truth.
• Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of
questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
• Facts are propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
• Claim is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that any
claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.
• Opinions are statements that go beyond providing facts.
• A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
• Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and Clearly explained by
facts.
• Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and Provide reasons why the
statement is true.
• Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince The reader or listener
that a claim or opinion is truthful.
• Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
• Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually In a way that is
closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
• Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.
• Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an Argument.
• Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
• Appeal to the popular the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people Accept it.
• Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
• Begging the question assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as Circular
argument.
• Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated Events
• Fallacy of composition assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
• Correspondence Bias or attribution effect Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or
her actions, Without regard for the external factors or influence.
• Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits One’s own
beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go Against it.
• Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.
• Hindsight the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a Pattern to historical
events.
• Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the Issue being
discussed.
• Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.
• Deductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points,
and The last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidence. General idea comes First
before the specific or particular idea.
• Inductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidence
comes First followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice
Versa of the deductive reasoning because a particular idea comes first before theGeneral idea.