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GUÍA DE INGLÉS IV
Guía para presentar ETS de Inglés IV Turno
Vespertino 2021
Descripción breve
Vienen todos los temas que el temario marca y ejercicios relacionados dichos temas, el
examen tendrá ejercicios semejantes, pero no los mismos.
Irais A. Ceja O.
Presidente de Academia
INGLES IV GUÍA DE ESTUDIO FEBRERO 2021
UNIDAD 1. Deportes
Competencia Particular: Utiliza el vocabulario y tiempos gramaticales presente, pasado, futuro y presente perfecto
para comunicar preferencias, experiencias y expectativas sobre actividades deportivas.
Simple Present
FORM
Examples:
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a
daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or
usually does not do.
Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in
the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about
people or things.
Examples:
Examples:
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now.
This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
Present Continuous
FORM Examples:
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the
Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might
not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put
the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally ) printed by a company in New York. Their prices
10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.
Simple Past
Examples:
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the
speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
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We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so
on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years. A: How long did you wait for them?
They sat at the beach all day. B: We waited for one hour.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used
to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never,
when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4
above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
Examples:
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the
examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not
important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.
However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
Past Continuous
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a
shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you
can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific
time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were
happening at the same time. Theactions are parallel.
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the
bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion.
Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the
word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was
sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the
Examples:
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-
continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with
these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
2. After I (find) the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) to the police and
(turn) it in.
3. The doctor (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he
4. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) there. She
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also)
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television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call) you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) there. Where were you?
7. When I (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone with a customer,
several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss,
8. I (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out
9. Sharon (be) in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she
(listen, not) .
10. It's strange that you (call) because I (think, just) about you.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) and (try)
to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead)
their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) over the price of
a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man who (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana.
13. The firemen (rescue) the old woman who (be) trapped on the third floor of the
burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect,
15. Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) there when the
Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be
used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too
abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a
specific time in the future.
FORM Will
FORM Be Going To
[will + verb]
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
Examples:
You will help him later.
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Will you help him later?
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You will not help him later.
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do
for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will"
when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't"
when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the
future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
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Examples: Michelle is going to begin medical school
next year.
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. They are going to drive all the way to
She is not going to spend her vacation in Alaska.
Hawaii. Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: When are we going to meet each other A: Who is going to make John's birthday
tonight? cake?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. B: Sue is going to make John's birthday
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. cake.
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses
about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future
and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to
interpret a sentence's meaning.
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when,
while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Insteadof Simple Future, Simple Present isused.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. NotCorrect
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
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Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
8. After I graduate, I (attend) medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all
my life.
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) down to the beach and go swimming.
Present Perfect
FORM
Examples:
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USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not
important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last
week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present
Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet,
etc.
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
3. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.
4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll
be as famous as Hemingway.
6. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) working here three
years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) to include
7. I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) off into the forest
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be) late to work
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He
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should come with us to Miami.
10. How sad! George (dream) of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see,
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th
century, it (take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip
(be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last hundred
and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the last time I (see) you. You
13. This tree (be) planted by the settlers who (found) our city over four hundred years
ago.
14. This mountain (be, never) climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try) to reach
the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people
15. I (visit, never) Africa, but I (travel) to South America several times. The last time
I (go) to South America, I (visit) Brazil and Peru. I (spend) two weeks in
the Amazon, (hike) for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly) over the Nazca Lines.
Past Perfect
FORM Examples:
[had + past participle] You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past.
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Examples:
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that
something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my application last week, but I didn't
think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at least
twenty other people who (arrive) before me. Most of them (fill, already) out their
applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.
I (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) me to
include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) some problems with
him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) up listing my father as a reference.
It was total luck that he (decide) to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father
(go) to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he
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Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is generally used for things which may
happen.
If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extinct.
Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future. It is generally used for
things which don't or won't happen.It is generally used for things which may happen.
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If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in the past.
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had known... When you are talking about the past,
you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop.
The real situation was that you didn't save your money. So they say If you had saved... When you are talking about the
past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have fired you.
The real situation was that you wasn't early for work. So they say If you hadn't been late... When you are talking about
the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
Conditional Exercise 1
If / When
4. His car is very reliable, and he rarely has any trouble with it. But he has had a couple of difficulties in the
past. his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto club.
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5. His car is terrible! It always breaks down. his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto
club.
6. Mary gets six weeks paid vacation a year. She loves to travel. she goes on vacation, she always goes
somewhere exotic.
7. Diane works harder than anyone I know. I don't think she has taken a day off in three years. But she does really love
8. He loves going to the movies. he goes to the movies, he always gets a large popcorn with tons of
butter.
9. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. she watches any television at all, it is usually a
10. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. I get a letter, I usually write back immediately.
Conditional Exercise 2
Future Real Conditional FIRST CONDITIONAL
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form.
I am not sure what I am going to do when I (graduate) , but I do know I want to travel. I am probably
going to work at my father's restaurant for a few months during the summer. When I (have) enough
I have always wanted to visit Europe. I especially want to visit Sweden. If I (get) to go to Sweden, I
(stay) with my friend Gustav. His family has a house on an island in a lake near Stockholm. I am sure
I am not sure what other countries I will visit. If it (be) not too expensive, I (spend) a
couple of days in Paris sightseeing. If I (go) to Paris, I (climb) the Eiffel Tower,
(take) a boat tour of the Seine, and (photograph) daily life in the Latin Quarter.
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Conditional Exercise 3
Present Unreal Conditional SECOND CONDITIONAL
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form.
Did you hear about that guy who won 180 million dollars in the lottery? If I (win) that much money, I
(quit) my job the next day. I (travel) around the world and (stay) in the most
Mercedes that I wanted, I (buy) it. If I wanted to stay in a beautiful hotel and the hotel
(be) full, I (buy) the hotel and make them give me a room. I (can) do
anything in the world if I had 180 million dollars ... Oh, I am starting to sound a little materialistic... Well... I
(do) good things with the money as well. If anybody (need) help, I (give)
them some money to help them out. I (donate) money to charities. I (give) money to help
support the arts. If I (win) that much money, I wouldn't keep it all for myself. I (help) as
Conditional Exercise 4
Present Real Conditional (ZERO CONDITIONAL) / Present Unreal Conditional (SECOND CONDITIONAL)
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form.
Michael: Sharon, I am having some problems at work, and I was wondering if you might be able to give me some
advice.
Michael: The computer sales business is more difficult than I thought. When customers (come) in to
look at the new computer models, they often (ask) me which model they should buy. If they
(ask) me to suggest a model, I (be) usually quite honest with them. Most computer users
don't need a very advanced computer; they just need a basic model which they can use for word-processing,
bookkeeping and Internet access. If I am honest and I (recommend) one of the cheaper models, my boss
(get) angry at me. He always says that a good salesperson can convince a customer to buy one of the
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more expensive advanced models. I don't really feel comfortable doing that. What would you do in my situation? Isn't
Sharon: I think you should help your customers make an intelligent decision. If I (be) you, I
(educate) the customers. I (teach) them how to make a good decision by themselves. I
(make, not) the decision for them. When a customer (ask) a question, answer it honestly.
You don't need to lie to the customer, and you don't need to make the decision for them.
Sharon: If I (be) in your situation, I (tell) him that I wasn't comfortable forcing customers
to buy products which they don't need. Tell him that you don't want to lie to honest people, and that you want to
provide them with good service. Remind him that when customers (get) good service, they
Michael: I think that's a great idea. He (might) change his mind if I said that to him. Maybe he
(realize) that good service is the most important thing to consumers. And, of course, I
(feel) much more comfortable if I (be) able to be honest with the customers. Thanks for
your advice.
Conditional Exercise 5
Past Unreal Conditional THIRD CONDITIONAL
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form.
After I graduated from university, I applied for a marketing position with a prominent bank with branches all over the
world. I didn't get the job because they wanted someone who spoke Spanish fluently. I (could, take)
Spanish in high school, but I didn't. I took an acting class instead. If I (take) Spanish, I
(get) the job. Just imagine, if I had actually gotten the job, I (move) to Spain. My entire
life (could, go) in a totally different direction. If I had accepted the job and moved to Spain, I (might,
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meet) a Spanish woman and (get) married. If that had actually happened, I probably
(stay) in Spain. We (might, have) children. Unfortunately, I didn't get the job and I
didn't go to Spain. I got a boring job and I live alone. If I had just taken Spanish, my life (be) much
more interesting.
QUALIFIERS / INTENSIFIERS
Qualifiers / intensifiers are words like very, too, so, quite, rather.
Qualifiers are function parts of speech. They do not add inflectional morphemes, and they do
not have synonyms. Their sole purpose is to "qualify" or "intensify" an adjective or an adverb.
1. Complete each sentence with the appropriate word. Remember that "extreme" adjectives are modified by
intensifiers, while "normal" adjectives are modified by qualifiers.
1. I feel bad that you have to go. I really wanted us to spend more time together.
2. She told me she thinks you're great! She truly liked you.
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5. I couldn't keep my eyes open! That documentary was terrifying!
PASSIVE VOICE
Sentences are passive when the subject does not perform the action. Instead, the subject receives an action or is the
result of an action. The person or thing that performed the action may be unimportant or unknown in a passive
sentence.
The passive voice is formed with a form of be and the past participle of the main verb. For example:
Dinner is served from 5:00 to 8:00.
many people were injured by the tornado last night.
The letter was mailed by Nick.
Passive sentences focus on the noun that is the receiver or result of an action rather than the noun that is performing
the action (the agent). In fact, passive sentence very often does not mention the agent at all. For example:
Super computers were developed in order to solve complex problems.
The mail is delivered at noon.
Passive sentences are used to make sentence sound more impersonal. For example:
Passengers are requested to remain seated.
An error was made in this month’s payroll.
Overview
2. Thepoliceasked Nick.
A. Nick is asked by the police.
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B. The pizza has been paid for by Dr. Aust.
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Ejemplos:
I am going to London next week, she said.
"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él
preguntó.)
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría
cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por
otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o que es en el futuro, no tenemos
que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.
"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
Say
Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un objeto personal, necesitamos
usar el preposicion "to".
Ejemplos:
Estilo directo
"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.)
"I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a Mike.)
She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "¿Te gusta bailar?")
Estilo indirecto
He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen said to Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.)
Tell
También se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con el estilo directo no es tan
común. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar un objeto indirecto que va detrás del verbo.
Ejemplos:
Estilo directo
He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")
Glen told Mike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to ayuda.")
Estilo indirecto
He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen told Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
oEjemplos:
o"Can you tell me your name please." ("Díme tu nombre, por favor.")
oYou told him the address of the office? (¿Le dijiste la dirección de la oficina?)
3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir "tell" como "contar" en español.
o Ejemplos:
o He told us a great story. (Nos contó un cuento maravilloso.)
o "Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuéntame un chiste," dijo ella.)
4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell."
o Ejemplos:
o "Tell me the truth," she said. ("Dime la verdad," dijo ella.)
o Keith never tells lies. (Keith nunca miente.)
5. Usamos "tell" con el tiempo o la fecha.
>
o Ejemplos:
o "Could you tell me the time, please?" she asked. ("Podrías decirme la hora, por favor?" me
preguntó.)
o Bob told me the date. (Bob me dijo la fecha.)
Exercises:
Reporting statements
HUMANÍSTICAS - 27 - I.A.C.O.
INGLES IV GUÍA DE ESTUDIO FEBRERO 2021
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He asked if he ________________________________ .
He asked me if I ______________________________ .
HUMANÍSTICAS - 28 - I.A.C.O.