IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS

In S phase during interphase)

where the monovalent
chromosome is duplicated so that
it will have two DNA strands that are
replicas of each other later divided
into two daughter cells.

Cells could be rejected (attack by

the immune system) if the daughter
cells were genetically different and
not recognised as ‘self’.

Mitosis is a vegetative
(propagatory)
cell division.
Any cell of a living organism other than the
reproductive cells, is called Somatic Cell.
Body Repair includes Regeneration and Replacement.
Regeneration:
the formation of new animal or plant tissue.
the liver regenerates
intestines regenerate their lining
§ Liver tissue contains cells in a non‑dividing state that
can enter a cell cycle when stimulated.
§ Cardiac muscle tissue contains cells that cannot
divide at all. Damage is permanent and is
associated with scar tissue formation.
(connective tissue)

Cell Replacement:
When cells become damaged or die the body makes new
cells to replace them.
This process is called cell division.

Intestinal cells turn over every 10 years

Highly regenerative, it regenerates its lining, called the
epithelium, every five to seven days.

Skeletal muscle cells last around 15 years.

An average skin cell only lasts about 14 days before
dying.
 EXAMPLES – HYDRA ANIMAL

Hydra reproduces asexually. Tiny bump appears

Parent hydra develops bud

Bud grows

Bud breaks off to become

independent hydra
 EXAMPLES – PLANT

Ginger, onion continue to grow from STOLON:

buds. a creeping
horizontal plant
In sweet potato, adventitious roots or stem or runner
runners (stolon) that takes root at
points along its
length to form new
plants.

Vegetative propagation is a type of

asexual reproduction that produces
progeny by vegetative propagule
(rhizome, tubers, suckers etc.)
without gamete formation and
fertilization of male and female
gametes. For example, Tuber of
potato, the rhizome of ginger.
 CLONING

Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical DNA, either naturally or artificially.

Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or

DNA fragments.

Identical or Not?

Clones do not always look identical. Although clones share the 

same genetic material, the environment also plays a big role in

how an organism turns out.

For example, the first cat to be cloned,

named Cc, is a female calico cat that looks very different from her mother.