Name: _________ Unit 3 Notetaking

3.1 Specialist vs. Generalist Species

 _________________________: Smaller range of __________________, or
narrower ecological __________ makes them

Specialists vs. _______________________________________

Generalists - Specific __________ requirements (bamboo)

- Less ability to _________ to new conditions
 _________________________: Larger range of ______________, broader
__________ makes them _______________________________ & more likely to
be _______________
- ____________ food req.
- High _________________

List at least 3 Characteristics of Each

Specialists Generalists
Specialists vs.
Generalists
FRQ Practice Identify ONE characteristic of specialist species and explain how that
characteristic makes them more likely to become extinct than generalist
species.

Summary
3.2 K-selected & R-selected
 ______________________________- “quality”

 ______ offspring, ____________________ care to protect them

 Usually reproduce __________________________

Quality vs. - Ex: most mammals, birds

Quantity  ___________- lifespan, _______________________ to sexual maturity =
low biotic potential = slow pop. growth rate
- More likely to be _________________ by env. change or invasive
species

 _____________________________ - “quantity”

 __________ offspring, ______________________ care

 May reproduce only __________________

- Ex: insects, fish, plants

 __________________ lifespan, _____________ to sexual maturity = high

biotic potential = high pop. growth rate
- More likely to be __________________
- Better ______________ for rapidly changing env. conditions

Traits or List 3 traits and how they are expressed differently in K-selected
characteristics of species vs. r-Selected species
r-selected & K-
Trait K-Selected r-Selected
selected species
 K-selected

 _______ biotic potential (rep. rate) = hard for pop. to recover after a
__________________ (env. change)

Invasiveness &  High parental care means __________ of parent = ____________ of

Disturbances offspring

 Invasives (usually r) _____________________ for resources with high

biotic potential & rapid pop. growth

 ______________ likely to adapt & more likely to go extinct

r-selected

 ______________ biotic potential (rep. rate) = more rapid pop. recovery

after disturbance

 __________ parental care means death of parent doesn’t

______________ offspring

 Not as ___________________ by invasive species since their pop. grow

quickly
- More likely to be the invasive

 Larger pop. & faster ___________________ time = higher chance of

adaptation & lower chance of extinction

FRQ Practice Identify ONE characteristic of an r-selected species that could increase the
likelihood of the r-selected species becoming a more successful invasive species
than K-selected species

FRQ Practice

Describe the relationship between Zebra Mussel and Unionid Mussel population
density in the Hudson River
3.3 Survivorship Curve
__________________________________: line that shows survival rate of a
Survivorship Curves cohort (group of same-aged individuals) in a pop. from birth to death
Faster drop in line = quicker _____________________ of individuals
Slower drop in line = __________________________

Type I (_______________________)

 High ________________ early in life due to _________________

 High ________________ in mid life due to ____________________
 Rapid ______________ in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
Type I, II, and III  Ex: _____________________________

Type II (_________________________)

 Steadily ___________________ survivorship throughout life.

Type III (_________________________)

 High _______________ (low survivorship) early in life due to

__________________________________
 Few make it to _______________; slow, steady ______________ in
survivorship in ___________
 Even fewer make it to ________________; slow decline in
survivorship in ____________
 Ex:_____________________________________

Describe the trend in survivorship shown in this graph. Justify which type of
survivorship curve these data represent.
3.4 Carrying Capacity
____________________________ (k): the max. Number of individuals in a pop.
that an ecosystem can ______________ (based on limiting ________________)

Carrying Capacity ★ Fig. 1 is theoretical

★ Fig. 2 is more realistic

★ Pop. briefly “_________________” (k) and then die-off happens

 ____________________________ an ecosystem can support based on

limiting resources:
Carrying Capacity - Food
(k) - Water
- Habitat (nesting sites, space)
 ______________________: when a population briefly
__________________ carrying capacity
- Ex: deer breed in fall, give birth all at once in spring; sudden
___________ in pop. = overshoot
 Consequence of overshoot:
_______________________________________ ex: overgrazing in deer
 Die-off:__________________________________ when resource
depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals _______________
- Ex: many deer starve with too many new fawns feeding in spring

 Reindeer of St. Paul Island

- 25 introduced in 1910
Die-off Example - Growth was ____________ (10’-30’), then ____________ (30’-37’)
 - ________________________ was ____________________
- Sharp______________ lead to pop. crash as food resource (lichen)
were severely depleted

 Real pops. don’t always ___________________ around carrying capacity.

If resource depletion is severe enough, total_________________ can occur

1. Hare pop. ___________ due to low _______________ pop. (lynx)

2. Lynx pop. _______________ due to increase in ______________(hare)
3. Increasing lynx pop. ____________ hare pop; leads to ___________
4. Hare die-off _____________ lynx food source, leading to ____________

Predator-Prey 5. Hare pop. ____________ due to low ________________ pop. (lynx)

3.5 Population Growth & Resource Availability

 ________________: total ________________ in a given area at a given

time
Population - Larger = safer from _______________________
Characteristics  ___________________: _________________________
- Ex: (12 panthers/km2)
 High density = higher ________________, possibility for
_________________, possibility of depleting _______________
 ____________________: how individuals in pop. are
__________________ compared to each other
- ___________________ (trees)
- ___________________ (territorial animals)
- ___________________ (herd/group animals)

 ___________________: ratio of __________________________.

Pop. Characteristics Closer to 50:50, the more ideal for ________________ (usually)
& Growth Factors - Die-off or bottleneck effect can lead to _______________ (not
enough females) limiting ______________________

 ______________________________: factors that influence pop.

growth based on size:
 - Ex: ____________________________________
- All of these things limit pop. growth based on their _______;
Aka: small pop. don’t experience these, large do
 ______________________________: factors that influence population
growth ____________________ of their size
- Ex: ____________________________________
- It doesn’t matter how big or small a pop. is, natural disasters
limit them both

 ________ is a density dependent factor. (also a limiting resource)

- When twice as much food was added to the dish, both species
increased ____________________________ by about 2x

Ex. of Density-
Dependent Factor

 _______________ = max. potential growth rate, with ______________

- May occur __________________, but limiting factors
(competition, food, disease, predators) slow growth, &
eventually limit pop. to carrying capacity (k)
 _____________________ = biotic potential, ____________ curve
  _____________________________ = initial rapid growth, then limiting
factors_____________________, _________________ or sigmoid curve

Calculating
 Population Size = (_________ + ________) - (__________ + _______) -
Population Change
you will also sometimes see this as BIDE or (B+I)-(D+E)
- Ex: An elk pop. of 52 elk has 19 births and 6 deaths in a season,
and 5 new elk immigrate to the herd and 0 elk emigrate from
the heart

Show work:

Calculate the population size of a 14 wolf pack that experiences 5

deaths, 3 births, and 4 new wolves released into the pack from a
nearby wildlife sanctuary.
FRQ Practice 3.5
Show work:
3.6 Age Structure Diagrams
Video - 7 Billion What trends do you notice?
People

Age cohorts & growth = _________________________________________

Age Cohorts
 0-14 = ___________________________________
 15 - 44 = ________________________________
 45 + = ___________________________________

 ___________ difference between _______ & _______ indicates

____________________________
- Larger 0-14 cohort = __________________________________
- Roughly equal 0-14 & 15-44 = __________________________
- Larger 15-44 = _______________________________________

Population
Pyramids

 Extreme Pyramid shape = _______________________________

 Less extreme pyramid = _________________________________
 House = _____________________________________________
 Narrowest @ base = ___________________________________
 Practice Reading
Diagrams

Highest to Lowest Growth Rate

___________________________________________________

Number of 0-14 Individuals

- India = __________________________________
- US = ____________________________________
- Germany = ______________________________
- China = _________________________________

How do population pyramids reflect a nation’s past?

Video - Population
Pyramids: Powerful
Predictors of the
Future
How can population pyramids predict future growth?
3.7 Total Fertility Rate
Global Population Include a 2-3 sentence summary in your notes describing the problem as Hans
Rosling sees it and how to resolve the problem.
Growth: Box by
Box:

 Total Fertility Rate (TFR):

_________________________________________________________
- Higher TFR = higher birth rate, higher pop. growth rate
TFR & Infant (generally)
Mortality
 Replacement Level Fertility:
_________________________________________________________

- About 2.1 in ___________________ (replace mom & dad)

- Higher in ___________________ due to higher infant mortality

 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

________________________________________________________
- Higher in less developed countries due to lack of access to:
__________________________________________________
 Higher IMR = higher TFR, due to families having
________________________________________________________

Infant Mortality &

TFR

Factors in IMR Decline

- __________________________________________
- __________________________________________
- __________________________________________
  Development (Affluence):
__________________________________________________________
 More _______________________ for women
 More _______________________ for women
Factors That Affect
TFR  Higher access to _________________________________

 Later age of ___________________________

 Less need for ________________ through agricultural labor

 Gov. Policy: can play a huge role in fertility by ____________(forceful)

or ____________________(encouraging) policies

 _____________________________________

 China’s _______________ child policy

 Tax __________________ to have fewer children

 ____________________________ to women without children

to start businesses

Affluence & TFR

 More access to __________________& family ______________

 _______________________________, leaving less for raising children
 __________________ = lower _________________
Female Education
& TFR

 More ____________= fewer ____________________

 More ____________= more ____________________ for women

- Alternative to __________________________

FRQ Practice 3.7

Identify and discuss TWO of the causes for the trend in worldwide TFR.
3.8 Human Population Dynamics
Malthusian theory (what Malthus theorized):
Does Earth Have a - Earth has a ___________________________________, probably based
Human Carrying on _____________________________
Capacity? - Human population growth is happening ____________ than growth of
________________________________
- Humans will reach a carrying capacity _________________________
Technological Advancement
- Humans can _______________ earth’s carrying capacity with
_____________________________
- Ex: synthetic fixation of Nitrogen in 1918 leads to synthetic
___________________________, dramatically increasing
____________________

 Growth Rate (__) = % increase in a population

- Ex: a growth rate of ____% for a population of 100 means they grow to
Birth Rate, Death ________
Rate, and Growth
 Crude Birth Rate (_____) & Crude Death Rate (_____)
- Births & deaths per __________ people in a pop.

- Ex: Global CBR = 20 & CDR = 8

- Calculating Growth Rate (r)

 Divide by 10 because CBR & CDR are per 1,000 and growth rate is % or per
100
 Growth rate always expressed as %

 Rule of 70: The time it takes (____________________) for a population to

double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate
Doubling Time (Rule
of 70) - Ex: Global growth rate = 1.2%
  Practice Problem: A country has a CDR of 9 and a CBR of 18.
- Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling time
Calculating
Population Change

 Factors that increase pop. Growth

- Higher ______ → higher __________________
- High __________________________________ can drive up TFR

Factors Affecting (replacement children)

Human Pop. Growth - High ____________________________ level

- Increased access to _________________ & __________________
(____________________________________)

 factors that _______________ population growth rate

- High _______________ rate
- High _______________________________ rate
- Increased _______________________ (education & affluence)
- Increased education for ___________________
- Delayed age of ______________________
- Postponement of _____________________

 Standard of Living
- What the ___________________________ is like for people of a
Standard of Living country is based on GDP and Life Expectancy.

Indicators
 Gross Domestic Product (____) = key ______________ indicator of
standard of living
- Total value of the ________ & ________ produced

- _____________________ GDP is total GDP/total _______________

 - So per capita means ___________________________

 Life expectancy = key ___________ indicator of standard of living

- Average ____ a person will live to in a given country

- _____________ with access to

________________________________________________________

High GDP & life expectancy are both indicators of

___________________________________________________

FRQ Practice 3.8 Describe one environmental problem associated with a rapidly growing
human population and propose a solution a government could take to slow
population growth.
3.9 Demographic Transition

 Industrialization: the process of __________________ and

____________________________________ from an agrarian (farming)
economy to an industrial one (manufacturing based)

 Pre-industrialized/Less developed
Industrialization
- A country that has not yet made the agrarian to industrial transition

- Typically very ________ (low GDP)

- Typically _______________________ & ____________________

- High ____________for replacement children & _______________

 Industrializing/developing
- part way through this ____________________
- ____________________ death rate & IMR
- ______________________________________

 Industrialized/developed: ___________________ the transition

- ______________________________________
- ______________________________________
- ______________________________________

Development
Status
  High IMR & high death rate due to
__________________________________________________________
Stage 1 -  High TFR due to lack of access to:
Preindustrial
- ______________________________________

- ______________________________________

 Need for child ________________________________

 Little to no ________________ due to high CBR & CDR balancing each other
out

Ex: Virtually no country is in phase 1, but there are pockets or regions in phase
1 within countries who have transitioned to phase 2.

 ________________________________ bring access to clean water,

healthcare, stable food supply

- _______________________________________ decline

 TFR remains ____________ due to

- _______________________________________
Stage 2 - - _______________________________________
Industrializing/De
veloping - _______________________________________

- _______________________________________

 Rapid ____________, due to high ________________ and declining

_______________________

 Econ./societal Indicators
- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________
  Modernized ________________ and ______________ increase family
income, so TFR declines significantly due to

- More __________________________________ for women

- Delayed ____________________________ & ____________________ to

focus on ed./career
Stage 3 -
Developed/Indust - Access to _______________________________
rialized  _______________ growth rate as _______ drops closer to _________
 Econ./societal Indicators
- ____________________________________
- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

 Highly modernized countries that are very __________

- TFR declines even further as families become more ___________ and
spend even more time on _____________________________ pursuits

Stage 4 - Post- - Increased wealth & education brings even more prevalent use of

Industrialized/H ______________& _________________

ighly Developed  CBR drops ____________ than CDR & growth becomes _____________
(pop. decline)

 Econ./Societal Indicators
- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________

- ____________________________________
 Stages & Development
1 = __________________

2 = __________________

3= ___________________

4 = __________________

FRQ Practice 3.9

Identify the stage of this graph in which population grows the fastest
and explain why this is the case. Describe one economic or societal
indicator of a country in this phase.