ME0035

TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)

BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA
 CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
–Identify the Boolean Algebra;
–Understand the working principle of Boolean Algebra; and
–Create gate diagrams using Boolean Algebra.
Boolean Algebra
 Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the
values of the variables are the truth values true and false,
usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. It is the
mathematics we use to analyse digital gates and circuits.
Developed in the 1800s by George Bool
Other name for Boolean Algebra is “Switching Algebra”
Binary Decision
The decision which results into either TRUE (1) or FALSE (0).
Tautology & Fallacy
If the result of any logical statement or expression is always TRUE or 1, it is
called Tautology. If the result is always FALSE or 0, it is called Fallacy.
Truth Table
A table which represents all the possible values of logical variables/statements
along with all the possible result of the given combination of values.
Logic gate
An electronic circuit which operates on one or more signals to produce an
output signal.
OPERATORS TRUTHS
• AND • 1 = TRUE
• OR • 0 = FALSE
• NOT
• NAND
• NOR
• EOR
Write the Boolean expression of the gate diagram below.
Complete the truth table of the gate diagram below.
Show that: A + A.B = A
Simply the expression (A+B)(A+C)
Draw the logic gate circuit of the expression (A + (BC)’)’
then simplify the expression to draw the new circuit.
Simplify the expression A+A’B then draw the circuit
resulting from the reduction.
• Davim, J. Paulo (2011) Mechatronics Wiley c2011
• De Silva, Clarence W. (2010) Mechatronics CRC
Press c2010
• Preumont, A. (2010) Mechatronics Springer c2010
• Nagrath, I. J. (2008) Control Systems Engineering
Anshan c2008
• Alciatore, David G. (2004) Introduction to
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems: McGraw-
Hill
 ME0035
TECHNICAL ELECTIVE 1
(MECHATRONICS)

SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
 CHAPTER 6

OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
–Identify what is signal conditioning ;
–Understand the concepts of signal conditioning; and
–Understand how signal conditioning work.
WHAT IS SIGNAL CONDITIONING ?
• It is the manipulation of a SIGNAL in a way that
prepares it for the next stage of processing.
• Many applications involve environmental or
structural measurement.
 CONCEPTS OF SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
• SIGNAL CONDITIONER - is a device that converts one
type of electronic signal into another type of signal,
 CONCEPTS OF SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
• SIGNAL- a function that conveys information

• ANALOG SIGNAL- a signal dependent on a

continuum of values of an independent variable.

• DIGITAL SIGNAL- a signal defined at only

discrete instants of an independent variable.
 HOW DOES IT WORK ?
1. A sensor measures a variable by converting the
information about that variable into a dependent
signal of either electrical or pneumatic nature.
2. Signal Conditioning provides the necessary
operations to transform a sensor output into a
form necessary to interface with other elements.
3. The effect of the signal conditioning is defined
by the transfer function
4. The effect of the signal conditioning on the input
signal.
 WHY DO WE NEED SIGNAL
CONDITIONING ?
• WEAK SIGNALS that are required to be transmitted over
a long distance.
(Ex. temperature measure by Thermocouples)
• Front-end bandwidth limitations, noise reduction can be
achieved at the expense of bandwidth by averaging
multiple readings. This will reduce the effects of evenly
distributed random noise.
• Reducing Noise With Proper Cabling, A cable is both a
transmission line and an antenna it is capable of
unintentionally transmitting and receiving high-frequency
signals that may cause interference.
 How important is signal
conditioning?
• Signal conditioning is important because it
supplies essential circuit elements such as sensor
and data acquisition system.
• It provides a specific interface to a particular
sensor.
• Mandatory signal conditioning includes voltage
isolation, noise-reduction techniques, and
elimination of ground loops. When high levels of
isolation are required, conditioning can’t always
be accomplished inside the PC.
NEEDS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING
(PROCESS)
•Signal amplification
•Excitation
•Linearization
•Cold-junction compensation
•Switching relays
•Filtering
•Isolation
 NEEDS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING
• SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION
• increases the resolution of the input signal
• increases its signal-to-noise ratio
• TRANSDUCER EXCITATION
• Some transducers need external power
• This provides that power for the transducers
• LINEARIZATION
• Converting a non-linear input signal to a linear
output signal. This is common for thermocouple
signals.
 NEEDS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING
• COLD-JUNCTION COMPENSATION
• This is needed by thermocouples
• This removes all small voltage errors
• SWITCHING RELAYS
• use control whether external system
components or equipment receive power or not
• FILTERING
• Blocks unwanted signal frequencies from
external noise sources
• Also prevents anti-aliasing
NEEDS OF SIGNAL CONDITIONING
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-Amp)
• It is a high-gain dc differential amplifier made from
an integrated circuit chip.
• It has two input terminals
• Positive input(Non inverting)
• Negative input(Inverting)
It can be used in three different input modes.
• Differential Input mode
• Inverting mode
• Non Inverting mode
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (OP-Amp)

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AN OP - Amp

Differential input mode
 Inverting mode
• Signal is applied to the inverting input.
• Non inverting signal input is grounded
• Output is 180 degrees out of phase with input.
 NON - INVERTING INPUT MODE
• Inverting input is grounded.
• Signal is applied to the non inverting input.
• Output is in phase with input.
 REQUIREMENTS OF AN OP Amp
• Very high input impedance
• Very high open loop gain
• Very low output impedance
OP Amp BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER STAGE
•Provides differential input for the OP Amp
•Provides DC Gain
•Has a very high input impedance
•Enables user to utilize ideal OP Amp
equations for circuit analysis.
 VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
•Provides the gain of the amplifier.
•Gains up the differential signal from input
and conveys it to the output stage.
OUTPUT AMPLIFIER
APPLICATIONS OF OP Amp
 VOLTAGE TO CURRENT
CONVERTERS
• Voltage to current converter using op amp with
floating load.

• Voltage to current converter using op amp with

grounded load.
 IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE TO
CURRENT CONVERSION
• The Industrial Process control and monitoring is
done by some type of sensor and actuator.
• Example: Industrial Furnace (Thermocouples
sensors)
• Problem: Thermocouples produces in millivolt
range (-3.55 to 54.5mV).
 IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE TO
CURRENT CONVERSION
• As the output from the sensor is in the mV , voltage tends
to fall/reduce over the distance, also they are more prone
to external noise, can easily pick-up another
signal/voltage. This will trigger false reading.

http:// www.chegg. Com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/following-graph-shows-voltage-v-vs-distance-d-positive-electrode-two-charged-

parallel-cond-q9504319
• Fig shows a voltage to current converter in which
load resistor RL is floating .The input voltage is
applied to the non inverting input terminal and
feedback voltage across R1.
• In this circuit. One terminal of the load is
grounded and load current is controlled by an
input voltage.
 VOLTAGE TO CURRENT
CONVERTER USING OP AMP
WITH GROUNDED LOAD
• The op-amp is connected in the non inverting
mode
• The load current depends on the input voltage
Vin and resistor R. Notice that all resistors are
equal in value.
 APPLICATIONS
• The voltage to current converter can be used in
such applications as low voltage dc and ac
voltmeters, diode match finders, light emitting
diodes and zener diode testers.
 CURRENT TO VOLTAGE
CONVERTERS
• TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPIFIER
• converts current to voltage. Transimpedance amplifiers
can be used to process the current output of
photodiodes, pressure transducers, accelerometers,
and other types of sensors to a voltage formatted as a
useable signal output. TIAs provide simple linear signal
processing using an operational amplifier and a resistor
for dissipating current.
 CURRENT TO VOLTAGE
CONVERTERS
• A current to voltage converter will produce a voltage
proportional to the given current. This circuit is
required if your measuring instrument is capable
only of measuring voltages and you need to
measure the current output.
• Unwanted signals are removed using active filters
(using gain and feedback) or passive filters (using
resistors and capacitors.)
• Small reverse current flows are removed using an
instrumentation amplifier.
• Davim, J. Paulo (2011) Mechatronics Wiley c2011
• De Silva, Clarence W. (2010) Mechatronics CRC
Press c2010
• Preumont, A. (2010) Mechatronics Springer c2010
• Nagrath, I. J. (2008) Control Systems Engineering
Anshan c2008
• Alciatore, David G. (2004) Introduction to
Mechatronics and Measurement Systems: McGraw-
Hill