1.

19th century, they called it a century of change because they realized that it’s not just about
monarchy that can operate a country, they got the idea of knowledge about liberty, freedom,
and equality and they decided to fight for their freedom. The monarchy's rise, led by King Louis
XIV and the entry of the French republic was caused by the French revolution. King Louis XIV was
later replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte, the first emperor of France and one of the greatest
military leaders. The ideas of the philosophers spread around the world like a fire and after that,
the world is never the same again because these three philosophers changed the belief of
people. The Struggle for equal rights has spread all over the world and this right is not just about
people, it was all about the countries because the world is in turmoil at this time. The
discrimination comes from the rich countries because they can easily invade poor countries. The
Spaniards had a lot of colonized country. Other had won their independence except the country
of the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Spanish Sahara.

2. The needs for Reforms

During Napoleon’s time, Spain and France had an alliance against Great Britain. Napoleon
invaded Spain. In the city of Cadiz, the Spaniards crafted a constitution. It was called the
Constitution of Cadiz a Spaniard born in the Philippines was the one who represented our
country. After the defeat of Napoleon, King Ferdinand VII was the one who abolished the Cortez
that leads to the seeming rebellion of Spain’s American colonies. In 1820, the Spaniards forced
the King to reconvene the Cortes and also restore the representation of the colonies, and under
the Bourbons the abolition of Cortes happened. In 1833, Ferdinand died and the Cortes was
again restored and the Philippines had no representation in the Cortes.

3. With the weakening Spain and Portugal and the rise of Great Britain and France, penetration has
increased. Hong Kong was given to Britain as a colony, and China was forced to accept it. China
has opened five ports to it’s traders (Opium war of 1839-1842). China was also defeated in the
Arrow war, and Great Britain takes over the Kowloon that enlarges its colony in Hong Kong.
Japan was forced to open their country by the Americans. After three Burmese wars, Burma
became a British colony.

2.

-In the 19th Century, the French Revolution happened.

-The ideas of Freedom, liberty and equality
- The struggle for Equal rights
-The spread of the idea of the three philosophers
-Italian nationalism ended the domination of the Church and united the various Italian states as one
country
- At the south of the U.S border, Mexican troops was defeated by the French
-The Philippines was also colonized by the Spain, revolution is the key to free a country but Philippines
has not won its independence