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  • Lecture 3. Structure of Atom Part 2

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    Ahmad Nauman
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    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to early 20th century scientists. Democritus in 460 BC first proposed that all matter is made of indivisible particles called atoms. In 1804, John Dalton introduced his atomic theory that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be further divided, and compounds form by atoms combining. J.J. Thomson in 1897 discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a positive sphere representing the atom. Later experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons.

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    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to early 20th century scientists. Democritus in 460 BC first proposed that all matter is made of indivisible particles called atoms. In 1804, John Dalton introduced his atomic theory that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be further divided, and compounds form by atoms combining. J.J. Thomson in 1897 discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a positive sphere representing the atom. Later experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views29 pages

    Lecture 3. Structure of Atom Part 2

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Nauman
    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Greek philosophers to early 20th century scientists. Democritus in 460 BC first proposed that all matter is made of indivisible particles called atoms. In 1804, John Dalton introduced his atomic theory that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be further divided, and compounds form by atoms combining. J.J. Thomson in 1897 discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model where electrons were embedded in a positive sphere representing the atom. Later experiments determined the charge and mass of electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 29

    History of Atomic

    Structure
    Democritus 460 BC

    Greek Philosopher
    Suggested world was made of two things –
    empty space and “atomos”
    ➢ Atomos – Greek word for uncuttable
    2 Main ideas
    ➢ Atoms are the smallest possible
    particle of matter
    ➢ There are different types of atoms for
    each material
    John Dalton’s
    Atomic Theory 1804

    1. All matter is made of atoms.


    2. Atoms of one element are all the
    same.
    3. Atoms cannot be broken down into
    smaller parts
    4. Compounds form by combining atoms
    Dalton’s Early
    Atomic Model “Billiard Ball” model
    he envisioned atoms
    as solid, hard
    spheres,
    like billiard(pool)
    balls, so he used
    wooden balls to mod
    el the atoms
    J.J. Thomson

    • 1897
    • Discovered the electron

    • He was the first scientist


    to show the atom was made
    of even smaller things
    JJ Thomson
    Used the Cathode ray tube to discover electrons
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Vacuum tube

    Metal Disks
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    - +

    Passing an electric current makes a


    beam appear to move from the
    negative to the positive end
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
    By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
    By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
    By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
    By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source

    -
    By adding an electric field
    Thomson’s Experiment
    Voltage source
    +

    -
    -
    Adding an electric field cause the beam to
    move toward the positive plate.
    Thomson concluded the beam was made of
    negative moving pieces.
    Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom
    Model
    Atomic Structure: Electrons
    ■ Cathode-Ray Tubes: J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) proposed that cathode rays
    must consist of tiny negatively charged particles. We now call them
    electrons.

    3
    0
    Atomic Structure: Electrons
    ■ The strength of the deflecting magnetic or electric field. The
    stronger the magnet or the higher the voltage on the charged
    plate, the greater the deflection.

    ■ The size of the negative charge on the electron. The larger the
    charge on the particle, the greater its interaction with the
    magnetic or electric field and the greater the deflection.

    ■ The mass of the electron. The lighter the particle, the greater its
    deflection (just as a PingPong ball is more easily deflected than a
    bowling ball).

    3
    1
    Atomic Structure: Electrons
    ■ By measuring the amount of deflection caused by
    electric and magnetic fields of known strength,
    Thomson calculated charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of
    an electron.

    ■ Where e is the magnitude of the charge on the


    electron in coulombs (C) and m is the mass of the
    electron in grams.

    3
    2
    Democritus, Dalton, Thomson
    Video
    Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
    • Determined the charge on an electron
    • Used Thomson’s charge to mass ratio to
    calculate the mass of an electron
    Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
    ■ R. A. Millikan (1868–1953) devised a method for
    measuring the mass of an electron.

    3
    5
    Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
    ■ With the plates voltage and the mass of the
    droplets known, Millikan calculated the
    charge on a droplet as 1.602176 x 10-19C.
    ■ Substituting the value of e into Thomson’s
    charge-to mass ratio:

    3
    6
    37
    38

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