38 T h e Ori gi n s o f De s i gn

Figure 2.31 This massive Elizabethan bed from the

sixteenth century has an assortment of intricately
carved pedestals that support a wooden canopy.
©11C / age fotostock

and stairways became focal points. Large estates were constructed for the wealthy, and the use of brick and stone
increased. In turn, these materials inspired the use of additional classical features on exteriors.

Carved Elizabethan furniture was more refined and abundant. Although oak was still the most popular wood,
others, such as walnut, were occasionally used. Chairs were still fairly straight and uncomfortable, since they were
not proportioned to fit the human body. Some beds were monumental in size and construction (Figure 2.31), using
various types of ornamented canopies and ornate carvings. Bulging “melon” shapes were often carved on furni-
ture legs and other vertical members during this period.

JACOBEAN PERIOD, 1603–1649  The Jacobean period was named after the first of the Stuart monarchs, James I.
The architecture of this time was influenced by the architect Inigo Jones (1573–1652), who had studied Italian
architecture and executed many royal and public buildings. English architecture of this time saw an increase in the
use of standardized bricks and Italian features.

Jacobean interiors were more regular in scale and comfort, with symmetry becoming more popular. The great hall’s
height decreased, and additional specialized rooms were developed. Ceilings were of decorative plaster, and more
classical elements were used. The furniture, still fairly simple, was lighter and more comfortable. Panel-backed
chairs were decorated, and ornamentation began taking on classical features. The gateleg table is one of the most
notable furniture pieces of this time (Figure 2.32), and was especially useful in small rooms.

RESTORATION PERIOD, 1660–1702  The Restoration period began when Charles II took the throne (1660–1685)
and introduced much of French style and architecture to England. This period overlapped the baroque and rococo
periods, which are discussed later in this chapter. Symmetry was still dominant, and ornamentation with urns,
pilasters, and finials was popular. Red brick and portland stone were a favorite combination of building materials.