ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING – DAY 10

I. REFRIGERATION Cooler

THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

P Condenser
3 2

Expansion
valve

1 Compressor
4
Evaporator

Ih Refrigerated
Space
1. Compressor Power (Wc) - is the power needed to
compress the refrigerant.

Wc = h2 - h1 , KJ/kg = m(h2 - h1), KW h

2 2
where: m = mass of refrigerant circulated h
1 C W
2. Heat Rejected (QR) - is the amount of heat rejected to the 1 c

cooling medium.

QR = h2 – h3 , KJ/kg = m(h2 – h3), KW

For cooling water: QR = mw cp (t2 – t1)

3. Expansion Valve Process (h3 = h4)

t
h - hf 4 2
h3 = h4 h3 = hf4 + xhfg4 hfg4 = hg4 - hf4 x= 3
hg 4 - h f 4 h
where: x = quality after expansion or weight of flash gas per unit 3 Q
3 R
weight of refrigerant circulated
2
4. Refrigerating Effect(RE) - is the amount of heat gained from the load. h t
2 m 1
W
RE = h1 - h4, KJ/kg = m(h1 - h4), KW

For chilling water: RE = mw cp (t1 – t2), KW

5. Tons of refrigeration: TR = Re frigerating Effect = m (h1 - h4 )

3.516 3.516

1 ton of refrigeration = 3.516 KW = 200 Btu/min = 12,000 Btu/hr

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PERFORMANCE OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
1. Coefficient of Performance (COP) - is the ratio of refrigerating effect
and compression work.

Re frigeratin g Effect h -h
COP = = 1 4
Compressor Power h2 - h1

2. Power Per Ton = Compressor Power

, KW / Ton
Ton of Re frigeration

1 4.71 3.516
KW/KW = HP/Ton = KW/Ton =
COP COP COP

3. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) – the ratio of energy removed at the evaporator (refrigerating effects) to the
electrical energy consumed. This shall conform with the standards set by the Department of energy.

EER =
Re frigerating (KW )
= 3.412 x COP
Electricity Consumption (KW )

4. Volume Flow at Suction (V1): V1 = m v1, m3/sec

V1
5. Volume Flow Per Ton =
Ton s of Re frigeratio n

6. Standard Refrigeration Cycle: Evaporation Temp. = 5°F(-15°C)

Condenser Temp. = 86°F(30°C)

CHILLING AND COOLING LOAD

A. Chilled liquid in the evaporator:

1. Refrigerating Effect = m(h1 - h4) Heat loss from water = mL cp (t1 – t2)

Note: Refrigerating Effect = Heat loss from water

2. Mass of liquid circulated (mL) mL = m(h1 - h4 )

cp ( t1 - t 2 )
where: m = mass flow of refrigerant mL = mass of liquid circulated
cp = 4.187 KJ/kg-K for water t1 = initial temperature of liquid
t2 = final temperature of liquid

B. Cooling water in the condenser:

1. Heat Rejected in the condenser(QR) QR = m(h2 - h3) QR = mw cP (t2 - t1)

m (h2 - h3 )
2. Mass of cooling water required(mw): mw =
c p ( t 2 - t1) KW-hr Compressor
Motor
meter
3. Volume flow of cooling water required, Q Q = m w Pim Pom = Pic Pic = Wc
w
w = density of water 1 gallon = 3.785 li
Pm loss Pc loss

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MOTOR AND COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE

Pom Pic
a. Efficiency of motor = b. Efficiency of coupling =
Pim Pom

Poc Poc
c. Efficiency of compressor = d. Over-all efficiency =
Pic Pim

where: Pim = power input of motor Pom = power output of motor

Pic = power input of compressor
Poc = power output of compressor = m (h2 - h1)

REVERSED CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE:

T Q
A. QR = Heat Rejected in Condenser = T2 (S1 - S4) R
3 2
B. QA = Refrigerating Effect = T1 (S1 - S4)
T=C
C. W = Net Work = QR - QA = (T2 - T1)(S1 - S4)
S=C S=C W
T1 QA T=C
D. COP = =
T2 - T1 Wc
4 Q 1
A
S
S
4
S
1
FOR A SYSTEM OPERATES IN A HEAT PUMP:
For Carnot refrigerator:

TL QA RE
COPc = COP cooling COPc = = =
TH - TL Wc Wc

QR TH
For Carnot Heat pump: COPH = =
WC TH - TL

COPH = COP heating or Performance factor

Relation of COP cooling and COP heating: COPH = COPC + 1

REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS
A. Compressor Output = m (h2 - h1) B. Volume flow at suction, V1 = m v1

Single Acting Cylinder: VD = p D2 L N c Double Acting Cylinder: VD = 2 æçç p D2 L N c ö÷÷

4 è4 ø

1
V1 æP ö n æv ö
d. Volumetric Efficiency, hV hV = hv = 1 + c - c çç 2 ÷÷ hv = 1 + c - c çç 1 ÷÷
VD è P1 ø è v2 ø

e. Compression ratio = v1 /v2 where: c = percent clearance v1 = specific volume at suction

v2 = specific volume at discharge D = bore = diameter L = length of stroke
C = no. of cylinders

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DEGREE SUPERHEATING AND DEGREE SUBCOOLING
Degree superheating - is the difference between actual temperature entering
the compressor and the evaporator temperature. °SH = t1 - tevap

Degree subcooling - is the difference between condenser temperature and the actual
temperature entering the expansion valve. °SC = tcon - t3

Cascade Refrigeration System

Note: Condenser
point 1-2: s=c
point 2-3: P=c
point 3-4: h=c Compressor 2
point 4-1: P=c Cascade
point 5-6: s=c condenser
point 6-7: P=c
point 7-8: h=c
point 8-5: P=c
P2=P3=P8=P5

Compressor 1
A. Cascade condenser pressure.
Evaporator
P2 = P3 = P5 = P8 = P1 P6

B. By heat balance in the cascade condenser

m1 (h2 - h3) = m2 (h5 - h8)

where:
m1 = mass flow of refrigerant at low pressure loop
m2 = mass flow of refrigerant at high pressure loop

C. Total compressor power = Wc1 + Wc2

Total compressor power = m1(h2 - h1) + m2 (h6 - h5)

D. COP =
Re frigerating Effect
Total Compressor Power

E. Refrigerating Effect = m1 (h1 – h4)

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PRODUCT LOAD CALCULATIONS
A. Load without freezing
Cooling Load: RE = m cp (t2 - t1)

B. Load with freezing

m
RE = Cooling Load = [c1 (t1 - tf) + L + c2 (tf - t2)]
T

where:
m = mass of product, kg T = time in seconds
c1 = specific heat above freezing c2 = specific heat below freezing L = latent heat of fusion
t1 = initial temperature tf = freezing temperature t2 = final temperature

For water: c1 = 4.187 KJ/kg-°K c2 = 2.09 KJ/kg-°K L = 335 KJ/kg tf = 0 deg C

For Beef: c1 = 0.77 Btu/lb-R c2 = 0.41 Btu/lb-R L = 100 Btu/lb

C. Tons of Refrigeration, TR RE
TR = , tons of ref
3.516

PROBLEMS
REFRIGERATION
1. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates with a suction pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of
1204 kPa develops 15 tons of refrigeration. Determine the theoretical horsepower of the compressor. The
following enthalpies have been found: condenser entrance = 1653 kJ/kg, exit = 346.6 kJ/kg; compressor
entrance = 1450.2 kJ/kg, exit = 1653 kJ/kg.
A. 7.23 hp B. 13 hp C. 15 hp D. 8.23 hp

2. A refrigeration system consumed 28,800 kw-hr per moth of energy. There are 20% of energy is lost due to
cooling system of compressor and motor efficiency is 90%. If COP of the system is 6, find the tons of
refrigeration of the system.
A. 43.15 TR B. 46.15 TR C. 49.15 TR D. 41.15 TR

3. A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 2.5. Determine the ratio TH/TL?
A. 1.4 B. 1.5 C. 1.25 D. 1.2

4. A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 25oC and consumes 2 kW of power when
operating. If the food compartment of the refrigerator is to be maintained at 3oC, determine the rate of heat removal
from the food compartment.
A. 1504.8 kJ/min B. 12.86 kJ/min C. 1625 kJ/min D. 9.57 kJ/min

5. A household refrigerator with EER 8.0 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 90 kJ/min. Determine
the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air.
A. 101.25 kJ/min B. 63.05 kJ/min C. 128.46 kJ/min D. 80 kJ/min

6. A twin cylinder ammonia compressor with volume displacement of 14,726 cm3 operates at 300 rpm. Condenser
and evaporator pressure are 1200 kPa and 227 kPa respectively. Specific volume of refrigerant at the entrance
of compressor is 528.26 L/kg. Compression process is polytropic with n = 1.20 and clearance factor of
compressor is 2 percent. Determine horsepower required.
A. 75 hp B. 70 hp C. 81 hp D. 95 hp

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7. An ammonia ice plant operates between a condenser temperature of 35oC and evaporator of –15oC. It produces
10 metric tons of ice per day from water at 30oC to ice at –5oC. Assuming simple saturation cycle, determine the
horsepower of the motor if the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor ηc = 0.85 and mechanical efficiency ηm =
0.95. The specific heat of ice is 2.094 kJ/kg.oC and the latent heat is 335 kJ/kg. From the table for ammonia the
following enthalpies are: condenser entrance = 1703 kJ/kg, exit = 366.1 kJ/kg; compressor entrance = 1443.9
kJ/kg, exit = 1703 kJ/kg
A. 17.68 hp B. 18.61 hp C. 15.5 hp D. 21.9 hp

8. Fish weighing 11,000 kg with a temperature of 20°C is brought to a cold storage and which shall be cooled to -
10°C in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration if the specific heat of fish is
0.7 kCal/kg°C above freezing and 0.30 kCal/kg°C below freezing point which is -3°C. The latent heat of freezing
is 55.5 kCal/kg.
A. 25.26 TOR B. 15.26 TOR C. 14.38 TOR D. 24.38 TOR

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