PRESBYTERIAN WOMEN'S COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABURI.

COURSE TITLE: GUIDANCE AND COUNCELLING FOR EARLY GRADE.

COURSE CODE: EGP 352.

NAME: ASANTE GLORIA ABOAGYEWAA.

INDEX NUMBERS: 200046376.

CLASS: 3B.

TUTOR: MRS. EUGENIA TAWIAH ADAM.

ASSIGNMENT.

COUNSELLING TECHNIQUES FOR BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION IN EARLY

GRADE USING MODELLING.
Modelling is a method used in certain cognitive-behavioral technique of psychotherapy whereby
the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist, and

Modelling is a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the
behavior to be imitated by the others this process is most commonly discussed with respect to
children in developmental psychology.

The word modeling refers both to the behavior of the learner and the teacher.

The concept of behavioral modeling was most memorably introduced by Albert Bandura in his
famous 1961 Bobo doll experiment. In this study, 72 children from age’s three to five were
divided into groups to watch an adult confederate interact with an assortment of toys in the
experiment room, including an inflated Bobo doll. For children assigned the non-aggressive
condition, the confederate ignored the doll. For children assigned the aggressive condition, the
confederate spent the majority of the time physically aggressing the doll and shouting at it.
After the confederate left the room, the children were given the opportunity to individually
interact with similar toys. Children who observed the non-aggressive confederate's behavior
played quietly with the toys and rarely initiated violence toward the Bobo doll. Children who
watched the aggressive confederate were more likely to imitate the confederate's behavior by
hitting, kicking, and shouting at the Bobo doll.

FACTORS INFLUENCING BEHAVIORAL MODELING.

Psychological factors

Bandura proposed that four components contribute to behavioral modeling.

1. Attention: The observer must watch and pay attention the behavior being modeled.
 2. Retention: The observer must remember the behavior well enough to recreate it.

3. Reproduction: The observer must physically recreate the actions they observed in step 1.

4. Reinforcement: The observer's modeled behavior must be rewarded.

Neurological factors

The mirror neuron system, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, is a network of neurons that
become active when an animal either performs a behavior or observes that behavior being
performed by another. For example, the same mirror neurons will become active when a monkey
grasps an object as when it watches another monkey do so. While the significance of mirror
neurons is still up for debate in the scientific community, there are many who believe them to be
the primary biological component in imitative learning.

To conclude behavior modeling is used effectively to treat people with a variety of mental health
concerns, from anxiety disorders to post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorder to
eating disorders. It has been found to be particularly effective in the treatment of various
phobias.