Name:J

amesDar
elG.
Lumapas

Of
fer
ingno.
:Y078

Cour
seTi
tl
e:Sat
ell
it
eGeodes
y

As
ses
sment1
1.
GNSSi
scons
ider
edapas
sives
yst
em.
Whatdoesi
tmean?

Si
nceGNSSisapassi
vesyst
em,anyofuscanaccessi
tst
echnol
ogyanywher
eint
hegl
obe
wi
thouts
uchl
imi
tat
ionsr
egardi
ngt
henumberofus
erswhoc
anuseit.

2.
Giveac
orr
ectc
ompar
isonoft
heEDMandGNSSpr
oces
ses
.

Thedistanc ebetweent wol oc ationst hatelectromagnet i

cwavesc anmeas ur
ei sdetermined
usi
ng elect r
oni
cdi stancemeas urement( EDM) .Digi
talt oolsc al
led theodoli
tesar ewidel y
employedi nEDM.I ns urveyingequi pment ,EDMt oolsar everydependableandus ef
ul,andthey
canmeas uredistanc esofupt o100ki lometers.EverypieceofEDM mac hinerysoldbyEngineer
Supplyoffersconsistent l
ypr ecisedi stancereadingsonadi gi
taldisplaythatissimpletor ead.
Whent alkingabouts atell
itenavi gations yst
ems ,thet erm GlobalNavigationSatell
it
eSys tem
(GNSS)iswi del
yus ed.Anygl obalc ons tel
lat
ionofs atelli
testhatbr oadcastssi
gnalsforEar t
h
navi
gationandwor kst ogethert oc onveys i
gnalsfroms paceisreferr
edt obyt hi
sumbr ell
aterm.

3.Di
scus
sfur
thert
heDoppl
erEf
fec
t.

Eachtimeawaves our cetr

avelsrel
ativetoanobserver,
theDopplereff
ectisseen.I
tispossi
ble
tocharact
eriz
et heDoppl ereff
ectasthephenomenonwher einamovi ngsourc
eofwavesc auses
anapparentrisi
ngs hiftinfr
equencyf orobs
erversiti
sapproac
hingandanappar entdownwar d
shi
ftforobserversi
ti sdeparti
ng.It
'sessent
ialt
or ememberthattheeffec
tisnottri
ggeredbya
genuineshi
ftinthes ource'
sfrequency.

4.Whati
smul
ti
pat
h?Howt
oavoi
dmul
ti
pat
hinobs
ervat
ion?

Mult
ipathreferstothephenomenaofs i
gnalstr
engthchangesi nducedbyt heuncoordi
nat ed
mixt
ureofs i
gnalsf r
om manydi rect
ionsthatarerefl
ectedors catt
eredal ongwitht hedirect
si
gnal.Theser ef
lect
edordi s
perseds i
gnal
svar i
edfrom thedi rects i
gnali nt
ermsoft heir
ampli
tudesandphas es.Therecei
ver'
santennashouldbeposi
tionedasl owaspos s
ibleandasf ar
awayfrompot ent
ialref
lector
saspossibl
einordertomini
mi z
et heimpac tsofmulti
path.
5.Whatarethesimi
lar
iti
esofps
eudor
angi
ngandc
arr
ierphas
erangi
ng?I
nwhi
chdot
hey
di
ff
er?Pl
easedi
scuss
.

The technology depicted i

nt heset echniqueswasr anged byEDM and GPS.The Gl obal
Posit
ioningSystem (GPS)involvesmeas uringar el
ativel
yshortdistanc
eatt heendoft herange
bymeas uringthevariousstepsoft heinputs i
gnalsandthes t
ageoft heinternalos
c i
llatori
nthe
rec
eiver.InGPS,thepr ocessisr ef
er r
edt oasc arr
ierphaseranging;ast henamess uggest,t
he
observableisthec arri
erwavei tself
,int hatcase.Theps eudo-rangeist hedistanc eaGNSS
rec
eivermeas uresbetweeni tsreceiveantennaandt hetransmitantennaont heSV.

I
magi neameas uri
ngt apewi thmil
li
meter-
s i
zednumber edmarkingsrunningfrom t
hes at
el l
ite
totherecei
ver.Unfor
tunat ely,t
henumberingschemer esetst
oz erowit
hever ywavelength.As
aresult
,therangeismeas uredquit
epreci
selybutther
ei scons
iderabl
eerrorregardi
ngthet otal
numberofc arr
ierc
ycles.

Pseudorangesarerangeest
imat
est hatarebasedonGPSs i
gnalcharac
ter
ist
icsandpr
obabl
e
meanmeas ur
ementsusingC/Acodes.Nomat t
erwhatfurtheradj
ustmentsaremade,t
heC/A
codepseudo-rangef
roma1.023megabitperseconds
ignalhasa3met eruncer
tai
nty.