UNIT III

ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT
&
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 Objectives
• Environment Management: need, objectives and
components
• Environment Management System
• Environment Management Tools: EIA & NEP
• Environment and India: Regulations in India
• Major Environmental Movements in India
• Environmental awareness and education
• Sustainable Development
– Principles
– Significance
– Steps
– Benefits
– Ecological Sustainable Development
 Environment Management
• Its an attempt to control human impact on and
interaction with the environment in order to preserve
natural resources
• Environmental management focuses on the
improvement of human welfare for present and future
generations.
• Administrative functions that develop, implement,
and monitor the environmental policy of an
organization.
 Environment Management

• EM is the optimum utilization of finite resources.

• Management means protecting the available resources
from degradation
• It is the process of taking steps to have a positive effect
on the environment.
• It involves the wise use of activity and resources to
have an impact on the world & the environment
 Effective Environment Management needs:
▪ Identifying the impact of economic activities
▪ A thorough knowledge of existing physical and
socio-economic environment
▪ Enacting laws, regulations that protect the
environment
▪ The political will to apply such laws with sincerity
and uniformly; without bureaucracy
Levels of Environment Management
2) A - International levels
3) B - Country levels
4) C – Local Levels
Objectives of Environment Management:
▪ Balancing ecosystem
▪ Regulating exploitation of resources
▪ Reducing environmental degradation
▪ Preserving biodiversity
▪ Adopting engineered technology without adverse
effects
▪ Formulating sustainable environment laws and
regulations to protect, preserve and recreate
resources
▪ To assess the impact of technology
▪ To estimate economic costs for meeting
environmental standards
▪ To predict future trends
Components of Environment Management
▪ Control of atmospheric pollution and environmental
degradation
▪ Adopting technologies of sustainable development
▪ Conducting environment assessment to review and
record changes and impacts
▪ Environment education, training and awareness
▪ Controlling over population
▪ Controlling over consumption
 Environment Management System
• Serves as a tool to improve environmental
performance
• Provides a systematic way of managing an
organization’s environmental affairs
• Is the aspect of the organization’s overall management
structure that addresses immediate and long-term
impacts of its products, services and processes on the
environment
• Gives order and consistency for organizations to
address environmental concerns through the
allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility
and ongoing evaluation of practices, procedures and
processes
• Focuses on continual improvement of the system
 Environment Management System
• It is a process used by organizations to manage,
review, correct & improve the organization’s approach
towards environment and surrounding
• A structured way to incorporate environment friendly
initiatives into day to day operations.
Environment Management System
 Trends in EM
• Impact Assessment and Planning (IAP): Assessing
environmental and social impacts prior to setting up
operations and obtaining environmental approval from
the authorities is almost mandatory in most project
categories. IAP assessments may be required not only
for newly constructed facilities, but also for new
operations that will be housed in an existing building.
• Environmental Liability and Clean-up: Foreign
investment has resulted in heightened scrutiny of
current and historic environmental liabilities associated
with property transactions in India.
• Sustainability and Regulatory Compliance: The
increasing desire of Indian companies to meet world
class standards has caused established companies in
India to take on sustainability initiatives as a means of
improving their global brand and reputation.
• Climate Change: While India still lags the West in coming
up with concrete regulations based on the development
versus environment debate, there is an increasing
awareness in India that climate change is not about
scoring points but about the existence of entire
communities inside and outside of India.
 Environment Management Tools

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A process

whereby the impact on the environment of a project or
development is assessed in terms of biodiversity,
geology, water, energy, waste, historical and indigenous
significance (if relevant) and social and economic
changes.
• Environmental Effects Statement (EES) or
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): The report
produced as a result of an environmental impact
statement that describes the effects/impacts of the
project/development. This is mandated by planning
regulators and available to stakeholders for consultation.
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Also called “cradle to
grave analysis”, it is a technique to assess environmental
impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life
from-cradle-to-grave (i.e., from raw material extraction
through materials processing, manufacture,
distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal
or recycling).
• LCA’s can help avoid a narrow outlook on
environmental concerns by:
▪ Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and
material inputs and environmental releases;
▪ Evaluating the potential impacts associated with
identified inputs and releases;
▪ Interpreting the results to help you make a more
informed decision.
Summarize…
 Environmental Assessment
• Environmental assessment is the term used for the
assessment of the environmental consequences (positive
and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or project prior
to the decision to move forward with the proposed
action.
• In this context, the term 'environmental impact
assessment' (EIA) is usually used when applied to
concrete projects and the term 'strategic environmental
assessment' applies to policies, plans and programmes.
• Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of
administrative procedure regarding public participation
and documentation of decision making, and may be
subject to judicial review.
• The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision
makers consider the environmental impacts when
deciding whether or not to proceed with a project.
• The International Association for Impact Assessment
(IAIA) defines an Environmental Impact Assessment as
"the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and
mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant
effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made”.
• EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to
a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather
they require decision makers to account for
environmental values in their decisions and to justify
those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies
and public comments on the potential environmental
impacts.
 EIA
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important
management tool for ensuring optimal use of natural
resources for sustainable development, and was introduced
in India initially for River Valley Projects in 1978-79.
• The scope of the EIA has been enhanced to cover other
developmental sectors such as industries, mining schemes,
energy, etc.
• To facilitate project proponents in collection of
environmental data and formulation of environmental
management plans, it is now mandatory under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, for different
categories of developmental activities involving investment
beyond certain thresholds.
• The notification was issued on 27th January 1994 and was
amended on 4th May 1994.
• This, it is hoped would provide an opportunity both for the
project proponents and Government to assess the impact of
the concerned project on the environment before it actually
comes into play.
• A notification issued in January 1994 makes EIA statutory for
29 categories of developmental projects under various
sectors such as industrial, mining, irrigation, power,
transport, tourism, communication, etc.
• The EIA notification was amended in 1997 to provide for
public hearing as well as for empowering state governments
for awarding environmental clearance in respect of certain
Thermal Power projects.
• Depending on the nature of the project, certain safeguards
are recommended. For monitoring and timely
implementation of safeguards suggested, 6 regional offices of
the Ministry have been set up at Shillong, Bhubaneshwar,
Chandigarh, Bangalore, Lucknow and Bhopal.
EIA was introduced in India in 1978 and now covers projects like
• Following:
– river valleys,
– mining
– atomic power,
– ports and harbors,
– new towns
– thermal power
– rail, road, highways, bridges,
– industries,
– airports,
– communication projects
• Those which require the approval of the Public Investment Board /
Planning Commission / Central Electricity Authority.
• Those referred to the Ministry of Environment and forests by other
ministries.
• Those which are sensitive and located in environmentally degraded
areas.
• Public Sector undertakings of the centre where the project costs is
more than 50 crores
Environmental Audit
• “An Environmental Audit is a management tool comprising
of systematic, periodic and documentary evaluation of
performance of an organizations environmental aspect with
an objective to check whether organization is implying with
all the necessary provisions and policies under
environmental regulatory frame work.“
• The most important results of the environmental audits are
recommendations how a company can reduce the damaging
impacts on the environment in an efficient and cost-benefit
manner, and how it can in a long-term save funds by using
environment friendly technology.
• Audit is a general term that can reflect various types of
evaluations intended to identify environmental compliance
and management system implementation gaps, along with
related corrective actions.
 Environmental Audit
❖ It is the critical evaluation of a company’s efforts and
performance towards environment protection and
conservation
❖ Amendment of Environment Act (1992), EA was made
mandatory for all industries belonging to the water and
air pollution acts
❖ It reviews company policies regarding pollution control
and also recommends the areas in which they need to
improve
❖ Environment Statement is issued as a part of the EA
❖ There is no standard protocol, either in form or content.
❖ Typically, companies develop their own protocols to
meet their specific compliance requirements and
management systems
 Types of EA
1) Compliance audit - the most common type of audit
consisting of checks against environmental legislation
and company policy;
2) Issues audit - an evaluation of how a company's
activities relate to an environmental issue or (e.g.
global pollution, energy use)
3) Health and safety audit - an assessment of risks and
contingency planning (the interconnected impacts of
industrial processes and hazards);
4) Site audit - an audit of a particular site to examine
actual or potential environmental problems;
5) Corporate audit - an audit of the whole company and
its polices, structures, procedures and practices;
6) Due diligence audit - an assessment of potential
environmental and financial risks and liabilities
carried out before a company merger or site
acquisition or divestiture (e.g. contaminated land
remediat.ion costs);
7) Activity or operational audit - an assessment of
activities that may cross company departments or
units (e.g. energy or waste management) and;
8) Product or life cycle audit - an analysis of
environmental impacts of a product throughout all
stages of its design, production, use and disposal,
including its reuse and recycling (cradle to grave). Eg
Tata Nano
Audit Stages
Pre - Audit Stage
▪ Full management commitment;
▪ Setting overall goals, objectives, scope and priorities;
▪ Selecting a team to ensure objectivity and professional
competence;
Audit Stage
▪ On-site audit, well defined and systematic using protocols or
checklists;
▪ Review of documents and records;
▪ Review of policies;
▪ Interviews;
▪ Site inspection;
Post - Audit Stage
▪ Evaluation of findings;
▪ Reporting with recommendations;
▪ Preparation of an action plan; and
▪ Follow-up.
Benefits of EA
1) Organizations understand how to meet their legal statutory
requirements
2) Organizations can demonstrate they are environmentally
responsible.
3) Organizations can demonstrate their environmental policy
is implemented
4) Understanding environmental interactions of products,
services & activities
5) Enabling environmental problems and risks to be
anticipated and responses planned
6) Demonstrating that an organisation is aware of its impact
upon the environment through providing feedback
7) Improving environmental performance more efficient
resource use and financial savings
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v9933
e/v9933e02.htm
ISO 14000 and 14001
• ISO stands for the International Organisations for Standardization,
located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• ISO 14000 refers to a family of voluntary standards and guidance
documents to help organizations address environmental issues.
Included in the family are standards for EMS, environmental and
EMS auditing, environmental labelling, performance evaluation
and life-cycle assessment.
• In September 1996, the International Organization for
Standardization published the first edition of ISO 14001, the EMS
standard. This is an international voluntary standard describing
specific requirements for an EMS.
• ISO 14001 is a specification standard to which an organization may
receive certification or registration. ISO 14001 is considered the
foundation document of the entire series. A second edition of ISO
14001 was published in 2004, updating the standard.
• ISO14001 is the dominant environmental management system in
the world.
• The new series of ISO 14000 are designed to cover:
▪Environmental Management Systems
▪Environmental Auditing
▪Environmental Performance Evaluation
▪Environmental Labeling
▪Life - cycle Assessment Environmental aspects in
Product Standard
• The ISO 14000 standards apply to all types of
organizations and are designed to encompass diverse
geographical, cultural and social conditions.
• ISO 14001: 2004 and ISO 14004: 2004 deal with
Environmental Management Systems (EMS).
• The intention of ISO 140001 2004 is to provide a
framework for holistic, strategic approach to the
organizations environmental policies, plans and actions.
• ISO 14001:2004 is a tool used to meet internal objectives:
1) Provides assurance to management that it is in control of the
organizational processes and activities having an impact on
the environment
2) Assures employees that they are working for an
environmental responsible organisation
• ISO 14001:2004 used to meet external objectives:
1) Provides assurance on environmental issues to external
stakeholders - such as customers, the community and
regulatory agencies
2) Comply with environmental regulations
3) Support the organizational claims and communications about
its own environmental policies, plans and actions
4) Provides a framework for demonstrating conformity via
supplier's declaration of conformity, assessment of
conformity by an external stakeholder such as business client
and for certification of conformity by an independent
certification body
Summarize…
 Public Hearing
• Involvement of the public is one of the fundamental principles
of a successful EIA process.
• It not only provides an opportunity to those directly affected
by a project to express their views on the environmental and
social impact of the proposal but also brings about
transparency in the environmental clearance system.
• Most EIA processes are undertaken through public
consultation rather than participation.
• This concept was legally introduced in India in the form of
'public hearing' in 1997.
• Since then the public hearing process has been conducted as a
mandatory step of environmental clearance for most projects
and activities.
 National Environmental Policy

▪ The National Environment Policy seeks to extend the

coverage, and fill in gaps that still exist, in light of
present knowledge and accumulated experience.
▪ It does not displace, but builds on the earlier policies.
• National Forest Policy, 1988
• National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement
on Environment and Development, 1992
• Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992
▪ The National Environment Policy is intended to
mainstream environmental concerns in all development
activities.
 Objectives of the National Environment
Policy
• Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources: To
protect and conserve critical ecological systems and
resources and invaluable natural and man-made heritage,
which are essential for life support, livelihoods, economic
growth, and a broad conception of human well-being.
• Intra-generational Equity: Livelihood Security for the
Poor - To ensure equitable access to environmental
resources and quality for all sections of society, and in
particular, to ensure that poor communities, which are
most dependent on environmental resources for their
livelihoods, are assured secure access to these resources.
• Inter-generational Equity: To ensure judicious use of
environmental resources to meet the needs and
aspirations of the present and future generations
• Integration of Environmental Concerns in Economic and
Social Development: To integrate environmental
concerns into policies, plans, programs and projects for
economic and social development.
• Efficiency in Environmental Resource Use: To ensure
efficient use of environmental resources in the sense of
reduction in their use per unit of economic output, to
minimize adverse environmental impacts.
• Environmental Governance: To apply the principles of
good governance (transparency, rationality,
accountability, reduction in time and costs,
participation, and regulatory independence) to the
management and regulation of use of environmental
resources.
• Enhancement of Resources for Environmental
Conservation: To ensure higher resource flows,
comprising finance, technology, management skills,
traditional knowledge, and social capital, for
environmental conservation through mutually
beneficial multi-stakeholder partnerships between
local communities, public agencies, the academic and
research community, investors, and multilateral and
bilateral development partners.
 Environment and India
• According to Section 2(a) of the Environmental
Protection Act, 1986, ‘Environment’ includes
a) Water, air and land
b) The inter-relationship which exists among and between
i. water, air, land and
ii. human beings, other living creatures, plants,
microorganisms and property
• There are three key policies relating to
environmental protection in India. They are:
▪ The National Forest Policy, 1988
▪ Policy statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992
▪ National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement
on Environment and Development, 1992
 Environment Regulations in India
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules,
1975
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,
1977
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess
Rules, 1978
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982
• The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
• Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
1989
• Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical
Rules, 1989
• The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
• The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981
• The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• The Wildlife (Transactions and Taxidermy) Rules, 1973
• The Wildlife (Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1973
• The Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters
for Consideration) Rules, 1983
• The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
• The Wildlife (Specified Plants - Conditions for Possession
by Licensee) Rules, 1995
• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991
• The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
• The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
Summarize…
 The Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act
1974.
• Provide information to the SPCB.
• Provide access to the SPCB for taking samples.
• Allow entry to the SPCB to ascertain that the provisions of
the Act are being compiled with.
Responsibilities
• Obtain "Consent to Establish” and "Consent to Operate".
• Apply for renewal of "Consent to Operate" before the expiry
period.
• Refusal of "Consent" to be recorded in writing.
• Pay Water Cess as indicated in the assessment order.
• Affix water meters of the prescribed standards.
• Provide access to SPCB.
• Pay interest in case of delay in paying the Water Cess
• Pay penalty for non-payment of Cess.
• Industry is entitled to 25% rebate if meeting certain
conditions.
The Air (Prevention & Control Of Pollution) Act, 1981.
▪ Comply with the conditions in the "Consent Establish" or "Consent to
Operate".
▪ Not to discharge air pollutant(s) in excess of prescribed standards.
▪ Furnish information to the SPCB of any accident or unforeseen act or
event.
▪ Allow entry to the SPCB to ascertain that provisions of the Act are being
complied with.
▪ Provide information to enable SPCB to implement Act.
▪ Provide access to the SPCB for taking samples.
▪ Comply with the directions issued in writing by the SPCB.
▪ Obtain "Consent to Establish“ and "Consent to Operate".
▪ Apply for the renewal of "Consent to Operate" before the expiry period.
▪ A prior "Notice of Inspection" to be served by the SPCB.
▪ Industry to ensure that specified emission sampling procedure is being
followed by the SPCB.
▪ Opportunity to file objections with the SPCB within 15 days from the date
of service of notice.
▪ PCB to record reasons in writing in ease it does not provide an
opportunity to the industry to file objections.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
▪ Comply with the directions issued by the Central
Government. The direction may include:
• closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry,
• stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, water
or any other service.
▪ Prevent discharges or emissions prescribed standards.
▪ Furnish information of any accidental or unforeseen event.
▪ Allow entry and inspection to ascertain compliance.
▪ Allow samples to be taken.
▪ Submit an "Environmental Statement" every year before
30th September to the SPCB.
▪ Obtain prior "Environmental Clearances" from MoEF, in case
of a new project or for modernization/expansion of the
existing project.
Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000.
▪Aiming to regulate and control noise from sources like,
industrial activity, construction activity, generator sets,
loud speakers, public address systems, music systems,
vehicular horns and other mechanical devices.
▪The prescribed Ambient Noise Levels are to b complied
with.
▪A loud speaker should not be used except after obtaining
written permission from the authority.
▪If the noise level exceeds the ambient standards b
10d(B) A, complaint can be lodged to the authority.
The Hazardous Waste (Management And Handling)
Rules, 1989, Amendments 2000.
▪ Check whether the waste(s) generated covered Schedule 1 and 2
of the amendment rules, 2000.
▪ If covered, apply in the Prescribed Format to obtain
"Authorization" for proper treatment and disposal hazardous
waste(s) and comply with the conditions specified in the
authorization.
▪ Take steps, wherever feasible for reduction, recovery and
recycling of wastes.
▪ Ensure proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and
disposal of hazardous wastes.
▪ Apply for renewal of authorization before expiry validity period.
▪ Maintain records of hazardous wastes handling (Form 3 Submit
"Annual Returns" to the SPCB (Form 4)
▪ Report to the SPCB any accident.
▪ Labeling, Packaging, Transportation of Motor Vehicle Act, 1988
and Rules 1989.
The Hazardous Waste (Management And Handling)
1989, Amendments 2000, Draft Amendments 2002. Draft
Amendments, 2002 (Dt. 21' May 2002).
▪ Clarification on the definition of Hazardous Wastes.
▪ List of hazardous waste according being modified.
▪ Procedure for registration of re-processors ferrous
scrap and waste oil.
▪ Schedule for hazardous wastes prohibited for import
and export from India need environmental clearance.
International Actions for Environmental
Protection and Sustainable Development

Stockholm Conference
Kyoto Protocol Conference
Geneva Convention Conference
Montreal Protocol Conference
Bali Earth Summit Conference
Environmental movements in India

1) The Chipko Andolan Movement

2) Appiko
3) Silent valley project in Kerala (darn on Kundhipuzha
river)
4) Tehri Dam Project Campaign
5) Narmada Bacho Andolan
 Environmental Education, Awareness &
Information
• An Environmental Information System (ENVIS) was
setup by the Ministry in 1982 as a decentralized
information network for collection, storage, retrieval and
dissemination of environmental information.
• The Ministry has been organizing a National
Environmental Awareness Campaign (NEAC) since July
1986.
• As a part of this campaign, 19 November to 18 December
every year is observed as the National Environment
Month involving more than 200 NGOs.
• A new scheme, Paryavaran Vahini, was launched in
1992-93 to create environmental awareness and to
ensure public participation by involving the local people
in activities relating to environmental protection.
• Five centers of excellence have been set up by the
Ministry to strengthen awareness, research and
training in priority areas of Environmental Science and
Management.
• A quarterly abstracting journal, Paryavan abstracts is
brought out containing information about
environmental research in the Indian context.
• National Museum of Natural History established in
1978 at Delhi.
• Centre for Environmental Education established at
Ahmedabad in 1984 to devise educational materials
and curriculum and seminars.
Summarize…
CARBON BANK
 CLIMATIC CHANGES
RAPID INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

INCREASED ENERGY CONSUMPTION

INCREASED CO2 AND OTHER

GHG EMISSIONS

GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO

INCREASED CONCENTRATION
INCREASING SEA OF GHG
CHANGES IN WIND CHANGES IN
LEVEL AND PRECIPITATION CROP YEILDS
CO2 EMISSIONS BY INTERNATIONAL
COUNTRIES
 CARBON FOOTPRINT

"A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)

and methane (CH4) emissions of a defined population,
system or activity, considering all relevant sources,
sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal
boundary of the population, system or activity of
interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent
(CO2e) using the relevant 100-year global warming
potential (GWP100)”
 DEFINITION

⚫ A carbon credit is a generic term for any

tradable certificate or permit representing the
right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or
the mass of another greenhouse gas with a
carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent
to one tonne of carbon dioxide.
In short…

1 Carbon Credit = 1 ton of carbon dioxide

HOW IT CAME INTO BEING?

•KYOTO PROTOCOL
•ANNEX – 1
•COUNTRIES
•WEALTHY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

•ANNEX -2 COUNTRIES

•NON – ANNEX COUNTRIES

•DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
KYOTO PROTOCOL

•KYOTO PROTOCOL
•JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
•CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

•CARBON TRADING
 EMISSION ALLOWANCES

⚫ An allowance to emit one metric tonne of carbon

dioxide equivalent entered into country’s national
registry.

⚫ Operators can sell their unused allowances as carbon

credits.

⚫ Operators needing more carbon credits can buy it

privately or in the open market.
 BUYING CARBON CREDITS AND
REDUCING EMISSIONS

Factory
either
Factory Invests in
Permissibl reduces
Emissions new
e limit emissions
100000 machinery
80000 or
tones per to reduce
tones purchase
year. emission
carbon
credits
 CARBON TRADING
❑ Carbon trading is an administrative approach used to
control pollution by providing incentives for achieving
reductions in emissions of pollutants.
❑ Overall goal of an carbon emission trading plan is to
minimize the cost of meeting a set emissions target.
 SETTING A MARKET PRICE FOR
CARBON..

⚫ Optimal carbon price is the market price on carbon

emissions that balance the incremental costs of reducing
carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing
climate change.

⚫ Price of carbon in market is raised. It can achieve four

goals.

⚫ Carbon Credits are traded at CO2 exchange in UK, CDM

exchange in Europe and the Chicago climate exchange.

⚫ Current carbon credit price was Rs 752.5 as traded on

16/3/11.
 INDIVIDUAL CARBON CREDITS

⚫ Individual credits for public transport.

⚫ Individuals who exceed their allocation would be able to

purchase additional credits from those who use less.

⚫ Personal carbon trading has been criticized for its high

implementation costs.

⚫ Personal carbon trading would be a progressive policy,

redistributing money from the rich to the poor - as the
rich use more energy than the poor.
 CASE STUDY

⚫ A green stealth tax is a tax levied in such a way that is

largely unnoticed, or not recognized as a tax.
⚫ Large public and private sector organizations forces
hospitals, fire brigade, etc. to register for the scheme to
buy the credits for their emissions.
⚫ Crossing the limits of carbon credit leads to heavy
penalization.
⚫ Rewarding credits are awarded for staying within the
prescribed limits.
 CASE STUDY

⚫ An efficient mechanism to reduce green house gas

emissions in rural India.
⚫ A proposal of mathematical model based household
biogas plant project for energy self sufficiency in rural
India.
⚫ A research study carried out in 10 villages of Jhunjhunu
district of Rajasthan.
⚫ Main aim was to make the project economically feasible
by earning income from the sales of carbon credits
through the project.
 INDIAN SCENARIO
India comes under a non-annex country.
According to a report, the total CO2 equivalent emissions in
2007were 1,612,362.00 in thousands of metric tones.
Prices of carbon products are expected to rise in future to
meet targets.
There are some major sources of GHG’s emission in India.
Many CDM projects have come up for future.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
⚫ Better technologies for the company which is benefiting from
generation of CERs.
⚫ Technology transfer from developed to developing countries
(Due to low cost structure in developing countries).
⚫ Additional source of foreign investment in developing
countries which act as a catalyst in developing cleaner
technologies.
⚫ Channel CDM funds to investment priorities – The CDM funds
can be channelized into building or improving projects, thus
reinvesting it for higher growth.
⚫ Development of cleaner technologies leading to sustainable
development where countries have a strategic advantage
from now in terms of pollution.
⚫ Environmental benefits due to lesser GHG emissions.
 DISADVANTAGES
⚫ Provision of cheapest way of purchasing climate
destroying right.
⚫ Due to nature and process of complexity involved,
foreign players may dominate domestic industries for
the incentive if CERs.
⚫ CDM investment could affect national development
strategies, possibly adversely affecting national
decision-making processes. Until future commitment
periods are agreed, the CDM may not provide
incentives for financing long-term development projects
and strategies.
 CONCERNS
⚫ Projects take approximately 2 years to be
issued.
⚫ India is still not counted among the top three
carbon credit nations because of its project
rejection rate.
⚫ The projects show shortfall in the techniques
and methodology.
 FUTURE OUTLOOK
❑ Carbon reduction targets to be announced by regulatory
bodies.
❑ Increasing carbon credits demand will lead to increase in
the size of carbon credit market.
 CONCLUSION

The world must take action to cut carbon dioxide

emissions. And this action needs to be reconciled with
increasing energy demand from a rising population and
economic growth.
Introduction

◼ The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed
at fighting global warming
◼ The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the
goal of achieving the "stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.“
◼ The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997
in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16 February 2005
◼ As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and
ratified the protocol
Objectives

◼ Under the Protocol, 37 countries ("Annex I countries")

commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases
(GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur
hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydro
fluorocarbons and per fluorocarbons) produced by them, and
all member countries give general commitments
◼ At negotiations, Annex I countries (including the US)
collectively agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012.
◼ Since the US has not ratified the treaty, the collective
emissions reduction of Annex I Kyoto countries falls from
5.2 % to 4.2% below base year
 Objectives
◼ Each Annex I Party has a binding commitment to limit or reduce GHG
emissions and innovative mechanisms have been established for Parties to
facilitate compliance with this commitment.
Other commitments include:
• Each Annex I Party must undertake domestic policies and measures to reduce
GHG emissions and to enhance removals by sinks;
• In implementing these policies and measures, each Annex I Party must strive to
minimize any adverse impact of these policies and measures on other Parties,
particularly developing country Parties;
• Annex I Parties must provide additional financial resources to advance the
implementation of commitments by developing countries;
• Both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties must cooperate in the areas of:
(a) The development, application and diffusion of climate friendly technologies;
(b) Research on and systematic observation of the climate system;
(c) Education, training, and public awareness of climate change;
(d) The improvement of methodologies and data for GHG inventories
 The Kyoto Mechanisms
1. International Emissions Trading (IET)

◼ Under this mechanism, an Annex I Party may transfer Kyoto units to or

acquire units from another Annex I Party.
◼ Emissions trading does not affect the total assigned amount of Annex I
Parties collectively; rather, it re-distributes the assigned amount among
them.
◼ A Party may acquire an unlimited number of units.
◼ The number of units that a Party may transfer to other Parties
is limited by the Party’s commitment period reserve (CPR).
◼ The CPR is the minimum level of units that a Party must hold in its
national registry at all times. The requirement for each Party to maintain
a CPR prevents a Party from over-transferring units, and thus impair its
ability to meet its commitments
 The Kyoto Mechanisms
2. Joint implementation (JI)

◼ It is a project-based mechanism by which one Annex I Party can invest in a project

that reduces emissions or enhances sequestration in another Annex I Party, and
receive credit for the emission reductions or removals achieved through that
project.
◼ The unit associated with JI is called an emission reduction unit (ERU).
◼ The total projected emission savings from JI by 2012 are about one tenth that of
the CDM.
◼ Russia accounts for about two-thirds of these savings, with the remainder divided
up roughly equally between the Ukraine and the EU's New Member States.
 The Kyoto Mechanisms
3. Clean Development Mechanism
◼ CDM credits may be generated from emission reduction projects or from
afforestation and reforestation projects in non-Annex I Parties.
◼ Unlike emissions trading and JI, projects under the CDM create new Kyoto units
and their acquisition by Annex I Parties increases both the total assigned amount
available for those Annex I Parties collectively and their allowable level of
emissions.
◼ CDM projects result in three types of Kyoto units.
Certified emission reductions (CERs) are issued for projects that reduce
emissions
Temporary CERs (tCERs)
Long-term CERs (lCERs) both of which may be issued for projects that enhance
removals through afforestation and reforestation projects.
Details of the agreement

◼ National emission targets exclude international aviation

and shipping
◼ Land use and forestry (‘sink’ activities) can be used in
meeting targets
◼ Common but differentiated responsibility
▪ Largest share of emissions originated in developed
countries
▪ Relatively low emissions in developing countries
▪ Share of emissions in developing countries will grow
to meet their social and development needs
▪ Per capita emissions
Details of the agreement
◼ Financial Commitments:
▪ Developed countries have to pay billions of dollars
and supply technology to other countries for
climate related studies. E.g. The Adaptation Fund
◼ Enforcement:
▪ If a country is not in compliance with its emissions
limitation, it is required to make up the difference
during the 2nd commitment period plus an
additional 30%
▪ It will also be suspended from making transfers
under an emissions trading program
Top 5 Emitters
Emissions as a percentage of the global total,
per capita emissions in tons of GHG per capita
▪ China 15%, 5.8
▪ United States 16%, 24.1
▪ European Union 11%, 10.6
▪ Indonesia 6%, 12.9
▪ India 5%, 2.1

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA, 2007,p.201)

India and Kyoto Protocol

◼ India will not sign any legally binding global agreement

for emission reduction as the country needs to eradicate
poverty through economic growth
◼ India argues that since the CO2 in the atmosphere is
from developed countries it is their responsibility to cut
down the emissions. However India will make all efforts
to cut down on green house gas emissions but that
would be voluntary
◼ India being a developing country is still not stable
enough to take up global warming as the emission cuts
will slow down its development and cripple it
economically
 Sustainability

1) Weak sustainability: an expansion over the financial

bottom line where the business considers
environmental and social sustainability as well. Many
people refer to this as the triple bottom line. Other
times, the term is used simply for environmental
responsibility.
2) Strong sustainability: a whole new approach to doing
business, with every consideration made in the
business is to contribute toward a sustainable
society.
 Sustainable Development
• It is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet
human needs while preserving the environment so
that these needs can be met not only in the present,
but also for generations to come.
• The development initiatives be initiated in such a way
that the future generations can enjoy the benefits of
Nature without any compromise.
• Sustainable development is "development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
• Its an attempt to control human impact on and
interaction with the environment in order to preserve
natural resources
• Environmental management focuses on the
improvement of human welfare for present and future
generations.
• Administrative functions that develop, implement,
and monitor the environmental policy of an
organization.
 Principles of SD

❖ There are two types of principles; operational and

strategic.
❖ Operational principles are practical – they address the
question of what we do and how we do business on a
day to day basis.
❖ The strategic principles tend to be used as guidance in
setting the direction of the business. They will be used
to help decide how things are done within the
business.
 Operational Principles of SD
• Good Employer – the organisation is committed to employee
satisfaction, development and well-being. The organisation,
from the most senior management level display and model
fairness and equity in all aspects of employee relations and
show no tolerance for discrimination, bullying or harassment.
Workplaces are safe and healthy and employees are
encouraged to provide input and participate.
• Environmental responsibility – the organisation is respectful of
environmental limits and operates in an environmentally
efficient way in the design and delivery of its
products/services. For example material/resource use is
minimised, products are designed and manufactured
considering the full life cycle of the materials and waste
products. Environmental technology is invested in and/or used
for example using solar panels to generate electricity.
• Community contribution and fairness – the organisation
contributes to making the communities in which it operates
better places to live and do business (for example, sourcing
materials locally) and employees are encouraged to become
involved in achieving this goal. Often this will be at a local level,
but there may also be opportunities to apply this at the national
and/or global level. All employees demonstrate honesty and
fairness when dealing with stakeholders. Although not often
applicable in small business, where relevant, working in
partnership with Maori to empower Maori in decisions that affect
them.
• Influencing others – the organisation actively encourages others
such as suppliers, customers and its employees to improve their
own sustainability performance. For instance making it easy for
customers to recycle the product or foreign material
manufacturers implement internationally accepted labour
standards to ensure forced or child labour is not used in the
manufacture of materials or parts.
 Strategic Principles of SD
• Integration of sustainability into the organisation –
sustainability is a business priority and is reflected in all
aspects of the organisation, including business processes
(such as decision making, vision, performance
management) to ensure that decisions are made with their
sustainability effects in mind. There is clear evidence of
management commitment to sustainability.
• Minimising risk and maximising opportunity – Addressing
risks and uncertainty when making choices and taking a
precautionary approach when making decisions that may
cause serious or irreversible damage. Applying this
principle using the strong sustainability lense would go
further to propose that lack of full scientific certainty is not
a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental
degradation.
• Transparency and accountability – the organisation is
transparent and accountable about its performance in
matters that are important to others.
• Meeting tomorrows needs with innovation (Integrated
and long term thinking) – Considering the long term
(inter generational) implications of all decisions.
Seeking solutions that are mutually reinforcing rather
than accepting that a gain in one area will necessarily
be achieved at the expense of another. For instance
recycling waste material, saves dollars by reducing
rubbish levies.
 Significance in India

• WHY factor
– India is the world's sixth largest and second
fastest growing producer of greenhouse gases.
– Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai are three of the
world's ten most polluted cities.
– Two-thirds of city dwellers lack sewerage;
one-third lack potable water.
– India urban population grows equivalent of
anotherNewYorkCityeveryyear.Thisequalstoaprojected
urban population of over 500 million in 20 years.
 Steps for Sustainable development

1. Environment friendly products

2. Pollution free technology and industrialization
3. Systematic packing, distribution, disposal,
re-usability and recyclability
4. Clearly assess and understand relation between
development progress and environmental issues
5. Reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers, raw materials
and also chemicals for agriculture and industries.
6. Protection of food chains and food webs
7. Preserving natural resources like Air, Water, Soil etc
 Benefits
1. Environmental Benefits:
▪ Resource stability
▪ Decreased pollution
▪ Decrease waste generation
▪ High resource utilization
▪ Protection to ecosystems
▪ Protection to flora and fauna
▪ Protected forests
▪ Healthy climate
2. Benefits to Humans:
▪ Supply of resources for longer duration.
▪ Decreased pollution level means decreased stress.
▪ The decrease in waste generated.
▪ Cost of raw materials is reduced and production will be
effective.
 Ecologically Sustainable
Development (ESD)

• The aim of EMS is to increase the sustainability of

projects and developments and move towards
ecologically sustainable societies.
• In December 2002, the United Nations General
Assembly proclaimed the years from 2005 to 2014 the
Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
(DESD). Governments from around the world have
been invited to strengthen their contribution to
sustainability through a focus on education.