SURFACE CHEMISTRY COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS

DONE BY
RAMAKRISHNAN
BHARATH RAM
RAHUL
 CONTENTS

S.NO PARTICULAR PG.NO.

1. AIM

2. INTRODUCTION

3. TYPES OF COLLOIDS

4. PREPARATION

CONCLUSION
5.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim
To Study the Process of colloidal solutions
Introduction
The size of the particles which form homogenous or true solution is
less than 10-7 cm while the size of particles which form
heterogeneous solution is greater than 10-4 cm. The intermediate
state between these two is called Colloidal state of matter.
Classification of Colloids:
(i) Lyophobic sol:
It is also called hydrophobic sol (if water is used as medium).
It is the suspension of hydrophobic (a water repelling)
substance, which contains non-polar groups in water. This
includes dispersal of oil, fats, metal oxide, hydroxide,
sulphide, etc, in water. These sols are quite unstable &
require a small amount of electrolyte (stabilizer) for their
stabilization.
(ii) Lyphilic sol:
It is also called hydrophilic sol (if water is used as medium). It
is the suspension of hydrophilic (water loving) substance
which contains polar groups in water. For example,
substances like gum, albumin, gelatine, etc. These sols are
quite stable i.e. require no stabilizer.
(iii) Preparation of colloids
Lyophilic sols may be prepared by simply warming the solid
with liquid dispersion medium. E.g. Gum with water. On the
other hand, lyophobic sols have to be prepared by special
methods. These methods fall into two categories;
1. Condensation or Aggregation Methods.
 2. Dispersion Methods
1. Condensation or Aggregation Methods
These methods consists of chemical reactions or change of
solvent whereby the atoms or molecules of the dispersed phase
appearing first, aggregate to form colloidal particles. The
conditions (temp, conc. Etc) used are such as permit the
formation of sol particles but prevent the particles becoming too
large and forming precipitate.
The important chemical methods for preparing lyophobic sols
are as follows;
a. Double Decomposition:
An Arsenic Sulphide (AS2S3) sol is prepared by passing a slow
stream of hydrogen sulphide gas through cold solution of
arsenious oxide (AS2O3). This is continued till a yellow colour
of sol attains maximum intensity.
AS2O3+3 H2S--------->AS2S3(yellow sol)+3H2O
Sols of silver halide are obtained by mixing dilute solutions of
silver salts and alkali halides in equivalent amounts. Silica gel
sol is prepared by this method between dilute solutions of
sodium silicate and HCL.
b. Oxidation:
A colloidal sol of Sulphur can be obtained by passing
hydrogen sulphide into solution of Sulphur dioxide in water
or through a solution of an oxidizing agent (Bromine
water,nitric acid).
SO2+2H2S------------->3S+2H2O
H2S+(O)-------------->s+H2O
c. Reduction:
A colloidal solution of a metal like silver, gold and platinum
can be prepared by reducing their salt solutions with suitable
 reducing agents, such as stannous chloride, formaldehyde,
hydrazine, tannic acid etc.
d. Hydrolysis:
The method is used to prepare hydroxides and oxides of
weakly electropositive metals like Fe, Al or Sn. A red sol of
ferric hydroxide, is obtained by adding few drops of 30%
ferric chloride solution to a large volume of almost boiling
water and stirred with a glass rod.
FeCl3+3H2O------------>Fe(OH)3(red sol.)+3HCl
The important physical methods for preparing lyophobic sols
are:
e. By Exchange of Solvent:
When a true solution is mixed with an excess of the other
solvent in which the solute is insoluble but solvent is soluble,
a colloidal solution is obtained. For example, when a solution
of Sulphur in alcohol(ethanol) is added to an excess of water,
a colloidal solution of Sulphur is obtained due to decrease in
solubility.
f. By Excessive Cooling:
The colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent such as
CHCl3 or ether can be obtained by freezing a solution of
water in the solvent. The molecules of water which can no
longer be held in solution separately combines to form
particles of colloidal size.
g. Dispersion Methods:
In this method large particles of the substances are broken,
into particles of colloidal dimensions in presence of
dispersion medium. Since the sols formed are highly
unstable. They are stabilized by adding some suitable
 stabilizer. Some of the methods employed for carrying out
dispersion are as follows:
h. Mechanical Dispersion:
In this method, the coarse particles along with dispersion
medium is brought into colloidal state by grinding it in
colloidal mill, bal mill or ultrasonic disintegrator. The solid
particles along the dispersion medium are fed into the
colloidal mill. The mill consists of two steel plated nearly
touching each other and rotating in opposite directions with
high speed (7000 rev/min/). The solid particles are torn off to
colloidal size and are then dispersed in liquid to give the sol
colloidal graphite (lubricant) and printing links are made by
this method. Recently, a mercury into sol particles in water,
by means of ultrasonic vibrator.
i. Bredig’s Arc Method:

This process involves dispersion as well as aggregation. Colloidal

solutions of metals such as gold, silver, platinum etc. can be prepared
by this method. In this method electric are is stuck between
electrodes of metal immersed in the dispersion medium. The intense
heat produced vapourises some of the metal, which then condenses
to form particles of colloidal size.
j. Peptisation:
Peptisation may be defined as the process of converting a
precipitate into colloidal form by shaking it with dispersion
medium in the presence of small amount of electrolyte. The
electrolyte used for this purpose is called petizing agent. The
method is applied, generally, to convert fresh precipitate into
colloidal solution because such precipitate are simply clusters
of particles of colloidal size held by weal forces.
Conclusion
Therefore we may conclude that colloidal solution is an
intermediate state between true solution and suspension.
Colloids solutions are heterogenous in nature and always
consist of at least two phases : the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium. of particles of colloids size (1 to 100
nm).A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size
is intermediate between those of a solution and a
suspension. The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible
light by colloidal particles. An emulsion is a colloidal
dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid
Bibliography
1. http://www.icbse.com/
2. http://www.sciencedaily.com/
3. http://www.digg.com/