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Health, Safety and Environment

Workshop Practice

Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST Pakistan
 Health, Safety and Environment
• The study in Health, Safety and Environment
gives you the opportunity to combine a
technical/scientific study to properly take into
account people's health, the environment and
the society that surrounds us.
 Health, Safety and Environment
• The study of Health and Safety involves the
study of many different subjects including
sciences (Chemistry, biology and physics),
engineering, psychology and law.
 Environment
• Air emissions and ambient air quality
• Energy conservation
• Wastewater and ambient water quality
• Water conservation
• Hazardous materials management
• Waste management
• Noise
• Contaminated land
 Occupational health and safety
• General facility design and operation
• Physical hazards
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Radiological hazards
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Special hazard environments
• Monitoring
 Community health and safety
• Water quality and availability
• Structural safety of project infrastructure
• Life and fire safety (L&FS)
• Traffic safety
• Transport of hazardous materials
• Disease prevention
• Emergency preparedness and response
 International Organization for 
Standardization
• ISO is a voluntary organization whose
members are recognized authorities on
standards, each one representing one country.
• ISO 9001 is defined as the international
standard that specifies requirements for a
quality management system (QMS).
• ISO 45001 is an ISO standard for management
systems of occupational health and
safety (OH&S).
UNSAFE PRACTICES
UNSAFE PRACTICES
UNSAFE PRACTICES
UNSAFE PRACTICES
THE END
 Wood Working
Workshop Practice

Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of E&ME, NUST Pakistan
 What is Wood Working
• Actually an activity or skill of making items
from wood.
• These items may include cabinet making,
wood carving, carpentry, and woodturning.
 Wood
• Porous and fibrous structural tissue found in
the stems and roots of trees, and other woody
plants.

• Basically an organic material, a natural

composite of cellulose fibers which are strong
in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin
which resists compression.
Usage of wood
 Wood
• Used for thousands of years for fuel, as a
construction material, for making tools and
weapons, furniture and paper.

• Also utilized as a feedstock for the production

of purified cellulose and its derivatives, such
as cellophane and cellulose acetate.
 Wood Working
• Wood working is the art of making items
from wood.
• It includes wood carving, joinery and wood
turning.
• Woods are of two types
1. Soft Wood
2. Hard Wood
 Soft Wood
• Soft woods lumber has an uninteresting grain
structure
• Softwood are not generally all soft,
lightweight wood
• These are generally needle‐leaved evergreen
tree such as pine.
• Soft wood is used for making frames, windows
and door
 Hard Wood
• Hard wood lumber has beautiful grain
structure
• Similarly, hard wood are not all have hard,
heavy wood.
• They are typically broad leaf trees, which loses
their leaves every winter.
• hard wood is used for making furniture and
flooring
 Properties of wood
• Valuable properties:
1. Low heat conductivity
2. Ability to mechanical work
3. High strength
• Drawbacks
1. Decay
2. Fluctuation in properties due to change in
moisture
3. Capable of being set on fire
 Mechanical Properties
• Tensile strength
• Compressive strength
• Shear strength
• Bending strength
• Torsion strength
• Hardness
• Stiffness
Structure of Wood
 Usage of wood
• Wood is one of the major building materials 
used by human throughout our existence.
• Wood has outstanding physical characteristics 
which include both physical strength and 
resiliency. 
 Wood Carving
• Wood carving is a form of woodworking by
means of a cutting tool (carving knife and
chisel) in one hand one hand on a mallet,
resulting in a wooden figure or in
the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden
object.
 Wood Turning
• Woodturning is the craft of using the
wood lathe with hand‐held tools to cut a
shape that is symmetrical around the axis of
rotation.
 Joinery
• Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves
joining together pieces of wood, to produce
more complex items.
• Wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or
adhesives.
 Types of Joints
• Butt Joint

• Mitre Joint

• Lap Joint
 Types of Joints
• Bridle Joint

• Box Joint

• Dovetail Joint
 Wood Warping
• Wood warping is a deviation
from flatness in timber as a result
of stresses and uneven shrinkage.
 Timber Seasoning
• The process of drying of timber is known as
seasoning of timber.
• Timber is seasoned to bring it to a usable and
workable condition.
• More than half the weight of freshly cut
timber consists of moisture.
 Timber Seasoning(Cont.)
• The moisture content should be removed
under controlled conditions at uniform rate
• If drying is irregular, the shrinkage of timber
will also be irregular, and it will setup internal
stress between fibers
 Reasoning for Seasoning
• To prevent shrinkage, splitting, checking and
warping.
• To achieve greater stiffness and strength.
• To allow penetration of preservatives.
• To obtain a surface that will accept paint,
polish or glue.
• To protect against decay.
 Types of Seasoning
• Natural Seasoning
1. When seasoning of wood is carried out by
natural air, it is called natural seasoning or air
seasoning
2. It doesn’t require skilled supervision
3. This method is cheap and simple
Disadvantages of natural seasoning
• Less control over air
• The drying of surface may not be uniform
• Chances of attack of fungi and insects during 
seasoning
 Types of Seasoning
• Artificial Seasoning
1. To make the drying more uniform and even, by
controlled conditions artificial seasoning is
adopted.
2. It reduces the time for seasoning
3. Shrinkage and warping are minimized in artificial
seasoning
4. The wood with desired moisture content may be
obtained by artificial seasoning
 Chemical seasoning
• In this method, a green timber is soaked in
saturated solution of suitable salt and then
removed and season
• The interior moisture is drawn out by salt
solution and the interior part dries before the
outer part.
• This decreases the chances of external cracks
 Kiln Seasoning
• The timber is arranged inside the chamber 
such that spaces are left for free air 
circulation.
• Heated air is then forced inside for a chamber.
• Spaces left allow the heated air to circulate 
around the timber pieces.
 Decay of Timber
• When timber loses its value as engineering 
material, it is said to be decayed.
 Situation favoring early decay
• Alternate wet and dry condition.
• Bad storage and stacking of timber.
• Fungus attack
• Contact with damp surface
• Improper seasoning
• Usage of timber without applying any 
preservative.
Examples of Wood worked piece 
shapes
 Common Wooden Products
• Glue Laminated Lumber
• Hybrid Glulam Beams Reading Assignment 1
• Engineered Lumber (Consult relevant 
• Laminated Strand Lumber books, technical 
material and read up 
• Laminated Veneer Lumber on these)
• Parallel Strand Lumber
• I‐Joists
 Reading Assignment 2
Consult relevant books, technical material and 
read up on the following:

• Matrix / Lignin?
• Seasoning methods for wood
• Lumber / Timber / Wood?
That’s all for Wood 
Working!