Y%S, Xldfõ CD SL Wohdmk Úohdmsg Mdgud, D Yd Iene - S BF - Kqï-B.Ekaùï L%SHDJ, Sfha . KD Aulndjh

Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd iene|s

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh
m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
2017
i|Page
WmfoaYl;ajh
wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr
wOHlaI ckrd,a
m¾fhaIK WmfoaYl;ajh
ã' lemafmáf.dv
wOHlaI ^jev wdjrK&
jHdmD;s iïnkaëlrKh
ksfrdaId vhia Èidkdhl
lÓldpd¾h
wNHka;r m¾fhaIK lKavdhu

l:sldpd¾h
ã' lemafmáf.dv
wOHlaI ^jev wdjrK&
ví'fla'tia mqIamud,d
fcaHIaG l:sldpd¾h
ã' fyÜáf.a
l:sldpd¾h
fla'ta'tka' iqf,dapkd wef,laiaiekav¾
l:sldpd¾h
tï'ã'ä' whsrdKs o is,ajd
iyldr wOHdmk{
ndysr m¾fhaIK lKavdhu

wd¾'wd¾' rK;=x.
úoqy,am;s
tia'mS'ví' jdlsIaG
.=re WmfoaYl
t,a'tï' jxYj;S
úY%dñl mSGdêm;s
ví' ã' ohdj;S
mSGdêm;s
ã'ta'tia'ã' r;akdhl
úY%dñl m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
mS'tia' fudayka
.=re fiajh
wd¾' pkaøfudayka
ixj¾Ok ks,OdÍ
mß.Kl joka ieliqu

mS' ks,añKs m%kdkaÿ
l<ukdlrK iyldr
tka'mS' ksixi,d chrdKs
ld¾hd, ld¾h iydhl
ii | P a g e
ixIsma;h
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine|s bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh úuid ne,Su fuu wOHhkfhaa uQ,sl wruqK úh' wOHdmk
úoHdmSGj, mj;sk j¾;udk ;;a;ajh .eUqßka wOHhkh lrñka" tys .=Kd;aul
ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh ioyd m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSug wod< ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu
ñka wfmalaId lrk ,È' úoHd" .Ks; yd bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, úIh ks¾foaYh
YslaIK,dNSkaf.a .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg fhda.H jk wdldrhg ms<sfh, ù ;sfí
o@" YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh Wfoid jD;a;Sh úIh
lafIa;%h fldf;la ÿrg odhl fõ o@" mdGud,d yodrkq ,nk ld, iSudfõ §
YslaIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ljf¾ o@ iy bf.kqï -
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ixj¾Okhg n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ljf¾ o@ hk iqúfYaIS
m¾fhaIK m%Yak y;rla Tiafia wOHhkh fufyh úh' m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh
.=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYh m%uqL lr .;a ñY% iqiudo¾Yh úh' ikaOdr úYaf,aIK
l%uh úIh ks¾foaY úYaf,aIKh i|yd fhdod .eksKs' ifya;=l kshe|s l%uh Ndú;
lrñka .Ks;h" úoHdj iy bx.%Sis mdGud,d l%shd;aul cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG oyhla
f;dard .eksKs' YsIH ksheÈh i|yd isxy, yd oñ< udOH ksfhdackh jk fia tla
úoHdmSGhlska YslaIK,dNSka úis mia fofkl= ne.ska úoHdmSG oyh i|yd
YslaIK,dNSka foish mkyla wyUq f,i f;dard .eksKs' Bg bx.%Sis" úoHdj" .Ks;h
mdGud,dj yeoErE YslaIK,dNSka ms<sfj<ska 81la" 80la" yd 89la we;=<;a úKs'
lÓldpd¾h kshe|sh 110lska ^úoHdj 27" .Ks;h 19" bx.%Sis 32" jD;a;Sh úIh 32&
iukaú; jQ w;r úoHdmSG oyfhka wyUq f,i f;dard.;a mSGdêm;sjre ;sfofkla
ksheÈhg wh;a úh'
o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd kshudj,s" ksÍlaIK fufyhqïm;a yd
wNsf,aLk Ndú; úKs' YslaIK,dNSka yd lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.ka m%Yakdj,s weiqßka o"
mSGdêm;sjreka f.kaa iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska o o;a; /ia flßKs' mka;s ldur bf.kqï
- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ksÍlaIKh i|yd ksÍlaIK fufyhqïm;a o ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh
i|yd wNsf,aLk o ^úIh ks¾foaY& fhdod .eksKs' o;a; úYaf,aIKh ioyd .=Kd;aul
yd m%udKd;aul l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrk ,È' m¾fhaIKh .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK
m%fõYhg jeä nrla ;nñka ÈYdkq.; jQ neúka" úYaf,aIs; o;a; j.= yd úia;rd;aul
úia;r lsÍï u.ska bÈßm;a flreKs'
úIh b.ekaùu i|yd m%udKj;a ld,hla ,nd§u" úIh ks¾foaY l%udkql+, j
ixfYdaOkhg ,la lsÍu" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iy b.ekaùfï ;dlaIKh yd
WmlrK ixj¾Okh" jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg m¾fhaIKd;aul t<Uqula ia:dms; lsÍu iy
ys;lr bf.kqï mßirhla we;s lsßu hk lreKq flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq úh
hq;= nj wkdjrKh úh' úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h
iii | P a g e
YslaIK,dNSkaf.a ksmqK;d yd bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl
ù we;' iuia;hla f,i úIh wka;¾.;fhka YslaIK,dNSkag m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,nd§ug W;aidy ord we;' tys § úoHdj yd .Ks;hg jvd bx.%Sis
úIfha kHdhd;aul lreKq yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h w;r iunr njla mj;ajdf.k hdug
W;aidy ord we;' kuq;a bx.%Sis m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä úh hq;= úIhhla jqj o fuys §
tu ;;a;ajh wjOdrKh ù ke;' úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska
tla úh hq;= fldgia ta ta úIhhg wod< j iqúfYaIS úu fmdÿ ,laIKhla f,i olakg
,enqKs' kj ;dlaIK Ndú;h ta wkqj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõo ixj¾Okh yd ta
ms<sn| ±kqj;aùfï wjYH;dj ±ä j u;= lr ;sfí' isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqu iïnkaOfhka Okd;aul yd iDKd;aul iqúfYaI ,laIK wkdjrKh
úh' jD;a;Sh úIh ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh udkj ixj¾Okh"
YsIH úúO;ajh" bf.kqï ie,iqïlrKh" m%;HfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg
wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl ù we;' b.ekaùu yd bf.kqï mßirh ilia
lsÍug wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh;a ikaksfõokh"
;lafiarelrKh yd iduQysl iïnkaO;dj,g wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh i|yd
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh iy wOHdmk ñkqu" we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk úIh fol;a odhl ù we;' mdGud,d ilia lsÍfï § yd tajd
ixfYdaOkh lsÍfï § úoHdmSG iïnkaO lr .; hq;= h nj;a" m¾fhaIKd;aul
t<Uqlska f;dr j úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍu" ilia lsÍu yd ixfYdaOkh lsÍu
fkdúh hq;= h nj o úIhud,d fjkiaùï$m%;sixialrK wkqj mdi,a moaO;sfha isÿjk
fjkialï tu wjia:dfõ u úoHdmSGj,g;a ±kqj;a lsÍfï l%ufõohla ieliSu" fm<
fmd;a yd .=re w;afmd;a úoHdmSGj,g ,eîfï úêu;a l%uhla ieliSu " mdi, iy mSG
w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Sfï l%ufõo ieliSu hk fhdackd fukau
j;=lrfha wOHdmk ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a úoHdmSG i|yd ta yd ne÷Kq mdGud,d
ilia úh hq;= h hkak o m%Odk úIhfhka .eUqre úIh ±kqula ,nd fok f,i úIh
wka;¾.;h ilia lsÍu yd iïNjk we.hSu i|yd ,ndfok ,l=Kqj, idOdrK nj
r|jd .ekSug ish¨ úoHdmSGj,g iu ñkqï wjia:d ,nd §u yd wjYH úg tajd mÍlaId
l< yels jk fia m%ñ;s we;s lsßu WÑ; h hkak m¾fhaIKfhka ;j ÿrg;a fhdackd
flf¾'
uqLH mo( mdGud,d" YslaIK,dNSka" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" .=Kd;aulNdjh
iv | P a g e
ia;=;sh
Èfkka Èk fjkia jk f,dalh;a iuÕ bÈßhg hdfï § .=Kd;aul

wOHdmkhl wjYH;dj jvd;a biau;= jkakd jQ lreKls' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla
;=<ska idl,H jQ ^Holistic& mqoa.,hl= ìys fjhs' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhl È l%shd;aul
;,fha md¾Yajlrejkaf.ka bgq jkakd jQ ld¾hNdrh w;suy;a h' ta w;ßkq;a
.=rejrhd jkdys wOHdmkfha l%shd;aul ;,fha isákakd jQ m%n,;u idOlhls'
idl,H mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍug kï Bg m%:u idl,H .=rejrhl= ìysúh hq;= h' idl,H
.=rejrhl= ìyslsÍfï jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG u.ska isÿjk w;r
tys mdGud,dj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjfha iajNdjh wkqj
.=Kd;aul" ksmqK;d iys; .=rejrhl= ìys fjhs' by; lreKq úuid ne,Su wruqKq lr
.ksñka m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska kshef,kakg fhÿKq —cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ieneÈ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh˜
msßlaiSfï m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sl îc wxl=rh jemsr jQ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha
wOHlaI ckrd,a wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr ue;skshg udf.a ia;=;sh msßkuñ' tfiau
m¾fhaIKfha ÈYdk;sh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd iydh jQ ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= uy;dg;a" ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a" j¾;udk
úNd. flduidßia ckrd,a î' ik;a mQcs; uy;dg;a ia;=;sjka; fjñ' tfiau
m¾fhaIKfha yoj; n÷ jQ o;a; tla/ia lr foñka iydh ±lajQ ksheÈhg wh;a ishü
úoHdmSGj, mSGdêm;sjre" Wm mSGdêm;sjre^wOHhk&" lÓldpd¾hjre yd
YslaIK,dNSkag o ia;=;sjka; jk w;r mx;s ldur ksÍlaIKh ioyd iydh oela jQ
ysgmq m¾fhaIK wOHlaI tï' tka' tia' tÈßisxy ñhg;a" jõkshd cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSGfha fla' isoïmrkdoka uy;dg;a" uyr.u cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha
jhs'lsrendkkaoka uy;dg;a iy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha újD; mdi,a
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wxY m%Odk tia' ÿfkaisx uy;dg;a" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iS'
iqf;aika uy;dg;a" úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ù' rdcqfoajka uy;dg;a ia;+;sjka; fjñ'
m¾fhaIK ld¾h id¾:l lr .ekSug odhl;ajh iemhQ m¾fhaIK lKavdhfï
idudcslhkag ia;=;s jka; jk w;r" m¾fhaIKh id¾:lj ksu lsßu ioyd kka
whqßka iydh ±lajQ tka'tï'tï'wd¾ o is,ajd yd tï't,a'fla' rUqlaje,a, hk uy;aókag
o m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,hg o
ia;=;sjka; fjñ'

jHdmD;s kdhl
lÓldpd¾h
m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j
v|Page
mgqk
ixIsma;h iii
ia;+;sh v
mgqk vi
j.= kdudj,sh ix
m<uq jk mrsÉfÊoh 01
ye`Èkaùu 01
1'1 wOHhkfha jeo.;alu 05
fojk mßÉfPaoh 07
idys;H úu¾Ykh 07
2'1' .=re wOHdmkh 07
2'2 .=re wOHdmkfha jeo.;alu 08
2'3 .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjfha ,laIK yd .=Kdx. 09
2'4 Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul .=re wOHdmkfha iajdNdjh 10
2'4'1 mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh 11
2'5 Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkfha úldYh 11
2'6' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïNh yd úldYh 14
2¡7 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,dj 18
2'7'1' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï 19
2'7'2 úoHdmSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh 20
2'7'3 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG we.hSï l%shdj,sh 20
2'7'4 iSudjdisl mqyqKqj 22
2'8 mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO m¾fhaIK 23
2'8'1 .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO úfoaYSh m¾fhaIK 24
2'8'2 .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO foaYSh m¾fhaIK 27
;=kajk mßÉfPaoh 28
m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh 28
3'1 ye`Èkaùu 28
3'2 m¾fhaIK m%Yak 28
3'3 m¾fhaIK ck.ykh yd ksheÈh' 29
3'4 m¾fhaIK WmlrK ixj¾Okh 30
3'4'1' m%Yakdj,s ie,iqï lsrSu 30
3'4'2 .=re wOHdmk{hska iòyd jQ m%Yakdj,sh 30
3'4'3 úoHdmSG YslaIK,dNSka i|yd jQ m%Yakdj,sh 31
3'5 iïuqL idlÉPd kshudj,sh 31
vi | P a g e
3'6 ksÍlaIK fufyhqï m; 32
3'7 ikaOdr úYaf,aIK ls%hdj,sh 33
y;rjk mßÉfPaoh 37
o;a; bosrsm;a lsrSu" úYaf,aIKh yd w¾:l:kh 37
4'1 ye¢kaùu 37
4'2 ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh 37
4'3 úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h
.=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh úuid ne,Su 38
4'4 úoHj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h
.=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmk{hskaf.a m%;spdr 50
4'5 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h
.=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ms<sn|
YslaIK,dNSkaf.a m%;spdr 62
4'6 úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaYfha odhl;ajh 62
4'7 jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha úIh wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh 64
4'7'1 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj,
odhl;ajh ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ m%;spdr 82
4'7'2 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj, odhl;ajh
ms<sn| YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr 107
4'8 úoHdmSG mdGud,dj yodrkq ,nk ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka
i;= bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu 115
4'8'1 YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr 115
4'8'2 .=re wOHdmk{ m%;spdr 124
4'8'2'1' wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug
olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk 124
4'8'2'2 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha § olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmk{ ixcdkk 133
4'9 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjhg n,mdk fjk;a idol 145
4'9'1' .=re wOHdmk{ m%;spdr 145
4'9'2 YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr 156
4'9'3 mSGdêm;sjrekaf.a ixcdkk 162
4'9'4 mx;s ldur ksrSlaIK 165
vii | P a g e
miajk mßÉfPaoh 168
ks.uk iy fhdackd 168
5'1 úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh
^úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis& wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg odhl jQ wdldrh 168
5'1'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis hk m%Odk úIhhj, úIh
wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh u; mokï jQ ks.uk 168
5'1'2 m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd iy ksÍlaIK u; mokï jQ ks.uk 170
5'2 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis
mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska ,efnk odhl;ajh 173
5'2'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh úIh
wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh u; mokï jQ ks.uk 173
5'2'2 m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd iy ksÍlaIK u; mokï jQ ks.uk 174
5'3 mdGud,d ld,h ;=< YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqu 177
5'3'2 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqï- b.ekaùï
l%shdj,shg ±lajQ iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu 179
5'4 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg wNsfhda. f,i n,mE
fjk;a idOl 182
5'5 fhdackd 187
5'5'1 rdcH uÜgfuka isÿ úh hq;= fjkialï ms<sn| fhdackd 187
5'5'2' wdh;ksl uÜgfuka ^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh& úh hq;= fjkialï ms<sn| fhdackd 188
wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh 194
viii | P a g e
j.= kdudj,sh
2'1 jk j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmk wdh;k 12

ixúOdkh yd l<ukdlrKh
2'2 jk j.=j( wruqKq wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmk 13
mdGud,d j¾.SlrKh
2'3 jk j.=j( cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd 15
udOH wkqj j¾Okh
2'4 jk j.=j( 1985 isg 2007 olajd jD;a;Sh úIhj, isÿj 18
we;s ixfYdaOk
2'5 jk j.=j( úoHdmSG oaú;Shsl mdGud,djkays m%Odk úIh 19
wka;¾.;h fjkiaùu ^1996-2016&
2'6 jk j.=j( 2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul ;lafiare yd we.hSï 22
l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh
3'1 jk j.=j( wfmaCIs; ksheÈh yd i;H ksheÈh 29
3'2 jk j.=j( m¾fhaIK m%Yak wkj o;a; uQ,dY% yd 30
o;a; /ia lsrSfï WmlrK
4'1 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph 38
4'2 jk j.=j( udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu 40
4'3 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;ajh 41
4'4 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh 42
4'5 jk j.=j( bf.kqï mßirh ieliSu 44
4'6 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu 45
4'7 jk j.=j( ikaksfõokh 46
4'8 jk j.=j( ;lafiarelrKh 47
4'9 jk j.=j( iduqysl iïnkaO;d 48
4'10 jk j.=j( m%;HdfõlaIKh jD;a;Sh p¾hdj iy kdhl;ajh 49
4'11 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia 50
4'14 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia 53
4'15 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tlaúh hq;= fldgia 54
4'16 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia 55
ix | P a g e
4'17 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia 56
4'18 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh hq;= fldgia 57
4'19 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia 58
4'20 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨f;ka tla úh hq;= fldgia 59
4'21 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tlaúh hq;= fldgia 60
4'22 jk j.=j( bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨f;ka tla úh 61
hq;= fldgia
4'23 jk j.=j( úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h iSudjdisl .=rejrhl= 62
jYfhka lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a jQ wdldrh
4'24 jk j.=j( udkj ixj¾Okh iy bf.kqu 65
4'25 jk j.=j ( YsIH úúO;ajh 66
4'26 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh 68
4'27 jk j.=j( bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu 71
4'28 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu 73
4'29 jk j.=j( ikaksfõokh 74
4'30 jk j.=j( ;lafiarelrKh 76
4'31 jk j.=j( iduQysl iïnkaO;d 78
4'32 jk j.=j( m%;HdfõlaIKh iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh 80
4'33 jk j.=j ( mka;s ixúOdkh md,kh yd fufyhùu - .Ks;h úIh 83
4'34 jk j.=j ( mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu - úoHd úIhh 84
4'35 jk j.=j( mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu 86
4'36 jk j.=j ( YsIH úúO;dj,g wkqrEmS j bf.kqï wjia:d 88
ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
4'37 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;dj,g wkql+,j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï 89
lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
4'38 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;d j,g wkqrEmSj bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï 91
lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu - bx.%Sis úIhfh
4'39 jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u yd l%u Ys,am yd kfjda;amdol 93
b.ekaùu y÷kd .ekSu ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu
4'40 jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%uYs,am yd kfjda;amdol 94
b.ekaùu y÷kd .ekSu" ixúOdkh yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
4'41' jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh l%u Ys,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùï 95
y÷kd.ekSu ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu
4'42 jk j.=j ( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isik
q ag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d 97
iïmdokh" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
4'43 jk j.=j( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isik
q ag M,odhS f,i bf.kqï 98
wjia:d iïmdokh l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId
x|Page
lsÍu - úoHdj úIhh
4'44 jk j.=j ( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isik
q ag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d 100
iïmdokh" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
4'45 jk j.=j( bf.kqu flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk 101

u. fmkaùu" iydhùu" fhduq lsÍu yd myiqlï iïmdokh
4'46 jk j.=j( bf.kqï flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk 102
u. fmkaùu" iydh ùu' fhduq lsÍu yd myiqlï iïmdokh
4'47 jk j.=j( bf.kqu flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk 103
u. fmkaùu" iydhùu" fhduq lsÍï yd myiqlï iïmdokh
4'48 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu 104
i|yd wod< mqoa.,hska ^foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hska'
wdÈ YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh
lr .ekSu
4'49 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd 105
wod< mqoa.,hka" foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hka
wd§ YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh lr .ekSu
4'50 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd 106
wod< mqoa.,hka ^foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hka wd§ YsIH
lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh lr
4'51 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfhka ,o w;a±lSï 107
4'52 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh 108
4'53 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh 109
úIfhka ,o w;a±lSï
4'54 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIh 119
m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
4'55 jk j.=j( ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ 110
wdldrh
4'56 jk j.=j ( ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ 111
wdldrh
4'57 jk j.=j( úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ 111
wdldrh
4'58 jk j.=j( úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ 112
wdldrh
4'59 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk jHjydr úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh 113
4'60 jk j.=j( wOHdmk jHjydr úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh 114
4'61 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh 114
xi | P a g e
4'62 jk j.=j( wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh 115
4'63 jk j.=j( jdr igyka ,sùu 116
4'64 jk j.=j( mdvï ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu 118
4'65 jk j.=j( m%;HfõlaIKh 119
4'66 jk j.=j( iumoia:hskaf.a mdvï ksÍlaIKfhka we;sjk m%;,
s Dn 120
4'67 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § .=re isiqka mdi,a 122
WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs; fiajh
4'68 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSkaf.a 125
bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï -
Okd;aul ,laIK
bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
4'71 jk j.=j ( YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu 129
W!k njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
4'72 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug 130
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
4'73 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug 131
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
4'74 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqug olajk 134
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu
4'75 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug 135
iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs
4'76 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug 136
iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs
4'77 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNS bf.kqug 137
olajk iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs
.Ks;h úIhh
4'78 jk j.=j ( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug 138
olajk iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs
4'79 jk j.=j ( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YsIHK,dNSka bf.kqug 139
olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs
4'80 jk j.=j ( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï ixj¾Okh 141
lsÍu i|yd fhdackd
4'81 jk j.=j( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh 142
lsÍu i|yd fhdackd
xii | P a g e
4'82 jk j.=j( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh 146
lsÍu i|yd fhdackd
4'83 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j mj;sk 147
.eg¨ yd wNsfhda.

.eg¨ yd wNsfhda.
.eg¿ yd wNsfhda.
4'86 jk j.=j( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okg wod< 153
fhdackd - .Ks;h úIhh
4'87 jk j.=j( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg wod< fhdackd 154
4'88 jk j.=j( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg fhdackd
4'89 jk j.=j( úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh 156
hq;= wx.$ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wx.
4'90 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. 159
fjkia lsÍu iඳyd fhdackd
4'91 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. 160
fjkia lsÍu iඳyd fhdackd
4'92 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. 161
fjkia lssÍu iඳyd fhdackd
xiii | P a g e
m<uq jk mrsÉfÊoh
ye`Èkaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ" .=re wOHdmk lafIa;%h ioyd iqúfYaIS ld¾hNdrhla wOHdmk
úoHdmSG u.ska isÿlrkq ,nhs' wOHdmk úoHdmSG l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh m%j¾Okh
lsÍu" iy ta i|yd .; yels Wmdhud¾. ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a
wOHhkfha fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska" iuia; wOHhkh ms<sn| ye¢kaùu;aa" wOHhkfha
jeo.;a nj ;yjqre lsÍu;a isÿlr we;' mdi,a moaO;sfha 1 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk
fY%aKsh olajd jQ ish¿u úIh ls%hd;aul lsrSug wjYH jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d imsß .=re Nj;=ka
ìys lsrSu wruqKq lr.;a cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh mrSlaId lsrSu wOHhkfha uQ,sl wfmaCIdj fõ'
úêu;a wOHdmkh l%shd;aul lsrSfuys,d m%n, idOlh jkafka .=rejrhd h' .=re
jD;a;shg iQodkï lsrSu fuka u wLKav j .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh iòyd uÕ
fmkaùfï ld¾hNdrh .=re wOHdmkhg mejf¾'
.=re wOHdmkh jQ l,S b.ekaùu iòyd f;dard .kq ,nk whg b.ekaùug wod<
wOHdmkh yd mqyK
q qj ,nd fok l%shdj,sh fõ' b.ekaùug w|d< ±kqu
ke;fyd;a ixl,amuh lreKq wOHdmkh hkafkka woyia flf¾' b.ekaùfï
§ wjYH jk oCI;d iuQyhla" m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï o m%;HdfõCIKh u.ska
m%j¾Okh lsrSu mqyqKqj u.ska isÿ flf¾ ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009' ms'
157&'
.=re wOHdmkh u.ska wfmaCId lrkqfha .=rejreka iòyd jk jD;a;Sh oCI;d

w;am;a lr .ekSug wjia:d ie,iSu nj fmkajd fok cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu .=re
jD;a;Sh oCI;djfha wka;¾.; wx. ;=kla bÈßm;a lr we;' ksmqK;dj" ld¾h idOkh
yd p¾hdj Mu wx. ,CIK fõ' ks¾udKYS,Sj yd YsIH flakao%Sh j b.ekaùug we;s
yelshdj úIh m%ùK;dj jYfhka o bf.kqï l%fudamdh fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj
ksmqK;dj jYfhka o úIh ixl,am meyeÈ,s j yd ksjerÈ j b.ekaùfuka m%ldYs;
yelshdj ld¾h idOkh jYfhka o" ikaksfõok l=i,;d" jD;a;sl yeisrSï yd .=Kdx.
m%o¾Ykh ùu p¾hdj jYfhka o .=re jD;a;Sh oCI;d iukaú; h ^cd;sl wOHdmk
fldñiu" 2009 ms 158&'
.=reNj;=kaf.a jD;a;Sh oCI;d ixj¾Okh lsrSu iòyd YS% ,xldfõ ±kg l%shd;aul
.=re wOHdmkh fohdldr fõ'
“.=re wOHdmkh W%!k mQrK Wm moaO;s follska iukaú; h' Mkï
wdrïNl jD;a;sh .=re wOHdmkh iy wLKav jD;a;sh .=re wOHdmkh hs'
wdrïNl .=re wOHdmkh hkq .=rejrfhl=g m%:u jrg imhkq ,nk jD;a;sh
jevigyka fõ' fuu wOHdmkh mQ¾j fiajd Mlla ùu jvd;a u fhda.H fõ
^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009"ms ' 158&'”
1|Page
jD;a;shg msúiSug fmr jD;a;sh ms<snò j" bf.kqï,dNshd ms<snò j fuka u ;u
ld¾hNdrh ms<snò j ukd wjfndaOhlska hqla; ùu yd l=i,;d w;am;a lr .ekSu
id¾:l j jD;a;sfha fh§u iòyd w;HjYH h'
fiajhg msúiSug m%:u .=re fiajdjg wod< jD;a;sh oCI;d ,nd§u iòyd
l%shd;aul jkakd jQ .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkhg wh;a fõ' 1968
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h iy 1972 fld<U úYajúoHd,h u.ska mQ¾j fiajd .=re
wOHdmkh hgf;a wOHdmkfõ § mdGud,d ^BEd.& ls%hd;aul l< o Majd wLKav j
l%shd;aul fkdùu jD;a;h
S oCI;dj,ska iukaú; .=re msßila .=re jD;a;shg m%fõYùfï
iSudjka we;s ùug n,mE lreKls'
YS% ,xldfõ iEu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,shl u jD;a;sh oCI;d iys;
.=rejrfhl=f.a wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lr we;af;a úIhud,d kùlrK fl;rï ie,iqï
l< o Mys id¾:l wid¾:l;djh ròd mj;skafka Majd ls%hd;aul lrk .=rejrhd u;
jk neúks' 1964 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj" 1972 yd 1981 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK
fhdackdj, t,odhS .=re wOHdmkhl wjYH;djh biau;= lr we;' YS% ,xldfõ .=re
wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO b;d jeo.;a ;SrKj,g mokï wjia:dj M<fUkafkaa 1981
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY wdYs%;jh'
—.=re jD;a;shg ne`§u iòyd wju iqÿiqlu úYajúoHd, m%fõY
mßCIKfhka úIh ;=klska iu;aùu mokula fia i,ld ±kg ;=ka
wjqreÿ mdGud,djla jYfhka jk .=re wOHdmk mdGud,dj wdh;k.;
oEjqreÿ mdGud,djlg fjkia lrkq ,efí' fuu oE wjqreÿ mdGud,dfjka
miqj f;dard.;a mdi,l wdOqksl;aj b.ekaùï j¾Ihla fõ ^wOHdmk
wud;HdxYh 1981&˜'
Mf;la mej;s .=re wOHdmkfha jHqyh fjkia lrñka jD;a;sh oCI;dj,ska fyì
.=rejrfhl= ìys lsrSu iòyd .kakd ,o fuu ;SrKh úYsIag jQjls' Mys m%;t
s ,hla f,i
1985 § mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d l%shd;aul lsrSu b,lal lr .ksñka cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSG ia:dmkh úh'
1986 wxl 30 orK wOHdmksl úoHdh;k mk;g wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG
wdrïN lrk ,oafoa .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh b,lal lr .ksñks' cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïN lsßfï mq`¿,a wruqKq úu¾Ykfha § jD;a;Sh oCI;dj,ska
iukaú; jQ .=rejrhl= ìyslsrSu b,lal lr .ekSu wjOdrKh lr ;sîu iqúfYAIS
,CIKhls'
 ys;lr wdl,am we;s ;ukaf.a j.lSu fkdmsßfy,d bgq lrk hym;a miqìula
iys; b.ekaùu .ek wjfndaOhla we;s .=re msßila we;s lsrSu
 wjg we;s iïm;a m%fhdackhg f.k id¾:l wOHdmkhla §u
 wOHdmk m%Yak ms<snò m¾fhaIK meje;aùu yd Majd m%ldYhg m;a lsßu
 Ydia;%Sh jeo.;alula we;s m%ldYk ksl=;a lsrSu
^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh 1985 ms1-2&
2|Page
uyje,s" miaÿkarg" ishkE" ydmsá.u" iy W!j kï jQ úoHdmSG mylska iy
mdGud,d 6 lska wdrïN lrk ,o mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh 2000 j¾Ih jk úg
úoHdmSG 11la olajd o" 2003 j¾Ih jk úg úoHdmSG 17la olajd o j¾Okh úh' 2016
j¾Ih jk úg úoHdmSG 19 l isxy," bx.%Sis" fou< udOH mdGud,d 28 la jYfhka
m%udKd;aul j j¾Okh ù we; ^.eiÜ m;%h - 2016'09'09 ms' 1767 - 1768&'
úoHdmSGj, ls%hd;aul mdGud,d ixLHdj yd nòjd .kq ,nk YsCIK,dNSka
ixLHdfjys l%ñl j¾Okh yd mdi,a moaO;sfha .=re n,ldh iïmdokh jHdma;sh;a iuÕ
úoHdmSGj, wdrïNfha olajk ,o wruqKj
q , mq`M,aùula o isÿ úKs' 2001 § m%ldYs;
wOHdmk úoHdmSG wruqKqj,ska .uH jkafka jD;a;Sh oCI;dj,ska fyì .=re mrmqrla
iïmdokh lsßfï l%shdj,sfha iajdNdjhhs'
 hym;a wdl,am iys;" ;u j.lSï fkdmsßfy,d bgq lrk" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
ld¾h ms<snò ukd wjfndaOhla we;s kj .=re msßila mdi,a moaO;shg odhdo lsrSu
 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh wjg we;s mdi,aj, .=rejrekaf.a iy isiqkaf.a
wOHdmk ;;a;ajh k.d isgqùu Wfoid úfYAI ld¾h ixúOdkh lr l%shd;aul
lsrSu
 wOHdmk .eg`M ms<snò m¾fhaIK meje;aùu iy Mys m%;st, wod< wxY iòyd
fhduq lsrSfuka wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ixj¾Okh lsrSu
 Ydia;%Sh jeo.;alulska hqla; m%ldYk iemhSu yd Majd m%ldYhg m;a lsrSu
 m%cdj iu`. b;d ióm yd iqyo iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka m%cdjg wjYH jk
ixj¾Ok jev iòyd iydh ùu
 wOHdmk moaO;sfha isák ishü .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;shslNdjh ÈhqKq lsrSu iòyd
WÑ; jQ wLKav .=re wOHdmk jev igyka ixúOdkh lr l%shd;aul lsrSu iy
 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG" .=re wOHdmk wdh;k yd .=re uOHia:dk iy .=re
wOHdmkh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;kj, fiajh lrk .=re wOHdmk{hska w;r
wfkHdakH iqyo;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSu u.ska .=re wOHdmk woyia yqjudrejg
wjia:dj ie,iSu
 iu.dó wdh;k úiska l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ jev igyka iïnkaO j ±kqj;a ù
úoHdmSGfha wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,fha Ma ms<snò ±kqj;a nj we;s
lsrSu ^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" 2001&
kjl .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;Sh oCI;d kexùu" lafIa;%fha isák .=rejrekaf.a
jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh" wfkl=;a .=re wOHdmk wdh;k iu`. Mlaj .=re jD;a;Sh
ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu jYfhka úúO lafIa;%" Tiafia .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh
j¾Okhg cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG odhlùu wjOdrKh lsrSu iqúfYAIS ;;a;ajhls'
mdGud,dj wNHka;r oEwjqreÿ iy jirl iSudjdisl mqyqKqjlska iukaú;h' oEwjqreÿ
ld,iSudfõ § cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d úIhud,dj m%Odk úIh lafIa;%
;=klska iukaú; h'
3|Page
1' mdi,a moaO;sfha b.ekaùï ld¾h b,lal lr .ksñka w;aoelSï §u iòyd jQ m%Odk
úIh ^úIh 1" úIh 2&
2' .=re jD;a;Sh l=i,;d" wdl,am j¾Okh b,lal lr .ksñka w;a±lSï §u iòyd jQ
jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%h
3' .=rejrfhl=g wjYH fmdÿ l=i,;d §u b,lal lr.;a idudkH úIh lafIa;%h
fuu úIh lafIa;% ;=kg wu;r j úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj,ska yd ;=kajk
jif¾ § iSudjdisl .=re mqyqKqj hgf;a b.ekaùï ksmqK;d" jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh iòyd jQ
jHdmD;s" mka;s ldur .eg¨ úi`§u b,lal lr.;a l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK iy .=re
fm!reIhg ÈYdkq.;ùu hk m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%.+K lsrSu b,lal lr .;a
l%shdldrlïj,ska o úIhud,dj iukaú; fõ' we.hSï l%shdj,sh wLKav we.hSï yd
iïmsKaä; we.hSï jYfhka fohdldr h ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 2007&'
.=re wOHdmkfhys jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= lafIa;%h jkafka úIhud,djhs'
fcdaka l¾g ^John Kerr) wkqj úIhud,dj hkq .=re wOHdmkfha mrud¾:" wruqKq bgq
lr .ekSu iòyd mdi, u.ska ie,iqï lr ;ks ;ks j fyda lKavdhï jYfhka fyda
mdi, ;=< § fyda bka msg; § l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úIh lreKQ ie,iqï lsrSu"
ixúOdkh" l%shd;aul lsrSu" kshdukh iy we.hSï hk wxYj,ska iukaú; pl%dldr
l%shdj,shls ûqKisxy' 2008&'
Ma wkqj úIhud,dj m%Odk wx. .Kkdjlska iukaú; h' úIh wka;¾.;h
we;=<;a úIh ks¾foaY"bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï" bf.kqï iïm;a yd l%ufõo"
;lafiarej yd we.hSï Ma w;r jeo.;a fõ' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj,ska wfmaCIs;
b,laal imqrd .ekSfï m%Odk fuj,u jkafka Mys l%shd;aul jkakd jQ úIhud,djhs'
.=re wOHdmkfha yrh jkafka Mys úIh wka;¾.;fha .=Kd;aulNdjh yd
wod<;dj hs' Mu.ska .=rejrekag ,efnk l%ufõo yd l=i,;djh;a Mu.ska m%j¾Okh
flfrk ys;lr Okd;aul wdl,am;a h' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jQ l,S iyNd.s;aj
l%shdldrluls ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009" ms' 198&'
fï wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGhkays l%shd;aul jk bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha iajdNdjh y`ÿkd .ekSu jeo.;a h' b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § úIh ks¾foaY
ieliSu yd l%shd;aul lsrSu" kj b.ekaùï l%u yd l%uYs,am Ndú;h" YsCIK,dNSka iajhx
bf.kqug fhduq lsrSfï WÑ; l%shdldrlï" ld,h fhdod .ekSu hk wxY flfrys
YslaIK,dNSkaf.a l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu jeo.;a h' tfia u bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha § jeäysá
bf.kqï m%fõY" iajhx bf.kqï Wmdh ud¾." wka;¾ iïnkaO;d j¾Okh b,lal lr.;a
l%shdldrlï" f;dr;=re ikaksfõok l=i,;d ms<snò mßph ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõo ms<snò
j YsCIK,dNSka fhduq lsrSu o jeo.;a h'
mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkfhka wfmaCIs; wruqKq bgq lr .ekSfï § cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, l%shd;aul bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<snò
j mßCId lsrSu ldf,daÑ; mshjrla jkafka fï iïnkaO j úêu;a wOHhkhlska
f;dr;=re ikd: lr fkd;sîuh'
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1'1 wOHhkfha jeo.;alu
foaYSh jYfhka fuka u f.da,Sh jYfhka o .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh
j¾Okh lsrSfï wjYH;dj fmkajdfoñka wOHdmk{hska" m¾fhaIlhska m%n, f,i
woyia bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa 1960 oYlfhka miq jljdkqfõ§ h' YsIH bf.kqu flfrys
n,mdkakd jQ idOl" nqoaê ixj¾Okh" fm<Uqu" bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%u yd l%uYs,am"
YsIH flakao%Sh bf.kqï m%fõYh" .=re N+ñldj ms<snò j jQ kj oDIaáfldaK ms<snò j
úoaj;a ixjdoj, m%;st,h jQfha .=re wOHdmkfha jHQyh" iajdNdjh iy ls%hd;aul lrk
wdldrh ms<snò j kj woyia bÈßm;a ùuhs'
f.da,Sh jYfhka .=re wOHdmkfha kj m%jK;dj,g iu.dó j Y%S ,xldfõ .=re
wOHdmkh ieliSfï wjYH;dj 1964 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj úiska fmkajd fok ,oafoa
.=re mqyqKqj jvd;a w¾:dkaú; j isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhla nj u;= lrñka h' —fokq ,nk
mqyqKqj ieneúka u w¾:odhl jQ o" m%fhdackj;a jQ o jD;a;Sh ;;a;ajhg wkqrEmh hs'
ms<s.; yels jQ o'''''˜ ^wOHdmk wud;HxYh 1964&'
1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd u.ska .=re wOHdmkh m%;sixúOdkh
lrñka .=rejrhdf.a jD;a;Sh oCI;d j¾Okh lsrSfï wjYH;dj u;= lr we;'
"jdÑl l%uj,g jvd l%shdldrS l%u fnfyúka bjy,a lr.; hq;= fjhs' fï
iòyd úfYaIfhka mqyqKq jQ l%shdYS,S .=re msßila wmg wjYHh'" hg oelajQ
wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g iß,k f,i .=re úoHd, o m%;sixúOdkh flfrkq
we;' ^wOHdmk wud;HxYh" 1972" ms'19&'
m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,ska .=rejrhdf.a ld¾hNdrh ms<snò j wjOdrKh l<

o" wfmaCIs; wruqKq bgq fkdjQ nj fmkajd foñka 1981 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK
fhdackdj, o .=re wOHdmkfha mj;sk ;;a;ajh h<s ieliSfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh
flßKs' Mys ,d .=re fiajfha ld¾hCIu;djh wvq ùug n,mdk idOl h<s biau;=
flßKs ^wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd" 1981&'
YS% ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkfha ikaêia:dkhla f,iska ie,flk 1981 wOHdmk
m%;sixialrK fhdackdj, m%;st,hla jQ úYajúoHd,j,ska mßndysr jQ mQ¾j fiajd .=re
wOHdmkh iòyd cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG kñka fjk u .=re wOHdmk wdh;k
msysgqùfuka wfmaCId lrk ,oafoa .=re wOHdmk wdh;kj, mej;s úIh ks¾foaY"
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" we.ehSu we;=<;a .=re wOHdmk úIhud,dj kùlrKhg
,la lsrSuhs' .=re úoHd,j, mj;sk oEjqreÿ mqyqKq l%ufhka fjkia jQ wdh;ksl jir
follska yd iSsudjdisl úIhhkaf.ka hq;a mqyqKq jirlska iukaú; jQ" idudkH" jD;a;Sh
yd úfYaI jYfhka ieliqKq mq`M,a .=re wOHdmk úIhud,djla l%shd;aul lsßug fhdackd
ùuhs'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úIhud,dfõ m%Odk úIhfhka mdif,a 1-11 fY%aKs iòyd
jQ úIhh ixl,am b.ekaùï l=i,;d o" jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%h Tiafia .=re jD;a;Sh
l=i,;d o" idudkH úIhhka u.ska .=rejrhl=g wjYH iSudjdiS jifrys b.ekaùï"
5|Page
jHdmD;s" yd m¾fhaIK we;=`M .=re fm!reIhg ÈYdkq.; ùfï l=i,;d j¾Okh o
b,lal lr .eksKs'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfhys bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh we;=`M iuia;
mßmd,kh ms<snò j j.lSfï ks,Odßhd mSGdêm;s jk w;r l<uKdlrK ld¾hfha §
Wm mSGdêm;sjre ;sfofkla úúO wxY Tiafia mSGdêm;sg iydh fj;s' úoHdmSGfha
Ydia;%Sh lghq;= ms<snò j.lSu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg mejrS we;' wOHhk
lghq;=j, j.lSï ork Wm mSGdêm;s ^wOHhk yd .=Kd;aul ;yjqrej& wOHhk lghq;=
ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsrSfï j.lSï bgq lrhs'
wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha f.k hkq ,nk mdGud,djka ys .=Kd;aul ;yjqrej
mj;ajd .ekSu iòyd wjYH ie,iqï ilia fldg l%shd;aul l< hq;= h' ^wOHdmk
wdud;HdxY" 2001& .=re wOHdmk mdGud,dfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh /l.ekSfï wjYH;dj
rdcldrs lghq;= ;SrKfha § o wjOdrKh lr ;sîu idOkSh ;;a;ajhls'
fmr mej;s .=re wOHdmk mdGud,dj,g jvd jHQyd;aul fuka u l%shd;aul
jYfhka fjkia jQ iy .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul keUqre;djla b,lal.; j mQ¾j
fiajd .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d ie,iqï lr we;' tu.ska kjl .=rejrfhl=g wjYH jk
M,odhS bf.kqï l%fudamdhhka fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj" úIh ixl,am meyeÈ,s j yd
ksjerÈ j b.ekaùfï yelshdj" ikaksfõok l=i,;d" jD;a;Sh yeisÍï yd .=Kdx. we;=,;a
jD;a;Sh olaI;djfhka hq;a msßmqka .=rejrhl= ìys lrkafka o@ hkak fidhd ne,Sfï §
jvd;a fhda.H m%fõYh jkafka úoHdmSGj, mdGud,d l%shd;aul lsrSfï m%Odk fuj,u
jk bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sh úu¾Ykhg ,la lsrSuhs' fuys § úoHdmSGh wfmaCIs;
.=rejrfhl= ìys lsrSu Wfoid .=re wOHdmk{hskaf.a b.ekAùï m%fõY" Ndú; lrk
b.ekaùï l%u yd Ys,amS l%u" fhdod .kakd iïm;a yd ld,h" ,nd.kakd iydh fiajd
úuiSug ,la lsrSu;a" YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug fm<Uqu" mQ¾j ie,iqï" bf.kqu iòyd
l%shdldrS iyNd.s;ajh wd§ wxY úu¾Ykhg ,la lsrSu;a w;HjYH h'
fï jk úg jir 30la blaujd we;s .=re wOHdmk mdGud,dfõ wfmaCIs; wruqKq
bgq lr .ekSu iòyd YsCIK,dNSkaf.a md¾Yjfhka bf.kqu yd iïnkaO .eg¨ o" .=re
wOHdmk{hskaf.a md¾Yjfhka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh fufyhùu iïnkaO .eg¨ o wju
lr .ksñka .=Kd;aul .=re wOHdmkhla ia:dms; l< hq;= h' Mys l%shd;aul mdGud,d yd
ine`È bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh mrSlaId lsrSfï wOHhkhl
wjYH;djh u;= jkafka fï ksid h'
6|Page
fojk mßÉfPaoh
idys;H úu¾Ykh
fuu mßÉfþoh u.ska wOHhkhg wod< idys;H uQ,dY% ms<sn| úu¾Ykh isÿlr we;'
úfoaYSh uQ,dY% yd foaYSh idys;H uQ,dY% wOHhkfha m%ia;=; u.ska ;yjqre jk mßÈ fuu
mßÉfþfohka ixlaIsma;j uQ,dY% úu¾Ykhg ,lalr we;'
m¾fhaIK ud;Dldjg wod< j idys;H úu¾Ykhg ,la lsrSfuka m¾fhaIK
lafIa;%h ms<snò j m¾hdf,dalhla ,nd .ekSug wfmaCIs; h ^Yin, 2009&' Ma wkqj YS%
,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine¢ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh msßlaiSu b,lal .; jQ fuu wOHhkfha§ f;aud Tiafia idys;H
úu¾Ykhg ,la flf¾' .=re wOHdmkh" .=re wOHdmkfha jeo.;alu" .=re wOHdmkfha
.=Kd;aulNdjfha ,laIK iy .=Kdx." Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul .=re wOHdmkfha
iajdNdjh" mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh" YS% ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkfha úldYh" cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, wdrïNh iy úldYh" mq¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO foaYh
S
yd úfoaYSh m¾fhaIK wOHhkh lsßu Tiafia woH;k m¾fhaIKhg wjYH miqìu y`ÿkd
.ekSu wfmaCIs; h'
2'1' .=re wOHdmkh

wOHdmkfha m%Odk b,lalh jk YsIH ixj¾Okh iïnkaaO ld¾hNdrh bgq
lsrSfï m%Odk j.lSu .=rejrhd iy mdi, u; r|d mj;s' b.ekaùu iòyd f;dard .kq
,nk whg bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jdÑl j fufyhùu iòyd wjYH jk ±kqu"
wdl,am" l=i,;d ,nd §fï wruqKska l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ iuia; l%shdj,sh .=re
wOHdmkh hs' .=rejreka iòyd jk jD;a;Sh oCI;d w;am;a lr .ekSfï ud¾.h .=re
wOHdmkh hs ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009&' úIh ms<snò ukd ±kqu" mka;s ldur
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha YsIH flakaøSh keUqre;dj we;s lsrSu fukau WÑ;
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u yd l%u Ys,am Ndú; lsrSu we;=<;a ksmqK;d o" M,odhS b.ekaùfï
yelshd m%o¾Ykfhka biau;= jk ld¾h idOkh o" jD;a;shg wkql+, jQ jhia iSudj o
hk m%Odk wx. jD;a;Sh oCI;d hkafkka w¾:j;a h ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009&'
.=re wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl ljqkais,hg wkqj .=re wOHdmkh jQ l,S mQ¾j
m%d:ñl wjia:dfõ isg Wiia wOHdmk uÜgu olajd jQ bf.kqï l%shdj,sh fufyhùu
iòyd hful=g ,nd fokakd jQ mqyqKqj yd m¾fhaIK l=i,;d wka;¾.; l%shdj,shls'
.=re wOHdmkh u.ska wOHdmkh yd ne`ÿKq j.lSï M,odhSj l%sh d;aul lsrSu iòyd jQ
mqoa.,fhl= ìys lsrSug iydh jkakd jQ úêu;a iy wúêu;a l%shdldrlï iy w;a±lSïj,
iudfhdackh .=re wOHdmkh fõ ^wOHdmkh ms<snò Goods Yío fldaIh&'
fï wkqj id¾:lj ;u ld¾hNdrh bgq lsrSug wjYH jk w;a±lSï" Yla;k
S a yd
Ndú;hka ±kqj;a lsrSu ixj¾Okh lsrSu .=re wOHdmkh hkafkka .uH fõ'
7|Page
1960 oYlhg fmr" .=rejreka iQodkï lsrSu y`ÿkajk ,oafoa .=re mqyqKj
Q ^Teacher
training& jYfhks' hdka;%sl yd Ys,amSh mqyqKqjla muKla b,lal iy.; jQ Mu
ixl,amfhka neyerj Ma fjkqjg .=re wOHdmkh kï jQ ixl,amh fï iòyd jvd;a
WÑ; nj wjOdrKh lr we;' Mu.ska b.ekaùfï l=i,;d jYfhka .efkk b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lsrSu" l%shd;aul lsrSu" ;lafiare lsrSu" mka;s ldur md,kh lsrSu"
WmfoaYkd;aul øjH mßyrKh lsrSu iy wOHdmkhg mokï jQ od¾Yksl" ufkda
úoHd;aul iy iudc úoHd;aul kHdh ms<sn| ±kqula ;u jD;a;sh id¾:lj bgq lsÍug
wjYH l%u Ys,am" l%fudamdh yd m%fõY wka;¾.; uDÿ l=i,;d" WmfoaYd;aul l=i,;d"
wka;¾ mqoa., l=i,;d mß.kl l=i,;dj,ska iukaú; jD;a;Sh l=i,;d hk m%Odk
lafIa;%j, ifudaOdksl tl;= jQ .=re wOHdmkh fõ'
2'2 .=re wOHdmkfha jeo.;alu

hï lsis rgl .=Kd;aul nj /fòkqfha Mys isák mqrjeishkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh
u; jk w;r .=Kd;aul mqrjeisfhl= rgg odhdo lsrSfï ld¾h mejrS we;af;a rgl
l%shd;aul jk wOHdmkh l%uhg h' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla l%shd;aul l< yels jkafka
.=Kd;aul .=rejrfhl=g muKs' ^wefußldkq .=re wOHdmk fldñiu&' .=Kd;aul
.=rejrfhl= hkq ;u ld¾hh mj;ajd f.k hdug wjYH ±kqu" l=i,;d muKla fkdj
isiqka by< uÜgulg f.k Maug yelshdjla we;s wfhl= fõ' Mjeks yelshdjla we;s
wfhl= ìys lsrSug kï .=re wOHdmkh Yla;su;a úh hq;= h'
Fieman- Nemser (2001) g wkqj .=re wOHdmkhg m%fõY jk mqoa.,hska úúO úYajdi
iodpdr w.hhka yd fm!reI iajdNdjhkaf.ka hqla; wh neúka Tjqka ;=< .=Kd;aul
.=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsrSug wjYH jk oekqu" yelshd" ms<s.ekSï fukau .=re
fm!reI .;s ,CIKj,g ÈYdkq.; ùug wjYH moku we;s lrkq ,nkafka .=re wOHdmk
l%uhla u.sks'
wOHdmk moaO;sfha úúO uÜgïj,g Mkï mQ¾j m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl" fcHIaG
oaú;Shsl wd§ úúO uÜgïj, isák bf.kqï,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï wjYH;d" bf.kqï
ffY,Ska" bf.kqï .eg¨" fm<Uqï Wmdh ud¾. yd Ndú;h y`ÿkd .ekSu .=Kd;aul
.=rejrfhl= iòyd w;HjYH w;r Ma iòyd id¾:l mokula .=re wOHdmkh u.ska we;s
flf¾' .=Kd;aulNdjfhka fyì wOHdmkhla ,nd§ug kï wOHdmkh ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a .=re jD;a;shg ,eÈhdjla olajk" iïmQ¾K lemùfuka fiajh lrk .=re
msßila wjYH fõ ^ wOHdmk wud;HxYh" 1997" msgj
q 03&'
8|Page
2'3 .=re wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjfha ,laIK yd .=Kdx.
.=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn|j bÈßm;aj we;s ú.%y wkqj tys ,laIK .Kkdjla
y÷kd.; yels h' th hï wdh;khla l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk l%shdj,shlska ,efnk
m%;sM,hls' .=Kd;aul úIh noaO jk w;r th ;SrKh lrkq ,nk wdldrh
mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jkafka w;a±lSï" w.hhka iy ixialD;sh ta flfrys
n,mdk neúks' .=Kd;aul nj ixl,amSh woyila jk w;r th wdh;khl ±lau yd
mrud¾: u; r|d mj;S' .=Kd;aul nj uekSu ÿIalr jqj o th <.d lr .ekSug yels
fõ'
wOHdmk lafIa;%fha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| woyi kj iudc iïnkaO;dj,
m%;sM,hla f,i biau;= jkafka 21 jeks ishjfia § h' fï wkqj j¾;udkfha mdi,a
wOHdmkh" Wiia wOHdmkh fuka u .=re wOHdmk lafIa;%fha o .=Kd;aulNdjh /l
.ekSu iïnkaO úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq ù we;' .=re wOHdmk lafIa;%fha
.=Kd;aulNdjh ñksh yels jkafka .=re wOHdmk mdGud,djla yodrd wjika l< .=re
YsIHhl=f.a .=re jD;a;sh yd ine|s iuia; pß; ,laIK yd .=Kdx.j,sks' .=rejrhd
.=Kd;aul núka iïmQ¾K ùug kï tu .=rejreka iQodkï lrk" mqyqKq lrk .=re
wOHdmk wdh;kfha iuia; l%shdj,sfhys .=Kd;aul nj oDIHudk úh hq;= h' iïm;a"
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh .=re wOHdmk{ ld¾hNdrh" iqNidOk ld¾hhka" ta w;r
m%Odk fõ'
2015 j¾Ifha isg wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha l<ukdlrK yd m%ñ;s YdLdj u.ska
mdi,aj,g y÷kajd § we;s we.hSï ud¾f.damfoaYfha mdi,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj
msßlaiSu i|yd m%Odk lafIa;% wgla hgf;a ks¾Kdhl 60la iy o¾Yl 210lska iukaú;
ndysr we.hSï l%uhla wka;¾.; fõ' tu m%Odk lafIa;% wg w;=ßka fojeks lafIa;%h
jYfhka olajd we;s bf.kqï-b.ekaùï iy we.hSu m%ñ;s follska" wjYH;d mylska
ks¾Kdhl y;rlska o¾Yl ;sylska fuka u .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd jQ
m%Yak y;lska iukaú; fõ' tu we.hSï ls%shdj,sh mßudK 6lska we.hSug ,la flf¾'
^wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" 2014" ms' 17" 18& tu ks¾Kdhl bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.; yels mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" mdvug
msúiSu" mdvu ixj¾Okh we.hSu iy .=rejrhdf.a mqoa., j.lSï yd fm!reIh ukdj
ms<sìUq lsÍu hk ks¾Kdhlj,ska iukaú; fõ' bf.kqï -b.ekaùï iy we.hSï
lafIa;%hg wod< j mdif,a bÈß ixj¾Okh i|yd muKla fhdod .ekSu b,lal lr
.ksñka idlÉPd l< hq;= .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhka m%Yak y;lska olajd we;' fuu
.=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhka u.ska .=rejrhdf.a id¾:l$wid¾:l nj" YsIH úúO;ajhg wkqrEmS
jk f,i b.ekaùu" iuia; .=re uKav,fha ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka fuu w;a±lSï
fhdod .kakd wdldrh u;= lr .ekSug wfmalaId flf¾' fï wkqj bf.kqï -b.ekAùï
l%shdj,sh fufyhùu iaÓr m;aùï ,o lÒldpd¾h" wkqhqla; l:sldpd¾h iy w¾Old,Sk
jYfhka úúO;ajfhka hqla; h'
9|Page
wdrïNfhA È bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh /l .eksu iòyd
lKavdhula 25 lg iSud jQj o" miqj l%ufhka mdGud,d jHdma;sh yd nòjd .kq ,nk
ixLHdj u; Mla lKavdhulg wh;a ixLHdj 10 -50 olajd úp,khg ,laj we;'
.=re wOHdmkfhys yrh .=re wOHdmk úIhud,dj Mys wka;¾.;h iy
wod<;ajh iy l%shd;aul lsßfï iajdNdjh u; Mys .=Kd;aulNdjh r|d mj;S' ^cd;sl
wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009& .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh hkq .Kqfokq lrejka i;=gg m;a lsrSu
fukau ld¾hCIu;dj t,odhS;dj /l .eksu nj .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ms<snò cd;Hka;r
m%ñ;s wdh;kfha ú.%y fldg we;' ^wOHdmk wud;HxYh" 2008& mdi,a wOHdmkh
Yla;su;a lsrSu" isiq mrmqr iudchg iqÿiaika fia yev.eiaúfuys,d .=Kd;aul .=re
mqyqKqj wjYH;dj hqfkiaflda fldñiu wjOdrKh lr we;' ^De Loure ô f,da¾&" 1996&
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úIhud,dj ls%hd;aul lsrSu iïnkaO j.lSu mejrS
we;af;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg h' úIhud,d l%shd;aul lsrSfï oS we;s .eg¨ ms<snòj
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG we.hSï uKav, /ialsrSïj, § úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq fldg
we;'
bx.%%Sis .Ks;h úoHdj jeks mdGud,dj, ixl,am idOkh wvq nj" fhojqï
înputs& ÿ¾j,ùu ksid mdGud,dfõ jákdlu ÿ¾j, ù we;s nj" we;eï mdGud,d iòyd
nòjd .ekSfï§ úIh ±kqu fkdue;s fyhska nòjd .ekSfuka miq udihla fyda folla
fjka lrf.k úIh ±kqu ,nd§u iqÿiqnj ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 2008'12'23 we.hSï
uKav, /iaùï jd¾;dj msgq wxl 03&
fï wkqj úfYaIfhka .Ks;h" úoHdj" bx.%Sis mdGud,d ms<snòj úfYaI wjOdkh
fhduq lsrSu jeo.;a h'
2'4 Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul .=re wOHdmkfha iajdNdjh

.=rejrhd ish jD;a;Sh ld,h mqrdu ixj¾Okh úh hq;= neúka Ma iòyd jQ .=re
wOHdmkh o wLKav l%shdj,shla ùu wjYH h' l%shd;aul jk wdldrh wkqj .=re
wOHdmkh wdrïNl jD;a;Sh .=re wOHdmkh yd wLKav jD;a;Sh .=re wOHdmkh hk
fohdldrhlska .=re ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl fõ' .=rejrfhl= jYfhka m%:ujrg ,nd
.kakd .=re wOHdmkh wdrïNl jD;a;Sh .=re wOHdmkh hs Înitial Teacher Education&
^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" 2009&'
wdrïNl .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d iïmQ¾K lsrSfuka miq jD;a;sfha .; lrk
ld,h ;=< oS .=re ixj¾Okh iòyd l%shd;aul jkakd jQ jevigyka wLKav jD;a;Sh .=re
wOHdmkh hg;g .efkk w;r iuia; wOHdmkh iïnkaO we;sjkakd jQ cd;sl
f.da,Ssh fjkialï" m%jK;d ms<snòj w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:d iïmdokh fï
hgf;a l%shd;aul h'
.=rejreka iòyd .=re wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jk wjia:d moku lr .ksñka
wdrïNl .=re wOHdmk yd wLKav .=re wOHdmk jevigykaj, iajrEmh mQ¾j fiajd
10 | P a g e
yd fiajdia: jYfhka l%shd;aul h' wdrïNl .=re wOHdmkfha § jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
fiajhg msúiSug fmr .=rejreka iQodkï flfrk jevigyka h'
2'4'1 mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh

.=rejrfhl= jYfhka wOHdmk lafIa;%hg m%fõY ùug wfmaCId lrk wfhl=g
.=re jD;a;shg wod< úIh yd jd;a;Sh ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am yd yeisrSï iïnka O
kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%.+K lsrSu b,lal lr .ksñka l%shd;aul jk .=re
wOHdmkh mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh hs'
2'5 Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkfha úldYh

YS% ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkh ms<snòj jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul jQ jevms<sfj<la
werfUkafka furg ngysr md,k iufha § h' .=re mqyqKqjl wjYH;dj mD;=.Sis" ,kafoAis
yd ì%;dkH jeks úfoaYSh wOHdmk n,Odrska Y%S ,xldfõ Tjqkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;=
wdrïN lsrSu;a iu`. l%shd;aul lsrSug .kakd ,o m%h;ak jYfhka mD;=.Sis iufha
l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljreka .=rejreka f,i lghq;= lsrSu" iy .= rejreka mqyqKq
lsrSu iïnkaO f¾Ika iagQäfhdarï ^Ration Studiorum& jevms<sfj< bÈßm;a lsrSu"
,kafoAis md,k iufha§ wdrïN lrk ,o fiufkaßh iy ì%;dkH iufha wdrïN lrk
,o fkdau,a mdi, ±laúh yels h' rcfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxY w;r §¾>ld,Sk j we;s jq
u; .egqï ksid úp,kh jQ .=re wOHdmkh kej; msì§fï ikaêia:dkhla jkafka 1869
m%isoaO b.ekaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu hs ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 2016&'
fkdau,a mdi, u.ska bx.%Sis yd isxy, udOH .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d o" bx.%Sis udOH .=re
wOHdmkh ñIkdß ksldhhka hgf;ao l%shd;aul úKs'
furg .=re wOHdmkfha m%uqL;ajh ,eî ;snqfka .=re úoHd,j,g jQ w;r 1960
wxl 05 orK WmlD; mdGYd,d iy .=re úoHd, ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk;" 1961 wxl 08
orK WmlD; mdGYd,d iy .=re úoHd, ^w;sf¾l úêúOdk wd{d mk;& furg .=re
wOHdmkfha ikaêia:dkhls' fuu .=re úÿy,a w;ßka uyr.u .=re úoHd,h idudkH
.=rejrekag wu;rj 1944 § WmdêOdrS .=rejreka iòyd Mla wjqreÿ mqyqKq mdGud,djla
l%shd;aul lrk ,§'
WmdêOdrS .=re Nj;=kag .=re mqyqKqj ,ndoSu iòyd 1949 ,xld úYajúoHd,fha
wOHdmk msGh u.ska wdrïN úh' Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, .=re úoHd, jHdma;ùu
l%ufhka isÿ jQ w;r .=re úÿy,aj,g isiqka nòjd .ekSsfï § iïuqL mßCIK"
fþHIaG;ajh" iy;sl m;% moku" YsIH .=re iy újD; ;r`. wd§ úúO l%u wkq.ukh
lrk ,§' mdGud,d ld,h o fojir fuka u jir ;=k olajd jYfhka jßka jr fjkia
úKs' .=re úoHd, úIhud,dj wksjd¾h úIh yd ffjhsl,ams; úIh yd m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj
jYfhka l%shd;aul úh'
1942 úYajúoHd, mk; u.ska fmardfoKsfha ,xld úYajúoHd,h weröfuka miqj
Mys Mla wxYhla jQ wOHdmk wxYh 1949 isg WmdêOdß .=reNj;=ka iòyd .=re wOHdmkh
11 | P a g e
l%shd;aul lrñka mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,dj weröu" 1969 §
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdê mdGud,d weröu" 1965 ka miq úfoHdaoh
yd úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,j, wOHdmk msG wdrïN lrñka mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk
ämaf,daud mdGud,d wdrïN lsßu" 1972 Wmdê wfmaCIlhska iòyd iudc úoHd .=re
ämaf,daud mdGud,dj weröu iy miqj Mh wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdêh olajd l%shd;aul ùu
úYajúoHd, .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka .kakd ,o l%shdud¾. fõ' fuu wjêfha §
wOHdmk wud;HxYh fuhg iu.dó j kqmqyqKq .=rejreka iòyd ÿria: mdGud,d wdrïN
lrk ,§' 1974 ka miqj hdmkh úYAjúoHd,fha wOHdmk wxYh msysgqùu" 1980 Y%S ,xld
újD; úYAjúoHd,fha wOHdmk mSGh weröu" 1985 cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh weröu yd
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïNh isÿùu furg .=re wOHdmkfha kj m%fõYhla f,i
iksgqyka fõ' úúO .=re wOHdmk wdh;k w;r úIu;d wju lrñka Majd
iïnkaëlrKh iòyd 1997 § wxl 32 orK mk; u.ska cd;sl .=re wOHdmk wêldßh
wdrïN flßKs' Ma iu`.u Èjhsfka ishü l,dmj, .=re wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh lsrSfï
wruqKska .=re uOHia:dk wdrïN lsrSu .=re ixj¾Okh úuOH.;lrKhg fhduq lsrSula
úh' kuq;a 2001 oS cd;sl .=re wOHdmk wêldrsh úiqrejd yßk ,§' ta iu.u 2001 §
cd;sl .=re wOHdmk m%;m
s ;a;sh m%ldYhg m;a lsrSu .=re wOHdmk b;sydifha jeo.;a
isÿùula úh ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 2016&'
2012 § rcrg úYajúoHd,fha wOHdmk mSGh wdrïN úh' 2013 § .=re wOHdmkh
mdi,a wjYH;d mokï lr l%shdj,shla njg m;a lsrSfï wruqKq iy.;j mdi,a mdol
.=re ixj¾Ok jev igyk l%shd;aul úKs ^wOHdmk wud;HxYh&' fï wkqj ±kg Y%S
,xldfõ l%shd;aul .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d iy Majd l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk wdh;k
m%Odk jYfhka mq`M,a lafIa;% ;=kla hgf;a ixúOdkh ù we;' wOHdmk wud;HxYfha
.=re wOHdmk wxYh u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG yd .=re
úoHd, thska Mla lafIa;%hka jk w;r fojekak wdrïNl yd wLKav .=re wOHdmkh
l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khhs' .=re wOHdmkh fufyhjkq ,nk
f;jeks lafIa;%h úYaj úoHd, fõ ^2'1 jk j.=j&
2'1 jk j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmk wdh;k ixúOdkh yd l<ukdlrKh

ixúOdkh lsÍfï j.lSu l%shd;aul wdh;k wdh;kh mdGud,dj
ixLHdj
wOHdmk wud;HxYfha  cd;sl wOHdmk 19 cd;sl YsCIK úoHd
.=re wOHdmk wxYh yd úoHdmSG ämaf,daud" mqyqKq .=re iy;sl
cd;sl wOHdmk  .=re úoHd, 08 m;% mQ¾Kld,Sk jir 02hs'
wdh;kh
cd;sl wOHdmk  cd;sl wOHdmk uq,a <udúh wOHdmkh
wdh;kh wdh;kh 45 mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk
m%dfoaYh
S uOHia:dk ämaf,daud" wOHdmkfõÈ
Wmdêh
12 | P a g e
úYajúoHd,  fld<T úYaj úoHd,h wOHdmkfõÈ mYapd;a Wmdê
wOHdmk mSGh 01 wOHdmk ämaf,daud"
wOHdmkm;s" wOHdmk
o¾Ykm;s o¾Yk Y+Í
 fmardfoKsh mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk
úYajúoHd,h wOHdmk 01 ämaf,daud wOHdmkh ms<snò
wOHhkdxYh Ydia;%m;s
 hdmkh úYajúoHd,h mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk

wOHdmk wOHhkdxYh 01 ämaf,daud wOHdmkm;s
wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s o¾YkY+ß
 rcrg úYajúoHd,h mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk
wOHdmkmSGh 01 ämaf,daud wOHdmkm;s
 Y%S ,xld újD; mQ¾j mdi,a wOHdmkh

úYajúoHd,h 01 wOHdmkfõÈ mYapd;a Wmdê
wOHdmk wOHhkdxYh wOHdmk ämaf,daud .=re
wOHdmkh ms<snò Ydia;%m;s
wOHdmkm;s wOHdmk
o¾Ykm;s
fuu wdh;k u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk mdGud,d ish,a, tajdfha wruqKq mokï
lrf.k m%Odk lafIa;% myla hgf;a ±laúh yels h ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 1996&'
2'2 jk j.=j( wruqKq wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d j¾.SlrKh
j¾. wruqK mdGud,dj iajNdjh
h
01  1-10 fY%aKsj, b.ekaùu i|yd Wiia cd;sl YslaIK úoHd mQ¾Kld,Sk
fm< iu;=ka i|yd jk mQ¾j fiajd ämaf,daudj
.=re wOHdmkh mQ¾Kld,Sk
 Wmdê wfmalaIlhska i|yd jk wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdêh
úYajúoHd, l%shd;aul lrk .=re
wOHdmkh
02 ±kg .=re fiajfha isák WmdêOdß fkdjk .=re mqyqKq iy;sl mQ¾Kld,Sk
.=rejrekag uQ,sl jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,nd§u mdGud,dj
03 ±kg .=re fiajfha isák WmdêOdÍ .=reNj;=ka mYapd;a Wmdê mQ¾Kld,Sk$
i|yd jD;a;sh ±kqu yd l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu wOHdmk ämaf,daud w¾Old,Sk
13 | P a g e
04 mqyqKq .=rejreka ^WmdêOdÍ fkdjk& i|yd wOHdmkfõ§ ÿria:
jk wLKav .=re wOHdmkh
05 mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daudj yd wOHdmkm;s mQ¾Kld,Sk
wOHdmkfõ§ WmdêOdÍka i|yd jeäÿr wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s ÿria:
wOHdmkh o¾YkY+Í
2'6' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïNh yd úldYh

1986 wxl 30 orK wOHdmksl úoHdh;k u.ska mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh
l%shd;aul lsrSu iòyd cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïN úh' 1960 yd 1970 oYlj, §
fmardfoKsh yd fld<U úYajúoHd,j, l%shd;aulj mej;s iy bka miqj k;r lrk ,o
mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh h<s furg ia:dms; ùfï ikaêia:dkhla f,i cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSG y`Èkaúh yels h' mdi,a moaO;sfha 1-11 fY%aKs olajd jQ úIhud,dj
l%shd;aul lsrSu iòyd wjYH .=rejre cd;shg odhdo lsrSu iòyd jQ ld¾hNdrh cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSG ±lau yd fufyjr ;=,ska .uH fõ'
"cd;sl wOHdmk wNsu;d¾:hka bgq lr,Sug jD;a;Sh ksmqK;dj yd lemùu
iys; wkd.; wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK§ug wjYH oCI;dj" Woafhda.h yd
kj;dfjka fyì .=rejrfhl= mdi,a moaO;shg odhdo lsrSu" ^wOHdmk
wud;HdxYh 1985- 1&.
"mQ¾j fiajd yd wLKav wOHdmkh ;=<ska úYaj iudcfha m%.;shg odhl úh
yels oCI jD;a;Sh ksmqK;dfjka fyì .=rejrfhl= ìys lsrSu" ^wOHdmk
wud;HdxYh 1985&.
Mjlg mej;s .=re úoHd, yhla mjrd .ksñka 1985 § wdrïN jq cd;sl úoHdmSG
.Kk yhla jQ w;r" mdGud,d y;lg muKla iSud úKs' 2016 jk úg cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSG ixLHdj" mdGud,d iy udOH wkqj j¾Okh ù we;'
14 | P a g e
2'3 jk j.=j( cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd udOH wkqj j¾Okh
wdrïN cd'w'ú'mSGh ±kg l%shd;aul jk mdGud,d udOH m<d; Èia;%slalh

lrk ,o
j¾Ih
1985 ishkE úoHdj".Ks;h" ;dCIKh isxy,/bx.%Sis niakdysr .ïmy
$isxy,
1985 uyje,s bx.%Sis" ngysr ix.S;h bx.%Sis uOHu uykqjr
fojkniîsxy,"fou<& isxy, fou<
m%d:ñl" ix.S;h k¾;kh isxy,
1985 W!j YdrSßl wOHdmkh isxy,/bx.%Sis W!j noq,a,
m%d:ñl isxy,
1985 ydmsá.u m%d:ñl"úfYaI wOHdmkh isxy, niakdysr .ïmy
1985 idßmq;a; nqoaO O¾uh isxy, niakdysr .ïmy
1985 miaÿkarg bx.%Sis m%d:ñl" jdKscHh bx.%Sisisxy, niakdysr l`M;r
1986 ks,aj,d úoHd" .Ks; m%d:ñl isxy,/bx.%Sis ol=K ud;r
isxy,
1992 Y%S mdo úoHdj" .Ks;h" fou< uOHu kqjrM<sh
l¾kdgl ix.S;h"
Nr; kdgH isxy,
m%d:ñl" .Ks;h" úoHdj
1992 wâvd,ÉfÉk m%d:ñl" .Ks;h" úoHdj" fou< kef.kysr wïmdr
bia,dï O¾uh" úfYaI
wOHdmkh" jdKscHh
1993 jõkshd fou< W;=re jõkshd
1995 uvl,mqj fou< kef.kysr uvl,mqj
2000 mq,;sismqr m%d:ñl" lDIs yd wdydr isxy, W;=reueo fmdf,dkakrej
;dlaIKh
jhT Ñ;%" fmrÈ. k¾;kh isxy, jhT l=reKE.,
fmrÈ. ix.S;h
kdgH yd rx. l,dj
m%d:ñl
lf;da,sl l%sia;%shdks O¾uh
rejkamqr f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh bx.%Sis inr.uqj r;akmqr
m%d:ñl isxy,
2000 reyqK m%d:ñl" .Dy wd¾Òl úoHdj" isxy, ol=K .d,a,
YdrSßl wOHdmkh
hdmkh úoHdj" .Ks;h" lf;da,sl" fou</bx.%Sis%$ W;=re hdmkh
l%sia;shdks" bx.%Sis bx.%Sis
o¾.d bia,dï O¾uh" .Dy wd¾Òl fou< niakdysr l`M;r
úoHdj
2005 idßmq;a; m%d:ñl" nqoaO O¾uh isxy, jhT l=reKE.,
cd'w'ú'mSGfha
oTfoKsh
YdLdj
2007 fmardfoKsh bx.%Sis NdIdj" bx.%Sis uOHu uykqjr
fou< NdIdj fou<
isxy, NdIdj isxy,
2014 uyr.u jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr isxy, niakdysr fld<T
wOHhkh
15 | P a g e
Wla; j.=jg wkqj 1986-2017 olajd jQ ld,h ;=< oS úoHdmSG ixLHdj fuka u mdGud,d
ixLHdj m%idrKh ù we;s wdldrh wkqj úIu;d o úoHdudk h' niakdysr m<d; ;=<
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG ixLHdj 06 la jk w;r Mhska ;=kla u .ïmy Èia;%slalfha
msysgd we;' uOHu m<df;a úoHdmSG ;=kla ia:dms;j we;s w;r Mhska úoHdmSG foll u
bx.S%is udOH mdGud,djla f,iska bx.%Sis mdGud,dj ls%hd;aul l%shd;aul úu iqúfYaIS h'
kef.kysr" W;=r yd ol=Kq m<d;aj, úoHdmSG ;=k ne.ska l%shd;aul fõ' inr.uq" W!j"
W;=reueo" yd jhU m<d;aj, ia:dms;j we;af;a Mla úoHdmSGhla muKs' jhU m<df;a
idßmq;a; wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha YdLdjla f,i oUfoKsh YdLdj l%shd;aul jkafka nqoaO
O¾uh mdGud,dfõ .sys isiqka iòyd h' .sys meúÈ fomd¾Yajhu iòyd u l%shd;aul tlu
mdGud,dj lf;da,sl$ l%sia;shdks mdGud,dj jk w;r th jhT cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul h' fuu mdGud,dj" Mlu NdId udOHfhka úoHdmSG lSmhl
l%shd;aul ùu iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls' WodyrK jYfhka m%d:ñl wOHdmkh" fmrÈ.
ix.S;h iy k¾;kh ±laúh yels h' 1985-2017 olajd jQ ld,h ;=< úoHdmSGj, l%shd;aul
mdGud,dj, lems fmfkk lreKla jkafka we;eï mdGud,d jßka jr we;=<;a lsrSu"
bj;a lsrSu iïnkaO ;;a;ajh hs' fuu ishü úoHdmSGj,ska ìys flfrk .=rejreka
mdi,a wOHdmkfha 1-11 fY%AKs olajd l%shd;aul jk yr úIhhka iy f;dard .;a
ffjl,ams; úIhhka iòyd iQodkï lsrSuo lemS fmfkk ;;a;ajhls'
mdGud,dj,g YsCIK,dNSka nòjd .eksu jßka jr ixfYdaOkhg ,la ùu fuka
u we;=<;a lr .ekSfï iqÿiqlïj, úp,khkao olakg ,efí' w'fmd'i Wiia fm<
úNd.fha§ ,nd .kakd ,o Z ,l=K uQ,sl moku f,i i,lñka 1985 § iïuqL mrSCIK
j,ska wdrïN lrk ,o nòjd .ekSï miqj ;r`. úNd. mokï lr .ksñka o" kej;;a
iïuqL mßCIK Tiafia o isÿ fjñka mj;S'
wdrïNfha § jhia iSsudj wjqreÿ 18-22 jq w;r miqj Mh 18-25 olajd fjkia j
we;' lf;da,sl yd l%sia;shdks mdGud,dfõ È mQcH mlaIh iòyd jhia iSudj wjq 30 f,i
ie,fla' YS% mdo cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh j;= mdi,a ioyd isxy, yd fou< udOH
.=rejre iQodkï lsrSu iòyd úfYaIfhka fjkaj we;s w;r nòjd .ekSfï § j;= Èia;%slal
f,i kïlr we;s osia;%slal iòyd fjkaj we;' ldka;d YslaIK,dNSka iòyd o¾.d k.r
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh fjkaj we;' YdrSßl wOHdmk mdGud,dj iòyd nòjd .ekSfï
l%Svd l=i,;d iòyd jk úúO uÜgfï iy;slj,g ,l=Kq ,nd §u o iqúfYaIS h'
YsCIK,dNSka nòjd .ekSfï § w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& Z ,l=K we;eï mdGud,dj,g
wod< iqúfYaIS iy;sl ie,ls,a,g .kq ,enqj o" .=re jD;a;Shg wod< j isÿ flfrk
fm!reI fyda wdl,am fyda l=i,;d mÍCIKhla l%shd;aul fkdùu lemS fmfka' fï
ksid úYajúoHd,j,g m%fõYùug fkdyels" úYajúoHd, wOHdmkfha fuka fkdj
úoHdmSG mdGud,dj wjidkfha blaukska /lshd wjia:d ,nd .; yels ùu hk idOl
m%uqLfldg i,lñka úoHdmSGj,g we;=<;a ùfï m%jK;djhla mj;S'
uQ,sl iqÿiqlï ,;a whÿïlrejkaf.a l=i,;d moku u; ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh
iudkj ksfhdackh u; wdrïNfhA § f;dard .kakd ,o w;r" Mh jßka jr nòjd .eksï
16 | P a g e
iòyd ksl=;a lrk ,o ixfYdaOk u.ska fjkia lr we;' Ma wkqj cd;sl yd ÿIalr m<d;a
wkqmd;slj ksfhdackh ùfï moku isiqka f;dard .kakd ,§' ±kg l%shd;aul jkafka
l=i,;d u; m%foaYSh f,alï fldÜGdi moku u; h
2017 j¾Ifha § Ma Ma úoHdmSGj, l%shd;aul jk mdGud,dj,ska wkdjrKh jk
,CIK lSmhls' Mlu mdGud,dj úoHdmSG .Kkdjl l%shd;aul ùu" we;eï úoHdmSGj,
mdGud,d .Kkdjl l%shd;aul ùu fukau we;eï úoHdmSGj, l%shd;aul jkafka Mlla
fyda folla muKs' fï wkqj wdrïNfha È mdGud,d y;lg muKla iSud jqjo" 2017
j¾Ih jk úg mdGud,d 26 la iòyd udOH ;=fkka u mdGud,d l%shd;aul úu iqúfYAIS
;;a;ajhls' Mu mdGud,d idudkH wOHdmkfha m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha iy oaú;Shsl
wOHdmkfha yr úIhhka fuka u ldKav úIhhkag wjYH .=rejre ìys lsrSu jeo.;a
idOlhls'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d ld,h jir ;=kls' Mhska uq,a fojir
wdh;kh ;=< fkajdislj /|S isáh hq;= h' ;=kajeks jir úoHdmSG iSudikak rcfha
mdi,l WmdOHjrfhl= hgf;a iSudjdiS mqyqKqj iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' 2017 jif¾ isg
wNHka;ßl yd iSudjdisl ld,fha § udislj remsh,a 5000 ne.ska §ukdjla ysñ jk
w;r uq,a fojir ;=< ,efnk Èukdj YsCIK,dNSkaf.a wdydrmdk yd iqNidOk
ld¾hhka iòyd jeh flf¾'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,hlska iukaú;
h' mSGdêm;s m%Odk mßmd,lhd jk w;r Tyqg mßmd,kuh iydh ,nd§u
WmmSGdêm;sjre ;sfofkla isá;s' wOHhk yd .=Kd;aul ;yjqrej" md,k yd uqo,a iy
wLKav .=re ixj¾Ok jYfhka lafIa;% iòyd Wm mSGdêm;sjreka m;a lr we;' mSGdêm;s
uQ,H yd md,k lghq;= iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk wud;HxYhg o" wOHhk yd Ydia;%Sh
lghq;= iïnkaOfhka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg o j.lSug ne`È isà'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, Ydia;%Sh lghq;= ie,iqï lsßu" kshdukh iy
wëCIKh iïnkaO ld¾hNdrh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg mejrS we;'
fuu ld¾h fufyhùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha .=re wOHdmk iy úl,am
wOHdmk msGh hgf;a we;s wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska mdGud,dj,g
wod< úIhud,dj ;SrKh lsrSsu" úIh wka;¾.;h" úIh ks¾foaY" bf.kqï-b.ekaúï øjH
ieliSu fukau kshdukh hk ld¾hhka bgq lrkq ,nhs' wdh;ksl mqyqKqj wjidkfha
meje;afjk ndysr wjidk úNd.h ixúOdkh lsrSu" fufyhùu" we.hSu hk ld¾hhka
Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=jg mejÍ we;s w;r" úoHdmSGj,ska tjkq ,nk wNHka;r
,l=Kq iy Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ,ndfok wjidk úNd. ,l=Kq weiqßka
wjidk we.hSï jd¾;d ieliSfï ld¾h" m%;sM, ilia lsÍu iy;sl ,nd§u hk ld¾hhka
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=jg mejÍ we;' fï wkqj cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d
ixúOdkfha isg wjidkh olajd jQ l%shdj,sh wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kh hk wdh;k foflys fufyhùfuka l%shd;aul jkakls'
17 | P a g e
2¡7 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,dj
ljr fyda úêu;a wOHdmk l%shdj,shl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï oS jeo.;a jkafka
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úIhud,dj" Mys wka;¾.;h fuka u Mu úIhud,dj ixúOdkh"
fufyhùu" kshdukh iy we.hSsfï l%shdj,shhs' Ma wkqj kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.slj
w;a±lSï ,ndÈu b,lal lr .;a cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úIhud,dj m%Odk fldgia
folla hgf;a ixúOdkh ù we;af;a wdh;ksl fojir iòyd jk úIhhka yd iSudjdisl
mqyqKqjg wod< úIhhka jYfhks' wdh;ksl úIhud,dj m%Odk úIh lafIa;% ;=kla
Tiafia o iSudjdisl úIhhka m%Odk úIhhka y;rla Tiafia o l%shd;aul h'
wNHka;r fojirl ld,h ;=< § oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj i|yd jD;a;Sh úIh
lafIa;%hg wod< j m%Odk úIhhka yhlao úfYaI úIh lafIa;%hg wod,j m%Odk úIh 1
yd m%Odk úIh 2 jYfhka úIh folla o idudkH úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a úIhhka y;rla
o YsCIK,dNSka úiska yeoEßh hq;= h' ñg wu;rj úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj, ksr;ùu"
w;HjYH b.ekaùï mqyK
q qj iòyd Èk 40 la m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqjla ,nd .eksuo uq,a
fojirg wh;a fõ'
1986-2016 olajd jQ ld,h ;=< úoHdmSG úIhud,dj m%Odk wjia:d ;=kl§ Mkï
1996"2000 iy 2007 § ixfYdaOkh ú we;' 1985 isg fï olajd jD;a;Sh úIhh ixfYdaOk
weiqßka úfYAI ,laIK lSmhla y`ÿkd .; yels h'
2'4 jk j.=j - 1985 isg 2007 olajd jD;a;Sh úIhj, isÿj we;s ixfYdaOk
1995-1996 2000-2007 2007 ka miq
úIh m%d:ñl mdGud,d oaõ;Shsl mdGud,d
1'wOHdmkfha jD;a;Sh Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk wOHdmk ufkda wOHdmk ufkda
ufkdaúoHd;aul wOHdmkh I moaO;sh kj m%d:ñl úoHdj úoHdj
moku úIhud,dj
wOHdmkfha jD;a;Sh ufkda úoHd;aul moku wOHdmk iudc wOHdmk iudc
od¾Yksl iy wOHdmkh II úoHdj úoHdj
iudc úoHd;aul
moku
wOHdmksl ñkqï jD;a;Sh iudc úoHd;aul moku wOHdmk wOHdmk
iy we.hsï wOHdmkh ud¾f.damfoaYh yd ud¾f.damfoaYkh
III WmfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh
mdi,a yd m%cdj jD;a;Sh ;lafiarelrK uQ,O¾u wOHdmksl ñkqï wOHdmksl ñkqï
wOHdmkh we.hqï yd we.hqï
IV
ud¾f.damfoaYkh jD;a;Sh wOHdmk b.ekaùfï wOHdmk
yd WmfoaYkh wOHdmkh V jHjydr^wOHdmk idudkH l%u uQ,sldx. yd
;dCIKh yd b.ekaúfï wOHdmk ;dCIKh mdi,a
idudkH l%u we;=`Mj& yd wOHdmkfha l<ukdlrKh
uQ,sldx.'
wOHdmk m%jK;d jD;a;Sh wOHdmkfha uQ,sldx. mdi,a ixúOdkh wOHdmk
^fuu úIhhka wOHdmkh WmfoaYkh yd yd l<ukdlrKh jHjydr
;=k i,ld Mla jD;a;Sh ud¾f.damfoaYkh
m%Yak m;%hls& wOHdmkh b.ekaùu jD;a;Shla
VI jYfhka
fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka 1986 isg fï olajd cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG
úIhud,dfõ jD;a;Sh úIhhkays .=re l=i,;d ixj¾Okfhys,d w;HjYH úIhhla jk
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhud,djg Ml;= jkafka 2000 j¾Ifha§ h' 2007 ka miqj m%d:ñl
18 | P a g e
yd oaõ;shsl mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;% hgf;a kej; fmdÿ úIhhka yhla fï
olajd l%shd;aul h'
úfYaI úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a mdGud,d wkqj úIh ixLHdj fjkia úh' 1986-1999
olajd m%d:ñl wOHdmkh" nqoaO O¾uh" .KS;h" úoHdj mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh 4 lskao
YdrSrsl wOHdmkhg yd bx.%Sis NdIdjg úIhh 6 ne.skao" .Dy wd¾Òl úoHdjg úIhh
ne.skao úh' 2000 j¾Ifha úIhud,d ixfYdaOkfha lemS fmfkk ,CIKhla jqfha
m%d:ñl mdGud,dj yer wfkl=;a mdGud,d iòyd m%Odk úIh 1 yd m%Odk úIh 2
jYfhka ;j;a úIhhla mdGdud,djkag Ml;= lsrSuhs' .=rejrfhl=g Mla úIhhlg jvd
wju jYfhka úIhh lSmhla b.ekaùfï yelshdj w;HjYH fõ hk m%;sm;a;sh u; fuu
fjkialu isÿúKs' mdGud,dj,§ Mh y`ÿkajk ,oafoa úfYaI úIh yd wkqq úIh hkqfjks'
m%d:ñl mdGud,dfõ Mf;la ;snQ úIh y;ßka Mlla jk mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï
úIh mßir wdY%s; l%shdldrlï I" II yd III jYfhka fldgia ;=klska l%shd;aul úKs'
2007 úIhud,d ixfYdaOk hgf;a m%d:ñl mdGud,djg fojeks NdIdj îsxy,$fou<&
úIh w¨;ska y\qkajd fokq ,eìKs'
Mfukau 2007 § m%Odk úIh hgf;a Mla úIhhla úIh lSmhlska l%shd;aul ùu
fjkqjg m%Odk úIh 1 yd m%Odk 2 úIh jYfhka fjka lrk ,oafoa úIhg wod<
kHdhd;aul miqìu m%Odk úIh jYfhkao" m%Odk úIh 1 yd wod< l%u úoHdj úIh II
jYfhka jk fia ilia lsrSfuks' m%Odk úIh lsmhla ú.%y lsrSfuka úIh fjkiaj we;s
wdldrh y`ÿkd .; yels h'
2'5 jk j.=j ( úoHdmSG oaú;Shsl mdGud,djkays m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h fjkiaùu

^1996-2016&
mdGud,dj 1996-2000 2000-2007 2007 ka miqj
.Ks;h .Ks;h 1 .Ks;h 1 .Ks;h 1
.Ks;h 2 .Ks;h 2 .Ks;h 2
.Ks;h 3 .Ks;h 3
.Ks;h 4 .Ks;h 4
úoHdj úoHdj 1 úoHdj 1 úoHdj 1
úoHdj 2 úoHdj 2 úoHdj 2
úoHdj 3 úoHdj 3 úoHdj 3 ^m%dfhda.sl&
úoHdj 4 ^m%dfhda.sl& úoHdj 4
bx.%Sis l%u úoHdj wOHhkh 2007ka miq bx.%Sis
NdId wOHhkh bx.%Sis NdIdj lshùu yd ,sùu
lshùu ijka§u yd l:kh
,sùu úIh 2 - bx.%Sis idys;Hh
Y%jKh yd l:kh bx.%Sis l%u úoHdj
idys;H
2'7'1' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï

Ydia;%Sh úIhhkaf.ka ,nd .kakd w;a±lSïj, W!k mQrK iïmQ¾K lsrSu iòyd
fukau" Mu úIhhkaf.ka ,nd.; fkdyels iudc yd fm!reI l=i,;d j¾Okh lsrSu
b,lal lr.ksñka l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ úúO l%shdldrlï úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï
19 | P a g e
fõ' Ma wkqj úoHdmSG YsCIK,dNska ;=< iudc yd fm!reI .;s,laIK j¾Okh lsrSfï
wruqKska iEu úoHdmSGhlu l%Svd" nd,olaI$nd,olaIsld" YsIHNg iñ;s iud.ï"
wOHdmk pdßld" jHdmD;s" fi!kao¾h yd wd.ñl jevigyka jeks úIh iu.dó
l%shdldrlï wdrïNfha isg l%shd;aul jQ w;r miqj Majdg lrdfÜ " csïkdiaála jeks
l%shdldrlï o tlaj we;' nodod yer i;sfha wfkl=;a Èkj, m'j'4'00-6'00 olajd o"
fikiqrdod fm'j'8'00-12'00 olajd o l%shd;aul flf¾' fikiqrdod úIh iu.dó
l%shdldrlï fufyhjkq ,nkafka w¾Old,Sk lÒldpd¾hjre úisks'
2'7'2 úoHdmSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh'

fndfyda úoHdmSGj, mdGud,d lSmhla l%shd;aul jk neúka m%Odk úIh iòyd
muKla jk lÒldpd¾hjre jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha lÒldpd¾h iy idudkH úIh
lafIa;%fha jYfhka lÒldpd¾hjre fjkaj nòjd .ekSsï lrkq ,enqj o" úIh lafIa;%
lSmhl fuka u mdGud,d lSmhl b.ekAùfï ksr; jk lÓldpd¾hjre fuka u .=re
fiajfhka wkqhqla; lr.;a wkqhqla;$lÓldpd¾hjreka o fõ' iaÓr fiajfhka wkqhqla;
lr.;a lÒldpd¾hjre o fõ' .=re wOHdmk{hska jYfhka ye`Èkafjk fuu
lÒldpd¾hjreka nòjd .ekSu" Wiia lsrSu" udre lsrSu" wd§ mßmd,k ld¾hhka rdcH
fiajd fldñiu úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk Ma iïnkaO mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu
iòyd .=re wOHdmk fiajd YdLdj u.ska o wfkl=;a mßmd,k ld¾hhka .=re wOHdmk
wxYfha m%Odk flduidßia hgf;a Mk wOHdmk úoHdmSG YdLdj u.ska o fufyhúu isÿ
fõ'
2'7'3 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG we.hSï l%shdj,sh

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG we.hSï l%shdj,sh m%Odk fldgia follska iukaú; h'
Ma úIh ±kqu we.hSu iy .=re l=i,;d we.hSu jYfhks' úIh ±kqu we.hsu wLKav
we.hsï îïNjk& yd wjidk we.hsï îïmsKä
a ;& hk fohdldrfhka l%shd;aul fõ'
úIh ±kqu we.hSug ,la flfrkqfha m%Odk úIh lafIa;% ;=kla hgf;a h' Mu úIh
lafIa;% jkafka jD;a;Sh" úfYAI yd idudkH úIh lafIa;% jYfhks' jD;a;Sh úIhhka 7
la b.ekajqjo we.hSfï § úIh lafIa;% 4 la Tiafia 1986-1999 olajd we.hSug ,la úh'
jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fhys y;r jeks úIh iòyd jq m%Yak m;%h mdi, yd m%cdj"
ud¾f.damfoaYh iy WmfoaYkh iy wOHhhk m%jK;d hk úIhhka ;=ku
wka;¾.;jk fia ilia lrk ,o w;r ufkdaúoHd wOHdmkfha od¾Yksl iy iudc
úoHd;aul moku ñkqï iy we.hqï hk úIhhka iòyd m%Yak m;% ilia lrk ,oaafoa
fjka fjka jYfhks' úfYaI úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a jQ m%Yak m;% ixLHdj mdGud,d wkqj
fjkia úKs'
idudkH úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a m<uq jir iòyd iy fojk jir iòyd l%shd;aul
úIh ixLHdj mdGud,d wkqj fjkia jQjo isxy,$fou< bx.%Sis" wd.u yd ixiald;sh"
20 | P a g e
fi!LH yd YdrSßl wOHdmkh" cSjk l=i,;d" fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh iy úIhh Majd
w;r úh' nqoaO O¾uh mdGud,djg muKla Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s iy md,s NdIdj we;=<;a úh'
wdrïNfha isg iq¿ ixfYdaOkhkag ,laj 1999 olajd mej;s wNHka;r we.hSu
iliaj ;snqfKa m<uq jir iúrdu yd fojk jir iúrdu mßCIKh iy mejreï" Mall
mßCIK iy m%dfhda.sl mßCIK we;=<;a wLKav we.hSula jYfhks' wNHka;r yd ndysr
úNd.j, ,l=Kq ner ;eîfï l%uh mokï lr .ksñka wjidk ,l=K ilia fõ'
2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jk we.hSï mámdáhg ^we.hSï mámdáh -2001&
wkqj wLKav we.hSï ixLHdj m<uq fojir ;=< úIhhg wh;a meh .Kk wkqj fjkia
fõ' úIhh meh 25g Mla we.hSula jYfhka Mla úIhlg Wmßu we.hSï .Kk olajd
úIh W.kajkq ,nk lÒldpd¾hjreka úiska bgq lrkq ,efí' Ma iòyd fhdod .; hq;=
úúO ;lafiare yd we.hSï l%u úIh ks¾foaYj, fukau we.hSï mámdáfha o iòykaj
we;' Mu we.hSï l%u ,sÅ; mejreïj, isg m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï olajd úúO h' we.hSï
WmlrK ieliSfï § Ma Ma úIh lñgq u.ska fmdÿ we.hSï WmlrK fhdod .; hq;= njg
Wmfoia ;snqK o" Mu ld¾hh m%dfhda.slj l%shdjg kexfjk wjia:d iSñ; h'
lÒldpd¾hjre we.hSï ,l=Kq Wm mSGdêm;s ^wOHhk yd .=Kd;aul ;yjqrej& fj;
,nd Èh hq;= h' we.hSï lñgqj úiska Mu ,l=Kq we.hSï f,aLkhg we;=<;a flf¾' uq,a
fojir wjidkfha Maa Ma úIh wkqj wNHka;r ,l=Kqj, idudkHh .Kkh lr Mh 60%
g mßj¾;kh lr wNHka;r ,l=Kq cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka
Wm mSGdêm;s ^wOHhk yd .=Kd;aul ;yjqrej& iy mSGdêm;s hk ks,Odßkaf.a mßCIdj
yd wkque;shg hg;aj h'
wLKAv we.hSug ,la lrk ish¨ u úIhhkaf.ka 60%l nr ;eîug wh;a
fkdjk úIhhkao we;' wOHdmk jHjydr Mhska Mla úIhhls' Mys ,l=KQ 100 jYfhka
bÈßm;a flf¾' jD;a;Sh yd úfYaI úIhhka iòyd m<uq jir yd fojeks jir wjidkfha
ishü úoHdmSG wNHka;r mßCIK l%shd;aul fkdlsrSu úfYAI ;;a;ajhls' idudkH
úIh lafIa;%fha úIhh iòyd wLKav we.hSï l%shd;aul jk w;r fojk jir wjidkfha
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska m%Yak m;% ilia fldg fmdÿ ld,igykla hgf;a
úoHdmSGj, mßCIK l%shd;aul lrk w;r W;a;r m;% we.hSu lrkqfha Ma Ma úoHdmSG
u.sks'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG we.hSï l%shdj,sh" 1986 wxl 30 orK wOHdmksl
úoHdh;k mk; 5^D,E,S&j.ka;s m%ldr wdrïNfha § we.hSï l%shdj,sh fufyhjk ,oafoa
wka;¾ úoHdmSG we.hSï uKav,h ÎCEB& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iuÕ MaldnoaOj
lghq;= lsrSu ;=<ska h' wxl 28 orK mkf;a 10^4& ^J& j.ka;shg wkqj msysgqjk ,o
wka;¾ úoHdmSG úIhud,d uKav,fha úoHdmSG wNHka;r úIhud,d uKav,hg we.hSï
lghq;= j, m%Odk;ajh ysñúKs' 1995 § we.hSï mámdáfha hï ixfYdaOk isÿ lrk ,o
w;r we.hSï mámdáfha úYd, fjkialï isÿjkafka 2000 jif¾§ h' Ma wkqj m%d:ñl
yd oaù;Shsl mdGud,d iòyd jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha úIh fjka fjkaj we.hSsug ,la
21 | P a g e
úh' kej;;a 2007 m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl mdGud,d iòyd fjka fjkaj ;snQ jD;a;Sh úIh
mdGud,d folgu .e,fmk mßÈ ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o fyhska we.hSï l%shdj,sh iòyd
fmdÿ m%Yak m;% fhdod .eksKs'
2'6 jk j.=j 2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul ;lafiare yd we.hSï l%shdj,sfha

iajNdjh
iïNjk we.hSu iïmsKaä; we.hsu
wdh;ksl m<uq fojir ;=<È iSudjdis mqyqKqfõoS
1' jD;a;sh úIh lafIa;%h 01' mka;sldur jHjydr jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%h
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj 02'jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh 01 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj ^jHdmD;s& 02' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd 03'l%shduQ,sl m¾fhAIK 03' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoAYh yd WmfoaYkh
WmfoaYkh 04'.=re fm!reI 04' wOHdmk ñkqï" we.hqï yd ;lafiarelrKh
wOHdmk ñkqï yd we.hqu ixj¾Okhg ÈYdNsuqL 05' wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. ùu'
wOHdmk jHjydr
02' m%Odk úIh  m%Odk úIh lafIa;%h

lafIa;%h o m%Odk úIh 1
 m%Odk úIh 1 o úIh I
úIh I ^kHdh& o úIh II
úIh II ^b.ekaùfï l%u o úIh III
úoHdj& o m%Odk úIh 2
úIh III ^m%dfhda.sl& o úIh I úIh II
 m%Odk úIh 2
úIh I ^kHdh&
úIh II ^l%u úoHdj&
03' idudkH úIh  idudkH úIh lafIa;%h ^cd;sl wOHdmk
lafIa;%h wdh;kfha fufyhùfuka&
 ikaksfõok l=i,;d o ikaksfõok l=i,;dûõni"bx.%Sis
 mß.Kl wOHhkh fojk ni&
 fi!LHh yd Ydrsßl o mß.Kl wOHhkh
wOHdmkh o fi!LH yd Ydßßl wOHdmkh
 fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh o fi!kao¾h wOHhkh
o ^Ñ;%" ix.S;h" k¾;kh" kdgH yd
rx. l,dj&
2'7'4 iSudjdisl mqyqKqj

mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkfha§ fojirl ld,hla wdh;k.; mqyqKqj ,nk
YsCIK,dNSka Mys È .=re jD;a;Shg wod< kHdhd;aul ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d ,nd
.kakd w;r Mu kHdhd;aul oekqu yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d u.ska ,nd.;a .=re l=i,;d
wLKavj úoHdmSGh yd iïnkaO mdi,l wLKavj yd t,odhSj .=re l=i,;d m%.+K lsrSu
iSudjdisl mqyqKqfjka wfmaCIs; h' Lishchiusky (2009) wkqj iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ§
WmdOHdhkh b;d jeo.;a jkafka kHdh Ndú;hg fhduq lsßug wjYH
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh Mu.ska ,efnk ksid h' iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ § YsCIK,dNSkag
mdi,a úIhud,dj ms<snò t,odhS ;SrK .ekSu" WmfoaYkd;aul jHjydr
;lafiarelrKh ms<snò l=i,;d m%.+K lsrSug (Moir, 2009) wjia:dj ,efnk w;r
mka;s ldurfha muKla fkdj ;jÿrg;a jD;a;sh ;=< r|d meje;afï Yla;sh u.ska by<
22 | P a g e
jD;a;Sh ;Dma;shla ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj Wod fõ' iSudjdisl mdi, YslaIK,dNSkag Èß
.kajk iq¨ mßirhla ks¾udKh lr§fï j.lSu úÿy,am;sg mejf¾' ^Watkins, 2005).
iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ È YsCIK,dNSka úiska m%Odk úIh lafIa;% 4 laa Tiafia
m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%.+K l, hq;= h' b.ekAùu iïnkaO l=i,;d m%.+K lsrSu"
jHdmD;sj, fhoSu u.ska jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh" l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhl fh§u iy .=re
fm!reIhg ÈYdkq.; ùu Mu m%Odk lafIa;% y;r fõ'
.=re wOHdmk wdh;kj, úIhdkqnoaO m%dfhda.sl jev (course work) iy
YsCIK,dNSkaf.a b.ekAùï w;a±lSï .=rejrhdf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh iy;sl lrhs'
(Beeth and Adadan, 2006) iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ È cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh u.ska
fufyhjkq ,nk úIhdkqnoaO l%shdldrlï iqiOHlrKh lsrSu iòyd iSudjdis mdi,a
Ndr lÒldpd¾hjrfhl= m;a flf¾' iSudjdis mdi,a lSmhl Ndrldr;ajh
lÒldpd¾hjrhdg mejfrk w;r" Ma iòyd úoHdmSG ld,igyfkys i;shg Ml Èkla
ne.ska lÒldpd¾hjrhdg fjka lr § we;' mdi,ska m;a flfrk WmdOHdhjrhd
úÿy,am;s úiska kï lrkq ,nk w;r WmdOHjrhdf.a N+ñldj iïnkaOj u`. fmkaùï"
Wmfoia §fï j.lSu úoHdmSGhg mejrS we;' mka;s ldurfha mdvï wëCIKh"
m%;sfmdaIK ,nd§u wdÈ úêu;a WmdOHhkh o iydhùu" Woõ lsrSu wd§ wúêu;a
WmdOHhkh o jYfhka úúO N+ñld u.ska t,odhS .=rejrfhl= njg m;a lsrSug
WmdOHjrhd iydh fõ'
iSudjdiS ld,h ;=< § mka;s ldur jHjydr ms<nò w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSsu Wfoid
b.ekAùï ld¾hfha ksr; úh hq;af;a ;u mdGud,djg wod< m%Odk úIh I yd m%Odk
úIh II wdY%s;j h' jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh hgf;a iSudjdiS mqyqKqfõ È wfmaCId flfrkqfha
b.ekAùu iòyd iQodku" WmfoaYkh" YsIH ld¾hidOkh we.hSu yd wod< m%;sld¾h
l%shdldrlïj,g wod< bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh" iïm;a t,odhsj Ndú;h yd
kdhl;aj N+ñldj ksrEmkhg wjia:d iïmdokh hs ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 2001&'
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKfha fh§fuka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd ine`È .eg¨jla
úi`§u b,lal lr.;a wOHhkhl ksr;ùfuka .=rejD;a;sh yd ne`ÿKq iqiOHlrKh yd
m¾fhaIK N+ñldjg wod< l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu wfmaCIs; h'
2'8 mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO m¾fhaIK

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG yd ine`È bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh ms<snò wOHhkfhAÈ mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaOj lrk ,o
foaYSh" úfoaYSh m¾fhaIKj,ska m¾hdhf,dalhla ,nd.; yels h' .=re wOHdmkh
iïnkaO n%Eâ,s (Bradley) úYaj úoHd,fha wdOqksl .=re we.hSfï m%ñ;s ms<snò ixl,amSh
rduqj iy b,sfkdhsia Îllinois&úYaj úoHd,fha jD;a;Sh .=rejrekaf.a m%ñ;s mokï
lr.ksñka wdOqksl .=rejreka iòyd jk ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï Tiafia olajd we;'
fuu ksmqK;d b.ekaùug iqodkï nj" ixj¾Okh úh hq;= nj" wi;=gqodhlnj yd
23 | P a g e
ksrSCIKh fkdúu hk uÜgï 4 la Tiafia y`ÿkd .eksug lghq;= lr we;' uOH yd
wjidk we.hsu hk fohdldr we.hsu isÿlrk ,oafoa b.ekaùug kshñ; úIhfha
uOH.; úIh ixl,am ms<snò ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla iys; nj" isiqkaf.a jhig" mrsK;shg
.e,fmk f,i ±kqu bÈßm;a lsrSfï yelshdj" isiqkaf.a bf.kqï ffY,sfha úúO;ajh"
b.ekaùu iòyd ie,iqïlrKh" bf.kqï mßirh" ±kqu mjrd fok wdldrh"
ikaksfõokh" ;lafiarelrKh" ;lafiarej iduqyslj m%;HdfõCIKh jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj
wd§ l=i,;d /ila wdOqksl .=rejrfhl=g w;HjYH .=K ksmqK;d y`ÿkd .eKsks'
2'8'1 .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO úfoaYSh m¾fhaIK

.=re wOHdmkh o iudc yd ld,Sk wjYH;dj,g wkqrEmSj ixj¾Okh úh hq;=
.;sl l%shdj,shls' f.da,ShlrKhg ,la jQ iudchg .e<fmk whqßka .=re wOHdmkfha
jHqyh" ixúOdkh iy l%shdldrlï o ld,Sk j fjkiaùu w;HjYH h' ixlS¾KjQ;a"
úúOjQ;a mka;s ldur mßirh ukdj wjfndaO lr .ksñka id¾:l .=rejrfhl= njg
m;aùfï ksmqK;d .=re wOHdmkfhka ixj¾Okh lsÍug kï .=re wOHdmkh o fjkia
úh hq;= wdldrh lafIa;% lSmhla Tiafia isÿúh hq;= h' vd¾,ska ydukaâg ^Darling –
Hammond, 2006& wkqj 21 jeks ishjfia .=re wOHdmkh iy tys úIhud,dj ieliSfï
§ bf.kqï,dNshdf.a iajNdjh iy bf.kqfï iajNdjh" mdi,a úIhud,dfõ wruqKq
wOHdmkfha iudc wfmalaIK yd úIh wka;¾.;h iy b.ekaùug wod< uQ,sl l=i,;d
ms<sn| kjl .=rejrhd fuka u w;a±lSï iys; .=rejrhd o Yla;su;a lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'
m¾fhaIK wkdjrK Wmqgd olajñka 21 ishji i|yd jk .=re wOHdmk jevigyk
w;HjYH wx. y;la wka;¾.; úh hq;= nj vd¾,ska – ydukaâ fmkajdfohs' ^Darling –
Hammond, 2006&
 b.ekaùu i|yd jQ ksjerÈ ±laula we;s lsÍfuys ,d mokï jk m%dfhda.sl jev"
idhksl w;a±lSï wka;¾.; bf.kqï w;a±lSï
 m%dfhda.sl jev" iy jD;a;Sh jHjydr we.hSu i|yd jQ .=re ld¾h idOkh
iïnkaO m%ñ;s
 <ud iy kj fhdjqka úfha ixj¾Okhg wod< j fuka u YslaIK úoHd;aul
±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd Èh yels úIhud,djla
 wju jYfhka i;s 24 - 36 olajd jQ b.ekaùu iïnkaO idhksl mqyqKqjla
 bf.kqu iïnkaO ienE .eg¨ úi£u b,lal lr.;a m%f;Hhl wOHhkh"
m¾fhaIK ;lafiarelrK yd ld¾h idOk f.dkq Ndú;h iïnkaO l=i,;d
 isiqkaf.a úúO bf.kqï ffY,Ska yd yelshdj,g jvd;a WÑ; bf.kqï Wmdh
ud¾. fhdod .ekSfï l=i,;d
 mdi,a mdol iy úYajúoHd, mdol jQ b.ekaùu" mdi,a wOHdmkh yd .=re
wOHdmkh iïnkaO Yla;su;a in|;djla
24 | P a g e
21 jeks ishji i|yd .=re wOHdmkfha iajNdjh ms<sn| j by; olajk ,o wxY
iDcqj tys bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd ne£ mj;sk tajd h' ta wkqj .=re wOHdmk
mdGud,d m%dfhda.SlrKhg keUqreùfï wjYH;dj fuu wkdjrKj,ska .uH fõ'
.=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrK ù .eg¨ .Kkdjla fõ' ta
w;r úúO .=re wOHdmk wdh;k w;r .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d l%shd;aul lrk
wdldrfhys ix.; njla fkdùu" wOHdmk úoHdh;k m%ñ;s my< uÜgul ùu" uQ,H
;;a;ajh my< uÜgul ùu" .=re wOHdmk{hska i;= ksmqK;d wju ùu ksid
bf.kqï,dNshdf.a uÜgu my; jeàu" fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh iïnkaO
l<ukdldß;ajfha m%;sfIaOd;aul wdl,am hk lreKq fmkajd Èh yels h' tfia u
YslaIK,dNSka f;dard .ekSfï § we;s ÿ¾j,;d" .=re wOHdmk jev igykaj, §
l%shd;aul jk idïm%odhsl úIhud,dj yd b.ekaùfï l%u" .=re wOHdmk jev igyka
i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu" úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï ie,iqï iy.; yd
m%udKj;a fkdùu o ta w;r fõ'
úIh we.hSï rgdj" b.ekaùï mqyqKqj i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a j fjka fkdlsÍu
iy kshñ; mßÈ l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu" m%;sfmdaIK l%ufha ÿn,;d" .=re wOHdmkfha
wruqKq wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSu" oaú;shSl uÜgu i|yd jQ .=re wOHdmkfha § Wiia
wOHdmk uÜgu ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a fkdùu" jD;a;Shuh lemùu wjuùu olajd we;'
bkaÈhdj" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" ol=Kq wm%sldj" Ökh hk rgj, .=re
wOHdmkh iïnkaO j lrk ,o wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh lr we;s by; olajk ,o
.eg¨ Y%S ,xldfõ mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh foi úu¾Ykd;aul oDIaá fldaKhlska
újrKhg fhduq lsÍug iu;a fõ' hdfoaú ^Yadav, 2011& úiska nx.,dfoaYh" bkaÈhdj"
mdlsia:dkh yd Y%S ,xldj hk rgj, mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh ms<sn| j lrk ,o
ixikaokd;aul wOHhkh mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka we;s .eg¨
wkdjrKfha § jeo.;a fõ' úÿy,am;sjre 24l" .=re wOHdmk{hska 88l iy .=re isiqka
157l ksheÈhla weiqßka wOHdmkfõ§ mdGud,dj iïnkaO j lrk ,o wOHhkfhka
fmkajd § we;af;a .=re wOHdmk úIhud,dj miq.sh mia jir ;=< § ixfYdaOkhg ,la
ù fkdue;s njhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ yd Ökfha úoHdj úIh b.ekaùu i|yd .=rejreka iQodkï lsÍu i|yd
jk mQ¾j fiajd úoHd .=re wOHdmkh wefußld tlai;a ckmofha cd;sl úoHd m%ñ;s
iuÕ ixikaokd;aul j msßlaiSu i|yd fmd,a.ïfmd," fIka yd Iqjdka lrk ,o
wOHhkfhka wkdjrKh jkafka M,odhS úoHd .=rejreka y\qkajd§u úúO uÜgïj,ska
l%shd;aul jk njhs' ta wkqj úoHd .=rejreka iQodkï lsÍu iïnkaO j l%shd;aul jk
úoHdj úIhhg wod< mQ¾jfiajd .=re wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍu myiq ld¾hhla fkdjQj o"
th l%shdjg kexùfï ±ä wjYH;dj fuu wOHhkfhka u;= lr we;' ^Polgampola,
Shen, and Huang, 2016&
.=rejreka bÈßm;a lrk ,o .=re ld¾hidOk f.dkq ^teaching portfolio&weiqßka
Âustralian University Teaching Criteria and Standard Framework) TiafÜ%,shdkq
25 | P a g e
úYajúoHd,j, b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul njg wod< ixl,amSh rduqjla ilia lr we;'
fuys § Wmdê wfmalaId mYapd;a Wmdê" m¾fhaIK wëlaIKh" idhksl" úoHd.dr" jevuq¿"
lafIa;% jev iy ishü lafIa;% i|yd jQ b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh ksfhdackh jk whqßka
ilia lr we;s m%ñ;s ms<sn| ixl,amSh rduqj m%Odk ks¾Kdhl y;lska iukaú; h' tys
wju yd Wmßu hk uÜgï folg iqúfYaIS jk whqßka b.ekaùfï l%shdldrlï ie,iqï
lsÍu" isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iydh ùu yd b.ekaùu" bf.kqu iïnkaO ;lafiarej yd
m%;sfmdaIKh M,odhS bf.kqï mßirhla ixj¾Okhg yd ud¾f.damfoaYh bf.kqu yd
ine¢ m¾fhaIK jD;a;Sh l%shdldrlï" wLKav jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh yd jHjydr iïnkaO
we.hSu iy jD;a;Shuh yd fm!oa.,sl M,odhS;dj hk m%Odk ks¾Kdhl tys wka;¾.;
fõ'
M,odhS kdhlhska" WmfoaYlhska iy hdj-Ôj YsIHhska njg m;alsÍu i|yd kjl
.=rejreka we.hSu iïnkaOfhka n%eâ,s úYajúoHd,h ^Bradly& b,sfkdhsia Îllinois& úYaj
úoHd,fha jD;a;Sh .=rejreka i|yd jQ m%ñ;s mokï lr .ksñka ilia lrk ,o we.hSï
mámdáh ksmqK;d 11lska iukaú; jk w;r tla tla ksmqK;dj hgf;a wfmalaIs;
pß;dx. olajd we;af;a wi;=gqodhl ixj¾Okh jk iy isiqkag b.ekaùu i|yd iQodkï
hk uÜgï ;=kla hgf;a jk j.= igyklsks’' ^rubric& tu ksmqK;d j,g úIh ±kqu
yd m%dfhda.sl mßph" udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu" YsIH úúO;ajh" b.ekaùu i|yd
ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu" WmfoaYkd;aul l%u" ikaksfõokh"
;lafiarej" iduQysl iïnkaO;d" m%;HfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh j¾Okh iy jD;a;Sh
p¾hdj yd kdhl;ajh wh;a fõ' tla tla ksmqK;dj hgf;a tu ksmqK;dj m%o¾Ys;
pß; ,laIK wka;¾.;j we;' ^Bradley University Novice Teacher Evalution –
Preparing teachers who will be effective leaders, advocates, and life long learners&
isiqkaf.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh i|yd iDcqj n,mdkq ,nkafka .=rejrhdf.a
b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sfha iajNdjhhs' yhsfgdaj¾ ^Hightower, 2011& we;=¨ msßi b.ekaùfï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh iïnkaO .eg¨ iy M,odhS Wmdh ud¾. ms<sn| j lrk ,o
wOHhkfhka fmkajd fokafka isiqkaf.a bf.kqï l%shdj,shg .=rejreka iQodkï flfrk
.=re wOHdmk jev igykaj, iajNdjh n,mdkq ,nk njhs' tu .=re mqyqKq jev igyka
.=rejrhdf.a úIh ms<sn| ±kqug fuka u jHjydr iïnkaO l=i,;dj,g n,mdk
wdldrh fmkajd fok yhsfgdaj¾ we;=¨ lKavdhu ;jÿrg;a fmkajd fokafka .=re
wOHdmk mdGud,d isiqkaf.a idOkh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a
wOHhkhl fh§fï wjYH;djhs'
.=rejrhdf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh w;r iDcq
in|;djla mj;S' .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO cd;sl ljqkais,h ^NCATE& .=rejrhdf.a
iQodkï flfrk mQ¾j fiajd .=re wOHdmk jev igyka iïnkaO lrk ,o wOHhkfhka
tu jev igyka mka;s ldur b.ekaùug wod< ±kqu yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug
iydh jk nj;a ukd iQodkï iys;j l%shdlrk .=rjrhl= .=re jD;a;sfha /f|k nj;a"
ukd iQodkula iys; .=rejre isiqkaf.a by< idOkhg n,mdk nj;a fmkajd fohs'
26 | P a g e
2'8'2 .=re wOHdmkh iïnkaO foaYSh m¾fhaIK
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2013& u.ska cd;sl YslaIK úoHd ämaf,daud mdGud,dj
l%shd;aul lsÍu flfrys n,mdk fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ms<sn| lrk ,o wOHhkh
ioyd mSGdêm;jre 16la" WmmSGdêm;s 17la" lÓldpd¾hjre 138la wNHka;r
YslaIK,dNSka 515la iy iSudjdiS YslaIK,dNSka 385lska iukaú; ksheÈhlska m%Yakdj,S"
iïuqL idlPpd yd f,aLk wOHhk Ys,amSh l%u fhdod .ksñka lrk ,o wOHhkfhka
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" úoHdmSGh wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=
lafIa;% weiqßka m¾fhaIK fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;' mdGud,d yd úIhud,d lghq;=
l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH ;dlaIKsl WmlrK m%udKj;a mßÈ ,nd§ug mshjr .;
hq;= nj;a" lÓldpd¾h mqrmamdvq msrùu" úoHdmSGj,g lÓldpd¾hjre n|jd .ekSfï §
jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï we;s wh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= w;r tfia fkdfõ
kï n|jd .kakd lÓldpd¾hjreka i|yd b.ekaùu ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï ,nd
.ekSug wjia:d ,nd Èh hq;= njg fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;' tfuka u mdGud,dfõ
.=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd wNHka;r yd ndysr wëlaIK jev igyka
úêu;a mßÈ mj;ajd .; hq;= njg fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;' tfuka u Wla;
iólaIKfha fhdackd w;r YsIH flakaøSh l%shdldrlï mdol bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdoduhlg lÓldpd¾hjre fhduq lrùfï wjYH;dj fmkajd § we;'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2012& ishkE cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul
iajrEmh ms<sn| lrk ,o m%f;Hhl wOHhkfhka fN!;sl myiqlï" ld¾h uKav,h"
ÈYdNsuqL jevigyk" bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï' wëlaIK
l%shdj,sh" iSudjdiS jevigyk hk lafIa;% Tiafia ks.uk yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;'
ta w;=ßka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh wvqùug bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
wdOdrlj, ys.h n,md we;s nj" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § lÓldpd¾hjre jeä
jYfhka foaYk l%uh Ndú; lsÍu" hk ks.uk bÈßm;a lrñka .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh
lsÍu i|yd l%shdldrlï mdol b.ekaùï l%u Ndú; lsÍfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lr
we;'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2012& u.ska lrk ,o Y%S mdo cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul iajrEmh ms<sn| j jQ m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfjka fmkajd fokafka
wOHhk ld¾h uKav,fha mqrmamdvq mej;Su wkqhqla; yd ndysr lghq;= fhdod .ekSfuka
u;=jk .eg¨" foaYk" idlÉPd jeks .=re flakaøSh b.ekaùï l%u l%shd;aul lsÍu jD;a;Sh
mqyqKq yd fiajdia: ieis i|yd lÓldpd¾hjre f;dard .ekSfï ix.; njla fkd;sîu
fmkajd § we;'
27 | P a g e
;=kajk mßÉfþoh
m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh
3'1 ye`Èkaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine`È b.ekqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<snòj fidhd ne,Sug l< m¾fhaIKh" uQ,slj ÈYdkq.;
jkafka" .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK m%fõYfha (Qualitative Approach) m¾fhaIK jYfhks'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, mj;sk ;;a;ajh .eUqßka wOHhkh lr" cd;sl wOHdmk
úoHdmSGj, wjika ksuejqu f,i moaO;shg Ml;= jk .=re YsIHhkaf.a .=re N+ñldfõ
.=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid .; hq;= ;Skaÿ ;SrK yd m%;sm;a;suh
ks¾foaY ,nd§u m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sl mrud¾:h fõ'
Èjhsfka l%shd;aul jk úoHdmSG 19 ksfhdackh jk mßÈ tjdfhys l%shd;aul jk
mdGud,d 26 w;=ßka úoHdj" .Ks;h yd bx.%Sis mdGud,d l%shd;aul úoHdmSG b,lal
ck.ykh úh'
úoHdmSG mSGdêm;sjreka" .=re wOHdmk{hska" iy YsCIK,dNSka wOHhk
md¾Yjlrejka f,i f;dard .ekqKs' m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd" ksÍCIK iy f,aLk
iólaIK hk nyqúO m%fõY weiqßka o;a; /ia lrk ,§' o;a; úYaf,aIKh iòyd N+ñ.;
kHdh mokï lr.;a f;aud wdY%s; úYaf,aIKh yd f,aLk i|yd wka;¾.; úYaf,aIKh
mokï jQ .=Kd;aul o;a; úYaf,aIK l%u fhdod .kakd ,§'
3'2 m¾fhaIK m%Yak

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh
uQ,sl mrud¾:h lr.;a wOHhkh" m¾fhaIK m%Yak y;rla Tiafia ÈYdkq.; fõ'
1' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, úIh ks¾foaYh
YsCIK,dNSkaf.a .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg fhda.Hjk wdldrhg ms<sfh, ù
;sfí o@
2' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG YsCIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
ixj¾Okhg jD;a;Sh úIh laafIa;h
% g wo< úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;
fld;la ÿrg odhl fõ o@
3' úoHdmSG mdGud,dj yodrkq ,nk ld, iSudfõ YsCIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug
iQodku yd iajhx fm<îu ljf¾ o@'
4' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg n,mdk
wfkl=;a idOl fudkjd o@'
28 | P a g e
3'3 m¾fhaIK ck.ykh yd ksheÈh'
YS% ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG 19g wod<j" Majdfha
l%shd;aul jk mdGud,d 26 w;=ßka" úoHdj" .Ks;h iy bx.%Sis mdGud,d l%shd;aul jk
úoHdmSG mokï lrf.k isxy, iy oñ< udOHh ksfhdackh jk mßÈ wOHhkh ie,iqï
úh' m¾fhaIKfha wfmaCIs; ksheÈh yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd fhdod.;a ksheÈh
ms<snò f;dr;=re j.= wxl 3'1 hgf;a ±lafõ'
3'1 jk j.=j( wfmaCIs; ksheÈh yd i;H ksheÈh
mSGh wfmaCIs; ksheÈh úYaf,aIK i|yd fhdod.;a ksheÈh

wxlh
wkq
lÒldpd¾h YslaIK,dNSka lÒldpd¾h YsCIK,dNSka

Total
Total
Total
Total
Eng
Eng
Ma
Ma
Sc
Sc
M
M
E
E
P
P
S
S
1 ks,aj,d 3 6 - 7 16 12 13 - 25 3 6 - 7 16 12 13 - 25
2 uyje,s - - 10 - 10 - - 25 25 - - 10 - 10 - - 25 25
3 ishkE 7 5 - 8 20 13 8 - 21 7 5 - 8 20 13 7 - 20
4 miaÿkarg - - 8 - 8 - - 24 24 - - 8 - 8 - - 24 24
5 YS% mdo
S îsxy,& 2 2 - 3 7 8 7 - 16 2 1 - 1 4 8 7 - 15
T^fou<& 3 1 - 4 8 5 - - 5 3 1 - 4 8 5 - - 5
6 fmardfoKsh - - 11 1 11 - - 25 25 - - 11 - 11 - - 25 25
7 uvl,mqj 4 1 - 1 6 12 13 - 25 4 0 - 2 6 11 9 - 20
8 jõkshdj 4 4 - 10 18 12 13 - 25 1 2 - 4 7 13 12 - 25
9 wvd,ÉfÉ 3 1 - 3 7 13 12 - 25 3 1 - 3 7 13 10 - 23
k
10 hdmkh 4 3 3 3 13 6 11 5 22 4 3 3 3 13 6 11 5 22
tl;= 3 23 32 39 124 81 77 79 238 27 19 32 32 110 81 69 7 22

j 0 9 9
29 | P a g e
3'4 m¾fhaIK WmlrK ixj¾Okh
m¾fhaIK m%Yak mokï lr .ksñka m¾fhaIK WmlrK ixj¾Okh flßKs' ^3'2 jk
j.=j&
3'2 jk j.=j( m¾fhaIK m%Yak wkj o;a; uQ,dY% yd o;a; /ia lsrSfï WmlrK
m¾fhaIK m%Yak o;a; o;a; /ialSßfï o;a; úYaf,aIKh
odhlfhda$uQ,dY% l%ufõoh lrk wdldrh
1' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úoHd" .Ks;" úIh ks¾foaYh iïuqL idlÉPd" ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh"
bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, úIh ks¾foaYh mSGdêm;s m%Yakdj,s" f,aLk N+ñ.; kHdh wkqj
YsCIK,dNSkaf.a .=re ;sj%;d ixj¾Okhg lÓldpd¾h mÍlaIdj hñka f;aud
fhda.Hjk wdldrhg ms<sfh, ù ;sfí o@ uKav,h úYaf,aIKh
YslaIK,dNSka
2' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG lÓldpd¾h m%Yakdj,s N+ñ.; kHdhg wkqj
YsCIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï - b.ekaúï uKav,h" f;aud úYaf,aIKh
l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg jD;a;Sh úIh YslaIK,dNSka
laafIa;%hg wod< úIh ks¾foaYfha
wka;¾.; fld;la ÿrg odhl fõ o@
3' úoHdmSG mdGud,dj yodrkq ,nk ld, lÓldpd¾h ksÍlaIK"
iSudfõ YsCIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug uKav,h m%Yakdj,s N+ñ.; kHdhg wkqj
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uùï ljf¾o@' YslaIK,dNSka f;aud úYaf,aIKh
4' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï mSGdêm;s" iïuqL idlÉPd"
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg n,mdk lÓldpd¾h m%Yakdj,S N+ñ.; kHdhg wkqj
wfkl=;a idOl ljf¾o@' uKav,h" f;aud úYaf,aIKh
YslaIK,dNSka
WmlrK ixj¾Okfha § u;= ±lafjk wdldrhg WmlrK ixj¾Okh isÿ lrk ,È'
3'4'1' m%Yakdj,s ie,iqï lsrSu

o;a; /ialsÍug Ndú; l< m%Yakdj,s j¾. fol ls' .=re wOHdmk{hska iòyd
tla m%Yakdj,shla o úoHdmSG YsCIK,dNSka ioyd tla m%Yakdj,shla o jYfhka m%Yakdj,s
fol ie,iqï lrk ,È'
3'4'2 .=re wOHdmk{hska iòyd jQ m%Yakdj,sh

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG wOHhk ld¾hfha kshq;= m%uqLdpd¾h yd
lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.ka o;a; ,nd .ekSu iòyd m%Yakdj,sh ie,iqï lrk ,È' .=re
wOHmk{hskaf.a wOHmksl yd jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï" úoHdmSGfha b.ekAùï lrk úIh jeks
uq,sl lreKq iu`. úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul lrk úIh ks¾foaYh ms<nòj woyia" mx;s
ldur jHjydr ixj¾Okh lsrSug úIh odhl;ajh" YsCIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku
hk lreKq /ialr .ekSu wruqKq lr.;a m%Yak 1la Bg we;=<;a úh Bg wu;r j cd;sl
wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg fhdackd ,nd .ekSug
30 | P a g e
fhduqjQ m%Yakhla o we;=<;a úh' m¾fhaIK m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska
lafIa;%fha m%ùKhkaf.a yd úIh úfYaI{hskaf.a woyia" iy úoHdmSG ix.%yh" nqoaê
l,ïnk idlÉPd iy fmr idys;H uQ,dY% wdNdifhka m%Yakdj,sh ie,iqï lrk ,§'
ie,iqï l< m%Yakdj,sh úoHdmSG y;rl .=re wOHdmk{hska 10 fofkl=g ,nd
§ kshuq mÍlaIKhg ,la lrk ,È' tys m%;sM, u; ixfYdaOkhg ,la l< m%Yakdj,sh
úfYaI{ lKavdhulf.a ksÍlaIKfhka wk;=rej o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd
,§'
3'4'3 úoHdmSG YslaIK,dNSka i|yd jQ m%Yakdj,sh

wOHhkfha jeo.;a u md¾Yjlrejka f,i ie,flk YslaIK,dNSkaf.a
m%Yakdj,sh ilia lsÍfï § o .=re wOHdmkh{hskaf.a m%Yakdj,sh ilia lsÍfï§
wkq.ukh l< l%ufõohu fhdod .kakd ,§' tu m%Yakdj,sh u;= ±lafjk f;aud mokï
lrf.k ilia lrk ,È'
1' YslaIK,dNshd yodrK m%Odk úIh ks¾foaYfhys ^úoHd" .Ks;" bxY%sis& úIh
wka;¾.;h Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg olajk odhl;ajh
2' YslaIK,dNSka yodrK jD;a;sh úIh Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg olajk
odhl;ajh
3' YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg jD;a;sh
úIfhka,efnk wNdih m%dfhda.slj fhdod.kq ,enQ wdldrh
4' YslaIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm,Uqu
5' cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg
YSlaIK,dNSkaf.a fhdackd
úoHdj' .Ks;h yd bx.S%is hk úIhh wdY%s;j YslaIK,dNSkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd
.ekSu i|yd YsIH m%Yakdj,sh ixúOdkh lrkq ,enQ w;r" th o fmr mßÈu kshduk
mÍlaIKhg ,la lsÍfuka wk;=rej úfYaI{ lKavdhfï Wmfoia wkqj ixfYdaOkh lr
Ndú;hg .kakd ,È'
3'5 iïuqL idlÉPd kshudj,sh

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk idOl w;r
úoHdmSG mßmd,k yd l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sh b;d m%n, idOlhls' úoHdmSGhl m<uq
fm< f¾Çh l<ukdlre jk mSGdêm;s' tu idOlh flf¾ iDcq jYfhka n,mEï
lrkafkla tneúka Tyq fyda weh f.a l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|j yd úoHdmSG iïnkaOfhka
Tjqka olajk woyia wdY%;
S .=Kd;aul o;a; ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lrf.k fuu iïuqL
idlÉPd fufyhqïm; ixj¾Okh lrk ,§' yqfolau újD; iïuqL idlÉPd iajrEmfhka
o;a; /ia lSßu wfmalaId l< fyhska idlÉPd jHqy.; fkdfõ' idlÉPdj i|yd uÕ
fmkaùug muKla fufyhqï m; Ndú; lrk ,o w;r újD; woyia ±laùu i|yd ndOd
31 | P a g e
fkdue;' iïuqL idlÉPd fufyhqï m; u;= ±lafjk wxY wdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd
ie,iqï lr ;sfí'
1' úoHdmSG mSGdêm;s ms<sn| uQ,sl f;dr;=re
2' úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍfï ffk;sl yelshdj
3' úoHdmSG mdGud,dj, ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lsÍu
4' úoHdmSG mdGud,dj, úIh wka;¾.;h
5' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
6' mdGud,d wka;¾.;h
7' úoHdmSG úIh wka;¾.;h YsIHhskag m%dfhda.slj ,nd§fï § uqyqKmdk
.eg¨
8' úoHd mSG l%shdj,sh .=Kd;aulj ixj¾Okh lsÍug fhdackd
úoHdmSG md¾Yajlrejka iu`. l< nqoaê l,ïnk idlÉPd" úIh úfYaI{ woyia"
úoHdmSG Wmfoia ix.%yh" úoHdmSG ld¾huKav, rdcldß ,ehsia;= iy mQ¾j m¾fhaIK
wkdjrK iïuqL idlÉPd kshudj,sh ie,iqï lr .ekSug moku úh' kshduk iïuqL
idlÉPdjlg n÷ka lr ixfYdaOk iys;j ilia l< iïuql idlÉPd kshñj,sh o;a;
/ia lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ,§' iïuqL idlÉPdj i|yd m¾fhaIKhg n÷kajk
mdGud,d l%shd;aul jk úoHdmSGj, mSGdêm;sjreka muKla fhdod .eKqK's
3'6 ksÍlaIK fufyhqï m;
úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh úuiSu i|yd
l%shdj,sh we.hSu jeo.;a fõ' tneúka úoHdmSGfha isÿjk b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh we.hSug
,la lsÍu Wfoid ksÍlaIK fufyhqï m; ie,iqï lrk ,§' YslaIK,dNSka .=re YsIHhska
f,i mka;s ldurj, § bf.kqu ,nk w;r" lÓldpd¾h uKav,h Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg fhda.H mßÈ b.ekaùu l< hq;= fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul
jk wdldrh ksÍlaIKfhka m¾fhaIKfha m%Odk wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSug bjy,a
lrf.k we;s .=Kd;aul o;a; y\qkd.; yels fõ' ksÍlaIK fufyhqï m; ie,iqï
lsÍu i|yd úoHdmSG ix.%yfha mdvï we.hSï wdlD;sh" nqoaê l,ïnk idlÉPd u.ska
wkdjrKh lr.;a f;dr;=re úIh úfYaI{ woyia mdi,a mka;s ldur b.ekaùï
wëlaIK igyka hk wdlD;s iy fmr idys;H uQ,dY% ^Bratly University Document&
Ndú;hg .kakd ,È' ksÍlaIK fufyhqï m; u;= ±lafjk wxY Tiafia f.dv k.d
;sfí'
1' lÓldpd¾hjrhdf.a fmr iQodku ms<sn| lreKq wkdjrKh lr .ekSu
2' mdvu bÈßm;a lsÍfï iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu
3' lÓldpd¾hjrhdf.a N+ñldj y÷kd .ekSu
ilia l< ksÍCIK fufyhqï m;g wkqj o;a; /ialsÍu úIh úfYaI{hka úiska
isÿ lrk ,§' /ia lr.;a f;dr;=re" .=Kd;aul o;a;" f;aud wdY%s;j úYaf,aIKh lrk
,È'
32 | P a g e
3'7 ikaOdr úYaf,aIK ls%hdj,sh
ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh u.ska hï ixisoaêhl" wjia:djl" f,aLkhl wka;¾.;
ish¨ u lreKq hï ksYaÑ; mokula hgf;a msysgd úYaf,aIKh lrhs' fuys §
m¾fhaIlhka úiska mq¾jfhka ie,iqï l< lreKq ;sfí o@ hkak úuiSug fyda wod<
isoaêh$wjia:dj" f,aLkh" úu¾Ykfhka u;= flfrk m%Odk m%ia;=; lrKq fudkjd o@
hkak y÷kd .ekSu;a tajdg wod< w¾:l:khka iemhSu;a isÿ lrhs ^Carvin, 2009).
wOHhk ld¾hfha § u;= ±lafjk l%shd ms<sfj; wkq.ukh lrñka ikaOdr

úYaf,aIKh isÿ lrk ,È' b,sfkdhsia Îllinois) úYajúoHd,h u.ska iïmdÈ; m%ñ;Ska
yd o¾Yl mokï lrf.k Bradley úYajúoHd,h u.ska wdOqksl .=rejreka we.hSu i|yd
m¾fhaIK mokï lr.;a ks¾Kdhl f.dv k.d ;sfí' fuu ks¾Kdhl w;ßka wdOqksl
.=rejrfhl= i;=úh hq;= m%Odk ,laIK 09la ikaOdr úYaf,aIKfha moku f,i fhdod
.kakd ,§' tu m%Odk ,laIK 09 hgf;a jQ wkq ,laIK ^ks¾Kdhl& 64la Tiafia
ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh isÿ flßKs' ^Bradley University). tf,i ikaOdr úYaf,aIK i|yd
y÷kd .kq ,enQ ,laIK 09 iy wkq ,laIK 64 u;= ±lafõ'
1' úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph

 úIh uOH.; ixl,am ms<sn| ±kqu
 kHdh" l%ufõo Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOh
 ±kqu iy m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| wka;¾ in|;d
 wruqKq bgq jk wdldrhg úIhh wka;¾.;h ieliSu
 wruqKq yd ix.; jk mßÈ bf.kqï l%ufõo ie,iqï lsÍu
 úIh ±kqu fmdaIKh i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
 we.hSu
 <ud udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu
 jhia uÜgug .e,fmk mßÈ ±kqu ,nd §u
 lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;dj tal, j iy iduQyslj we.hSu
 YsIH wjYH;d u; Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu
2' YsIHhkaf.a úúO;ajh wkqj lghq;= lsÍu

 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § YsIH úúO;d ksid u;=jk .eg¨
 bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh lsÍu
 YsIH úúO;d mokï lr.;a bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su
33 | P a g e
3' b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh
 b.ekaùfï mrud¾: yd wruqKq ixj¾Okh jk mßÈ Wmfoia §u yd ÈYdkq.;
lsÍu
 idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh jk isiqka i|yd úfYaI jevigyka
ie,iqï lsÍu
 È.=ld,Sk yd fláld,Sk ie,iqï lsÍu
 by< .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hqla; mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu
 bf.kqï WmlrK iy bf.kqï iïm;a ukd f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu
 úúO;ajfhka hq;= l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu
 ;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu
 nyqúO l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg iqÿiq jk mßÈ ie,iqï lsÍu
 ±kqu ;yjqre jk whqßka m%cd iïnkaO;d ie,eiqï lsÍu
 b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
4' bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu

 mka;s ldur jd;djrKh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
 ld,h" wjldYh iy øjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
 nyq;r YsIH m%udKhlf.aa leue;a;g WÑ; bf.kqï mßirhla ilia lsÍu
 YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍu
 .=re - YsIH wka;¾ in|;d f.dv ke.Su
5' b.ekaùfï l=i,;djh

 by< m%cdkk yelshd ixj¾Okhg we;s bv m%ia:d mej;Su
 WmfoaYd;aul .=re N+ñldjg bv m%ia:d ie,iSu
 úl,am b.ekaùï Wmdh ud¾. Ndú;hg bv m%ia:d mej;Su
 YsIH m%;sfmdaIKh
 mdvï ie,iqï" .=re p¾hd iy ffoksl fhduqùu mdvug WÑ; f,i ÈYdkq.;
ùu
 l%shdldrlï iy mejreï ;sîu
 mdvu wjia:dfjdaÑ; j fjkia lsÍu
6' ikaksfõokh
 jdÑl ikaksfõokh
 ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh
34 | P a g e
 wjdÑl ikaksfõokh
 YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu
 ijka§fï l=i,;d
7' ;lafiarelrKh
 ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh
 úêu;a yd wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKh
 YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï
 YsIH m%.;s jd¾;dlrKh
 YsIH ;lafiare jd¾;d wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu
 m%.;sh ikaksfõokh lsÍu
 mQ¾j ;lafiarelrKh i|yd f.dkq lrk ,o o;a;
 ;lafiarelrKh mdol lr.;a o;a; mej;Su
 kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu
 wkd.; Wmfoia i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh
8' iduQysl iïnkaO;d mj;ajdf.k hdfï l=i,;d

 iyfhda.S;dj
 mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d
 m%cd iïm;a
 issiqkag Wmfoia ,nd §u
9 m%;HdfõlaIKh iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh yd kdhl;ajh

 m%%;HdfõlaIKh iy l%shdldrlï
 jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
 wdpdr O¾u yd ne÷Kq yeisÍu
 Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mßK;sh
 kuHYS,S nj
 m%fõY yelshdj
 iajhx ;lafiarelsÍfï yelshdj
 jD;a;Sh ms<sn| f.!rjh
 ydfiHd;amdokh
35 | P a g e
by; ,laIK mokïj Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG .=re we.hSï
ks¾Kdhl o Ndú; lr ilia l< ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh i|yd jQ ks¾Kdhl" úIh úfYaI{
lKavdhul idlÉPdjg n÷ka fldg ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eîh' ks¾Kdhl Y%S ,dxlSh
ikaO¾Nhg .e<fmk mßÈ kej; ilia lsÍula o úfYaI{ lKavdhula úiska lrk ,È'
mQ¾jfhka i|yka l< ,laIK .=re mqyqKq wdh;k ìyslrk kjl .=rejrfhl=
i;=úh hq;= kï" Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úIhud,dj o fmr lS ,laIK
;yjqre jk f,i úoHd¾Òka ìys lsÍug fhda.H mßÈ ilia úh hq;=h' tu moku i,ld
ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh i|yd fmr lS ks¾Kdhl 09 iy wkq ,laIK ^ks¾Kdhl& 64
Ndú;hg .kq ,eîh' úoHdj" .Ks;h iy bx.%Sis hk m%Odk úIh ks¾foaY iy jD;a;Sh
úIh lafIa;%fha úIh wka;¾.; fmr i|yka l< ks¾Kdhl 09 fh§ we;s jdr .Kk
ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,g .ksñka ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh flßKs'
úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaYfha i|yka l< ks¾Kdhl fh§ we;s wjia:d fjka fjka
jYfhka iudf,dapkhg ,la úh' tys§ tu ks¾Kdhl ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk ksmqK;d
uÜgu yd úIh wka;¾.;h ie,ls,a,g ,la lrk ,È' tu mokfï msysgd m%Odk úIh
;=k iy jD;a;Sh úIh flaI;%hg wh;a úIh yh we;=<;a úIh ks¾foaY kuh úYaf,aIKh
lrk ,§'
36 | P a g e
y;rjk mßÉfPaoh
o;a; bosrsm;a lsrSu" úYaf,aIKh yd w¾:l:kh
4'1 ye¢kaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine¢ bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh wOHhkh lsÍu ms<sn| j jQ m¾fhaIKfha o;a; bÈßm;a
lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh yd w¾: ±laùu fuu mßÉfþofhka bÈßm;a flf¾' fuys § /ia l<
o;a; úYaf,aIKh m¾fhaIK m%Yakj,g wod< j m%Odk wxY y;rla hgf;a f.dkq .;
flßKs' tajd kï"
o úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh ^úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis&

wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh úuid ne,Su'
o cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

ixj¾Okhg úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.; jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha odhl;ajh
úuid ne,Su' fï hgf;a u;= ±lafjk jD;a;Sh úIh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
flf¾'
 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
 wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
 wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh
 wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqï iy ;lafiarelrKh
 wOHdmk uQ,sldx. හd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
 wOHdmk jHjydr
o mdGud,d ld,h ;=< YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu

ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su'
o bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg n,mdk fjk;a idOl úuid
ne,Su
4'2 ikaOdr úYaf,aIKh

Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine|s bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sl wNsm%dh fõ'
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, úIh ks¾foaYh
YslaIK,dNskaf.a .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg fhda.H jk wdldrhg ms<sfh, ù ;sfío@
iy YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh i|yd jD;a;Sh úIh
lafIa;%fha odhl;ajh fln÷ o hk m¾fhaIK m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fiùu i|yd o;a;
tla/ia lsÍu me;slv y;rla Tiafia isÿ flßKs' tkï úIh wka;¾.;h ikaOdr
37 | P a g e
úYaf,aIKhg ^Content Analysis& ,la lsÍu iy .=re wOHdmk{hska yd YslaIK,dNSkaf.ka
Wla; m¾fhaIK m%Yakj,g wod< j m%Yakdj,shla weiqßka o;a; ,nd .ekSu iy
mSGdêm;sjreka iuÕ iïuqL idlÉPd meje;aùu iy mka;s ldur ksÍlaIK lsÍu'
úoHdmSG mdGud,d i|yd úIh ks¾foaY ilia lrkq ,nkafka cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfha wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j u.sks' tu fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska ie,iqï lr ±kg úoHdmSGj, l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úIh ks¾foaY fuys § ikaOdr
úYaf,aIKh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,eî h' .Ks;h" úoHdj" bx.%Sis" hk m%Odk úIh iy
ish¨ jD;a;Sh úIh ^wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdj iy wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh& ikaOdr úYaf,aIKhg
,la lrk ,§'
4'3 úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh úuid ne,Su'
4'1 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph
m%%Odk f;audj úIhh
.Ks;h úoHdj bx.%Sis
.Ks;h I .Ks;h II úoHdj I úoHdj bx.%Sis bx.%Sis
II I II
wkq f;aud jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr jdr jdr
.Kk .Kk .Kk
 úIh uOH.; ixl,am yd 08 11 04 - 09 16
uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ±kqu
 kHdh l%ufõo Ndú;h 02 03 03 02 03 10
ms<sn| wjfndaOh
 ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h - 02 - 03 08 10
ms<sn| wka;¾ in|;d
 wruqK bgqjk wdldrhg - 02 02 06 15 22
úIh wka;¾.;h ieliSu
 wruqKq yd ix.; jk mßÈ - 01 08 16 07 10
bf.kqï l%ufõo ie,iqï
lsÍu
 úIh ±kqu fmdaIKh i|yd - 02 - 04 01 10
;dlaIKh Ndú;h
 we.hSu - - - 02 15 08
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 10 21 17 33 58 86
úoHdmSG úIh ud,dfõ úfYaI úIh lafIa;%fha m%Odk úIh ;=kla f,i ie,flk
.Ks;h" úoHdj iy bx.%sis hk úIhh ikaOdr úYaf,aIKhg ,la lsÍfï § y÷kd.;
yels jQ ;;a;aj j.= wxl 4'1ys olajd we;' m%Odk úIhhj, wka;¾.;h ldKav folla
hgf;a úYaf,aIKhg ,lalr we;' úIh I fldgfia úIhg wod< kHdhd;aul ±kqu
ms<sn| lreKq wka;¾.;j mj;sk w;r" úIh II fldgfia wod< lreKqj, m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h ms<sn| lreKq wka;¾.; fõ'
38 | P a g e
.Ks;h úIh iïnkaOfhka úuid ne,Sfï§ .Ks;h I uඟska úIhg wod<
uQ,O¾u o .Ks;h II u.ska tajdfha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd§u i|yd
úIh ks¾foaYh ie,iqï lr we;'
úIh uOH.; ixl,amh yd uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd§u .Ks;h I hgf;a jdr
08la i|yka ù ;snqKs' uOH.; ixl,am Ndú;h ms<sn| jdr 11l § i|yka ù ;snqKs'
kHdh yd l%ufõo ms<sn|j jdr 02la i|yka ù ;snqKq w;r tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn|
jdr 03la i|yka ù ;snqKs' ±kqu m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h" úIh wka;¾.;h ieliSu wruqKq
yd ix.; jk mßÈ bf.kqï l%ufõo ie,iqï lsÍu" úIh ±kqu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
hk lreKq .Ks;h IúIh ks¾foaYfha y÷kd.; fkdyels úh' kuq;a tys m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h ms<sn| i|yka jqKq wjia:d 03lg wvq ixLHdjla y÷kd.; yels úh' fmr
i|yka lrk ,o lreKq ish,a, úIh ;=< m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| lreKq jk neúka
kHdhd;aul lreKq úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< i|yka ù we;af;a wju jYfhks' tfia kuq;a"
úIh ±kqu fmdaIKh i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h yd we.hSu hk lreKqj, § tys
kHdhd;aul lreKq wka;¾.; úh hq;= jqj;a tu lreKq ms<sn| úIh ks¾foaY
úYaf,aIKfha § wkdjrKh fkdùh' úfYaIfhka we.hSu ms<sn|j .Ks;h I yd II úIh
ks¾foaY fol ;=< u i|yka fkdùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
.Ks;h úIhg wod< j úIh ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph ms<sn|j úuiSfï §
fmdÿfõ ±l.; yels jkafka" úIhfha kHdhd;aul lreKq i|yka ia:dk 10la y÷kd.;
yels jQ njhs' tfukau tu ;;a;ajh m%dfhda.SlrKhg ,la lrk ,o wjia:d 21la
y÷kdf.k ;snqKs' kHdhd;aul lreKq m%dfhda.SlrKhg ,la lr ;snQ jdr .Kk
idfmalaIj by< w.hla f.k ;sîu jeo.;a lreKls' ukao h;a .Ks;h jeks úIhl
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wkqj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha § jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrkq ,nk
neúks'
úoHdj úIh iïnkaO j úuiSfï § úIh uOH.; ixl,am ms<sn| kHdhsl ±kqu
wjia:d 04l i|yka ù ;snqKs' kuq;a tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h y÷kdf.k fkd ;snqKs'
kHdh yd l%ufõo Ndú;h ms<sn| úoHdj II úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn|
y÷kd.;a wjia:d fkd;snqKs' ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| wka;¾ in|;d úoHdj
Iks¾foaYfha fkd;snQ w;r th m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| wjia:d 03la y÷kd.; yels úh
^ 4'1 jk j.=j&'
úoHdj úIh I ys wruqKq bgqjk wdldrhg úIh wka;¾.;h ieliSu"
wjia:d 02l § y÷kd.; yels úh' tfuka u" bf.kqï l%ufõo ie,iqï lsÍu wjia:d
08l y÷kd.; yels úh' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h o wjia:d 16l § y÷kd.; yels úh'
úIh ±kqu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ms<sn| kHdhd;aul lreKq úIh ks¾foaYfhka
y÷kd.; fkdyels jQ w;r" tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;aj wjia:d 04l § y÷kd.; yels úh'
we.hSu y÷kd.; yels jQfha úoHdj úIh IIys jdr 02la muKs' fï wkqj úoHdj úIh
39 | P a g e
ks¾foaYh ;=< úIh ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph wjia:d 17l y÷kd.; yels jQ w;r" tys
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wjia:d 33la mqrd úys§ ;snqKs'
úoHdj úIhh jvd;a m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg ,xúh hq;= úIhls' tneúka fuu úIh
ks¾foaYfha wjia:d 33l § m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ;yjqrejk wdldrfha l%shdldrlï
y÷kd.; yels úh' tfy;a úoHdj úIhfha úIh ±kqu fmdaIKh i|yd ;dlaIKh
Ndú;h ms<sn| kHdhd;aul lreKq y÷kd.; fkdyelsùu .eg¿ldÍ ;;a;ajhla fmkajhs'
bx.%Sis úIhh iïnkaOfhka úuid ne,Sfï§ fmr i|yka lrk ,o úIh 02 g
idfmalaIj jeä jYfhka kHdhd;aul ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl wjia:d iïmdokhg yels jk
f,i úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lr we;s nj o;a; wkqj fmkS hhs' úIh uOH.; ixl,am
ms<sn| wjfndaOh wjia:d 09l§ y÷kd .; yels úh' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wjia:d
16l§ y÷kd.; yels úh' wruqKq bgqjk wdldrhg úIh wka;¾.;h ieliSu wjia:d
15l § y÷kd.; yels úh' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wjia:d 22l § y÷kd.; yels úh'
idfmalaIj úuid neÆúg úIh wka;¾.;fha wruqKq bgqjk mßÈ wka;¾.;h
f.dvke.Su úIh ks¾foaYhl olakg ,efnk idOkSh m%%jK;djhls' tu ;;a;ajh
bx.%sis úIh ks¾foaYfhka meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yels h' tfuka u ;dlaIKh Ndú;h
ms<sn| j kHdhd;aul lreKq bx.%Sis úIhfha wju ixLHdjla tkï 01la muKla y÷kd.;
yels úh' m%dfhda.sl Ndú; wjia:d 10la y÷kd.; yels úh' we.hSu kHdhd;aulj
wjia:d 15l iyka jQ úg m%dfhda.slj y÷kd.; yels jQfha wjia:d 08la muKs'
iuia; ;;a;ajh úuid ne,Sfï§ fmkS hkafka" wka úIhh 02lg idfmalaIj
bx.%Sis úIhfha úIh ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph yd idOkh wjia:d 58la y÷kdf.k ;snQ
njhs' th m%dfhda.SlrKhg ,lajQ wjia:d .Kk 86ls' bx.%Sis úIh ;=< m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h i|yd jeä wjia:d m%udKhla iïmdokh lr we;s nj o;a; wkqj fmkS hhs'
4'2 jk j.=j( udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu

úIhh
m%Odk f;aud .Ks;h úoHdj bx.%Sis
.Ks;h I .Ks;h II úoHdj I úoHdj II bx.%Sis I bx.%Sis II
jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr jdr .Kk jdr jdr
.Kk .Kk .Kk
wkq f;aud
 jhia uÜgug .e,fmk mßÈ 01 02 04 15 28 15
±kqu ,nd§u
 lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;djh - 02 - 01 28 32
tal,j yd iudkj we.hSu
 YsIH wjYH;d wkqj Wmfoia 04 - - 01 28 14
ie,iqï lsÍu
 ioyka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 05 04 04 17 84 61
udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu hk ks¾Kdhlh mokï lrf.k úIh ks¾foaY

wka;¾.; úYaf,aIKhg ,la lsÍfï§ jhia uÜgug .e<fmk mßÈ ±kqu ,nd§u ms<sn|
j wjia:d 01la .Ks;h úIh I ys y÷kd.; yels úh' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wjia:d
02la ;=<ska wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;dj tal,j yd iudkj we.hSu
40 | P a g e
hkak m%dfhda.sl Ndú;fha § iuia: wjia:d 02l .Ks;h úIh II ys § y÷kd.; yels
úh' YsIH wjYH;d wkqj Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu kHdhd;aulj wjia:d 04l i|ykaj
;snqKs' th m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg ,lalr fkd;snqKs'
fmdÿfõ i,ld ne,Sfï § wod< o¾Ylh ;=, kHdhd;aul lreKq jdr 05l igyka
ù ;snqK w;r" tu ;;a;ajh m%dfhda.sllrKhg ,lalr ;snqfka jdr 04l muKs'
úoHdj úIh iïnkaOfhka ie,lSfï § jhia uÜgug .e<fmk mßÈ ±kqu ,nd§u
ie,iqï lsÍfï uQ,O¾u wjia:d 04l i|yka lr ;snqKs' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg jeä
wjia:d ixLHdjla ^wjia:d 15la& ,nd§ ;snqKs' lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;djh tal,j yd
iudkj we.hSu tla wjia:djla muKla m%dfhda.sl Ndú;fha olakg ,enqK w;r" YsIH
wjYH;d wkqj Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu o tla wjia:djl muKla y÷kd.; yels úh'
úoHd úIh m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla iys; úIhla jk neúka kHdhd;aul lreKq
wjuj olajñka m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg jeä wjia:d ixLHdjla ,nd§ ;sfnk nj úIh
ks¾foaYh úu¾Ykfha § meyeÈ,s úh'
bx.%Sis úIhfha ;;a;ajh .Ks;h yd úoHdj úIhj,g jvd fjkia iajrEmhla
f.k ;sfí' jhia uÜgug .e,fmk f,i ±kqu ,nd§u wjia:d 28 y÷kd.; yels úh'
tys m%dfhda.sl nj y÷kd.; yels jQfha wjia:d 15l muKs' lKavdhï we.hSu kHdhsl
lreKq wjia:d 28l olakg ,enqKq w;r th m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wjia:d 32l § y÷kd.;
yels úh' Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu kHdhd;aul lreKq jdr 28l o m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
wjia:d 14l y÷kd.; yels úh' bx.%Sis úIh m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h m%.=K l< hq;= úIhhla
jqj;a" úIh ks¾foaY jvd;a Ydia;%Sh lreKq yd kHdhd;aul lreKq iq,n nj fuu
;;a;ajh wkqj fmkS hhs'
4'3 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;ajh

úIhh
.Ks;h I .Ks;h II úoHdj I úoHdj II bx.%Sis I bx.%Sis II
jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr .Kk jdr .Kk
wkq f;aud
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï 04 - - 01 - 04
l%shdj,sfha § YsIH úúO;d
ksid u;=jk .eg¨
 bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh 01 - 01 01 11 19
 YsIH úúO;d mokulska - 02 - 02 - 04
bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 05 02 01 04 11 27
YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § .Ks;h úIhfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sfha § YsIH úúO;ajh wjOdrKh jk wjia:d 04la y÷kdf.k ;snqKs' tys
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn|j i|yka jQ wjia:d fkd;snqKs' bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh
ms<sn| j .Ks;h I ;=< tla wjia:djla y÷kd.; yels úh' kuq;a tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
i|yka j fkd;snqKs' bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su ms<sn| j wjia:d 02la y÷kd.; yels
41 | P a g e
úh' YsIH úúO;ajfha uQ,O¾u yd kHdhsl lreKq wjia:d 05l i|yka j we;s w;r" th
m%dfhda.slrKhg ,la lr ;snqfka wjia:d 02l muKs'
úoHd úIh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| j kHdhsl
lreKq flf¾ úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< t;rï ±ä wjOdkhla fhduqlr fkdue;s nj meyeÈ,s
fõ' kHdhsl lreKq jdr 13l muKla i|yka j we;s w;r wjia:d 04 m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;hg wjia:d iïmdokh lr ;snqKs'
bx.%Sis úIfha § YsIH úúO;ajh iïnkaOfhka fmr i|yka l< úIhka folg
jvd jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' kHdhsl lreKq jdr 11l o
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jdr 27 i|yka j ;sfí' tfia kuq;a YsIH úúO;d yd u;=jk .eg¿
y÷kd .ekSu bf.kqï iudc msysgqùu ms<sn| j kHdhsl lreKq flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq
lr fkdue;' tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajh muKla ie,ls,a,g f.k ;sfí' bf.kqï wjia:d
iïmdokh flf¾ bx.%Sis úIfha jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' th
kHdhsl lreKq jdr 11l fhdodf.k ;sfnk whqre m%dfhda.sl wjia:d 19 y÷kd.; yels
úh' ta wkqj bx.%Sis úIh ;=< YsIH úúO;djh hkak ie,ls,a,g f.k ;sfnk nj fmkS
hhs'
4'4 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh
úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
bx.%Sis I
wkq f;aud
 bf.kqï mrud¾: yd wruqKq idOkh 0 2 3 23 8 04

jk mßÈ Wmfoia §u yd ÈYdkq.; lsÍu
 idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh 03 - - - 02 03
jk YsIHhka i|yd úfYaI jev igyka
ie,iqï lsÍu
 È.= ld,Sk yd fláld,Sk ie,iqï lsÍu - 02 01 01 04 -
 by< .=Kd;aul núka hqla; j mdvï - 02 - 01 05 08
ie,iqï lsÍu
 bf.kqï WmlrK yd bf.kqï iïm;a - 03 01 04 02 -
ukd f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu
 úúO;ajfhka hq;=j l%shdldrlï ie,iqï - 03 - 02 02 01
lsÍu
 ;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu - 03 - 02 03 -
 nyqúO l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg iqÿiq mßÈ 01 02 03 01 04 01
ie,iqï lsÍu
 ±kqu ;yjqre jk whqßka m%cd in|;d - - - 01 03 02

ie,iqï lsÍu
 b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h - - - 01 02 03
i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 04 17 08 36 35 22
b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh hk m%Odk f;audj Tiafia .Ks; úIh iïnkaOfhka

úuiSfï È bf.kqï mrud¾: Tiafia YsIHhd ÈYdkq.; lsÍu ms<sn| kHdhd;aul lreKq
42 | P a g e
i|yka fkdjQj o th m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg .kq ,nk wjia:d 02la y÷kd.; yels úh'
idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh jk YsIHhka ms< sn| j kHdhsl ±kqu ,nd §
;snqK;a Tjqka m%dfhda.SlrKhg ,lalrKq ,nk wdldrh ms<sn| j lreKq igyka fkd
ùh' nyqúO l=i,;d j¾Okh jk mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu .Ks;fha § w;sYhska jeo.;a
ixl,amhls' tu wjia:dj kHdhslj jdr 01l § ;yjqre lr ;snqK w;r" m%dfhda.sl j
jdr 02l § l%shdjg kxjd ;snqKs' .Ks; úIfha ±l.; yels jQ iqúfYaI ,laIKh jQfha
mdvï ie,iqïlrKfha .eUqre yd kHdhsl lrekq m%dfhda.sl ixl,am j,g muKla iSud
lr ;sîuhs' fï wkqj" È.= ld,Sk yd flá ld,Sk ie,iqï lsÍu' by< .=Kd;aul núka
hqla;j mdvï ie,iqïlrKh" bf.kqï WmlrK yd iïm;a ixúOdkh" úúO;ajfhka
hq;a l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu" ;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu jeks uQ,sl lreKq flf¾
.Ks;h úIh ;=< m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï yryd muKla ie,iqïlr ;snQ nj meyeÈ,s úh'
úoHdj úIh iïnkaOfhka úuid ne,Sfï § úIh m%dfhda.sllrKhg jeä wjia:d
ixLHdjla ,nd § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' kHdhd;aul lreKqj,g jvd m%dfhda.sl
l%shdldrlïj,g jeä keUqrejla ,nd § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' bf.kqï mrud¾:
idOkfhys ,d kHdhd;aul lreKq i|yka j we;af;a jdr 03la jqj;a th m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h jdr 23la fhdod .ksñka m%dfhda.sllrKhg ,la lr ;sfí' tfuka u nyqúO
l=i,;d u;=jk f,i mdvï ie,iqï lsÍfï § kHdhd;aul lreKq jeä jdr .Kkla
^jdr 03la& i|yka lr ;snqKs' tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jdr 1lg ;yjqre lr ;snqKs'
bf.kqï WmlrK yd bf.kqï iïm;a ixúOdkh lsÍfï § kHdhd;aul lreKq flf¾
jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;snQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ' th jdr 04la ;=< i|yka j we;' ta
iïnkaO j kHdhsl lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a jdr 01l muKs'
bf.kqï ie,iqïlrKh iïnkaO j wksl=;a ks¾Kdhl flf¾ fhduq lr we;af;a wvq
wjOdkhls' fndfyda ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j úIh ks¾foaYfha i|yka j we;af;a jdr 1la
fyda 02la muKs' úoHdj úIhh kHdhsl lreKq fuka u m%dfhda.sl lreKqj,ska o iunr
ùu jeo.;a fõ' úIh lrekq lsym
s hla yereKq úg b;sß lrekq iunr iajNdjhla
fkd.kakd nj o;a; wkqj fmkS hhs'
bx.%Sis úIh ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï§ úIfha kHdhd;aul lreKq flf¾ úIh
ks¾foaYh ;=< jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' kHdhd;aul lreKq
flf¾ jeä jdr .Kkla ^jdr 35&la wjOdkh fhduqlr ;sfnk w;r" tajdfha m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a jdr 22la muKs' jeä jYfhka u wjOdkh
fhduqlr we;af;a bf.kqï mrud¾: yd wruqKq idOkh jk mßÈ b.ekaùu ie,iqï lsÍu
iïnkaOjhs' fï ms<sn|j bx.%Sis úIfha jdr 08l§ kHdhd;aul lreKq i|yka ù ;snqKs'
tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajh jdr 04l § ;yjqre lr ;snqKs' tfuka u by< .=Kd;aul núka
hqla;j mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu NdId úIhkaj,È jeo.;a fõ' tneúka tys m%dfhda.sl
;;a;ajh i|yd jeä jdr .Kkla úIh ks¾foaYfha i|yka j we;s nj fmkS hhs'
iuia:hla f,i úoHdj yd .Ks;h úIhhj,g jvd bx.%Sis úIfha kHdhd;aul
lreKq yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h w;r" iunr njla mj;ajdf.k hdug W;aidy f.k
43 | P a g e
;sfnk nj o;a; f.dkq wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' kuq;a bx.%Sis m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä úh
hq;= úIhla jqj;a fuys § tu ;;a;ajh ie,ls,a,g f.k fkdue;s nj wjOdrKh l<
hq;= fõ'
4'5 jk j.=j( bf.kqï mßirh ieliSu

úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
bx.%Sis I
wkq f;aud
 mka;s ldur jd;djrKh - 02 - 01 02 02

l<ukdlrKh
 ld,h wjldYh yd øjH - 01 - 02 - 03
l<ukdlrKh
 nyq;r m%udKhlf.a - 03 - 01 - -
leue;a;g WÑ; bf.kqï
mßirhla ilia lsÍu
 YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍu 03 - 03 01 04 03
 .=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d - 02 - - 02 02
f.dv ke.Su
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 03 08 03 05 08 10
bf.kqï mßirh ieliSu ms<sn| j f;audj hgf;a úuiSfï § wod< úIhka

;=fkys tu úIhka ys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfnk nj
meyeÈ,s fõ' mx;s ldur jd;djrKh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ms<sn| .Ks; úIh ;=<
kHdhsl lreKq i|yka j ke;;a m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ;=< wjia:d 02l § tu ;;a;ajh
ie,ls,a,g f.k ;sfí' ld,h wjldYfha l<ukdlrKh WÑ; bf.kqï mßirh
ieliSu hk lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï yryd
ùu úfYaI ,laIKhls' jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03&la WÑ; bf.kqï mßirh ilia
lsÍfï m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'
úoHdj úIh ms<sn| ie,lSfï § YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍfï l%ufõo ms<sn| j
muKla kHdhd;aul lreKq wjOdrKh lr we;' úoHdj úIfha wksl=;a ish¨ u
ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j wjfndaOh m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï yryd ,nd§ug wjYH lghq;=
iïmdokh lr ;sfnk nj úYaf,aIKh wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' úoHdj úIh iuia:h ;=<
kHdhsl lreKq jdr 03la o m%dfhda.sl lreKq jdr 05la o ne.ska i|yka ùfuka ta nj
meyeÈ,s fõ'
bx.%Sis úIh ;=< kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h iu uÜgñka Ndú;d lr we;'
kHdhsl lreKq jdr 08l o m%dfhda.sl lreKq jdr 10la o y÷kd .ekSug wka;¾.;
úYaf,aIKfha § yelshdj ,enqKs' nyq;rhlf.a leue;a;g wkqj WÑ; bf.kqï mßirh
ieliSu ms<sn| j bx.%Sis úIh ;=< wjOdkh fhduqj ke;s nj o;a; wkqj fmkS hhs'
bx.%Sis úIfha YsIH p¾hd kshduk l%ufõo ms<sn| kHdhsl lreKq flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla
fhduqlr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u .=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d f.dv ke.Su
flf¾ o bx.%Sis úIh ;=< wjOdkh fhduqlr we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
44 | P a g e
4'6 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu
úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
wkq f;aud
bx.%Sis I
 by< m%cdkk yelshd 01 02 04 03 02 01
ixj¾Okhg we;s bv m%ia:d
 WmfoaYkd;aul .=re N+ñldjg - 03 04 02 04 02
we;s bv m%ia:d
 úl,am b.ekaùï Wmdhud¾. - 01 06 01 03 01
Ndú;hg we;s bv m%ia:d
 YsIH m%;sfmdaIKh 01 - 03 02 - 02
 mdvï ie,iqu" mdvug WÑ; - 01 02 05 05 04
f,i ÈYdkq.; ùu
 l%shdldrlï yd mejreï - 01 04 - 06 02
 mdvu wjia:dfjdaÑ;j fjkia - 05 02 02 - 02
lsÍu
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 02 13 25 15 20 15
.=re mqyqKq mdGud,djl b.ekaùfï ld¾hh m%uqL;u wx.hla f,i ie,fla'

fuu mdGud,dfõ m%Odk úIhka b.ekaùu hk f;audj hgf;a úIh ks¾foaYj,
wka;¾.;h úuiSfï § b.ekaùfï ld¾hh i|yd ta ta mdGud,dj, wka;¾.;h kHdhslj
yd m%dfhda.slj úuik ,È' ta wkqj" ±l.; yels m%Odku ,laIKh jkafka" b.ekaùu
hkak m%dfhda.sl ld¾hla jk neúka" m%dfhda.sl wxYfha lghq;=j,g jeä jeo.;alula
,nd § ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' .Ks;h úIh iïnkaOfhka úuiSfï §
kHdhsl lreKq wju jQ w;r jvd;a m%dfhda.sl jQ lreKq flf¾ jeä wjOdkh fhduq lr
we;' WmfoaYd;aul .=re N+ñldj ixj¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid m%dfhda.sl lreKqj,g jeä
jeo.;alula § we;s nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' mdvu wjia:dfjdaÑ;j fjkia lsÍug
.Ks;fha jeä nrla ,nd § we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh .Ks;h II úIfha
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg yqre lsÍu i|yd jeä keUqrejla ,nd § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
úoHd úIfha § tu ;;a;ajh olakg fkd ,efí' úoHd úIh ;=< kHdhsl
lreKqj,g jeä jeo.;alula ,nd § ;sfnk w;r m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï wjia:d i|yd
,nd § we;s jdr ixLHdj idfmalaIj wju uÜgul mj;S' ^jdr 15& úoHdj úIfha §
m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùu flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;af;a mdvï ie,iqu i|yd
ÈYdkq.; ùu hk ks¾Kdhlh i|yd h' tu ;;a;ajh kHdhsl lreKq u; i|yka
fkdùu o jeo.;a ,laIKhls' l%shdldrlï yd mejreï ms<sn| kHdhsl lreKq j,È wvq
wjOdkhg ,lalr ;sfí'
bx.%Sis úIh wkqj i,ld ne¨j o úIfha kHdhsl lreKqj,g jeä jeo.;alula
,nd § ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' kHdhsl lreKq jdr 20l o m%dfhda.sl
b.ekaùu ;yjqre jk lreKq wka;¾.;j we;af;a jdr 15la muKs' YsIH m%;sfmdaIKh
45 | P a g e
yd wjia:dfjdaÑ;j mdvu fjkia lsÍfï ld¾hka i|yd bx.%Sis úIh ;=< kHdhsl lreKq
i|ykaj fkdue;' th m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jdr 02 ne.ska y÷kd.; yels úh'
4'7 jk j.=j( ikaksfõokh

úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
bx.%Sis
wkq f;aud
I
 jdÑl ikaksfõokh - 01 06 06 03 04
 ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh - 02 07 - 02 02
 wjdÑl ikaksfõokh - 01 - - - 01
 YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d 03 - 05 06 03 03
ie,iSu
 ijka§fï l=i,;djh - - 07 07 04 04
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 03 04 25 19 12 14
ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § úoHdj úIh ;=< ikaksfõokh i|yd jeä
jeo.;alula ,nd § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' .Ks;h 1ys kHdhsl lreKq wvx.=
ikaksfõok wjia:d wju m%udKhla f.k we; ^03&' .Ks;h IIys ikaksfõok wjia:d
jeä ixLHdjla ^04&la igykaj ;snqK o" ijka§fï l=i,;djh ms<sn|j wjOdkh olajd
fkdue;s nj fmkS hhs'
úoHd úIh fï ms<sn|j jeä wjOdkhla olajd ;snqK o" ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh yd
wjdÑl ikaksfõokh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl wjia:d y÷kd.; fkdyels ù we;' tfia jqj;a
YsIHhka ikaksfõok bv m%ia:d iemhSu w;ska úoHdj úIh by< jeo.;alula ,nd §
;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
bx.%Sis úIh ms<sn| j úuiSfï § ikaksfõokh flfrys jeo.;alula ,nd §
;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia kuq;a YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu iïnkaOj
kHdhsl lreKq wvx.= fkdjk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' th m%dfhda.sllrKhg
,lalr we;af;a o tla wjia:djla muKs' NdIduh úIhka m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h b;du;a
jeo.;a jqj;a thu bx.%Sis úIfha § ,nd § ;sfnkafka wvq wjia:d ixLHdjls'
46 | P a g e
4'8 jk j.=j( ;lafiarelrKh
úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
bx.%Sis I
wkq f;aud
 ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh - 01 03 02 03 06

 úêu;a yd wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKh - 02 - - 03 04
 YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï 01 - - - - -
 YsIH m%.;sh jd¾;dlrKh - - - - 01 03
 YsIH ;lafiare jd¾;d wLKavj - - 03 02 02 04
mj;ajdf.k hdu
 m%.;sh ikaksfõokh lsÍu - - 03 02 03 -
 mQ¾K ;lafiarelrKh i|yd tla/ia lrk 01 - 03 03 02 04
,o o;a;
 ;lafiarelrKh mdol lr.;a o;a; 01 - - 01 02 04
 kshdukh yd ;lafiarelrK Ndú;h 01 - - 02 01 -
 wkd.; Wmfoia i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh 01 - - 01 - -
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 05 03 12 13 17 25
;lafiarelrKh ms<sn| j úuiSfï § .Ks;h úoHdj yd bx.%Sis úIfha § y÷kd.kq

,enQ f;dr;=re wkqj .Ks;h úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrKh i|yd idfmalaIj wvq wjia:d
ixLHdjla ,nd § ;snqKs' th .Ks;h I ys wjia:d 05la yd .Ks;h II m%dfhda.sl úIfhys
wjia:d 03 ne.ska ,nd § ;snqKs' ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh ms<sn| j kHdhsl
lreKq .Ks;h úIfhys y÷kd.; fkdyels úh' YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrKh ms<sn|
kHdhsl lreKq tla jrla igyka jqj;a tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;aj y÷kdf.k fkd;snqKs'
YsIH m%.;sh jd¾;dlrK wdldrh ms<sn| lreKq fuu wka;¾.; úYaf,aIKfha §
y÷kd.; fkdyels úh' tfuka u ;lafiarelrKfha uQ,O¾u ms<sn| kHdhsl ±kqu
,ndfok fldgia .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYfha wvx.= jqj o tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;aj .Ks;h II
ys wju uÜgfuka i|yka ù ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj fmkS hhs'
úIh ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh yd úêu;a wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKh hk
Wm f;aud 02 yereKq úg wka lsisÿ f;audjla i|yd .Ks;h II fldgi ;=< odhl;ajhla
y÷kd.; fkdyels úh' tfuka u .Ks;fha kHdhd;aul lreKq ;lafiarelrKhg wod<
lr .ekSfï § o olajd we;af;a wju odhl;ajhls'
úoHdj úIh iïnkaOfhka úuid ne,Sfï § .Ks;hg idfmalaIj
;lafiarelrKh i|yd jeo.;alula ,nd § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' ksmqK;d mdol
;lafiarelrKhg úoHdj ;=< m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alula ,nd È ;sfí' YsIH iajhx
;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï yd YsIH m%.;sh jd¾;dlrK ms<sn| j úoHdj úIh
ks¾foaYfha i|yka ù fkdue;s njg o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' ;lafiarelrKfhka YsIH
m%.;sh jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn| j úoHd úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< wjOdkh fhduq ù fkdue;'
tfia kuq;a YsIH ;lafiarelrK jd¾;d mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| j kHdhsl j yd
m%dfhda.sl j wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' ;lafiarelrK o;a;
47 | P a g e
l<ukdlrK ms<sn| j úoHd úIh ;=< olajd we;af;a wvq wjOdkhls' o;a;
l<ukdlrKfha m%dfhda.sl md¾Yjhka muKla úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< i|yka ú we;s nj
o;a; f.dkq wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
bx.%Sis úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrK i|yd jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' fmdÿfõ .;a
l< bx.%Sis úIh ;=< kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl md¾Yjhka fol flfrys u wjOdkhla
fhduqlr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia kuq;a bx.%Sis úIh ;=< o YsIH iajhx
;lafiarelrKh i|yd bv m%ia:d fkdue;s nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' bx.%Sis úIh
;=< ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh iy tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| j jeä
wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u ;lafiarelrK
o;a; l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j o m%dfhda.sl wOHhkhka isÿ lr we;s nj o;a; wkqj
meyeÈ,s fõ'
4'9 jk j.=j( iduqysl iïnkaO;d
úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
bx.%Sis I
wkq f;aud
 iyfhda.S;djh - 01 06 04 02 01
 mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d - - - 01 01 01
 m%cd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh - - - 01 01 -
 YsIHhkag Wmfoia ,nd§u - 01 02 02 02 06
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk - 02 08 08 06 08
iduQysl iïnkaO;d ms<sn| úuiSfï § úoHdj yd bx.%Sisj,g idfmalaIj .Ks;fha

iuQy iïnkaO;d wvq w.hla .kS' iyfhda.S;djh yd YsIHhkag Wmfoia ,nd§u hk
wkq f;aud muKla .Ks; úIh ks¾foaY ;=< y÷kd.; yels úh' úoHd úIfha §
iyfhda.S;djh hkakg jvd jeo.;alula ,nd § ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
kHdhd;aul fuka u iyfhda.S;djh úoHdj úIfha § m%dfhda.SlrKh wjia:d 06la ;=<
i|yka j we;s nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfuka u YsIHhkag Wmfoia ,nd§u ms<sn|j
o úoHdj I yd II ys wjOdkhg ,lalr ;sfí'
bx.%Sis úIfha iduQysl iïnkaO;d hkak wjOdrKh lr ;sfí' kHdhd;aul
fuka u m%dfhda.sl úIfhys o iduQysl iïnkaO;d ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'
úfYaIfhka u bx.%Sis úIh ;=< YsIH Wmfoia ,nd§u hk Wm f;audj ;=< m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h i|yd jeä keUqre;djla olajd ;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
48 | P a g e
4'10 jk j.=j( m%;HdfõlaIKh jD;a;Sh p¾hdj iy kdhl;ajh
úIhh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
.Ks;h II
.Ks;h I
úoHdj II
bx.%Sis II
úoHdj I
wkq f;aud
bx.%Sis I
 m%;HdfõlaIK l%shdldrlï 01 - - 01 - 01
 jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh 01 - - 01 03 -
 wdpdrO¾u yd ne÷Kq yeisÍu 01 - 03 - 01 02
 Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mßk;sh - 01 01 - - -
 kuHYS,S nj - 01 - 01 - -
 m%fõY yelshdj 01 - - - 01 04
 iajhx ;lafiare lsÍfï yelshdj 02 - 01 02 - 01
 jD;a;sh ms<sn| f.!rjh - - - - - -
 ydfiHda;amdokh - - - - - -
 i|yka jQ uq¿ jdr .Kk 06 02 05 08 05 08
m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh p¾hdj ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï § úIhka 03 u ta

ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' m%;HfõlaIKhg wod< l%shdldrlï
ms<sn| j úIhka 03ys u wjOdkh fhduqlr we;' kuq;a úoHdj yd bx.%sisj,g idfmalaIj
.Ks; úIfha m%;HdfõlaIK l%shdldrlï my< uÜgul mj;sk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s
fõ' m%;HdfõlaIK kHdhsl ±kqu ,nd § ;snqfka .Ks; úIfha muKs' b;sß úIhkaj,
tu ±kqu m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj i,id fkd;snqKs' jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okfha
kHdhsl ±kqu ,nd §ug lghq;= lr ;snqfka" bx.%Sis iy .Ks; úIfha muKs' tfia u
bx.%Sis úIfha by< uÜgfï jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok ±kqu ms<sn| kHdhsl lreKq wvx.= lr
;sfnk nj o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' .=rejrhdf.a Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mßk;sh ms<sn| j
wjOdkh fhduqlr ;snqfka .Ks;h yd úoHdj hk úIh j, muKs' .=re wdpdr O¾u yd
ne÷Kq yeisÍu ms<sn| lreKq úoHdj úIfha § wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' .=re jD;a;sh
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdhsl lreKq ms<sn| j jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;snqfka bx.%Sis
úIh ;=<hs' jdr 03la ;=< bx.%Sis úIfha fuu ;;a;ajh wjOdrKh lr ;snQ njg o;a;
,eî we;'
.=re jD;a;sh ms<sn| f.!rjh" úIh idOkh ms<sn| j lsisÿ úIhl
wjOdrKh fkdùu iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla úh' .=re jD;a;sh f.!rjh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl
fyda kHdhsl lreKq lsisjla o;a; wkqj y÷kd.; fkdyels úh' tfuka u b.ekaùfï
§ ydfiHda;amdokh yd rij;a j b.ekaùu ms<sn|j o lsisÿ úIhl wjOdrKh fkdùu
o;a; wkqj y÷kd.; yels úh'
49 | P a g e
4'4 úoHj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{hskaf.a m%;spdr'
úIh ks¾foaYh ms<sn| woyia lÓldpd¾h m%Yakdj,sfhka o úuik ,È' tys §
iqúfYAIS j cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, ±kg l%shd;aul jk úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis
mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIhhg wod< j úIh wka;¾.;h" bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%ufõoj,
fjkia úh hq;= yd w¨;ska tl;= úh hq;= fldgia ms<sn| j úuik ,È' tla tla
mdGud,dfõ m%Odk úIhhg wod< j ,o m%;spdr wkq fldgia y;rla Tiafia úYaf,aIKh
flßKs'
 úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia
 úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõofha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia
úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j .=re wOHdmk{hska woyia
olajd ;snqKs' fuys § tla tla mdGud,dfõ m%Odk úIh wkqj ^.Ks;h" úoHdj" bx.%Sis&
,o o;a;" úYaf,aIKh my; olajd we;'
 .Ks;h úIhh
,o m%;spdr u; .Ks;h úIhh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh wxY y;rla
Tiafia úYaf,aIKh flßKs' tkï úIh wka;¾.;h" bf.kqï øjH" m¾fhaIK" ld,h
^4'11 jk j.=j&'
4'11 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia
wkq úia;rh m%;spdr
wxlh ^.=re
wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
 fY%aIaG .Ks;{hkaf.a fidhd .ekSï-±kg mshdfÊ" ãkaia" nDDk¾ we;=<;a 01
úu
 .Ks; úIh .eUqßka wOHhkh l< hq;= h 02
 .Ks; b;sydih" .Ks;fha iajNdjh" .Ks;fha ufkda úoHd;aul 01
m%fõYh" f;dard.;a .Ks; ud;Dld hgf;a by< .Ks; ±kqula Èh hq;=
h
 úIh wka;¾.;fha iEu fldgila i|yd u iúia;rd;aul úIh fldgia 3
we;=<;a lsÍu yd
 tu fldgiaj, iSud meyeÈ<s j ±laùu
 my; ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh $fjkia úh hq;= h' 5
18" 2'0" 14" 21
02 bf.kqï øjH
 úIh mdol mdvï igykla ie,iqï lsÍug ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 01
ixj¾Okh
03 m¾fhaIK
 wLKav jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh ioyd m¾fhaIK 01
04 ld,h
 .Ks; b;sydihg jeä ld,hla f.k we; 02
 .Ks;h I ^31& iy .Ks;h II (32& f,i m%Yak m;% 2 i|yd ksmqK;d fjka 06
lr we;s kuq;a fjka lr we;s ld,h tl iudk ke;' ^.Ks;h 1 ^36&
i|yd meh 360la fjka l<;a t;rï ld,hla fjka ù ke;&
50 | P a g e
.=re wOHdmk{hska lreKq kjhla Tiafia .Ks; úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= njg
woyia olajd ;snqKs' fuys § .Ks;h I ^31& iy .Ks;h II ^32& f,i m%Yak m;% fol
i|yd ksmqK;d fjka l< o ta i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,h tl iudk fkdùfï ld,h
iïnkaO .eg¨jg yhla ^6&f,i jeä u m%;spdr olajd ;snqKs' bka miq j ms<sfj,ska
jeä u m%;spdr ,enqfõ úIh ks¾foaYfha 18" 2" 14 iy 21 hk ksmqK;d fjkia úh hq;=
h' th ixLHd;aulj myla ^5& f,i iy úIh wka;¾.;fha iEu fldgila i|yd u
iúia;rd;aul úIh fldgia we;=<;a lsÍu yd tu fldgiaj, mrdih meyeÈ<s j ±laùu
wjYH h ^3& hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd h'
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK" iajhx we.hSu iy m%;HfõlaIK u.ska wLKav jD;a;Sh
ixj¾Okhla we;s l< hq;= h ^1& iy úIh mdol mdvï igykla ie,iqï lsÍug ksYaÑ;j
úIh ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ixj¾Okh úh hq;= h ^1& hk lreKq i|yd wju m%;spdr
,eî ;snqKs ^4'11 jk j.=j&'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh wxY y;rla Tiafia
úYaf,aIKh flßKs tkï úIh wka;¾.;h" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh" myiqlï
ie,iSu" bf.kqï øjH yd bf.kqï wdOdrl f,isks ^4'12 jk j.=j&'
4'12 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia
wkq úia;rh m%;spdr ^.=re
wxlh wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
 8'3 ksmqK;d uÜgfï my; fldgia i|yd ud;Dld tl;= úh hq;= h'
- laIqø Ôj úoHdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re mq¿,a lsÍu 3
 i;a;aj úúO;ajhg wod< ks¾Kdhl iE§u yd WmlrK kv;a;=j 3
 my; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= 3
h 2'1" 3'2" 7'1
 6 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd úIh f;aud kj úIh ks¾foaY wkqj fjkia úh hq;= h' 4
 mrsirh wdY%s; oekqu" jd;h" c,h" mi" wdf,dalh yd Ydl iïnkaO uQ,sl 01
ixl,am ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 úoHd.dr b;sydih" úoHd.dr ;dlaIKh yd úoHd.dr l<ukdlrKh iïnkaO
uQ,sl ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 úoHdj$.Ks;h ;dlaIKsl úIh neúka oaúNdId nj y÷kajd Èh hq;= h' 01
 bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh ms<sn| uQ,sl fldgia ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a úh hq;= h' 01
02 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%ufõoh
 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%ufõo$Wmdh ud¾. fjka lr ksYaÑ; j ±laúh hq;= h 01
 .fõIK mshjr M,odhS lr .ekSug ^ 5E l%uh& ks¾udmS Ñka;kh tla lr .; 01
hq;= h'
 3'3 ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< j b.ekaùfï l%u yd l%fudamdh ixj¾Okh úh 01
hq;= h'
03 myiqlï ie,iSu
 6 - 11 úIh ks¾foaYhg iïnkaO jk wdldrhg úoHdj b.ekaùu i|yd 01
wjYH jk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK fjkia úh hq;= h'
04 bf.kqï øjH yd bf.kqï wdOdrl
 wkqfhda.S WmlrK iE§u$ks¾udKh lsÍu wjYH h' 01
51 | P a g e
úYaf,aIs; o;a;j,g wkqj úIh wka;¾.;fha lreKq ;=kla fjkia úh hq;= njg
jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' tajd kï" 6 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd úIh f;aud kj úIh ks¾foaY
wkqj fjkia úh hq;= h ^4&" 8'3 ksmqK;d uÜgfï" fldgia folla i|yd ^laIqø Ôj úoHdj
ms<s;=re f;dr;=re mq¿,a lsÍu" i;a;aj úúO;ajhg wod< ks¾Kdhl iE§u yd kv;a;=j&
ud;Dld tl;= úh hq;= h ^3&" iy 2'1" 3'2" 7'1 hk ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod<
úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= h ^3&' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh" myiqlï ie,iSu
iy bf.kqï øjH yd bf.kqï wdOdrl hk wxY i|yd ,o m%;spdr wju úh ^4'12 jk
j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha wka;¾.;h fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh wxY y;rla ^úIh
wka;¾.;h" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh" myiqlï" we.hSï $mÍlaIK& Tiafia ú.%y lr
we; ^4'13 jk j.=j&'
4'13 jk j.=j( ( úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkia úh hq;= fldgia

wkq úia;rh m%;spdr
wxlh ^.=re
wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
 bx.%sis mdGud,dfõ bx.%Sis idys;H úIhh w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& .oH 04
fldgi ^flá l:d yd kjl:d& fjkia úh hq;= h
 NdIduh jYfhka iajr fh§u$Yío úoHdj ms<sn| úfYaI ie,ls,a,la 01
±laúh hq;= h'
 bx.%Sis NdIdjg wod< m%dfhda.sl fldgia úfYaIfhkau ijka§u yd 02
l:kh flf¾ jeä wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh ta ta mdGud,dfõ úfYaI úIh wkqj iqúfYaIS 01
úh hq;= h'
 wka;¾.;h ;jÿrg;a meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' 01
 n|jd .ekSfï mámdá fjkia jk úg Bg wkqrEmS j úIh wka;¾.;h 01
fjkia úh hq;= h
 mdGud,dj kj úIh fldgiaj,ska fmdfydi;a úh hq;= h 01
 jeäÿr lreKq úuiSu i|yd úIhud,dfjka wdY%s; .%ka:$uQ,dY% 02
f,aLkhla ,nd§u wjYH h'
02 bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõoh
 wOHdmk ufkdaúoHd;aul mokï u; úfYaI l%u we;=<;a úh hq;= h' 01
03 myiqlï
 isiqkaf.a Ndú;h i|yd m%dfhda.sl fldgia we;=<;a CD tlla ,nd §u 01
wjYH h'
 ijka§u yd l:kh i|yd wjYH myiqlï yd WmlrK ,nd Èh hq;= h 01
04 we.hSï $mÍlaIK
 mdGud,d i|yd idudkH bx.%sis úIfhys l:k mÍlaIK meje;aúh hq;= 01
h' ΖNLS
 mejreï hgf;a újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK ,nd§u wjYH h' 01
4'13 jk j.=j wkqj bx.%sis úIh wka;¾.;h lreKq wgla Tiafia fjkia úh hq;= njg
.=re wOHdmk{hska fhdackd lr ;snqKs' tajdkï bx.%Sis mdGud,dfõ bx.%Sis idys;H
úIhh w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& .oH fldgi ^flá l:d yd kjl:d& fjkia úh hq;= h
^4&" bx.%Sis NdIdjg wod< m%dfhda.sl fldgia îjka§u yd l:kh& flf¾ jeä wjOdkh
52 | P a g e
fhduq lsÍu" jeäÿr lreKq úuiSu i|yd úIhud,dfjka wdY%s; .%ka: f,aLkhla ,nd
§u ^2& fõ' wfkl=;a wxY yd ii|k úg úIh wka;¾.;fha fjkialï i|yd jeä u
m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu fuys § úfYaI;ajhls'
iuia;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § .uH jk fmdÿ ,laIK jkafka úIh
b.ekaùu ioyd m%udKj;a ld,hla ,nd §u" úIh ks¾foaI ld,dkqrEmS j ixfYdaOkhg
,la lsÍu" bf.kqï b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh iy b.ekaùfï ;dlaIKh yd WmlrK
ixj¾Okh" jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh ioyd m¾fhaIKd;aul t<Uqula ia:dms; lsÍ u" iy
ys;lr bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu hk lrekq ms<sno j úIh ;=fkkau
wjOdKhg ,la ù we;'
m%Odk úIh ;=fka úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia ms<sn| j .=re
wOHdmk{ m%Yakdj,sfhka úuid ne,sKs' ta i|yd ,o m%;spdr my; ±lafõ'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia wxY folla ^úIh
wka;¾.;h" ;dlaIKh& hgf;a bÈßm;a flßKs' ^4'14 jk j.=j&
4'14 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia

wkq wxlh úia;rh m%;spdr ^.=re
wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
 .Ks; b;sydih ;=< uE; ld,Sk j tla jQ Wmks;Ska ^.eg¨ úi£fï l%u" 02
ueðla fldgq" idOl .fõIK& tla l< hq;= h'
 Wiia fm< fyda Wmdê m%:u j¾Ihg wod< j 6-11 úIh ks¾foaYfha ioyka 15
.Ks; f;aud .eUqrska b.ekaúh hq;=h ^ùc .Ks;h - Y%S;" ixLHd fY%aKs"
l=,l yd iïNdú;dj" ixLHdkh -z ,l=K" 21 ksmqK;dj &
 úIh ks¾foaYh úYaf,aIKh úia;rd;aul j ±laùu wjYH h' 02
 úIh wka;¾.;h meyeÈ,s j igyka l< hq;= h ^ iïnkaO;d" iuQy" idOk 02
l%u" b;sydih&
 idudkH fm< .Ks;h úNd. m%Yak m;%h iïnkaO j .Ks;fha kj fidhd 04
.ekSï" .Ks;h iïnkaO kj b.ekaùï WmlrK" .Ks;h ICT yd
iïnkaO lsÍu ;jÿrg;a Wiia .Ks;h iïnkaO fldgia iy cHdñ;sh yd
ùc .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h - ksYapdhl" kHdi we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 .Ks;h f;aud yh hgf;a îxLHd" ñKs;h" .Ks;h" cHdñ;sh" ixLHdkh 01
yd iïNdú;dj& .eg¨ úi£u i|yd fhduq l< hq;= h'
 .Ks; úIhud,d ixfYdaOkfha § cd;Hka;r m%jk;d we;=<;a úh hq;= h' 01
 tÈfkod l%shdldrlï i|yd kHdi Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| we;=<;a úh hq;= h' 01
 bf.kqï l%shdldrlï ilia lsÍu ms<sn| ±kqj;a l< hq;= h 01
02 ;dlaIKh
 kj ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka .Ks;h W.kajk wdldrh ms<sn| b.ekaúh hq;= 01
h'
 u,aá óähd fm%dfclag¾ Ndú; lsÍu' 01
^14'2 ksmqK;d uÜgu& ms<sn| ±kqj;a l< hq;= h'
taa wkqj .Ks;h úIhh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia lreKq 11la Tiafia
olajd we;' tys § jeäu m%;spdr ,o lreK jQfha Wiia fm< fyda Wmdê m%:u j¾Ihg
wod< j 6-11 úIh ks¾foaYfha .Ks; f;aud i|yd ;rula ÿrg .eUqre úIh lreKq ,nd
§u ^15&" úIh wka;¾.;hg kj fldgia we;=<;a lsÍu ^4&" .Ks; b;sydih ;=< uE;
53 | P a g e
ld,Sk j tla l< .eg¨ úi£fï l%u tl;= lsÍu ^2&" iy úIh ks¾foaYh úYaf,aIKh
úia;rd;aul j ±laùu ^2& úh'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhhg w¨;ska tlaúh hq;= fldgia wxY y;rla Tiafia olajk ,È ^5
jk j.=j&' tys§ úIh wka;¾.;h lreKq 14la Tiafia ±laúKs' ,o by< u m%;spdr o
úIh wka;¾.;h u; mokï ùu iqúfYaI;ajhls' jeäu m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha 6
- 11 úoHd úIh wka;¾.;h iDcq f,i u mdi,a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh flakaø lr
.ksñka fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj yd Ôj úoHdj wOHhkh lsÍu wjYH h ^11&" 8'3
ksmqK;djg wod< j laIqø Ôj úoHdfõ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï jeä lsÍu yd tys
wka;¾.;hg ÔjdkqyrK l%u we;=<;a l< hq;= h ^7& iy 5 E wdlD;sh iïmQ¾Kfhka
bj;a fkdlr mdvï igyka ie,iqï lsÍu wjYH h ^5& hk lreKqh'
4'15 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tlaúh hq;= fldgia

wxlh wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
 8'3 ksmqK;djg wod< j" laIqø Ôj úoHdfõ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï jeä lsÍu yd 07
tys wka;¾.;hg ÔjdkqyrK l%u we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 i;a;aj úúO;ajh f;audj ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lrñka kso¾Yk iE§u yd tajd ;sr 01
lr .ekSu wjYH h'
 äðg,a ;dlaIKh yd fldkagï fN!;sl úoHdj ms<sn| isoaOdka; we;=<;a l< hq;= 02
h'
 6 -11 úoHd úIh wka;¾.;h iDcq f,i u mdi,a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh 11
flakaø lr .ksñka fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj yd Ôj úoHdj wOHhkh
lsÍu wjYH h'
 6 -11 úoHd úIh ks¾foaY f;aud kj úIh ks¾foaY wkqj ^7" 9" 10" 11& fjkia ùu 01
wjYH;djls'
 5E wdlD;sh iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a fkdlr mdvï igyka ie,iqï lsÍu wjYH h' 05
 kj úoHd;aul ksIamdok ^mgl frdamKh" yß; ;dlaIKh" hydrophonic crop. 01
culture, wxl=r frdamkh wdÈfha m%dfhda.sl fldgia yd Wiia fm< we;eï
fldgia we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 ks¾udmS bf.kqu iúia;rd;aul j we;=<;a lsÍu wjYHh' 02
 8'3 ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< wka;¾.;h úia;rd;aul j ±laùu ^ksÍlaIKh yd 01
ksÍlaIK l=i,;d j¾Okh&
 2010 kj úIh ks¾foaYhg fmr mej;s components B1, C3 ys we;s fldgia we;=<;a 01
l< hq;= h'
 lKavdhï fyda flaj, m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ^2'1 ud;Dldj,g wod< j& we;=<;a 01
úh hq;= h'
 md,l yd md,s; mÍlaIK iïnkaO ±kqu wjYH h' 01
 úoHd.dr ;dlaIKh yd úoHd.dr l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu wjYH h' 01
 11 fY%aKsfhka Tíng .sh Wiia úoHd ±kqula wjYH h' 01
02 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh
 ish¨ u 6 - 11 fY%aKs mka;s oaúNdId l< hq;= h' 01
03 ;dlaIKh
 mß.Kl wdY%s; bf.kqï b.ekaùï Ndú;h wjYH h' 01
04 myiqlï
 iqúfYaIS bf.kqï b.ekaùï wdOdrl ks¾udKh ^wdlD;s" pdÜ" rEm igyka& ms<sn| 01
±kqj;a lsÍï wjYH h'
bx.%Sis úIhh
54 | P a g e
jk j.=fjka bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< j w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia ms<sn| j wxY
folla hgf;a ^úIh wka;¾.;h" ;dlaIKh& lreKq bÈßm;a flßKs' tys § bx.%Sis
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h flf¾ jeä wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h ^3&" bx.%Sis l:kh i|yd
m%dfhda.sl jev igyka ,nd Èh hq;= h ^2&' " bx.%Sis .=rejreka f,i mqyqKq jk isiqkag
ngysr ix.S;h bf.kqug wjia:d ie,ish hq;= h^2&' mqyqKq ld,h ;=< wka;¾lrK mka;s
ldurfha úfYaI wjYH;d we;s <uhs i|yd YslaIK,dNshd Woõ lrk whqre we.hSu lsÍu
ms<sn| lreKq we;=<;a úh hq;= h ^2& iy fIalaiamsh¾f.a kdgHhla fyda bx.%Sis kjl:djla
we;=<;a l< hq;= h ^2& hk lreKqj,g úh'
4'16 jk j.=j( úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia

wxlh wOHdmk{&
01 úIh wka;¾.;h
úIh wka;¾.;hg úfõpkd;aul lshùu 01
 w¾: ú.%yh úIh wka;¾.;hg tlaúh hq;= h 01
 ksyd,a o is,ajdf.a w,suxlv isg bx.%Sis kjl:dj ^ Road from Elephant 01
pass)
 An Introduction to travel writing/the sub genre of adventure 01
NdId Ndú;h 01
 fIalaIamsh¾f.a kdgHhla fyda bx.%Sis kjl:djla 02
idys;Hd;aul úfõpkh 01
 Otism Táiï& 01
bf.kqï,dNshdf.a .;s ,laIK 01
 M,odhS .=rejrhdf.a .;s ,laIK 01
 fm!reI j¾Okh ms<sn| kQ;k kHdh ^Wod( nqoaêh yd nqoaê j¾Ok 01
l%shdldrlï&
 iodpdrh j¾Okh jk kHdh 01
 bf.kSfï kj m%fõY 01
 kjl:dj f,i wd¾'t*a kdrdhkaf.a The wonder of sweet 01
 <ud wdrlaIKh 01
 úIhud,d ie,iqïlrKh 01
 jd.a úoHdj hgf;a" ufkda jd.a úoHdj iy iudc jd.a úoHdj we;=<;a 01
úh hq;= h'
 bx.%Sis m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h flf¾ jeä wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' 03
 bx.%Sis l:kh i|yd m%dfhda.sl jev igyka ,nd Èh hq;= h' 02
02 ;dlaIKh
 bx.%Sis .=rejreka f,i mqyqKq jk isiqkag ngysr ix.S;h bf.kqug 02
wjia:d ie,ish hq;= h'
 mqyqKq ld,h ;=< wka;¾lrK mka;s ldurfha úfYaI wjYH;d we;s <uhs 01
i|yd YslaIK,dNshd Woõ lrk wdldrh we.hSu isÿlrkafka flfia o
hkak we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
 úIhud,djg .=rejrhdf.a kdhl;ajh" úIhud,d ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
od¾Yksl u; Y%S ,dxlSh iqúfYaI;d u; fjkialïj, n,mEu we;=<;a
úh hq;= h'
 kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .; yels f,i úIhud,dj ilia l< hq;= h' 01
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § úIh wka;¾.;hg w¨;ska tla
úh hq;= fldgia ta ta úIhhg wod< j iqúfYaIS ùu fuys § o fmdÿ ,laIKhla f,i
olakg ,enqKs' .Ks;h úIhfha f;audj i|yd ;rula ÿrg .eUqre úIh lreKq we;=<;a
55 | P a g e
úh hq;= nj;a úoHd úIh wka;¾.;hg iDcq f,i mdi,a bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
flakaø lr.; hq;= nj wkdjrKh úh' tfia u bx.%Sis úIhh i|yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h hk lreKq wkdjrKh úh' úIh ;=fkkau kj
;dlaIK Ndú;h yd ta ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùfï wjYH;dj u;= lr ;sîu iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla
úKs' úoHdj úIhfha § bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh 6 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd oaúNdId l<
hq;= h njg fhdackdjla bÈßm;a ù ;sìKs'
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr úIh
wkqj my; j.=j, olajd we;'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh wxY folla
^mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo" m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY& hgf;a ±laúKs' .Ks;h
b.ekaùfï l%fudamdh i|yd wkdjrK l%u" m¾fhaIKd;aul l%u" .fõIK yd iei÷ï
f,aLk ieliSu ^4&" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u YsIH flakaøSh ùu ^2& yd l%ufõo w¨;a ùu
^2& hk lreKq ;=k i|yd tys§ jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs ^7 jk j.=j&' bf.kqï -
b.ekaùï l%fudamdh i|yd m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY lrd t<Uqug we;s .=re
wOHdmk{hskaf.a we;s leue;a; Okd;aul ùu fuys § iqúfYaI;djls'
4'17 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia

wxlh wOHdmk{&
01 mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo
 lKavdhï l%uh b.ekaùfï l%uhla f,i we;=<;a lsÍu 01
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u YsIH flakaøSh ùu 02
 flaj, l%u óg jvd we;=<;a úh hq;= h' 01
 mejreï ,nd §u lKavdhï wdldrfhka isÿ lsÍfï § ish¨ fokdg 01
ld¾h mejfrk f,i ilia úh hq;= h'
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo w¨;a úh hq;= h' 02
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh hgf;a idlÉPd jk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u 01
fuys § bj;a fõ kï jvd WÑ; h'
 m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY
 .Ks;h b.ekaùfï l%fudamdh i|yd wkdjrK l%u" m¾fhaIKd;aul 04
l%u" .fõIK yd iei÷ï f,aLk ieliSu WÑ; h'
 .=re isiqka /ia l< hq;= ^mdi,a bf.kqï ld,h ;=<& ksÍlaIK" 01
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK i|yd bvlv we;=<;a wka;¾.;hla tla úh hq;=
h'
 o;a;" f;dr;=re we;=<;a wdo¾Y m¾fhaIK f;dr;=re YsIHhd w;g m;a 01
lsÍfï l%u wjYH h'
56 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh wxY y;rla
hgf;a ^mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo" m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY" kj ;dlaIKh u;
mokï jQ l%u Ys,am" fjk;a l%u& 4'18 jk j.=fõ olajd we;'
4'18 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh hq;= fldgia

wkq wxlh úia;rh m%;spdr
^.=re
wOHdmk{&
 lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, fh§ug m%:u m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK ie,iqï 02
bÈßm;a lsÍu yd tajd wdo¾Y mdvï f,i tla YsIHhl= uÕska mka;s
ldurhg bÈßm;a lsÍfuka miq m%n,;d" ÿn,;d y\qkdf.k úfõpkh
lsÍu wjYH h'
 isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a ùfï l=i,;d Tma kexfjk wdldrfha l%shdldrlï 02
ie,iqï lr b.ekaúh hq;= h'
 YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo M,odhS f,i mka;s 02
ldurfha § m%dfhda.sl j w;ayod ne,Sug wjia:dj ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" bÈßm;a lsÍï il%Sh l< hq;= h' 01
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu flfrys 01
kdNs.; jk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u ms<sn| wOHhkh l< hq;= h'
 7'1 yd 7'2 ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g wod< j úoHd úIh bf.kqï- b.ekaùï 01
wjia:d iqúfYaIS l< hq;= h'
02 m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY
 m¾fhaIK i|yd fhduqùu wjYH h' 02
 kj m¾fhaIK" kj fidhd .ekSï ms<sn| wLKav j wjOdkh fhduq 01

l< hq;= h
 lafIa;% pdßld iy jHdmD;s uÕska wod< w;a±lSï ,nd §u mq¿,a l< 03
hq;= h
03 kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am
 21jk ishjig .e,fmk fia bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh 03
hq;= h ^jeä jYfhka ;dlaIKh" Web site fhdod .ekSug lghq;=
lsÍu&'
 kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK mdvï i|yd fhdod .ekSug wjia:d yd 03
mqyqKqj ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 kj ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; lsÍug iqÿiq mßirhla ks¾udKh úh 02
hq;= h'
04 fjk;a l%u
 t<suyka wOHhkh isÿúh hq;= h' ^t<suyka mka;s ilid wëlaIKh 08
l< hq;= h&
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia lsÍfï § jeä u m%;spdr ,o lreK jQfha

t<suyka wOHhkh wjYH h ^8& hkakg h' fiiq lreKq ms<sfj,ska lafIa;% pdßld iy
jHdmD;s u.ska wod< w;a±lSï ,nd §u mq¿,a lsÍu ^3&" 21 jk ishjig .e,fmk f,i
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u fjkia lsÍu ^3&" kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK mdvï i|yd fhdod
.ekSug wjia:d yd mqyqKqj ,nd §u ^3& úh'
ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" bÈßm;a lsÍï il%sh lsÍu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh mj;ajd f.k hdug kdNs.; jk b.ekaùï l%u ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu iy
7'1" 7'2 ksmqK;dj,g wod< j úoHdj b.ekaùï wjia:d iqúfYaIS lsÍu hk lreKq ;=k
i|yd 1 ne.ska wju m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs'
57 | P a g e
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo fjkia úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j
jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqfKa wxY folla i|yd muKs' tajd kï" jvd m%dfhda.sl úh hq;=
h ^2& iy kj ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; lsÍug iqÿiq mßirhla ks¾udKh úh hq;= h
^2& hk lreKq folg h' fiiq ish¨ lreKq i|yd u 1 ne.ska wju m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs
^4'19 jk j.=j&¡
4'19 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia

wkq úia;rh m%%;spdr
wxlh ^.=re
wOHdmk{&
01  mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo
 jvd iqÿiq wdldrhg W.kajkafka flfia o@ hkak bf.kSu wjYH h' 01
 mdGud,d wdrïNfha § u fjka jYfhka l:kfha fldgila f,i 01
ldjHuh$moHuh" l%u Ys,am ^Poetic Techniques& b.ekaúh hq;=h
 POEb.ekaùfï uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ±kqu wjYH h' 01
 wka;¾.;h úYd, neúka úIh ks¾foaYh W.kajd iïmQ¾K lsÍug m%udKj;a 01
ld,Éfþo ixLHdjla ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 mdGud,d kshñ; mßÈ ckjdß mgka f.k jir 2la W.kajd ksis mßÈ bf.kqu 01
lr f.k hdug wjldY Èh hq;= h'
 jvd m%dfhda.sl úh hq;= h' 02
 b.ekaùfï l%ufõoh myiq lsÍu i|yd m%dfhda.sl j wOHhkh fkdlrk úIh 01
lreKq w;afmd;lska ,nd Èh hq;= h ^Wod( ksmqK;d 1" ngysr yd fmrÈ. od¾Yksl
u;" ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih" wOHdmkhg iïnkaO wdh;k&'
02 m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY
 lafIa;% pdßld we;=<;a l< hq;= h' 01
 M,odhS mdi, hgf;a ;lafiarelrK l%shdj,sh i|yd M,odhS mdi,lg hd hq;= h' 01
03 kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am
 kj ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; lsÍug iqÿiq mßirhla ks¾udKh úh hq;= h' 02
 l%ufõo fjkia lsÍug wjYH ;dlaIKsl WmlrK iemhsh hq;= h' 01
 ksjerÈ WÉpdrK iys; má.; lrk ,o CD yd DVD ,nd Èh hq;= h' 01
 isiqkaf.a l:k yelshdj j¾Okhg yd ksjerÈ WÉpdrK i|yd wka;¾cd, myiqlï 01
wjYH h'
 kj ;dlaIKh mka;s ldurfha Ndú; lsÍug wjYH myiqlï yd WmlrK ,nd Èh 01
hq;= h'
 wOHdmkfha kj ixl,am hgf;a e learning ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd Èh hq;= h' 01
 kQ;k ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu ms<sn| lÓldpd¾hjreka ±kqj;a l< hq;= h' 01
04  fjk;a l%u
 iïm%odhsl l%ufõoj,ska neyerùug iqÿiq mßirhla ks¾udKh úh hq;= h' 01
iuia;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § úIh ;=fkys u bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%ufõo

YsIH flakaøSh nj /l .kakd w;r u kùlrKh fjñka jvd m%dfhda.sl ùfï wjYH;dj
u;= lr we;' tla tla úIhhg wod< j iqúfYaIS;d ms< sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § .Ks;h
úIhfhka m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqï l%ufõoj,g fhduqùu flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq lr we;' úoHdj úIhfha § t<suyka wOHhkfha wjYH;dj ±ä j wjOdrKh
lrñka l%ufõo jvd m%dfhda.sl wxYhg nrùfï wjYH;dj u;= lr we;' bx.%Sis úIhfha
§ ijka§u yd l:k l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj u;= lrñka kj ;dlaIKh
58 | P a g e
mka;s ldur ;=< Ndú; lsÍug wjYH ±kqu" wka;¾cd, myiqlï we;=¿ wfkla myiqlï
yd WmlrK ,nd§fï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lr we;' úoHdj úIhfha § o Wla; lreK
ms<sn| woyia u;= lr ;snqKs'
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia tla tla úIhhg
iqúfYAIS j my; ±lafjk mßÈ fõ' ^4'20"4'21"4'22 j.=&'
 .Ks;h
.Ks; úIhh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia wxY
;=kla hgf;a ±laúKs' tys § kj ;dlaIKh .Ks;fha we;eï fldgia i|yd Ndú; úh
hq;= h ^4&" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;h" wka;¾cd, Ndú;h we;=<;a
jk mßÈ kj l%u ilia l< hq;= h' ^3& iy .Ks; úIhh ;=< YslaIK,dNSkag m%dfhda.sl
b.ekaùï wjia:d ,nd §ug wjYH ld,h úIhud,djg tl;= úh hq;= h ^3& hk lreKq
i|yd jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' fiiq lreKq i|yd ,o m%;spdr fïjdg idfmalaI j
wju h ^4'20 jk j.=j&'
4'20 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨f;ka tla úh hq;= fldgia

wkq úia;rh m%;spdr
wxlh ^.=rewOHdmk{&
 iQlaIau bf.kqï l%uh" wdOdk .%dyS l%uh" .eg¨ úi£fï l%uh jeks 01
.Ks;hg jvd;a iqúfYaIS l%u we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 m%dfhda.sl j .Ks; úIhh fldgia b.ekaùfï l%uhla YslaIK,dNSka 01
i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< ;sîu wjYH h'
 .Ks; úIhh ;=< YslaIK,dNSkag m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï wjia:d ,nd 03
§ug wjYH ld,h úIhud,dj ;=<g tl;= úh hq;= h'
 lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, tÈfkod l%shdldrlï i|yd kHdh Ndú; 01
jk wdldrh m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï weiqfrka y÷kajd Èh hq;= h'
 bf.kqï WmlrK ilia lsÍu i|yd ^ksYaÑ; j yd ld,h iys; j& 02
mka;s ldur ÈYd.; l< hq;= h'
m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY
 .fõIKd;aul bf.kqï l%u i|yd ^ksYaÑ; j yd ld,h iys; j& 02
mka;s ldur ÈYd.; l< hq;= h'
kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%uYs,am
 kQ;k flá l%u u.ska .eg¨ úi£ug" o;a; /ia lsÍug wka;¾cd, 02
Ndú;h u.ska ÈYd .; úh hq;= h'
 mß.klh wdY%s; j bf.kqï l%shdldrlï ie,iqï l< hq;= h' 01
 wka;¾cd,h u; mokï jQ f;dr;=re" mß.kl f;dr;=re lKavdhï 01
f,i fyda ;ks ;ks j fidhd bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'
 13 jk ksmqK;djg fjka lr we;s meh 36 kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod 01
.ksñka flfrk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
foñka we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;h" wka;¾cd, Ndú;h 03
we;=<;a jk mßÈ kj l%u ilia l< hq;= h'
 kj ;dlaIKh - .Ks;fha we;eï fldgia i|yd Ndú; úh hq;= h' 04
 m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ j;auka m%Nj ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ;=< 01
ikaksfõok Wmdh ud¾. ie,iqï l< hq;= h ^mß.Klh ÈYd .;
l< hq;= h&'
59 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha § o bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia
wxY ;=kla hgf;a ±laúKs ^4'21 jk j.=j&'
4'21 jk j.=j( bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tlaúh hq;= fldgia

wkq úia;rh m%;spdr^.=re
wxlh wOHdmk{&
mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo
 ks¾udmS m%fõYh y÷kajd Èh hq;= h 01
 yels iEu úg u úoHd l%shdldrlï ix;;shg wod< l=i,;d ^Science process 02
skills& ixj¾Okh úh hq;= h'
 B2 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%uh y\qkajd Èh hq;= h' 01
 bÈßm;a ùfï l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg wod< l%shdldrlï wjYH h' 01
 úoHd.dr mÍlaIK$úoHd.dr l%shdldrlï flaj, j lsÍug l%ufõo$ 02
m%dfhda.sl jev we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 ish¨ u b.ekaùï l%u ms<sn| j b.ekaùu l< o Ndú; ùï Wmßu j isÿùu 02
i|yd Wml%u ilia l< hq;= h ^5El%uh muKla Ndú; fõ&'
 mqia;ld, mßyrKh ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a l< hq;= h' 01
 iyfhda.S bf.kqu" wkdjrK bf.kqu u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍï Èß.ekaúh hq;= 01
h'
 mka;s ldur ;=< w;ayod ne,Sug l%shdldrlï" úIh wka;¾.;h" mdvu 03
ixj¾Okh" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï wdOdrl" we.hSu ms<sn| jvd iúia;rd;aul
j ±kqu ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 m%o¾Yk l%uh u.ska wdlD;s Ndú; lsÍu wjYH h' 01
m¾fhaIKd;aul m%fõY
 lafIa;%hg f.dia wod< w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:d ,nd Èh hq;= h' 02
kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am
 mß.klh M,odhS f,i bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg Ndú; l< hq;= h' 04
 bÈßm;a lsÍï ^power point presentation) ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' 01
 kefkda ;dlaIKh" foda,k ;rx. jeks tall i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod 01
.ksñka .fõIK l%uhg bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo ilia l< hq;= h'
 wka;¾cd,h Ndú;h jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= h' 02
 nyq m%lafIam Ndú;fhka bf.kqï l%shdldrlï ie,iqï l< hq;= h' 02
 nyq udOH Ndú; lr bÈßm;a lsÍï l< hq;= h' 01
 wka;¾cd,h u.ska iajhx wOHhkj, fh§ tajd úoHq;a ;emE, u.ska 02
lÓldpd¾hjrekag Ndr §ug lghq;= l< hq;= h'

 ;dlaIK Ndú;h" iajhx wOHhk" wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= h' 07

 iyfhda.S bf.kqu Èßu;a lrñka jevuq¿ meje;aùu" wka;¾cd, bf.kqu" 05
mqia;ld, mßyrKh" lafIa;% pdßld yd m%o¾Yk meje;aùu ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a
l< hq;= h'
.=re wOHdmk{hska úoHdj úIhhg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia f,i jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;snqfKa ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am ms<sn|j h' ta wkqj
ms<sfj,ska tys jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha ;dlaIK Ndú;h" iajhx wOHhk yd
wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ^7&" iyfhda.S bf.kqu Èßu;a lrñka jevuq¿
meje;aùu" wka;¾cd, bf.kqu" mqia;ld, mßyrKh" lafIa;% pdßld yd m%o¾Yk
meje;aùu ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍu ^5& iy mß.klh M,odhS f,i bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,shg Ndú; lsÍu úh' mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo wxY hgf;a ±lajQ mka;s
60 | P a g e
ldur ;=< w;ayod ne,Sug l%shdldrlï" úIh wka;¾.;h" mdvu ixj¾Okh" bf.kqï-
b.ekaùï wdOdrl" we.hSu ms<sn| óg jvd iúia;rd;aul j ±kqu ,nd §u wjYH h hk
lreKq i|yd m%;spdr ;=kla ,nd § ;snqKs ^4'21 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhhg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia wxY ;=kla hgf;a ^mka;s ldur
bf.kqï l%ufõo" kùk ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am" we.hSï l%shdj,sh& ±laúKs'
tys § jeämqr u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl ms<sfj,ska wka;¾cd, myiqlï u.ska kùk
bf.kqï l%shdldrlï yd l%ufõoj,g fhduq l< hq;= h ^3&" jd.a úoHd.drhla wjYH
h ^2& iy we.hSï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| úia;r yd wod< lreKq tla l< hq;= h ^2& hk lreKq
úh' mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo i|yd lreKq yhlg tla m%;spdrh ne.ska ,eî
;snqKs ^4'22 jk j.=j&'
4'22 jk j.=j( bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨f;ka tla úh hq;= fldgia

wkq ks¾Kdhl m%%;spdr
wxlh ^.=re
wOHdmk{&
 talSh njlska hq;= j b.ekaùug wjYH l%ufõo ilia l< hq;= h' 01
 isiqka mdG .%ka: ^text& mßYS,kh lrk w;r;=r u .oHuh l%u Ys,am 01
b.ekaúh hq;= h'
 l:k fldgia yqol,dj fkdb.ekaúh hq;= w;r tajd isiqka mdG .%ka: 01
bf.k .kakd wjia:dfõ u W.; hq;= h'
 mßYS,kh i|yd h,a mek.sh fmd;aj,g jvd kj m%jK;d we;=<;a fmd;a 01
,nd Èh hq;= h'
 Y%jK l=i,;djg wjYH WmlrK ,ndfoñka ijka§u yd l:k l=i,;d 01
;jÿrg;a j¾Okh l< hq;= h'
 lKavdhï jev yd bÈßm;a lsÍï jeä l< hq;= h' 01
02 kùk ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ l%u Ys,am
 wka;¾cd, myiqlï u.ska f,dj kùk bf.kqï l%shdldrlï yd 03
l%ufõoj,g fhduq l< hq;= h'
 kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod b.ekaùug wjia:d i,id Èh hq;= h' 01
 E - learning wjYH h' 01
 jd.a úoHd.drhla wjYH h' 02
03 we.hSï l%shdj,sh
 we.hSï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| úia;r yd wod< ks¾Kdhl tla l< hq;= h' 02
 úNd. l%uh wfydais fldg Semester l%uhg isiqka we.hSu WÑ; h' 01
úIh ;=fka iuia;h foi ne,Sfï § mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%ufõo ta ta úIhg
wod< j iqúfYaIS úh'
fmdÿ ,laIK ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § úIh ;=fkka u f,dj kj ;dlaIKh
iu.ska mß.kl Ndú;h yd wka;¾cd, Ndú;h we;=<;a jk mßÈ kj bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
l%ufõo ieliSfï wjYH;dj ±ä j wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' tf,i u .Ks;h iy úoHdj
úIh foflka muKla m¾fhaIK mdol j .fõIKd;aul bf.kqï l%u i|yd mka;s
ldur fhduqùfï wjYH;dj fmkajd § ;snqKs' bx.%Sis úIhfhka jd.a úoHd.drhl
wjYH;dj olajñka we.hSï l%shdj,sfha isÿ l< hq;= fjkialï tkï we.hSï ms<sn|
61 | P a g e
úia;r yd lreKq ,ndfoñka úNd. l%uh Semester l%uhg isiqka we.hSfï jeo.;alu
olajd ;snqKs'
4'5 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ms<sn| YslaIK,dNSkaf.a m%;spdr
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine¢ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
.=Kd;aulNdjh YsIH m%Yakdj,shlska o mÍlaId flßKs' Wla; m%Yakdj,sh i|yd .=re
isiqkaf.ka ,o m%;spdr úYaf,aIKh lr w¾:l:k iemhsKs'
4'6 úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaYfha odhl;ajh
 bx.%Sis$.Ks;$úoHd úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h iSudjdisl .=rejrhl= jYfhka
lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a jQ wdldrh
Wla; lreK iïnkaO j .=re isiqkaf.ka ,o m%;spdr úIh ;=kg u wod< j wxY
y;la hgf;a ^±kqu" m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h" fm<Uùu" bf.kqï l%u" fm!reIh" mka;s ldur
l<ukdlrKh" foudmsh$m%cd in|;d& 4'23 jk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flf¾' fuys § o;a;
úYaf,aIKh yd w¾: ±laùï ta ta úIhhg wod< j fjka j bÈßm;a flf¾'
4'23 jk j.=j( úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h iSudjdisl .=rejrhl= jYfhka lghq;=

lsÍfï § jeo.;a jQ wdldrh
wkq ks¾Kdhl .Ks;h úoHdj bx.%Sis
wxlh
01 ±kqu
úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< wka;¾.;h îxl,am" ks¾jpk" 18 35 24
b;sydih& ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOh ,eîu
úIh ±kqu ixj¾Okh ùu 8 14 18
<uhd y÷kd .ekSu we;=¨ j <uhd ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .; 10 4 22
yels ùu
mdif,a isiqkag úIh lreKq ;yjqre lsÍfï yelshdj ,eîu 12 9 4
úúO l%u u.ska .Ks; .eg¨ úi£fï yelshdj j¾Okh 4 1 1
wkq úIh$ fjk;a úIh $úIh ndysr 2 6 10
l%shdldrlï ms<sn| wjfndaOh yd ±kqu jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug
yelsùu
úIh W.kajkafka flfia o hkak bf.kSu 1 1 5
.eUqßka úIh ±kqu ,o ksid bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh 12 17 11
ixj¾Okh
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu 10 6 1
.eg¨ úi£fï l%u yd úIhdkqnoaO .eg¨ ksrdlrKh u.ska 2 1 7
úIh ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOh ,eîu
p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh - - 7
isiq wjYH;dj,g .e,fmk mßÈ wOHdmkh ,eîu 1 2 -
mdvï ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu 3 4 14
02 m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%dfhda.sl ±kqu j¾Okh 5 8 15
ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï lsÍu ms<sn| ±kqu j¾Okh 3 2 3
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï lsÍug wjYH w;a±lSï yd yelshdj 14 42 2
,eîu$ m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu
bx.%Sis l:k yelshdj$ksjerÈ NdId Ndú;h - - 6
03 fm<Uùu
úIhg we;s isiq leue;a; j¾Okh ùu 3 1 -
úúO bf.kqï l%uj,ska b.ekaùfuka mdi,a isiqkaf.a - - 6
Wkkaÿj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
04 bf.kqï l%u
62 | P a g e
úIh wka;¾.;h isiqkag ,nd §ug ksjerÈ iy fhda.H 7 7 5
bf.kqï l%u fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj ,eîu
b.ekaùï l%ufõo ms<sn| fkdo;a lreKq ±k .ekSu 15 8 2
úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| bf.kSu 15 10 10
05 fm!reIh
.=re fm!reIh ixj¾Okh 1 2 5
06 mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh
mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu 1 - 8
07 foudmsh$m%cd in|;d
mdi, ;=< iudc in|;d j¾Okh 1 - 2
issiqka foudmshka iuඟ iïnkaO;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu 1 - 2
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h .=rejrhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a
jQ whqre ms<sn| ,o o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § ±kqu m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd bf.kqï l%u hk
wxY ;=k i|yd jeäu m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' fmdÿfõ wxY y;g u ,o m%;spdrj,ska
nyq;r m%;spdr ,o lreKq ms<sfj,ska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< wka;¾.;h ms<sn| îxl,am"
ks¾jpk" b;sydih& mQ¾K wjfndaOh ,eîu ^18&" úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| bf.kSu ^15&"
.Ks; b.ekaùï l%ufõo ms<sn| fkdo;a lreKq ±k .ekSu ^15&" m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï
lsÍug wjYH w;a±lSï yd yelshdj ,eîu$m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu ^14&" mdif,a
isiqkag úIh lreKq ;yjqre lsÍfï yelshdj ,eîu ^12&" .eUqßka úIh ±kqu ,o ksid
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh ^12&" <uhd y÷kd .ekSu we;=¨j" <uhd ms<sn|
wjfndaOh ,nd .; yelsùu ^10&" bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu ^10&" úKs'
úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%dfhda.sl ±kqu j¾Okh ^5&" úúO l%u u.ska
.eg¨ úi£fï yelshdj j¾Okh ^4&" hk lreKq i|yd uOHu uÜgfï m%;spdr ,eìKs
^4'23 jk j.=j&'
fï wkqj isiqka úIh ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| jeä ie,ls,a,la olajd
we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha § o ±kqu" m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd bf.kqï l%u hk wxYj, lreKq
i|yd nyq;r m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' tu wxYj,ska o ±kqu wxYhg ,o m%;spdr jeä h'
fuys § jeä u m%;spdr ,o lreK jQfha m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï lsÍug wjYH w;a±lSï
yd yelshdj ,eîu m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu ^42& h¡ fiiq nyq;r m%;spdr ,o lreKq
ms<sfj<ska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mq¾K wjfndaOh ,eîu ^35&"
.eUqßka úIh ±kqu ,o ksid bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh ^17& iy úIh ±kqu
ixj¾Okh ùu ^14&" úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| bf.kSu ^10& úKs ¡ uOHu m%;spdr ,o
lreKq jQfha mdif,a isiqkag úIh lreKq ;yjqre lsÍfï yelshdj ,eîu ^9&" úIh
ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%dfhda.sl ±kqu j¾Okh ^8&" úoHdj b.ekaùï l%ufõo ms<sn|
fkdo;a lreKq ±k .ekSu ^8&" úIh wka;¾.;h isiqkag ,nd §ug ksjerÈ iy fhda.H
bf.kqï l%u fhdod .ekSfï p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh ^7&" .eg¨ úi£fï l%u yd
úIhdkqnoaO .eg¨ ksrdlrKh uÕska úIh ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOh ,eîu ^7& úKs¡
63 | P a g e
fuu úIfha § o isiqka .=rejrfhl= f,i jev lsÍfï § Ndú;h yd bf.kqï l%u hk
wxYj,ska ,o ±kqu jeo.;a jQ nj olajd ;snqKs ¡
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha § ±kqu wxYh i|yd jeä mqru m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' fmdÿfõ wxY
y;g u ,o jeä u m%;spdr ,o lreKq ms<sfj,ska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< wka;¾.;h
ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOh ,eîu ^24&" <uhd y÷kd .ekSu we;,q j <uhd ms<sn| wjfndaOh
,nd .; yelsùu ^22&" úIh ±kqu ixj¾Okh ùu ^18&" úIh ks¾foaY l%shd;aul lsÍfï
m%dfhda.sl ±kqu j¾Okh ^15&" mdvï ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu ^14&" .eUqßka
úIh ±kqu ,o ksid bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh ^11&" wkq úIh$ fjk;a
úIh$úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï ms<sn| wjfndaOh yd ±kqu jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug yelsùu
^10&" úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| bf.kSu ^10& úh' uOHu m%;spdr ,o lreK jQfha mka;s
ldur l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu ^8& h"
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § ±kqu wxYh hgf;a tk úIh
ks¾foaYhg wod< wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOh ,eîu hk lreK i|yd .Ks;h
yd bx.%Sis úIhj, § jeä u m%;spdr ,nd ;snQ w;r úoHdj úIhfha § muKla m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h wxYfha tk m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï lsÍug wjYH w;a±lSï yd yelshdj ,eîu
hk lreK i|yd jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' úoHdj úIhh m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd
iïnkaO úIhhla ùu Bg fya;=j úh yels h' fmdÿfõ .;a l< úIh ;=fka § u ±kqu
wxYfha lreKq 13 i|yd jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' bka miqj ms<sfj,ska
úIh ;=fka u isiqka m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd bf.kqï l%u hk wxY i|yd jeämqr m%;spdr
olajd ;sîfuka .uH jkafka isiqka úIh b.ekaùfï § ±kqu" Ndú;h yd bf.kqï l%u
hk wxYj,ska ,o ±kqu msájy,la ù we;s nj h' yelshdj ,eîu ^7&" bf.kqï wdOdrl
Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu ^6&" úoHdj úIhfha § .=re isiqka úIhh ms<sn| m%dfhda.s l
Ndú;h flf¾ jeä ie,ls,a,la olajñka ±kqu wxYfhka ikakoaO ùu .=rejrhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a jQ nj fmkajd we; ^4'23 jk j.=j&'
4'7 jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha úIh wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl
jk wdldrh
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG úIhud,dfõ jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%hg wh;a úIh
yfhka iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l, YslaIK,dNSkaf.a jD;a;Sh l=i,;d yd wdl,am m%.=K
lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' tu úIh yh m%Odk f;aud 10la iy wkq f;aud 64la Tiafia
ikaOdr úYaf,aIKhg ,la flßKs' fï i|yd moku f.dv kÕd .kq ,enqfõ nE?â,s
^Bradily) úYaj úoHd,h u.ska wdOqksl .=rejreka we.hSu i|yd jQ m¾fhaIKh iy
úoHdmSG ix.%yh wdY%fhks' tu moku wkqj hñka úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o o;a; u;=
±lafõ'
64 | P a g e
4'24 jk j.=j( udkj ixj¾Okh iy bf.kqu
úIh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd mdi,a

wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu yd

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
wkq f;aud
wOHdmk jHjydr
;lafiarelrKh
l<ukdlrKh
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jhia uÜgïj,g .e,fmk mßÈ - 05 02 07 02 -
±kqu ,nd §u
lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;dj tal,j 04 07 07 01 01 07
yd iduQysl j we.hSu
YsIH wjYH;dj wkqj Wmfoia 04 11 03 01 05 02
ie,iqï lsÍu
i|ykaj we;s uq¿ jdr .Kk 08 23 12 09 08 09
jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%h .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg fhda.H jk wdldrh ms<sn| j

udkj ixj¾Okh iy bf.kqu keue;s m%Odk f;audj hgf;a we;s wkq f;aud jk jhia
uÜgïj,g .e,fmk mßÈ ±kqu ,nd §u" lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;dj tal,j yd iduQyslj
we.hSu iy YsIH wjYH;djh wkqj Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu hk wkqf;aud Tiafia ikaOdr
úYaf,aIKhg ,la flßKs' tys § wOHdmk uQ,sldx. iy mdi,a l<ukdlrK úIh
hgf;a jhia uÜgïj,g .e,fmk mßÈ ±kqu ,nd §ug wod< lreKq jeä jYfhka ^jdr
y;l §& i|yka ù we;s w;r u" wOHdmk jHjydr úIh hgf;a jdr myl i|yka ù
we;' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh iy wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhj,
jhia uÜgug .e,fmk mßos ±kqu ,nd §u ms<sfj<ska jdr foll § i|yka ù we;'
tfia jqj;a m<uqjk wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ lreKla wOHdmk iudc úoHdj yd
wOHdmk ñKqï yd we.hqu úIhj, i|yka ù fkdue; ^4'24jk j.=j&'
lKavdhï ld¾hlaIu;dj tal,j iy iduQysl j we.hSu hk wkq f;audjg wod<
lreKq jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 7l §& i|yka jQ úIh jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr"
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh iy wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
hk úIh fõ' fojk wkq f;audjg wod< lreKq wju jdr .Kkla ^jdr 1& i|yka jQ
úIh f,i wkdjrKh jQfha wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh iy wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdjhs ^4'24 jk j.=j&'
YsIH wjYH;d wkqj Wmfoia ie,iqï lsÍu jdr tfld,yl § wOHdmk jHjydr
úIfha we;=<;a jQ w;r u wvqu jdr .Kkla i|yka jQ úIh jQfha wOHdmk ñKqu we.hqu
yd ;lafiarelrKh ^jdr 2la&" iy wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKhhs ^4'24
jk j.=j&'
65 | P a g e
iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l< udkj ixj¾Okh iy bf.kqu hk m%Odk f;audjg
wod< lreKq jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha wOHdmk jHjydr úIh wka;¾.;fhka jeä
jYfhka kjl .=re YsIHhskag ,nd § we;s nj úYaf,aIs; úIh wka;¾.;fhka meyeÈ,s
úh'
wOHdmk jHjydr úIh hgf;a id¾:l .=rejrhl= jYfhka b.ekaùug wod<
ie,iqï lsÍï" l%shd;aul lsÍï we.hSu yd ine|s úúO bf.kqï b.ekaùï m%fõY"
ikaksfõok l%u" ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu iïnkaO jQ wfkl=;a ish¨ u úIhkaf.ka
,nd .;a w;a±lSï m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsÍfï jHjydrhkag wod< l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu
wfmalaId flf¾' ta wkqj úuid ne,Sfï § .uH jkqfha udkj ixj¾Okh iy bf.kqu
keu;s m%Odk ks¾Kdhlh hgf;a o ±kqu ,nd §u" we.hSu ie,iqï lsÍu hk lreKq
wjOdrKh lsÍfuka wOHdmk jHjydr úIfhka kjl .=re YsIHhdg ,nd §ug wfmalaIs;
ksmqK;d yd Wla; m%Odk ks¾Kdhlhg wod< lreKq jeä jdr .Kkl § wOHdmk
jHjydr úIfha i|yka ùfuka udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqug wod< .=re
ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk jHjydr úIh lafIa;%fha odhl ù we;s nj o;a; wkqj
fmkS hhs'
4'25 jk j.=j ( YsIH úúO;ajh
úIh
wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd
yd ;lafiarelrKh
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
wOHdmk jHjydr
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
wkq f;aud
wOHdmk
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha 08 07 02 04 03 02
YsIH úúO;d ksid u;=jk
.eg¨
 bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh 01 02 05 04 01 01
lsÍu
 YsIH úúO;d mokï lr.;a 01 05 - - 02 01
bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su
i|ykaj we;s uq¨ jdr .Kk 10 14 07 08 06 04
.=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha úIh wka;¾.;h flfia

n,mdkafka o hkak úuid ne,Sfï § YsIH úúO;ajh hk fojk m%Odk f;audj wkq
f;aud ;=kla Tiafia ^bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § YsIH úúO;d ksid u;=jk .eg¿"
bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh lsÍu" YsIH úúO;d mokï lr .;a bf.kqï iudc
f.dvke.Su& úYaf,aIKh flreKs'
bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § YsIH úúO;d ksid u;=jk .eg¿ hk wkq
f;audjg wod< lreKq jD;a;Sh úIh wka;¾.;fha i|yka j we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykhg
66 | P a g e
,la lsÍfï § Bg wod< lreKq jeä u jdr .Kka ^jdr 08la& i|yka ù we;af;a wOHdmk
iudc úoHdj úIfha iy wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha h' bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
§ YsIH úúO;d ksid u;=jk .eg¿ ms<sn| j wvqu jdr .Kkl È idlÉPd lrkq ,nk
úIh jkafka ms<sfj,ska wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh ^jdr 02la&
wOHdmksl ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh ^jdr 02la& iy wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
^jdr 03la&hs'
bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh lsÍu keu;s wkq f;audjg wod< j i|yka jQ lreKq
jeä jdr .Kkla i|yka ù we;af;a wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIfha
úIh wka;¾.;fha ^jdr 05la& iy wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKhg wod<
úIh wka;¾.;fha h ^jdr 04la&' wOHdmk jHjydr úIfha i|yka jQ jdr .Kk fojrla
jk w;r u wfkl=;a úIhka ;=fkys u bf.kqï wjYH;d iïmdokh lsÍug wod< j
i|yka jQ lreKqj, jdr .Kk 1la f,i .ksñka wju jdr .Kkla i|yka jQ úIh
f,i wkdjrKh úh'
YsIH úúO;ajh hgf;a jQ wjidk wkq f;audj jk YsIH úúO;d mokï lr.;a
bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su ms<sn| j jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 05la& i|yka jQ úIh
jQfha wOHdmk jHjydr úIhhs'
bf.kqï iudc f.dv ke.Su ms<sn| j tl÷ lreKlaj;a i|yka fkdjQ úIh f,i
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYh iy wOHdmk uQ,sldx. iy mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
úIh wkdjrKh úh'
iuia;hla f,i .;a úg YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| j wOHdmk jHjydr úIh
wka;¾.;fha jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 14l& i|yka ù we;s w;r u wju jdr .Kkla
^jdr 4la& i|yka jQ úIh jQfha wOHdmksl ñkqï we.hqu yd ;lafiarej úIhhs' wfkl=;a
jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska ,nd .;a ±kqu jHjydrhg m;a lsßug wod< l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu
wOHdmk jHjydr úIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' bf.kqï,dNshd iïnkaO idol" wjYH;d
bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg wod< bf.kqï,dNshd ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkq ,nk
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIfha wka;¾.;fha YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| j i|yka lreKq
wju jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 06la& i|yka ùfuka YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| j jeä jYfhka
wjOdrKh l< hq;= úIhlg jvd fjk;a úIhlska ta ms<sn| j jvd;a wjOdrKh lr
we;s nj fmkS hhs'
67 | P a g e
4'26 jk j.=j( b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx.
wOHdmk jHjydr
úIh
;lafiarelrKh
wOHdmk ufkda
wOHdmk iudc
l<ukdlrKh
ud¾f.damfoaYh
wOHdmk ñkqï
yd WmfoaYkh
we.hqu yd
yd mdi,a
wOHdmk
úoHdj
úoHdj
wkqf;audj
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
b.ekaùfï mrud¾: yd wruqKq idOkh jk 07 05 02 05 02 01
mßÈ Wmfoia §u yd ÈYdkq.; lsÍu
idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh jk 04 04 01 - 05 02
YsIHhka i|yd úfYaI jev igyka ie,iqï
lsÍu
È.=ld,Sk yd flá ld,Sk ie,iqï lsÍu 08 05 01 02 05 09
by< .=Kd;aul Ndjhlska hqla; mdvï ie,iqï - 04 01 06 02 05
lsÍu
bf.kqï WmlrK yd bf.kqï iïm;a ukd 11 05 03 05 03 06
f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu
úúO;ajfhka hq;= l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu 10 03 03 03 06 06
;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu - 03 01 03 03 05
nyqúO l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg iqÿiq mßÈ ie,iqï 11 08 01 01 06 01
lsÍu
±kqu ;yjqre jk whqßka m%cd iïnkaO;d 04 03 03 04 01 -
ie,iqï lsÍu
b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h 01 17 03 - - -
;=kajk m%Odk f;audj jk b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh wkqf;aud oyhla

Tiafia úYaf,aIKh flßKs' tys § b.ekaùfï mrud¾: yd wruqKq idOkh jk mßos
Wmfoia §u ÈYdkq.; lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< lreKq jdr y;l § wOHdmk iudc
úoHdj úIh wka;¾.;fha i|yka ù we;' tu wkq f;audjg wod< wvq u jdr .Kkla
i|yka ù we;s úIhh f,i wOHdmksl ñkqï we.hqu yd ;lafiarej úIhh wkdjrKh
úh'
idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh jk YsIHhska i|yd úfYaI jev igyka
ie,iqï lsÍu keu;s wkq f;audjg wod< jeä u ^jdr 05la& úIh wka;¾.;hla we;=<;a
jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhh wkdjrKh úh' tu f;audjg wod<
j wvq u jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 01la& lreKq we;=<;a jQ úIhh jQfha wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkhhs' idudkH bf.kqï rgdfjka wm.ukh jk YsIHhka
i|yd úfYaI jev igyka ie,iqï lsÍug yd wod< j tl÷ úIh lreKlaj;a wka;¾.;
fkdjQ úIh f,i wOHdmk uQ,sldx. iy mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhh wkdjrKh úh'
—È.= ld,Sk yd fláld,Sk ie,iqï lsÍu˜ keu;s wkq f;audjg wod< lreKq jeä
u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 09la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i wOHdmksl ñkqu we.hqu yd
68 | P a g e
;lafiarej hk úIh wkdjrKh jQ w;r wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& i|yka jQ úIhh
f,i wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh wkdjrKh úh'
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh keu;s jD;a;Sh úIhh —by<
.=Kd;aul Ndjhlska hqla; mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu˜ hk wkq f;audjg wod< j jeä u jdr
.Kkl ^jdr 06la& úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a jQ úIhh úh' tys § wvq u jdr .Kkla
^jdr 01la& úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a jQ úIh jQfha wOHdmk ud¾.fdamfoaYkh yd
WmfoaYkh úIhhs' by< .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hqla; mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu keu;s wkq
f;audjg wod< j tl÷ úIh lreKlaj;a wka;¾.; fkdjQ úIh jQfha wOHdmk iudc
úoHdjhs'
bf.kqï WmlrK yd bf.kqï iïm;a ukd f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu keu;s wkq
f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh wkdjrKh úh' tys § wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03 ne.ska&
úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a jQ úIhh jkafka wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdj úIhh nj wkdjrKh úh'
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj keu;s jD;a;Sh úIhh úúO;ajfhka hq;= l%shdldrlï
ie,iqï lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< j jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 10la& úIh wka;¾.;h
we;=<;a jQ úIhh úh' tys § wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03 ne.ska& úIh wka;¾.;h
we;=<;a jQ úIhh jQfha wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYh yd
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk úIhh úh'
—;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu˜ keu;s wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u
jdr .Kkla ^jdr 05la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i wOHdmksl ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk úIhh wkdjrKh jQ w;r" úIh wka;¾.;h wvq u jdr .Kkla
^jdr 01la&we;=<;a úIhh f,i wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh
wkdjrKh úh' ;lafiarej i|yd ie,iqï lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< j tl÷ úIhh
lreKlaj;a wka;¾.; fkdjQ úIh jQfha wOHdmk iudc úoHdjhs'
—nyqúO l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg iqÿiq mßÈ ie,iqï lsÍu˜ hk wkq f;audjg wod<
úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i wOHdmk
iudc úoHdj úIhh wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk
úIhhka ys nyqúO l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg iqÿiq mßos ie,iqï lsÍug wod< lreKq wju
jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01 ne.ska& i|yka j we;s úIhh f,i wkdjrKh úh'
—±kqu ;yjqre jk whqßka m%cd iïnkaO;d ie,iqï lsßu˜ kï wkq f;audjg
wod< úIh wka;¾.;h jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 04 ne.ska& we;=<;a jQ úIhh f,i
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk úIhh
wkdjrKh úh'
wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& i|yka jQ úIh jkafka
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhhs' wOHdmk jHjydr yd wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd
69 | P a g e
WmfoaYkh hk úIhhj, ±kqu ;yjqre jk whqßka m%cd iïnkaO;d ie,iqï lsÍu hk
wkq f;audjg wod< úIh wka;¾.;h jdr ;=kl § i|yka j we;' wOHdmk ñkqu
we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIfha wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ lreKla
i|yka ù ke;'
—b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h˜ keu;s wkq f;audjg wod< j úIh lreKq
jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 17la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIh f,i wOHdmk jHjydr úIh
wkdjrKh úh' wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& we;=<;a
jkafka wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha h' wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh"
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh
úIh ;=fkys b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh
lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
iuia;h f,i .;a úg b.ekaùu i|yd ie¨ïlrKh kï m%Odk f;audj ms<sn|
j wOHdmk jHjdyr úIh wka;¾.;fha jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 57la& i|yka ù we;'
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj hk jD;a;Sh úIhfha jdr 56l b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqï lrKh
f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq i|yka ù we;' m%Odk f;audjg wod< úIh wka;¾.;h
wvq u jdr .Kkla i|yka j we;af;a ^jdr 19la& wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYk
úIhfha h'
úoHdmSG fojirl fkajdisl ld, iSudfõ .=re jD;a;shg moku ilia flf¾'
tys § iuia; mdi, ms<sn| j" m%ùK .=rejreka ksÍlaIKh" Tjqka iu. jD;a;Shuh
idlÉPd" úoHdmSGh ;=< b.ekaùu iïnkaOfhka ,nd .;a ±kqu" l=i,;d
m%dfhda.sl;ajhg ke.Sug wjYH moku ilia lrkqfha wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhks'
fï wkqj b.ekaúu i|yd ie,iqï lrKh kï m%Odk f;audj o Wla; wOHdmk jHjydr
úIhg wod< j kjl .=rejrfhla mqyqKq lsÍug wjYH idOkSh ,laIK fmkakqï lrk
nj fmkS hhs'
bf.kqï,dNshdg hym;a udkisl fi!LHfhka hq;a mqoa.,fhla njg m;a lsÍug
wjYH moku ieliSu wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha b.ekaùu i|yd
ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| lreKq wju jdr .Kkla ^jdr 19la& i|yka ù we;'
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhhj,
§ o b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKhg jeä wjia:d m%udKhla ysñ j we;' ^jdr 33 yd 35
ne.ska&
70 | P a g e
4'27 j.=j( bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
úIh
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
.Kkuq,sldx. yd
yd ;lafiarelrKh
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
wOHdmk jHjydr
wkqf;audj
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
wOHdmk
wOHdmk
jdr
mka;s ldur jd;djrKh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu 10 02 03 24 01 -
ld,h" wjldYh yd øjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu - 08 - 01 05 -
nyq;r YsIH m%udKhkaf.a leue;a;g WÑ; 10 - 01 05 03 -
bf.kqï mßirhla ilia lsÍu
YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍu 11 - 12 02 06 01
.=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d f.dv ke.Su 06 02 05 03 - -
mka;s ldur jd;djrKh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh

lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 24la& we;=<;a jD;a;sh wOHdmk uQ,sldx. Yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh úIh nj wkdjrKh fõ' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfha mka;s ldur
jd;djrKh l<ukdlrKh lsÍu hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr
.Kkla ^jdr 01la& i|yka j we;' wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha
wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a ke;s nj wkdjrKh úh'
—ld,h wjldYh yd øjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu˜ hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 08la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha h'
wkq f;audjg wod< wvq u úIh lreKq m%udKhla i|yka jkafka ^jdr 01& wOHdmk
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfhks' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj' wOHdmk ufkda
úoHdj' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk úIhhka ;=fkys ld,h wjldYh yd øjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu
hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
nyq;r YsIH m%udKhkaf.a leue;a;g WÑ; bf.kqï mßirhla ilia ls Íu hk
wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 10la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk
iudc úoHdj úIhfha h' wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr
01la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIh wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIh nj
wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
hk úIhh foflys nyq;r YsIH m%udKhkaf.a leue;a;g WÑ; bf.kqï mßirhla ilia
lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
—YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍu˜ hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr
.Kkla ^jdr 11la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha h' wkqf;audjg
71 | P a g e
wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& we;af;a wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIhfha h' wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha —YsIH p¾hd kshdukh lsÍu˜
hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a we;=<;a ù ke;'
—.=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d f.dv ke.Su˜ hk wkq f;audjg wod< jQ úIh lreKq
jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 06la& wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha we;=<;a ù we;' wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha;a .=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d f.dv ke.Su hk
wkqf;audjg wod< jQ úIh lreKq jdr 05l i|yka j we;' wOHdmk ufkdaú oHdj yd
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk úIhh foflys .=re YsIH wka;¾ in|;d
f.dv ke.Su hk wkqf;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka j ke;'
iuia;h f,i .;a úg wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh wka;¾.;fha bf.kqï
mßirh ilia lsÍu ms<sn| úIh lreKq jeä jdr .Kkl È ^jdr 37la & i|yka j we;'
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfha bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu
ms<sn| úIh wka;¾.;h jdr 35l § we;=<;a h' bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu ms<sn|
úIh wka;¾.;h wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ñkqï yd
;lafiarelrKh úIhfha h'
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfhka bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd ine|s iudc
úoHd;aul m%fõYh hgf;a jk iudc" foaYmd,k wd¾Ól idOl" iudc iïnkaO;d"
ixialD;sh iudc .eg¨ mokï lr .ksñka .=re N+ñldj ilia lr .ekSug wod< ±kqu"
l=i,;d yd wdl,am j¾Okhg o n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' ta wkqj n,k úg bf.kqï mßirh
ilia lsÍu hk m%Odk f;audjg wh;a wkqf;aud jeä m%udKhlg wod< úIh wka;¾.;h
wOHdmk iudc úoHdfõ mj;sk fyhska tys kjl .=rejrhl=f.a mqyqKqjg wjYH jk
idOkSh ,laIK we;=<;a h'
yhjk m%Odk f;audj jk b.ekaùu wkqf;aud y;la Tiafia úYaf,aIKh
flrsKs' ta wkqj —by< m%cdkk yelshd ixj¾Okhg we;s bv m%ia:d˜ hk wkq f;audjg
wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 05la& wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfhys
we;=<;a fõ' tfuka u wOHdmk iudc úoHdfõ úIh lreKq jdr y;rl § ioyka j
we;¡ iudc úoHdfõ úIh lreKq jdr y;rl § i|yka j we;' wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq wvq u m%udKhla we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh
úIhfhys h' ^jdr 01la&
72 | P a g e
4'28 j.=j( b.ekaùu
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd
úIh
yd ;lafiarelrKh
wOHdmk jHjydr
yd WmfoaYkh
wkq f;audj
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
by< m%cdkk yelshd ixj¾Okhg we;s bv 02 04 01 02 05 02
m%ia:d
WmfoaYd;aul .=re N+ñldjg bv m%ia:d 03 01 04 04 05 02
ie,iSu
úl,am b.ekaùï Wmdh ud¾. Ndú;hg bv 11 01 03 01 02 1
m%ia:d ie,iSu
YsIH m%;sfmdaIKh 04 01 02 03 03 02
mdvï ie,iqï" .=re p¾hd iy ffoksl 11 03 02 02 05 -
fhduqùu mdvug WÑ; f,i ÈYdkq.; ùu
l%shdldrlï yd mejreï 09 07 12 15 12 07
mdvu wjia:dfjdaÑ;j fjkia lsÍu - - - - - -
WmfoaYd;aul .=re N+ñldjg wod< bv m%ia:d ie,iSu hk wkqf;audjg wod<

úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 05la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
úIhfhys h' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh hk úIhhka ys WmfoaYd;aul .=re N+ñldjg wod< bv m%ia:d ie,iSu
hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr y;r ne.ska i|yka j we;' wOHdmk jHjydr
úIhfha fuu wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& i|yka j
we;'
úl,am b.ekaùï Wmdh ud¾. Ndú;hg bv m%ia:d ie,iSu keu;s wkq
f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIh f,i
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj wkdjrKh úh' wkq f;audjg wod< wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr
01la& úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh
úIhhkaj,hs'
b.ekaùu m%Odk f;audfõ YsIH m%;sfmdaIKh wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq
jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 04la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha h'
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhh foflys
YsIH m%;sfmdaIKhg wod< úIh lreKq jdr ;=k ne.ska i|yka j we;' YsIH
m%;sfmdaIKhg wod< úIh lreKqj,ska wvq u m%udKhla i|yka j we;af;a wOHdmk
jHjydr úIhfhys h'
mdvï ie,iqï .=re p¾hd iy ffoksl fhduqùu mdvug WÑ; f,i ÈYdkq.;
ùu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11la& i|yka jkafka
73 | P a g e
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfhys h' wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha wkq f;audjg wod<
úIh lreKq we;=<;a jkafka tla jdrhls' wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
úIhfhys wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfha l%shdldrlï yd mejreï
hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 15la& i|yka ù we;'
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIh foflys l%shdldrlï yd mejreï iïnkaOfhka úIh
wka;¾.;fha jdr fod<yla i|yka j we;' l%shdldrlï yd mejreï wkq f;audjg wod<
úIh wka;¾.;h wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 07la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu
yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfhys h'
mdvu wjia:dfjdaÑ; j fjkia lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< j tl÷ úIh
lreKlaj;a lsisu jD;a;h
S úIhhlj;a i|yka j ke;'
iuia;h f,i .;a úg b.ekaùu ms<sn| j wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh
wka;¾.;fha jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 40la& i|yka ù we;' wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIh wka;¾.;fha b.ekaùu ms<sn| j wju jdr .Kkla ^jdr 14la&
i|yka ù we;' jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska ,nd.;a ±kqu jHjydrhg m;a lsÍug wod< l=i,;d
,nd§u wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka wfmalaId l< o" b.ekaùu ms<sn| jdr 17la muKla
tys i|yka ù we;'
4'29 j.=j( ikaksfõokh

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd
úIh
yd ;lafiarelrKh
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
wOHdmk jHjydr
wkqf;audj
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
wOHdmk
jdÑl ikaksfõokh 13 03 20 16 - 11
,sÅ; ikaksfõokh 06 03 09 12 - 14
wjdÑl ikaksfõokh - 04 03 - - 11
YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu 08 01 07 18 - 11
ijka§fï l=i,;d 01 07 04 16 - 11
i|ykaj we;s uq¨ jdr .Kk 28 18 43 62 - 58
ikaksfõokh hk m%Odk f;audfõ —jdÑl ikaksfõokh˜ hk wkq f;audjg

wod< j jD;a;Sh úIhh wka;¾.;h ú.%yhg ,la lsÍfï È thg wod< lreKq jeä u
jdr .Kkla ^jdr 20la& i|yka ù we;af;a wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh
úIhfha h'
jdÑl ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a
jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha h' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfha jdÑl
ikaksfõokhg wod< tlÿ lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
74 | P a g e
,sÅ; ikaksfõokh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla
^jdr 14la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIh jkafka wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKhhs'
,sÅ; ikaksfõokhg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk
jHjydr úIhfha h' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfha ,sÅ; ikaksfõokhg wod< jQ tlÿ
úIh lreKlaj;a wka;¾.; ù ke;'
wjdÑl ikaksfõokhg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11la&
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a h' fuu wkq f;audjg
wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha nj wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj"
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIhh
;=fkys wjdÑl ikaksfõokhg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq
jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 18la& we;=<;a jk jD;a;Sh úIh jkafka wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd
mdi,a l<ukdlrKhhs' fuu wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wju jdr .Kkla ^jdr
01la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha h' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfha
YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a
i|yka ù fkdue;'
—ijka§fï l=i,;d˜ hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla
^jdr 16la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrK úIhfhys nj
wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha ijka§fï l=i,;d hk wkq f;audjg
wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& i|yka ù we;' wOHdmk ufkda
úoHdj úIhfha ijka§fï l=i,;dj,g wod< tlÿ úIh lreKla we;=<;a ù ke;'
iuia;h f,i .;a úg wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfha
wka;¾.;fha ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úIh lreKq jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 62la& i|yka
ù we;' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj wka;¾.;fha ikaksfõokhg wod< tlÿ úIh
lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;' wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha ikaksfõokhg wod< úIh
lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 18la& i|yka h' wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIhfha jdr 58l § ikaksfõokhg wod< úIh lreKq we;=<;a h'
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka wfkl=;a jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska ,nd .;a ±kqu jHjydrhg
m;a lsÍug wod< l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' tfia jqj o ikaksfõokhg
wod< úIh wka;¾.;h jeä wjOdrKhla l< hq;= úIhlg jvd fjk;a úIhj,ska ta
ms<sn| j jvd;a wjOdrKh lr we;s nj fmfka'
ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq we;=<;a
jkafka jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha nj
wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh
yd WmfoaYkh yd ufkda úoHdj hk úIhhj, ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKhg wod<
úIh lreKq we;=<;a ù ke;'
75 | P a g e
4'30 j.=j( ;lafiarelrKh

wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd
úIh
yd ;lafiarelrKh
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
wOHdmk jHjydr
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
wkqf;audj
wOHdmk
ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh - - - - - 07
úêu;a yd wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKh - - 01 - - 03
YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï - - - - 02 02
YsIH m%.;s jd¾;dlrKh - - - - - 01
YsIH ;lafiare jd¾;d wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu - - - - - 01
m%.;sh ikaksfõokh lsÍu - - - - - 01
mQ¾j ;lafiarelrKh tl;= lrk ,o o;a; - - 01 - 02 01
;lafiarelrKh mdol lr.;a o;a; - - 01 - - 01
kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu - - 02 - - 01
wkd.; Wmfoia i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh - - - - - 04
i|ykaj we;s uq¨ jdr .Kk - - 05 - 04 22
úêu;a yd wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä

u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
úIhfha h' wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha i|yka ù we;' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk
jHjydr" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk
úIhh y;frys úêu;a yd wúêu;a ;lafiarelrKhg wod< tlÿ úIhh lreKla
we;=<;a ù ke;'
YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq
jdr fol ne.ska wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
úIhh foflys we;=<;a nj wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr"
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
hk úIhh y;frys YsIH iajhx ;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq we;=<;a ù ke;'
YsIH m%.;s jd¾;dlrKh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lrekq tla jdrhla
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a nj wkdjrKh úh'
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh"
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIhh
mfyys YsIH m%.;s jd¾;dlrKhg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wka;¾.; ù ke;'
YsIH ;lafiare jd¾;d wLKav j mj;ajd .ekSu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq tla jdrhla ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a ù we;s nj
wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh
yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj
76 | P a g e
hk úIhh mfyys YsIH ;lafiare jd¾;d wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSug wod< tlÿ úIh
lreKlaj;a we;=<;a fkdjQ nj wkdjrKh úh'
m%.;sh ikaksfõok lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq tla jdrhl§
muKla wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a h' fuu wkq
f;audjg wod< j tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wOHdmk iudc úoHdj wOHdmk jHjydr"
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIhh mfyys wka;¾.; fkdjQ nj wkdjrKh úh'
mQ¾j ;lafiarelrKh i|yd tl;= lrk ,o o;a; hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 02la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfhys
h' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
hk úIh foflys mQ¾j ;lafiarelrKh i|yd jQ tla lreKqla muKla 01la ne.ska
we;=<;a j ;sfnk nj wkdjrKh úh' mQ¾j ;lalfiarelrKh i|yd tl;= lrk ,o
o;a; hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wOHdmk iudc úoHdj' wOHdmk
jHjydr" yd wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk úIhhka ys we;=<;a
fkdjk nj wkdjrKh úh'
;lafiarelrKh mdol lr .;a o;a; hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr
tl ^jdr 01& ne.ska wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIh foflys we;=<;a h' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk
jHjydr" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk
jD;a;Sh úIhh y;frys Wla; wkq f;audj we;=<;a fkdjk nj wkdjrKh úh'
kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jdr folla wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha;a wod< úIh lreKq
tla jdrhla wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha;a we;=<;a jk nj
wkdjrKh úh' kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg
wod< tl÷ úIh lreKlaj;a wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk jD;a;Sh úIhh
y;frys we;=<;a fkdjQ nj wkdjrKh úh'
;lafiarelrKh mdol lr.;a o;a; hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr
tl ^01& ne.ska wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIh foflys we;=<;a h' Wla; wkq f;audj wfkl=;a
jD;a;Sh úIhh y;frys we;=<;a fkdjk nj wkdjrKh úh'
kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jdr folla wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha;a wod< úIh lreKq
tla jdrhla wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a jk nj
wkdjrKh úh' kshdukh i|yd ;lafiarelrK o;a; Ndú; lsÍu hk wkq f;audjg
wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wOHdmk iudc úoHdj' wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk
77 | P a g e
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk jD;a;Sh úIhh
y;frys we;=<;a fkdjQ nj wkdjrKh úh'
wkd.; Wmfoia i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lrekq
jdr y;rl § wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha we;=<;a nj
wkdjrKh úh' wkd.; Wmfoia i|yd o;a; úYaf,aIKhg wod< úIhh lreKq
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh"
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk jD;a;Sh
úIhh mfyys we;=<;a ù ke;'
iuia;hla f,i .;a úg ;lafiarelrKh ms<sn| j wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIhfha jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 22la& i|yka h' wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIhhj, úIh
wka;¾.;h ms<sfj,ska jdr 05 yd 04 ne.ska we;=<;a h' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk
jHjydr" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhh ;=fkys ;lafiarelrKh
iïnkaO tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a we;=<;a fkdfõ'
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhh id¾:l bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,shla fufyhùu i|yd isiqka ;lafiare lsÍu" we.hSu yd ine|s kHdhd;aul ±kqu
jd¾;dlrKh" m%.;s iudf,dapkh yd m%;sckkd;aul l%shdud¾. y÷kd .ekSug wjYH
±kqu wdl,am yd l=i,;d ,nd §u isÿfõ' fï ksid wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrKhg wod< úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a j ;sîu
jvd;a m%dfhda.sl h'
4'31 j.=j( iduQysl iïnkaO;d
we.hqu yd ;lafiare
úIh
wOHdmk ud¾f.dam
wOHdmk uq,sldx.
yd mdi,a l<ukd
wOHdmk jHjydr
wOHdmk ufkda
wOHdmk iudc
wOHdmk ñkqï
wkqf;audj
WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
foaYh yd
lrKh
lrKh
úoHdj
úoHdj
iyfhda.S;dj 11 01 - 11 - 01
mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d - 03 04 - - -
m%cd iïm;a 04 07 02 05 - -
isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd§u - 03 01 - 02 01
i|ykaj we;s jdr .Kk 15 14 07 16 02 02
iyfhda.S;dj hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 11
ne.ska& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk iudc úoHdj yd wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh hk úIhh foflys nj wkdjrKh úh' wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01 ne.ska& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk
ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhh foflys h' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd
WmfoaYkh yd wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj hk úIhhj, iyfhda.S;djg wod< tlÿ úIh
lreKlaj;a we;=<;a ù ke;'
78 | P a g e
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d wkq
f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 04la& we;=<;a nj wkdjrKh
úKs' wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq
jdr ;=kl § we;=<;a j ;sfnk nj wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu
yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhh y;frys mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d wkq f;audjg
wod< úIh lreKq wka;¾.; ù ke;'
—m%cd iïm;a˜ wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 07la&
we;=,;a jD;a;Sh úIhh f,i wOHdmk jHjydr úIh wkdjrKh jQ w;r wkq f;audjg
wod< wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 02la& úIh lreKq we;=<;a jQ úIhh f,i wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh wkdjrKh úh' m%cd iïm;a wkq f;audjg
wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhh foflys we;=<;a fkdúKs'
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd§u hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a jk nj wkdjrKh úh' isiqkag Wmfoia
,nd§u hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01 ne.ska& wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk
jD;a;Sh úIhhka foflys we;=<;a fõ' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj yd wOHdmk uQ,sldx.
yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIh foflys isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd§u hk wkq
f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a wka;¾.; ù ke;s nj wkdjrKh úh'
iuia;h .;a úg iduQyl
s iïnkaO;d ms<sn| j wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh úIhfha wka;¾.;fha jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 16la& i|yka ù we;'
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha iduQysl iïnkaO;dj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;h jdr
15l § we;=<;a úh' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh
úIhhj, jdr fol ne.ska iduQysl iïnkaO;dj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;h i|yka fõ'
úoHdmSG wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfhka bf.kqï,dNshd
iïnkaO idol" wjYH;d ms<sn| ±kqu wdl,am" l=i,;d ,nd §ula o wfmalaId flf¾'
fï ksid wOHdmk ufkda úoHdfõ mjq,a w;r iïnkaO;d" m%cd iïm;a ms<sn| wjfndaOh
,nd §u i|yd úIh wka;¾.;hla we;=<;a lsÍu iqÿiq m%jK;djhls'
m%;HdfõlaIKh iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh keu;s wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq
jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a jD;a;Sh úIhh jkafka wOHdmk jHjydr h'
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfha m%;HdfõlaIKh yd l%shdldrlïj,g wod< úIh lreKq
jdr foll§ i|yka j we;'
79 | P a g e
4'32 m%;HdfõlaIKh iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
wOHdmk ñkqï we.hqu yd

úIh
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh
wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj

wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
wOHdmk uq,sldx. yd
wOHdmk jHjydr
wkqf;audj
;lafiarelrKh
yd WmfoaYkh
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr .Kk
jdr.Kk
1' m%;HdfõlaIKh iy l%shdldrlï - 03 01 01 02 -
2' jD;a;Sh - 12 01 10 04 -
ixj¾Okh
3 wdpdrO¾u yd ne÷Kq yeisÍï 05 08 01 01 - -
4' Ñ;a;fõ.Sh - - 01 01 - -
mßK;sh
5' kuHYS,S nj - 01 - 01 - -
6' m%fõY yelshdj - 01 01 - - -
7' iajhx ;lafiarelsÍfï yelshdj 03 01 01 01 - -
8' jD;a;Sh ms<sn| f.!rjh 06 03 01 01 - -
9 ydfiHda;amdokh - - - - - -
i|ykaj we;s jdr .Kk 14 29 07 16 06 -
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha;a wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd

mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfha;a wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreK wvq u jdr .Kkla
^jdr 01 ne.ska& we;=<;a nj wkdjrKh ù we;' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj yd wOHdmk
ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk úIhh foflys m%;HdfõlaIKh yd
l%shdldrlïj,g wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a we;=<;a ù ke;'
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha jD;a;Sh yd ixj¾Okh wkqf;audjg wod< úIh
lreKq jeä u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 12la& we;=<;a ù we;' wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh úIhfha wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr oyhl i|yka ù we;'
jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01la& wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha nj wkdjrKh úh' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
yd wOHdmk ñkqu yd we.hqu úIhkays wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla i|yka
ù ke;'
wdpdrO¾u yd ne÷Kq yeisÍï hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr
.Kkla ^jdr 08la& wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha wka;¾.; ù we;' wOHdmk
ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk
jD;A;Sh úIh foflys wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 01
ne.ska& we;=<;a ù we;' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIh foflys wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla we;=<;a fkdjk
nj wkdjrKh úh'
80 | P a g e
Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mßK;sh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr tl ne.ska
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
hk úIhka ys i|yka fõ' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ufkda
úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqu yd we.hqu hk jD;A;Sh úIhh ;=fkys Ñ;a;fõ.Sh mßK;shg
wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla we;=<;a ù ke;'
kuHYS,Snj hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr tl ne.ska wOHdmk
jHjydr yd wOHdmk uQ,sldx. kuHYS,Snj hk wkq f;audjg wod< tlÿ úIh
lreKlaj;a wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhhj,
we;=<;a fkdjk nj wkdjrKh ù we;'
wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh hk jD;a;Sh
úIhhj, m%fõY yelshdj kï wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr tl ne.ska i|yka
ù we;' m%fõY yelshdjg wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk
uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIh ;=fkys we;=<;a fkdjk nj wkdjrKh úh'
—iajhx ;lafiarelsÍfï yelshdj˜ wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr
.Kkla ^jdr 03la& we;=<;a úIh f,i wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh wkdjrKh úh'
iajhx ;lafiare lsÍfï yelshdj hk wkqf;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr tl ne.ska
wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhh ;=fkys we;=<;a fõ' wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj"
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhh foflys iajhx ;lafiare
lsÍfï yelshdjg wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla wka;¾.; ù ke;'
jD;a;Sh ms<sn| f.!rjh hk wkq f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jeä u jdr
.Kkla ^jdr 06la& wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhfha we;=<;a nj wkdjrKh úh' wkq
f;audjg wod< úIh lreKq jdr tl ne.ska wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh"
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk úIhkays wka;¾.; ù we;' wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh hk úIhh foflys jD;a;Sh
ms<sn| f.!rjh kï wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ úIh lreKla we;=<;a ù ke;'
ydfiHda;amdokh hk wkq f;audjg wod< lsisÿ úIhh lreKla wOHdmk iudc
úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYkh yd WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk uQ,sldx.
yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIhh yfhys u we;=<;a fkdjk nj wkdjrKh úh'
iuia;h .;a úg m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j wOHdmk
jHjydr úIh wka;¾.;fha jeä jdr .Kkl § ^jdr 29la& we;=<;a h' úIh wka;¾.;h
wvq u jdr .Kkla ^jdr 06la& we;=<;a jkafka wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfhys h'
wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIhfha m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh
ixj¾Okhg wod< tlÿ úIh lreKlaj;a i|yka ù ke;'
81 | P a g e
4'7'1 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj, odhl;ajh ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmk{ m%;spdr
id¾:l mka;sldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj, odhl;ajh ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmkh m%Yakdj,sfhka m%Yak flßKs' tys§ id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd
jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha úIh yeoEÍfuka YslaIK,dNSkag w;ajk m%Odk .=Kdx. yhla
m%Yakdj,sfha wka;¾.; flßKs' tajd my; ±lafõ'
 mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu
 YsIH úúO;dj,g wkqrEmS j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
 YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%uYs,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùï y÷kd .ekSu"
ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu
 bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh" l%shd;aul lsÍu
yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
 bf.kqu Wfoid iqidOHlrK N+ñldj i|yd jk uÕ fmkaùu" iydhùu" fhduq
lsÍu yd myiqlï iïmdokh
 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod< mqoa.,hka
^foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hka" wdÈ YsIH lKavdhïn iy wdh;k& iydh lr
.ekSu
Wla; .=Kdx. jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska ,ndfok wdldrh" YslaIK,dNSka ,nd .kakd wdldrfha
m%udKj;a nj iy ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j tla tla jD;a;Sh úIhhg wod<
j .=re wOHdmk{hka ms<sn| m%Yakdj,sfhka úuik ,È' tla tla .=Kdx.hg ,o m%;spdr
.Ks;h" úoHdj" bx.%Sis hk úIh ;=kg wod< j fuys § úYaf,aIKh lr fjka j bÈßm;a
flf¾' .=re wOHdmk{hska jD;a;Sh úIh ms<sn| fuys § fmdÿfõ woyia olajd we;s
w;r we;eï wjia:dj, § úIhg wod< j iqúfYaIS j woyia bÈßm;a lr we;'
 mka;s ixúOdkh md,kh yd fufyhùu

 .Ks;h úIh
Wla; .=Kdx.h ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr m%j¾.SlrKh lr my; ±lafjk j.=fjka
bÈßm;a flf¾ ^4'33 jk j.=j&¡ 4'33 jk j.=j wkqj .Ks;h úIhfha mka;s ixúOdkh
md,kh yd fufyhùu ms<snඳ wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka kHdhsl j yd m%dfhda.sl j
±kqu ,efnk njg m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' m%udKj;a nj ms<snඳ ie,lSfï § th m%udKj;a
njg m%;spdr y;rla ,eìKs' úh hq;= ixfYdaOk hgf;a Bg wod<j l<hq;= fjkialï
y;rla olajd ;snqKs'
82 | P a g e
4'33 jk j.=j ( mka;s ixúOdkh md,kh yd fufyhùu - .Ks;h úIh
,nd fok wdldrh m%;spdr m%udKj;an m%;spdr ixfYdaOk m%;spdr
j
wOHdmk jHjydr 2 m%%udKj;a h 4 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh 1
úIhfhka fï ms<sn| ks¾foaYh Tiafia mka;s ldur
±kqu kHdhd;aulj o l<ukdlrKh" ixúOdkh"
m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï md,kh yd fufyhùu i|yd
mqyqKqj, § m%dfhda.sl j úIh ±kqu ,ndÿkak o fïjd
o ,efí' m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍfï §
,l=Kq m%odkhla l<hq;= h'
fï ms<sn| ±kqu wOHdmk 1 mka;s md,kh yd fufyhùu 4
jHjydr úIhfha me;slv i|yd l%shdldrlï ie,iqï
wOHhkfhka uQ,sl j l<hq;= h'
,efí'
m%Odk úIhh iy jD;a;Sh 2 mka;s ldur w;a±lSï m%udKj;a 3
úIh w;r j ,nd .ekSug b.ekaùfï jdr
iïnkaëlrKhla isÿ .Kk 60 lsÍu
fkdjk neúka
odhl;ajh ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s woyila m%ldY
l< fkdyel'
wOHdmk jHjydr mdvïj,g § 2
m%Odk úIh Ndr lÓldpd¾h
odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSu wksjd¾h
l< hq;= h'
mka;s md,kh yd fufyhùu iඳyd l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu ^4&‚mka;s ldur w;a±lSï
m%udKj;a j ,nd .ekSug b.ekaùï jdr .Kk 60 lsÍu ^3& iy wOHdmk jHjydr
mdvïj, § m%Odk úIhNdr lÓldpd¾h odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSu wksjd¾h lsÍu ^2& ta
w;r m%Odk fhdackd fõ'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhhg wod< j ,o m%;spdr my; j.=fõ ±lafõ' úoHdj úIhfha §
jD;a;Sh úIh u.ska mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu hk .=Kdx.h ,nd fok
nj m%;spdr u.ska olajd we;' tys § wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj"
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj" wOHdmk ñkqï yd we.hqï hk úIh ms<sn| j iqúfYaIS j
±laùu úfYaI;ajhls' óg wu;r j iSudjdiS mqyqKqj yd .=re mqyqKqj u.ska Wla;
.=Kdx. m%.=K jk nj olajd we;' m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï § ldKav
b.ekaùfuka ,nk m%dfhda.sl ±kqu m%udKj;a ke;s nj yd ld,h m%udKj;a ke;s nj
i|yka j we;'
83 | P a g e
4'34 jk j.=j ( mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu - úoHd úIhh
,nd fok whqre m%;spdr m%%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqr m%;spdr
úúO jD;a;Sh úIh 2  m%udKj;a h 4 m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùïj,ska 2
foaYk u.ska" iSudjdiS  ldKav 2 wk;=rej tla tla bf.kqï
mqyqKQj yd Wmfoia b.ekaùfï § wjia:dj, wvqmdvq ilia lr
u.ska" .=re mqyqKqj isiqka ,nd flaj, bÈßm;a lsßug
u.ska Wla; .=Kdx. .kakd wjia:d ,nd Èh hq;= h'
,nd foa m%dfhda.l
±kqu
m%udKj;a
ke;
wOHdmk jHjydr 4  ld,h 3 jD;a;Sh úIh odhl;ajh óg 2
úIhfhka ,nd fok m%udKj;a jvd úêu;a yd ie,iqï
±kqu" ldKav ke; iy.; úh hq;= h'
b.ekaùfuka ,nk ±kqu
yd l=i,;d fï i|yd
WmldÍ fõ'
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lsÍu 2
i|yd wjia:d óg jvd
,nd§u óg úi÷uls'
ldKav b.ekaùu i|yd
ld,h §¾> l< hq;= h'
ufkda úoHdj" iudc 1 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha § 1
úoHdj ñkqï yd we.hqï isoaÈ wOHhk" bf.kqï l%u
úIhj, kHdhj,g Ndú;h jeä l< hq;= h'
wod< uQ,O¾u fï i|yd
Ndú; l< yels h'
ufkda úoHdfõ 1 mka;s ldurj, bv m%udKh 3
.=rejrhdf.a ld¾hNdrh" wjYH mßÈ ie,ish hq;= h'
isoaê wOHhkh mdol j îqÿiq fïi mqgq" fN!;sl
óg wod< ±kqu ,nd foa' iïm;a ,nd §u&'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk yhla olajd ;snqKs' tys § uQ,sl;ajh ,o fhdackd jQfha mka;s
ldurj, bv m%udKh wjYH mßÈ ie,iSu îqÿiq fïi mqgq" ;dlaIK myiqlï" fN!;sl
iïm;a& flaj, bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:d ,nd§u" jD;a;Sh úIh odhl;ajh jvd úêu;a j
yd ie,iqï iy.;j ,nd§u yd l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lsÍu i|yd wjia:d óg jvd ,nd
§u úh ^4'34 jk j.=j&'
84 | P a g e
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< m%;spdr my; j.=fõ ±lafõ' bx.%Sis úIhfha § ,o by<
m%;spdr u.ska wOHdmk jHjydr yd wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhj,ska my; .=Kdx.h
,ndfok njg WodyrK iys; j lreKq olajd ;snqKs' Bg wu;r j ufkda
úoHdj‚wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh" WmfoaYkh hk úIh uඟska
o Wla; .=Kdx.h wdjrKh jk njg lreKq u;= lr ;snqKs' m%udKj;a nj ms<snඳj
ie,lSfï § m%udKj;a h hkak m%;spdr folla ,eî ;sìKs' tys§ ld,h wvqùu yd
m%udKj;a j iïm;a ,nd fkd§u ms<snඳ .eg¿ o u;=lr ;ssìKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOkj, § id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr iඳyd .=re isiqka Èk myla
mdi,aj, .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu ksÍlaIKhg fhduq lsÍu‚wx. iïmQ¾K tallhla ;=<
msysgqùu‚wOHdmk uq,sldx. úIhfha § mka;s ixúOdkh yd md,kh ms<snඳ úIh wdrïNl
wjia:dfõ b.ekaùu‚ ufkda úoHdj úIhg .=re N+ñldj yd fydඳ .=rejrhl=f.a .=Kdx.
tl;= lsÍu hk lreKq we;=<;a lsÍfï wjYH;dj u;= lr ;snqKs ^4'35 jk j.=j &'
85 | P a g e
4'35 jk j.=j( mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu
,nd fok whqre m%;spdr m%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre m%;spdr
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh u.ska fuu .=Kdx. 6  m%udKj;a h 2  isiqka ldKav b.ekaùug fhduq lsÍfï § 2
wdjrKh fõ' m<uq j Èk 5la mdi,aj, .=rejreka
W.kajk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lr tajdfha
.=Kfodia úfõpkh u.ska M,odhS j
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; jk
wdldrh ms<sn| .fõIKfhka w;a±lSï
,ndÈh hq;= h'
 .=re mqyqKqfõ § mka;sldur l<ukdlrKh o isiqka 2  bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï 1  mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd wx. iïmQ¾K 2
uqyqKmdk m%dfhda.sl ÿIalr;d ms<sn| wOHdmk l%u iy WmfoaYkh úIhfha ish¨ WmlrK iys; tallhla úoHdmSGh
jHjydr úIhfhka b.ekafõ' l%shdldrlï mdol bf.kqu ;=< msysgqúh hq;= h'
i|yd m%udKj;a ld,hla ,nd §
ke;
 wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh 1  m%udKj;a j iïm;a ,nd §  wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mka;s ldur 1
úIfhka tla tla od¾Ykslhka bÈßm;a lr we;s woyia ke; l<ukdlrKh úIhfha mka;s ixúOdkh
u.ska l=uk l%ufõohla wkq.ukh l< hq;= o hkak md,kh yd fufyhùu we;=<;a jqj;a tu
ms<sn| o< woyila ,ndfoa' fldgia tu úIhfha wjika Nd.hg
wh;ajk ksid .=re isiqkag fuu .=Kdx.
.ek ±kqj;aùu i|yd tu fldgia uq,ska u
we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 wOHdmk iudcúoHdj úIhfhka <uhd y÷kd .ekSu" 6  iSudjdiS ld,fha § fuu .=Kdx. 1  YslaIK,dNSka i|yd w;am;%sld ,nd§u 1
Tjqkaf.a mjq,a miqìu" Tjqka ;=< we;s úúO;ajh Bg mka;s ldurfha fhoùfï § .eg¨ jeo.;a h'
wkqrEmS j b.ekaùu yd m%cdj iuඟ iïnkaOùu yd mj;S'
iudch ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,efí' th mka;s
ixúOdkh md,kh yd fufyhùu i|yd .=re isiqkag
fnfyúka WmldÍfõ'
 bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï l%ufõo u.ska o wod< l=i,;d
j¾Okh fõ'
 wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdfõ wka;¾.; ixl,am ^Wod( 3 1  wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdjg fyd| 1
YsIHhd y÷kd .ekSu" YsIH p¾hd" nqoaê uÜgu" .=rejrhl=f.a .=Kdx. yd .=re N+ñldj
wNsfm%arKh we;=¿& mka;s md,khg odhlfõ' tlaúh hq;= h'
 wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj yd WmfoaYkh úIh u.ska 1
bf.kqï ÿIalr;dj,g n,mdk fm<Uùï" Ñ;a;fõ.Sh
yd p¾hduh fjkialï ms<sn| idlÉPd fõ'
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka o .=re mqyqKqfõ § mka;s 2
l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| isiqka uqyqKmdk m%dfhda.sl
ÿIalr;d ms<sn| b.ekafõ'
86 | P a g e
 YsIH úúO;dj,g wkqrEmS j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu'
id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd Wla; .=Kdx.h fjkqfjka jD;a;Sh
úIhj,ska ,ndfok odhl;ajh ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr úIh ;=kg iqúfYAIS j my; ±lafõ'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhfha § wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka Wla; .=Kdx.h ,nd fok njg
m%;spdr ,eî we;' tys m%udKj;a nj ie,lSfï § úIhud,dfjka ta i|yd ld,h
m%udKj;a ke;s njg woyia olajd ;snqKs' ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre ms<sn| jeo.;a
woyia ;=kla u;=lr ;snqKs' mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùfï § YsIH úúO;d u;
bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï flf¾o hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;= h hkak tys § m%uqL;dj f.k
4'36 jk j.=j ( YsIH úúO;dj,g wkqrEmS j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd

l%shd;aul lsÍu
,ndfok whqr m%;spdr m%%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= m%;spdr
whqre
 wOHdmk 2  úIh lreKq ta ta isiqkag 1  mka;s ldur bf.kqï 6
jHjydr úIh WÑ; f,i fjkia lr b.ekajSï l%shdj,sfha
hgf;a YsIH .ekSug úIhud,dfõ § YsIH úúO;dj,g
úúO;d fjka lr we;s ld,h wkqrEmS j bf.kqï
ie,ls,a,g m%udKj;a fkdfõ' wjia:d ie,iqï
f.k lKavdhï lrkafka±hs
jev ie,iqï ks¾Kdhl Tiafia
lsÍu yd fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'
l%shd;aul lsÍu
fõ'
 fï i|yd 1  úIh flakaøSh j 1
l%shdldrlï l%fudamdh we;=,;a
ie,iqï lr úIh mdol m¾fhaIK
;sfí' we;=,;a ld,Sk
f;dr;=rej,g YsIHhd
ÈYd.; lsÍfï l%u
úIhud,dfjka
wjOdrKh úh hq;=
h'
wOHdmk jHjydr 1
i|yd jD;a;Sh úIh
lafIa;%fha
lÓldpd¾hjrhl= iy
úfYaI úIh lafIa;%fha
lÓldpd¾hjrhl=
tlaj b.ekaùfï
lghq;= lsÍu w.h
lrk w;r tys § tla
tla
lÓldpd¾hjrhdf.a
ld¾hh meyeÈ<s úh
hq;= h' ^Wod( ufkda
úoHdj" WmfoaYkh
wd§ jD;a;Sh úIhj,
odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s j
i|yka l< hq;= h&'
88 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhh i|yd ,o m%;spdr 5 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'37 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;dj,g wkql+,j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd
l%shd;aul lsÍu
,nd fok whqr m%;spdr m%%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre m%;spdr
 jD;a;Sh úIhj, 2  YsIH úúO;d wkqj 3  úfYaI wOHdmk 2
tÈfkod" WodyrK" bf.kqï wjia:d wjYH;d iys; isiqka
Video clips,iy iïmdokh ms<sn| ,nk
isoaê wOHhk u.ska m%udKj;a fkdfõ' kHdhd;aul ±kqu
fï ms<sn| idlÉPd mka;s ldur
flf¾' jHjydrj, § Ndú;
jk whqr uekSug
iqÿiq ks¾Kdhl
m;%sldjla iïu;
lr.; hq;= h' ta
i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd §
th wjika m%dfhda.sl
.=re mqyqKq ,l=Kg
tl;= l< hq;= h'
 ufkda úoHd;aul 1 2  úúO ;dlaIKsl 1
kHdh yd WmfoaY WmlrK Ndú;fhka
u.ska odhl fõ' b.ekaùï wjia:d ,nd
Èh hq;= h'
 iudc úoHd;aul 1  mqyqKq jevuqM u.ska 2
fldgia u.ska óg ;jÿrg;a .=re
odhl fõ' isiqkaf.a l=i,;d
j¾Okh l< hq;= h'
fï i|yd m%dfhda.sl
l%shdldrlï tla l<
hq;= h'
 ufkda úoHdfjka 1
,nd .kakd isiq  m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï ,nd
úúO;d ms<sn| .ekSug;a" YsIHhdg ;u 7
±kqu mokï m%Odk úIh wdY%s;
lrf.k WÑ; l%shdldrlï ie,iqï
mßÈ isiq lsÍug;a" yels whqßka
l%shdldrlï ld,h fjka l< hq;=
ie,iqï flf¾' h'
 m%o¾Yk" m%ix. 1  ldKav b.ekaùfï § 2
meje;aùfuka isiq úNjH;d yd
ld¾hh bgqfõ' leue;a; u; wdlD;sh
fjkia lsÍug isiqkag
wjia:d ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 m%o¾Yk" m%ix. 1  ufkda úoHdfjka ,nk
meje;aùfuka isiq úúO;d ms<sn| 1
ld¾hh bgqfõ' ±kqu m%dfhda.slj yd
M,odhSj mka;s
ldurfha § Ndú;
lsÍug uÕ fmkaúh
hq;= h'
 iqNÕ isiqkag yd 1
idudkH isiqkag
wjYH;d ie,iqï
lsÍug wod< YsIH
úúO;d y÷kd .;
hq;= h'
89 | P a g e
úoHdj úIhfha § YsIH úúO;dj,g wkql+, j bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd
l%shd;aul lsÍu úúO jD;a;Sh úIhj, kHdh yd Ndú;h u.ska ^úIh kHdh' WodyrK&
isoaê wOHhk" m%o¾Yk" m%ix." WmfoaY& ,efnk njg .=rejreka úiska m%;spdr olajd
;snqKs' tys ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre ms<sn| ie,lSfï § m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï ,nd
.ekSug;a" YsIHhdg ;u m%Odk úIh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsßug;a yels whqrska
ld,h fjka l< hq;= h hk lreK i|yd jeä m%;spdr ^7& ,eî ;sìKs' Bg idfmalaI j
mqyqKq jevuq¨ u.ska .=re isiqkaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okh j¾Okh l< hq;= h^2&" iy ldKav
b.ekaùfï § isiq úNjH;d yd leue;a; u; wdlD;sh fjkia lsÍug isiqkag wjia:d ,nd
Èh hq;= h ^2& hk lreK i|yd o jeä m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs ^5 jk j.=j&'
90 | P a g e
bx.%Sis úIhh
4'38 jk j.=j( YsIH úúO;d j,g wkqrEmSj bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu - bx.%Sis úIhfh
,nd fok whqre m%;spdr m%%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre m%;spdr
 ish,q jD;a;Sh úIhj,ska Wla; lreKq bgqfõ' 5  m%udKj;a j 2  mSGh ;=< fkajdisl ld,fha § fmkajk olaI;d yd 2
,efí' ie,iqïlrK l=i,;d iSudjdiS ld,fha § yd bka miq
.; lrk .=re Ôú;fha § .=re isiqkaf.ka úo Hdudk
fkdùu .eg¨jls' tu ksid wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul
nj j¾Okhg ukd wëlaIK l%shdj,shla mdi,a
moaO;sfha l%shd;aul úh hq;= h'
 lÓldpd¾hjrhd W.kajk úIh yd b.ekaùfï 1  m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï ld,h ;=< bf.kqï wjia:d 2
ffY,sh u.ska ;ksj is;Sug yd jev lsÍug;a kej; ie,iqu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq úh hq;= h'
tajd hq., lKavdhï jev u.ska mq¨,a lsÍug
fhoùfuka Wla; lreK bgqfõ'
 m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï ld,h ;=< § .=re isiqka fuu 1  WmfoaYk úIhfha YsIH úúO;dj,g wkqrEmS j 1
lreKq wjfndaO lr .kshs' bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
uq,ska u we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
 ufkda úoHdj yd WmfoaYkh úIh hgf;a YsIH 3  wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha § m%dfhda.sl fldgia 1
úúO;d" <ud ixj¾Okh" Ñ;a;fõ. yd p¾hduh weröug fmr fuu fldgia ms<sn| j ±kqj;a l< hq;=
.eg¨ bf.kqï ÿIalr;d iy m%;sld¾h ñkqï YsIH h'
wNsfm%arKh" bf.kqï wdOdrl ms<sn|j idlÉPd
flf¾'
 mka;s ixúOdkh" md,kh yd fufyhùu ms<sn|j 1  .=re isiqka Ydia;%Sh ±kqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a" úNd.hg 2
ukd wjfndaOhla ,efnk neúka th bf.kqï wjia:d wjYH úIh fldgia tla/ia lsÍug;a Wkkaÿ jqj;a
ie,iqï lsÍug WmldÍ fõ' l%shdldrlï mdolj tajd ixj¾Okh ùu wjYH h'
 kjl .=re isiqka ,nd .kakd w;a±lSï u.ska yd 1  wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYhg lafIa;%fha 1
lKavdhï f,I lrk l%shdldrlï u.ska isiqka we;s jvd;a u hdj;ald,Sk fmd;a m;a yd wka;¾cd,
mdGud,dj wjidkfha ksmqK;d úYd, m%udKhla fjí wvú y÷kajd Èh hq;= h'
w;alr .kshs'
 iudc úoHdj u.ska YsIH nqoaê uÜgu y÷kd .ekSu" 1  wfkl=;a úIh w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla wjYH h' 1
iudc uÜgu y\qkd .ekSu yd ta wkqj bf.kqï
l%ufõo ksmo fõ'
 wOHdmk uQ,sldx. iïmQ¾K úIh ks¾foaYhu óg 1  mdGud,d ld,h ;=< .=reisiqka ,nd .kakd m%dfhda.sl 2
wkqrEmS fõ' ±kqu yd ksmqK;d miq ld,Sk j w;ayer ouk neúka ta
i|yd úi÷ï fiúh hq;= h'
 isiqka ldKav b.ekaùug fhduq lsÍug m<uq j Èk 5la 3
mdi,aj, .=rejreka W.kajk whqr ksÍlaIKh lr
tajdfha .=Kfodia úfõpkh u.ska M,odhS f,i
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; jk whqr .fõIKh l<
hq;= h'
91 | P a g e
bx.%Sis úIhfha § Wla; lreK ish¨ jD;a;Sh úIh u.ska ,nd fok njg jeä u m%;spdr
^5& ,eî ;snqKs' jD;a;Sh úIh ks¾foaYj, kHdhsl fldgia yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h wkqj
th bgqjk wdldrh ms<sn| .=rejreka WodyrK u.ska olajd ;snqKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk kjhla ms<sn| fhdackd o bÈßm;a j ;snqKs' tys § isiqka
ldKav lr b.ekaùug fhduq lsÍfï § m<uq j Èk 5la mdi,aj, .=rejre W.kajk whqre
ksÍlaIKh lr" .=Kfodia úfõpkh u.ska M,odhS j b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; jk
whqre .fõIKh l< hq;= h hk fhdackdj i|yd jeä u ^3& m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' Bg
idfmalaIj mdi,a moaO;sfha ukd wêlaIK l%shdj,shla l%shd;aul úh hq;= h' m%dfhda.sl
b.ekaùfï ld,fha § bf.kqï wjia:d ie,iqu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq úh
hq;= h' .=re isiqka Ydia;%Sh ±kqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a" úNd.hg wjYH úIh fldgia
tla/ia lsÍug;a Wkkaÿ jqj;a l%shdldrlï mdolj tajd ixj¾Okh úh hq;= h' iy
mdGud,d ld,iSudfõ § .=re isiqka ,nk m%dfhda.sl ±kqu yd ksmqK;d miq ld,Sk j
w;yer ouk neúka ta i|yd úi÷ï fiúh hq;=h hk lreKq i|yd jeä m%;spdr ,eî
 YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u Ys,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùu y÷kd .ekSu"

Wla; lreKg wod<j .=re wOHdmk{hska f.ka ,o m%;spdr úIh ;=kg wod< j
iqúfYaIS j fjka fjka j wod< j.= u.ska bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhfha YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u Ys,am" kfjda;amdol b.ekaùu y÷kd
.ekSu ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr wkqj th .Ks; úIhfha yd
úúO jD;a;Sh úIhj, kHdh yd Ndú;h u.ska ,nd fok nj olajd ;snqKs' wOHdmk
jHjydr úIhh tys § lemS fmfka' m%udKd;aul nj ms<sn| wvqjla mj;sk njg o
m%;spdrhla ,eî ;snqKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk ms<sn| j ne,Sfï § ixfYdaOk myla olajd ;snqKs' kùk
;dlaIK Ndú;h" mdif,a l%shd mámdáh iy .=re isiqkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sfha .eg¨
ksrjq,a lsÍu" úúO bf.kqï l%u úIhud,dj u.ska b.ekajqj o mka;s ldurfha § tu l%u
l%shdjg kexùug yelshdjla ke;s ùug ms<shï f,i wdo¾Y mka;s ldur l%shd;aul lr
w;a±lSï ,nd §u hk lreKq ta w;r lemS fmfka ^4'39 jk j.=j&'
92 | P a g e
4'39 jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u yd l%u Ys,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùu
y÷kd .ekSu ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍu
,nd fok whqre m%;spdr m%%udKj;a nj m%;spdr ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqr m%;spdr
 jeä fjfyilska YsIH 01 fuu 01  úIh W.kajk .=re Nj;=ka mdol j 01
flakaøSh jHdmD;s mdGud,dfõ úIhud,dj yodrk ld, iSudj ;=,
$.fõIK$f;dr;=re /ia Wod( .Ks;h fidhd ne,Su 3jk jirg iSud
flf¾' ;=, we;s fkdùu yd úoHd mSG úIh iSudj
bvlv ;=, wod< m¾fhaIKd;aul
m%udKj;a .fõIKhg f;dr;=re fiùu&
ke;' ÈYd.; úh hq;= h'
 .Ks;h úoHdj úIh 01  m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï b.ekaùua 01

ks¾foaYhg wod< j bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha § ta i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd
b.ekaùï l%u y÷kajd fok §ula isÿ lsÍu WÑ; h'
w;r wOHdmk jHjydr úIh
Tiafia bf.kqï l%u ms<sn|
b.ekaùula isÿ flf¾'
 bf.kqï b.ekaùïj,g wod< 01  úúO bf.kqï l%u úIhud,dj u.ska 02
øjH ks¾udKh yd Wmfoia b.ekajqj o mka;s ldurfha § tu
iemfha' l%u l%shdjg kexùug yelshdjla
ke;s lug úi÷ula f,I wdo¾Y
mka;s ldur l%shd;aul lr w;a±lSï
,nd §u iqÿiq h'
 úoHdmSG úIhud,dfõ úúO 01  kùk ;dlaIK Ndú;h 04
bf.kqï l%u kHdhd;aul
b.ekafõ'
 wOHdmk jHjydr hgf;a 01  mdif,a l%shd msámdáh i|yd .=re 02
isiqka ldKav b.ekaùï i|yd isiqkaf.a b.ekaùua l%shdj,sfha
fmr iQodku f,i úúO YsIH .eg¨ ksrjq,a l< hq;= hs'
flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u hgf;a
úúO l%u Ys,am Ndú; lr
mdvï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu yd
wdo¾Yk b.ekaùï lghq;=j,
fh§u fõ'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha § úúO jD;a;Sh úIh hgf;a kj bf.kqï l%u y÷kajd §u"
m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùug iQodkï ùu" l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK lsÍu ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd§u"
m%;HdfõlaIK c¾k,a igyka ,sùu" kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSug u. fmkaùu" úúO
jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu hk lreKq u.ska YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqu ixúOdkh yd
l%shd;aul lsÍu jk njg .=re wOHdmk{hskaf.ka m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' tys m%udKd;aul
nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï § i;shlg ld,ÉfPao folla muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk nj;a"
mdvï ie,iqïj, lKavdhï l%uhg b.ekaùug ,nd fok keUqrej wvq nj;a olajd
;snqKs' úh hq;= ixfYdaOk myla olajd ;sìKs' i;s wka;j, § mß.kl úoHd.dr
Ndú;fhka .eg¨ mdol bf.kqu y÷kajd § th l%shd;aul lsÍu" kj bf.kqï l%u
;jÿrg;a l%shdldÍ lsÍu" lKavdhï lsÍfï wjYH;dj jeo.;alu M,odhSj l< yels
wdldr wOHdHk jHjydr úIhfha § jeäÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu" hk fhdackd tys §
lems fmkqKs' ^4'40 jk j.=j&'
93 | P a g e
4'40 jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%uYs,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùu y÷kd
.ekSu" ixúOdkh yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
.=Kdx. jD;a;Sh isiqka ,nd .kakd ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre
úIhj,ska ,ndfok wdldrfha
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
wdldrh m%udKj;a nj
 wOHhk jHjydr u.ska 1  i;shlg 01  kj bf.kqï l%u ;jÿrg;a 2

kj bf.kqï l%u ld,Éfcao 2la l%shdldÍ úh hq;= h'
y÷kajd fohs' ,%udKj;a
fkdfõ' fï
ksid ishü
isiqkag
bf.kqug
,efnk wjia:d
wvqfõ'
 m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï 1 mdvï ie,iqïj, 01  i;s wka;j, § fyda mß.kl 4
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh lKavdhï l%uhg úoHd.dr Ndú;fhka .eg¨ mdol
i|yd iQodkï ùfï § b.ekaùu i|yd bf.kqu yd y÷kajd § th
isiqkag ukd msájy,la ,nd fok keUqrej l%shd;aul l< hq;= h'
,efí' wvqh' ^YsIH
iyfhda.S;dj"
wfkdHdakH
wjfndaOh" ye.Sï
f;areï .ekSu"
lKavdhï ye.Su"
tlaj ;SrK .ekSu
hkd § jeo.;a
wdfõok flaI;%
flfrys .=re YsIH
wjOdkh fï ksid
wvqh&'
 l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK 1  lKavdhï l%sahdldrlï lsÍfï 2
ms<sn| ±kqu yd Ndú;h wjYH;dj" jeo.;alu" M,odhS j
ms<sn| ±kqj;a fõ' l< yels wdldr wOHmk jHjydr
úIhfha § jeä ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh
l< hq;= h'
 m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,a 1  YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u 1

igyka ,sùu ms<sn| ks¾udKYS,Sùu" kj ;dlaIKh
±kqu wjfndaOh ,efí' wOHdmkh u Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn|
 mqyqKq lsÍu yd Wla; ±kqu jirla
mdid hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu wjYH h'
 kj ;dlaIKh fhdod 1  jeäÿr wjfndaOh ,eîu i|yd 2

.ekSug isiqkag u. úúO m%dfhda.sl jevuq¨ ixúOdkh
fmkaùu yd myiqlï l< hq;= h'
ie,iSu isÿ fõ'
 iyfhda.S bf.kqï 1 2
l%uYs,am" mka;s
ldurfha § Ndú;hg
w;a±lSï ,nd§u" kj
;dlaIKh w¾:j;a j
mka;s ldurfha §
Ndú; lsÍug u.
fmkajhs'
 YsIH flakaøSh j úúO 1 2

jHdmD;s lsÍu yd
m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug
wjia:dj ,nd §u
ms<sn| m%udKj;a
±kqula ,efí'
94 | P a g e
 bx.%Sis úIhh
4'41' jk j.=j( YsIH flakaøSh l%u Ys,am yd kfjda;amdol b.ekaùï y÷kd.ekSu
,ndfok whqr m%%udKj;a nj ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 ufkdaúoHdfjka kj bf.kqï b.ekaùï 1 Ydia;S%h oekqu 1  isiqka ldKav b.ekaùug fhduq 4
kHdh y÷kajd §u ksid l%shd;aul lsÍu fld;rï lsÍug m%:u Èk 5la mdi,aj,
myiq h' ,enqjo .=rejre W.kajk whqr
m%dfhda.sl ksÍlaIKh lr tajdfha
Ndú;h .=Kfodia úfõpkh u.ska
m%udKj;a M,odhS j bf.kqï b.ekaùï
fkdfõ l%shdj,sfha ksr; jk whqr
.fõIKh l< hq;= h' w;a±lSï
,nd kj ±kqu yd noaO j
úIhud,d ixfYdaOk úh hq;= h'
 iudc úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj" l%u 2 ;dlaIKsl 1  wOHdmk jHjydr úIhg wu;r 2
úoHdj" wOHdmk jHjydr u.ska iy fuj,ïj, j bx.%Sis bf.kqï b.ekaùï
wfkl=;a ;dlaIKsl úIhka u.ska iy wvq mdvq ksid l%ufõo úIhfha wka;¾.;h
ñkqï we.hqï jeks úIhfhka o isiqka wfmalaIs; mrsos hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;= h'
m%udKj;a ±kqula YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï
bf.kqï l%u l%shd;aul lsÍug ,nd l%shdj,sh isoq
.kshs' lsrSug ndod
we;s fõ
 isiqka ms<sn| j jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%fha 1 l%uúsoHfõ 1  iEu jD;a;Sh úIhlska u YsIH 2
we;s ufkda úoHdj" iudc úoHdj jeks iy óg wod< flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u Ys,am yd
úIhu,ska ,efnk ±kqu bf.kqï myiqlï kfjd;amdol bf.kqï l%uYs,am
b.ekaùï l%u Ys,am jvd myiqfjka m%udKj;a y÷kd .ekSu ixúOdkh yd
ixúOdkh lr .ekSug fhdod .; yels fkdfõ l%shd;aul lsÍu hk wx.
h' wod<f;aud Tiafia tl;= l<
hq;= h'
 bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï l%u úoHdj yd 2  olajd we;s .=Kdx. J¾Okh 1
wOHdmk jHjydr ieis j,§ flfrys fkajdisl mdGud,dfõ
l:sldpd¾hjre <ud flakaøh S § ;jÿrg;a wjOdkh ,nd Èh
wOHdmkh yd l%u úoHdj ms<sn| hq;= h'
idlÉPd lr;s' Bg wu;r j .=re 
mqyqKq ld,fha ;=,;a iSudjdiS ld,h
;=,;a wëlaIKh" WmdOHhkh
l%shdj,sh u.ska jvd fyd|ska fuu
lreKq isiqkag ,nd foa' ta wkqj
isiqkag fyd| w;a±lSï iy moaO;shg
±fkk mßÈ m%dfhda.sl l%shdjka isiqka
u.ska isÿ flf¾'
 wOHdmkfha uQ,sldx. u.ska úúO 1  wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka 1
od¾Yksl Ñka;k yd tajdg wod< fuu .=Kdx. ms<sn| wjOdrKh
l%Ufõo woHhkh lsÍu" m%dfhda.sl fhduq l<hq;= h'
fhoùu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
 wOHdmk uQ,sldx. úIfhka úúO 2  m%dfhda.sl wjia:djka jeä l< 1
b.ekaúï l%u hq;= h'
 lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a b.ekaùï ffY,sh 1  jD;a;slNdjh ,nd Èh hq;= h' 3
.=re isiqkag w;a±lSï jeä lr .ekSug tys § hym;a wdl,am lemS
fyd| w;a±lSula jkq we;' fmfka' jD;a;slNdjh ,nd
fok úg úIhhg wod<
jD;a;slNdjh jeä l< hq;= h'
 bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï l%ufõo úIh u.ska 1
bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï úúO l%u y÷kd
.kshs'
bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< j Wla; lreK bgqjk wdldrh ms<sn| m%;spdr ,eî ;snqfKa'
jD;a;Sh úIhj, kHdh yd Ndú;fhka th ,nd fok njh' tys § ufkda úoHdj" iudc
95 | P a g e
úoHdj" l%u úoHdj" wOHdmkfha uQ,sldx. Yd wOHdmk jHjydr hk úIh ta w;r lemS
fmfka' m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï § tys uQ,sl wvqmdvq ;=kla ^m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
m%udKj;a fkdùu" ;dlaIKsl fuj,ïj, wvqmdvq ksid wfmalaIs; mßÈ bf.kqï
l%shdj,sh lsÍug ndOd we;sùu" l%u úoHdfõ óg wod< myiqlï fkdùu& ms<sn| j olajd
;snqKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk ms<sn| ie,lSfï § isiqka ldKav bf.kqug m%:u Èk myla
mdi,aj, .=rejre W.kajk whqre ksÍlaIKh lr tys .=Kfodia úfõpk u.ska M,odhS
j bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha ksr; jk whqre ms<sn| .fõIKh lsÍu yd w;a±lSï ,nd §u hk
fhdackdj lemS fmfka' fuys § WmfoaYkd;aul bf.kqfï wjYH;dj u;= fõ' ta wkqj
Ndú; lrk udOHfhka bf.kSu i|yd Wmldr ^ Support & lsÍu wjYH fõ' ,o m%;spdr
u; hym;a wdl,am u; msysgd jD;a;slNdjh ,nd§u yd th ,nd§fï § úIhhg wod<
jD;a;slNdjh jeä lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| j jQ fhdackdj o jeo.;a fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ
jD;a;slNdjh ms<sn| .eg¨ mej;Su tu fhdackdj u;= lsÍfï woyi fõ' wk;=rej ,o
m%;spdr u; kj ±kqu yd noaO j úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh lsÍu yd iEu jD;a;Sh úIhlska
u YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï l%u Ys,am ixúOdkh yd l%shd;aul lsÍu hk wx. wod< f;aud
Tiafia tl;= lsÍu hk fhdackd jeo.;a fõ' ^4'41 jk j.=j&'
 bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh" l%shd;aul lsÍu
yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
Wla; lreK ms<sn| ,o .=re m%;spdr úIh ;=kg wod< j fjka jYfhka
bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhfha § bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d
iïmdokh" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu ms<sn| lÓldpd¾hjreka wjia:d
;=kla hgf;a ^,nd fok whqre" m%udKj;a nj" ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre& m%;spdr olajd
;snqKs' ta wkqj ,nd fok wdldrh ms<sn| WodyrK f,i flaj, y÷kd .ekSu" m%Óld¾h
jevms<sfj," ;lafiarej' we.hSu" l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK yd Bloom Texnomy olajd
;snqKs' m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § ld,ÉfPao i|yd m%udKj;a fõ,djla
fkdue;s ùu bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iemhSfï § .eg¨jla
nj fmkajd § ;sìKs' ixfYdaOk y;la olajd ;snqKs' l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l%u Ndú;h
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" bx.%Sis udOH wNHdi,dNSkaf.a bx.%Sis ±kqu jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd
jevigyka ieliSu" ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS
bf.kqula i|yd th .eg¨jla neúka .=re isiqka iqÿiq l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrkafka ±hs
fidhd ne,Su" wdl,am ixj¾Ok jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu ta w;r lemS fmfka' ^4'42
jk j.=j&'
96 | P a g e
4'42 jk j.=j ( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh"
l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 flaj, y÷kd .ekSu yd 3  ld,ÉfPao 1  bx.%Sis udOH wNHdi,dNSkaf.a 2
m%;sld¾h jev ms<sfj,j,a i|yd bx.%Sis ±kqu jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
l%shd;aul flf¾' m%udKj;a i|yd jevigyka wjYH h'
fõ,djla
fkdue;s ùu
ksid bf.kqï
.eg¨ iys;
isiqkag M,odhs
bf.kqï
wjia:d
ie,iSfï
wmyiq;d u;=
fõ'
 ;lafiarelrk l%u 1  isxy, udOH mjd b;d wvq z w.h 1
l%shd;aul fõ' iys; wNHdi,dNSka i|yd jev
igyka wjYH h'
 l%shd uQ,sl m¾fhaIK fï 1  ld,Éfþo i|yd ld,h 2
i|yd Ndú; l< yels h' m%udKj;a fkdùu bf.kqï
th iSud jdiS jif¾ § isÿ .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS
fõ' bvf.kqula i|yd .eg¨jla
neúka" iqÿiq l%ufõo .=re isiqka
wkq.ukh lrkafka ±hs úuid
ne,Sula l< hq;= h'
 í¨ï gelaiafkdñ Ndú; 1  l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, M,odhS 1
flf¾' nj m¾fhaIKhg ñsi isiqkag
wod< j isÿfõ o hkak ms<sn|
úuish hq;= h'
1  wdl,am ixj¾Ok jev igyka 2
l%shd;aul l< hq;= w;r
.=rejreka isiqka ms<sn| ixfõ§
úh hq;= hs'
 tla m¾fhaIKhlg muKla iSud 3
jQ l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK l%u
Ndú;h jeä ÈhqK l<hq;= h'
^Wod( .Ks;h flfrys iSudjdiS
f,i fyda fuh wdjrKh ùu
±kg meyeÈ,s j isÿjk njla
olakg ke;&
 YsIH flakaø wOHdmkh jeä 1
ÈhqKq l< hq;=h'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha § Wla; lreK wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj" WmfoaYkh yd
ud¾f.damfoaYh wOHdmk jHjydr úIhj, kHdhsl lreKq yd úúO m%dfhda.sl l%shd
u.ska isiqkag ,nd fok njg m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' th we;eï úg muKla isÿjk njg
m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' th we;eï úg muKla isÿjk njg m%;spdr folla ,eî ;snqKs'
m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï § m%udKj;a nj wvq njg m%;spdr ;=kla ,eî ;snQ w;r
97 | P a g e
wOHdmk WmfoaYkh yd ud¾f.damfoaYh úIh i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a ke;s njg o
m%;spdrhla ,eî ;sìKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk w;r uq,a ;ek .;a fhdackd jQfha .eg¨ iys; isiqka
lKavdhï lr fyda flaj, j l%shdldrlïj, fhoúh hq;= h ^3&" ufkda úoHdj yd
WmfoaYk úIhj, § úIh lreKq idlÉPd jqj o m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï fkdue;s ksid
WodyrK foñka idlÉPdjg iïnkaO ùu ms<sn| isiqkag .eg¨ mj;S' tajd ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a j úIhud,dj ilia úh hq;= h$kùlrKh úh hq;= h ^3&" WmfoaYk úIhfha
§ ,nk kHdhd;aul ±kqu m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsßu i|yd mdi,a f;dardf.k kï lrk
isiq kshe|s w;ßka ta wh ixj¾Okh lr fmkaùug kshñ; jevigyka iSudjdiS hq.fha
§ mejÍu wjYH h ^3& iy udkisl frda.S isiqka n|jd .ekSfï §" iïuqL idlÉPdfjka
th y÷kd.; fkdyel' Tjqka miqj y÷kd.; yels jk w;r Tjqka .=re jD;a;shg iqÿiq
o hk .eg¨j úi|sh hq;= h ^2& hk lreKq úKs ^4'43 jk j.=j&'
4'43 jk j.=j( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS f,i bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh
l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu - úoHdj úIhh
,ndfok whqre m%%udKj;a nj ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre

m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; 2  m%udKj;alu 3  .eg¨ iys; isiqka lKavdhï lr fyda 3
isiqkag bf.kqï wjia:d wvqh' flaj, j l%shdldrlï j, fhoúh hq;=
iïmdkh l%shd;aul lsÍu h'
yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsßu
^fm!oa.,sl j& we;eï úg
isÿfõ'
 ufkda úoHdj yd 3  ld,h 1  m%Njh mÍlaId l<hq;= h' 1
WmfoaYkh úIh wdY%s; j m%udKj;a
úIh lreKq idlÉPd ke;
flf¾' ^WmfoaYk
úih&
 bf.kqï .eg¨ y÷kd 1  udkisl frda.S isiqka n|jd .ekSfï § 2
.ekSu fndfyda úg iïuqL mÍlaIKfha § y÷kd .;
wOHdmk jHjydr fkdyel' Tjqka miqj y÷kd .; yels
úIhfhka yd úúO jk w;r Tjqka .=re jD;a;shg iqÿiq o
m%dfhda.sl l%shd u.ska iy hkak úi|sh hq;= .eg¨jls'
we.hSï l%u u.ska mÍlaId
flf¾'
 l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK m%;sldrd;aul 2
bf.kqï iumoia: bf.kqu jeks l%u
Ys,am Ndú; l< hq;= h'
 ufkda úoHdj yd WmfoaYkh úIhj, § 3
úIh lreKq idlÉPd jqj o m%dfhda.sl
w;a±lSï fkdue;s ksid WodyrK foñka
idlÉPdjg iïnkaO ùu ms<sn| isiqkag
.eg¨ mj;S' tajd ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a j
úIhud,dj ilia úh hq;= h$kùlrKh
úh hq;= h'
98 | P a g e
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh ;jÿrg;a 1
Yla;su;a úh hq;= h'
 isiqka ks¾udKYS,S ld¾hj, ksr; l< 1
hq;= h'
 WmfoaYk úIhfha § ,nk kHdhd;aul 3
±kqu m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍu i|yd
mdi,a f;dardf.k kï lrk isiq ksheÈ
f;dardf.k ta wh ixj¾Okh lr
fmkaùug kshñ; jev igyka iSudjdiS
hq.fha § mejÍu wjYH h'
bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha § Wla; lreK uQ,sl jYfhka wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj"
WmfoaYkh" wOHdmk jHjydr yd iudc úoHdj hk úIhj, kHdh yd m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h u.ska bgqjk njg nyq;r m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï
§ tys .eg¨ mj;sk nj ±laúKs' tys § mej;s uQ,sl wvqmdvq jQfha bf.kqï .eg¨
iys;isiqka y÷kd .;a; o Tjqka i|yd M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d m%udKj;a j iïmdokh
lsÍu" l%shd;aul lsÍu" mdGud,dj u.ska ksishdldrj isÿ fkdùu ^3&" YslaIK,dNSkag
m%udKj;a j wjYH ±kqu l=i,;d yd wdl,amj,ska ikakoaO fkdùu ksid mka;s ldurfha
isák úúO wjYH;d iys; isiqka i|yd u;=msáka muKla ne,Su ksid iqN." miqng yd
wdndê; isiqka fkdi,ld yeÍula isÿùu ^3& iy mka;s ldurfha isák isiqka m%udKh
wêl ùu ksid .eg¨ u;=ùu úKs'
bx.%Sis úIhfha úh hq;= ixfYdaOk w;r uQ,sl fhdackd jQfha bf.kqï .eg¨
iys; isiqka i|yd M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh lsÍu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu ^3&" yd wOHdmk wOHmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqï
we.hqï hk úIhj,g tu fldgi we;=,;a lsÍu ^3&" úúO oDYHdOdr iy l%shdldrlï
ie,iqï lsÍfï § yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § jvd jeä wd;au úYajdihla iy mqyK
q qjla wjYH
ùu ^3& iy ufkda úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr Bg wod< .%ka: kdu f,aLkhla
we;=,;a lsÍu ^2& h ^4'44 jk j.=j&'
99 | P a g e
4'44 jk j.=j ( bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqkag M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh"
l%shd;aul lsÍu yd m%Njh mÍlaId lsÍu
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj iy 01  bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; 03  bf.kqï .eg¨ iys; isiqka 03
ud¾f.damfoaYh iy isiqka y÷kd .;a; o i|yd M,odhS bf.kqï wjia:d
WmfoaYk úIh j,ska Tjqka i|yd M,odhS iïmdokh lsÍu yd l%shd;aul
<uhskaf.a Ñ;a;fõ.Sh yd bf.kqï wjia:d lsÍu ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla
p¾hduh .eg¨ iy <ud m%udKj;aj fhduqúh hq;=h'
ixj¾Okfha § .eg¨ iïmdokh lsÍu"
iy.; p¾hd iy mj;akd l%shd;aul lsÍu
NS;sld ms<sn| ±kqu mdGud,dj ;=<ska
,ndfohs' ksishdldrj isÿ
fkdfõ'
 mka;s ldur wOHhk 01  mka;s ldurj, isák 02  Táiï ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq 03
ld,h ;=, § iu jhia isiqka m%udKh wêl l< hq;= h' wOHdmk ufkd
lKavdhïj,g we;s jk ksid .eg¨ úoHdj yd wOHdmk ñkqï
.eg¨ i|yd úi÷ï u;=fõ' we.hqï hk úIhj,g fuu
fiùu u.ska WodyrK fldgia we;=<;a lsÍu iqÿiq h'
wjia:d ie,fia'
 iudc úoHd úIfha óg 01  YslaIK,dNSka wjYH 03  ufkda úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh 02
wod< fldgia yd .=re ±kqu l=I,;d yd hdj;ald,Sk lr wod< .%ka:
N+ñldj idlÉPd lsÍu wdl,amj,ska kduf,aLkhla we;=,;a l<
u.ska yd fjk;a úIh ikakoaO fkdùu hq;= h'
W.kajoa§ wdo¾Yu;a ksid mka;s ldurfha
.=rejrfhl= f,i fujeks isák újsO wjYH;d
wjia:d iïmdokh fõ' iys; isiqka foi
u;=msáka muKla
ne,Su ksid iqN."
miqng iy wdndê;
isiqka fkdi,ld
yeÍula isÿ fõ'
 ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk 01  m%udKj;a fõ' 02  úúO oDIHdOdr iy 03
jHjydr yd wOHdmk l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍfï §
uQ,O¾u jeks úIh j,ska iy l%shd;aul lsÍfï § jvd
óg wjYH u. fmkaùï jeä wd;au úYajdihla iy
,efí' mqyqKqjla wjYH fõ'
 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdfõ 03  § we;s wruqKqj,g wod<j 01
úfYaI wjYH;d we;s l%shdldrlï ilia lsÍfï §
<uhs hk f;audfjka .eg¨ j,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'
fuh bgqfõ'
 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj 01
isiqkaf.a nqoaê uÜgu yd
m%Njh y÷kd .ekSug
Woõ fõ'
 fï ms<sn| iudc úoHdj" 01
ufkda úoHdj hk úIh
u.ska wjfndaOh ,efí'
 wOHdmk iudc úoHdj 01
isiqkaf.a mjq,a miqìu"
iudc uÜgu" úúO
olaI;d y÷kd .ekSug
Woõ fõ'
100 | P a g e
 bf.kqu flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk u. fmkaùu" iydh ùu" fhduq
lsÍu yd myiqlï ie,iSu
id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj, odhl;ajh úuiSfï §
Wla; lreK ms<sn| ,o .=re m%;spdr úIh ;=kg wod< j fuys § bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
Wla; lreK iïnkaO j .Ks;h úIhhg wod< j ,o m%;spdr 4'45 jk j.=fõ
±lafõ'
Wla; lreK .Ks;h úIhfhka ÿIalr;d y÷kd .ekSu" u. fmkaùu" .eg¨
úYaf,aIKh" m%;sld¾h jev ms<sfj," yd m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï mqyqKqfõ § wjYH Wmfoia
u; ,efnk njg m%;spdr olajd ;snqKs' úh hq;= ixfYdaOk hgf;a m%uqL;dj ,o fhdackd
jQfha l%fudamdh" YsIH ÿIalr;d .fõIKh" uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u i|yd u. fmkaùu'
iúia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYhl wka;¾.; úh hq;= h ^4&" mdi,a l%shdj,shg wod< j
úoHdmSG l%shdj,sh ie,iqï .; úh hq;= h ^3&" iúia;rd;aul lÓldpd¾h
ud¾f.damfoaYhla ilia lsÍu WÑ; h ^2& iy úIh wka;¾.;h m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï
lsÍu i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug .=re isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd Èh hq;= h ^2& hk
lreKq h ^4'45 jk j.=j&'
4'45 jk j.=j( bf.kqu flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk u. fmkaùu"

iydhùu" fhduq lsÍu yd myiqlï iïmdokh
,ndfok whqre m%%udKj;a ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre

nj
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 ÿIalr;d y÷kd .ekSu yd 1 m%udKj;a 1  l%fudamdh" YsIH ÿIalr;d 4
u.fmkaùu flf¾' h' .fõIKh" uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u
i|yd u. fmkaùï"
iúia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYhl
wka;¾.; úh hq;= h'
 .eg¨ ;eka úYaf,aIKh fõ' 1  iúia;rd;aul lÓldpd¾h 2
ud¾f.damfoaYhla ilia lsÍu
WÑ; h'
 m%;sld¾h jev ms<sfj, 1  bf.kqï wdOdrl ilia lsÍu" 1
l%shd;aul fõ' we.hSu jeks oE i|yd úfYaI
jev igyka meje;aùu yd
tajdfha wka;¾.;h i|yka
lsÍu wjYHh'
 iqidOHlrKh i|yd iqúfYaIS 2  úIh wka;¾.;h" m%dfhda.sl 2
wjia:d iïmdokh fkdjqk o b.ekaùï lßSu i|yd kùk
úIh b.ekaùfï § m%dfhda.sl ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg .=re
b.ekaùu mqyqKqj l%shd;aul isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd Èh hq;=
lsÍfï § wjYH Wmfoia ,nd h'
foa'
 mdi,a l%shdj,shg wod< j 3
úoHdmSG l%shdj,sh o ie,iqï
l< hq;= h'
101 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhg wod<j ,o .=re m%;spdr 4'46 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'46 jk j.=j( bf.kqï flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk u. fmkaùu"

iydh ùu' fhduq lsÍu yd myiqlï iïmdokh
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 úúO úIh hgf;a fuu 1 fuu lghq;= 3  wOHdmk jHjydr úIh 2
wjia:d uefka' ksishdldrj ueksh hgf;a fï ms<sn| ±kqu yd
yelafla ienE wjfndaOh ;jÿrg;a ,nd
mka;s ldurfha § Èh hq;= h'
h' ta i|yd
lÓldpd¾hjrekag
m%udKj;a ld,hla
,nd foñka mqyqKq
ld,h ie,iqï l<
hq;= h'
 m%dfhda.sl .=re mqyqKqj 2 m%%udKj;a h 2  wOHdmk jHjydr úIh 2
yd bka wk;=rej jk hgf;a § oDIHdOdrl
úfõpkd;aul woyia Ndú;hg ,l=Kq §u yd
±lajSï u.ska uefka' m%dfhda.sl j úúO
wjia:dj, § b.ekaùug
wjia:d ,nd §u u.ska jeä
ÈhqKq l< yels h'
 foaYk u.ska ,nd foa' 1  mß.kl myiqlï ,nd Èh 1
hq;= h'
 m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï 3  wOHdmk jHjydr úIhhg 3

l%shdldrlï i|yd kshñ; ld,h jvd w¾:j;a
iQodkï lsÍfï § yd j" M,odhSj .; lsÍug
wOHdmk jHjydr úIh wka;¾.;h ie,iqï
l%shdj,sfha § o fï lsÍu iu. u m%dfhda.sl j
i|yd m%udKj;a w;ayod ne,Sug wjia:d jeä
wjfndaOhla ,efí' l< hq;= h'
 ufkda úoHdj yd 2  mka;s ldurj, 2

WmfoaYkh" iudc mß.klj,g tllg tlla
úoHdj" wOHdmk jYfhka uqøK hka;%
;dlaIKh" wOHdmk ,nd§u wjYH jk w;r
uQ,O¾u hk úIh nyqudOH WmlrK
u.ska uefka' ^Multimedia) o
wjYH h'
 WmfoaYk wxYhla fjku 3
l%shd;aul úh hq;= h'
úúO jD;a;Sh úIhj, kHdhsl fldgia yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ^.=re mqyK

q qj"
úfõpkd;aul woyia ±laùu" foaYk" m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï l%shdldrlï' wOHdmk jHjydr
l%shdj,sh Wla; lreK u.ska ,ndfok njg .=re wOHdmk{ m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' tys
m%udKj;a nj ie,lSfï § Wla; lreK bgq lsÍug yd ksishdldrj th uekSug ienE
mka;s ldurh ;=, lÓldpd¾hjrekag m%udKj;a ld,hla ,nd foñka mqyqKq ld,h
ie,iqï lsÍfï wjYH;dj olajñka m%;spdr ;=kla ,eî ;snqKs' th m%udKj;a h hk
ks¾Kdhlh i|yd m%;spdr folla ,eî ;snqKs'
102 | P a g e
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § m%uqL;dj ,o fhdackd jQfha WmfoaYk
wxYhla fjku l%shd;aul úh hq;= h ^3&" wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha kshñ; ld,h jvd
w¾:j;a j yd M,odhS j .; lsÍug úIh wka;¾.;h ie,iqï lsÍu iu. u m%dfhda.sl
j w;ayod ne,Sug wjia:d jeä l< hq;= h ^3&" wOHdmk jHjydr hgf;a wod< lreK
ms<sn| ±kqu yd wjfndaOh ;jÿrg;a ,ndÈh hq;= h ^2&" wOHdmk jHjydr úIh hgf;a
§ oDIHdOdrl Ndú;hg ,l=Kq §u yd m%dfhda.sl j úúO wjia:dj, § b.ekaùug wjia:dj
,nd§u u.ska jeä l< yels h ^2& iy mka;s ldurj, mß.kl iEu tllgu uqøK
hka;% ,nd§u wjYH w;r nyqudOH WmlrK ^Multimedia) o ,ndÈh hq;= h ^2& hk
fhdackd úKs ^4'46 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
4'47 jk j.=j( bf.kqu flf¾ iqidOHlrK N+ñldj Wfoid jk u. fmkaùu"
iydhùu" fhduq lsÍï yd myiqlï iïmdokh
,ndfok whqre m%%udKj;a nj ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre

m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk 1 m%udKj;a h' 1  m%udKd;aulj fïjd ixj¾Okh úh 1
jHjydr úIhj,ska fuu lafIa;%h hq;= h
wdjrKh fõ'
 wOHdmk iudc úoHdj jeks 1  mdif,a oS 1  jvd hdj;ald,Sk lrk ,o wdY%s; 2
úIhkaf.ka <uhska ms<sn| ,efnk .=rejrekaf.a .%ka: f,aLkhla úIh ks¾foaYhg
wjfndaOh ksid .=rejrhl= f,i iyfhda..h we;=,;a l< hq;= h'
iqidOHlrK N+ñldj uekúka bgq ,enqjd o Tjqkaf.a
lsÍug wjia:dj ,efí' nyq;rhlg wod<
lreK ,nd oSug
m%udKj;a
leue;s; ke;'
 .=rejrhd myiqlï imhkakl= f,i 1  jev igyka u.ska ±kqu 2
wOHdmk jHjydr yd ufkda úoHdj hdj;ald,Skùu wjYHhs'
úIh hgf;a;a .=rejrhd
WmfoaYlhl= f,i WmfoaYk úIhh
hgf;a;a idlÉPd flf¾'
 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ld¾h i|yd 1  ñkqï we.hqï" ufkda úoHdj" wOHdmk 1
wjYH øjH" fmd;am;a mßYS,khg uQ,sldx. Yd mka;s ldur
wjia:d iemfhk w;r tu.ska l<ukdlrKh hk úIhj, uQ,sl
mka;s ldur b.ekaùu id¾:lj l< mdvïj,g fuu fldgia we;=,;a lsÍu
yels fõ' wjYH h'
 iudc úoHd úIh ks¾foaYh 1  úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaYfha wOHdmk 3
iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § yd wfkl=;a jHjydr úIh i|yd wjYH myiqlï ^
úIhj, § fuu fldgi yd .=re Video camera&' jevigyka úYd,
N+ñldj idlÉPd lsÍfuka wdo¾Yu;a lKavdhulg jvd b;d l=vd
.=rejrhl= f,i fujeks wjia:d lKavdhulg ^ Micro teacting&
iïmdokh flf¾' lsÍug fhduq l< hq;= h' túg iEu
YslaIK,dNshl=g u fuu w;HjYH
ksmqK;d ,.d lr .; yels h'
 teachingmethodology ELT (English 1  ;jÿrg;a m%dfhda.sl úh hq;= h' 1
Language teahing Methodology)
úIfhka iqidOHlrK N+ñldj
ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq
flf¾'
 mka;s ldurj, isák isiqka .Kk 2
wêl ùfï .eg¨jg ms<shï fhÈh hq;=
h'
 iSudjdiS ld,h fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ ksid 1
wvd, ùu úi|sh hq;= h' fïjd i|yd
.=rejrhdg jeä u. fmkaùula
wjYHh'
103 | P a g e
bx.%Sis úIhfha § o ish¨ jD;a;Sh úIhj, kHdh yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h u.ska
wod< lreKq ,nd fok njg m%;spdr u.ska ikd: úK' m%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï
§ th m%udKj;a njg tla m%;spdrhla ,o w;r wfkla m%;spdrfhka oelajQfha mdi,a
.=rejrekaf.ka iydh ,enqko Wla; lreKq ,nd Èug Tjqkaf.ka nyq;rhlg m%udKj;a
,eÈhdjla ke;s njh'
ixfYdaOk ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Sfï § úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha wOHdmk jHjydr
úIh ioyd wjYH myiqlï ^ Video camera) ,nd osh hq;=h' tfiau fuu jevigyk úYd,
lKavdhulg jvd b;d l=vd lKavdhulg ^Micro teacting& lsÍug fhduq l< hq;=h' túg
iEu YslaIK,dNsfhl=gu óg wod< ksmqK;d ,nd .; yelsh ^3&" jvd hdj;ald,Sk lrk
,o wdY%s; .%ka: f,aLkhla úIh ks¾foaIhg we;=,;a l, hq;=h^2&" jevigyka u.ska
±kqu hdj;ald,Sk ùu wjYHh ^2&" mka;s ldurj, isák isiqka .Kk wêl ùfï
.eg¨jg ms<shï fhÈh hq;=h ^2& iy iSudjdiS ld,hu fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ ksid wvd, ùu
úi|sh hq;= h ^2& hk fhdackdj,g jeä m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs ^4'45jk j.=j&'
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod< mqoa.,hska ^foudmshka"
iïm;a mqoa.,hska" wdÈ YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍ j iydh lr .ekSu
Wla; lreK ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr úIh ;=kg wkqj fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhhg wod< j ,o m%;spdr 4'48 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'48 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod< mqoa.,hska
^foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hska' wdÈ
YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh lr .ekSu

m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 /iaùï ixúOdkh 1 wdh;ksl uÜgfï iïm;a 2  me;slv wOHhkfha § 3

fõ' imhd .ekSu" WmlrK yd iSudjdiS ld,fha
ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd foudmshka yd m%cdj
mka;s ldur úIh iSudj iu. iïnkaO jqj o
;=< o úfYaI Èk fhdod iïm;a mqoa.,hka
.ekSu fyda úIhud,dj iïnkaO lr .ekSfuka
;=< u úIh wka;¾.;fha mdi,a isiqkaf.a wdl,am
wruqKq$l%shdldrlï i|yd yd l=i,;d j¾Okh
m%udKj;a ld,hla fjka iïnkaO .=re YsIH
lr §u úIh ks¾foaYfha oekqï ixj¾Okh
ksYaÑ;j olajd ke;' lsÍug úfYaI igyka
l%shd;aul l< hq;= h'
 .=re N+ñldjg wod< 2  wOHhk jHjydr i|yd

b.ekaùï l%u mQ¾j iQodkï jev 2
ms<sn| wdo¾Yk igyka l%uj;a j
ie,iqï lsÍu yd úia;rd;aul j ilia
bÈßm;a lsÍu' úh hq;= h'

104 | P a g e
.Ks;h úIhfha § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod<
mqoa.,hka iydh lr .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| ,o m%;spdr ;=kls' tajd kï /iaùï
ixúOdkh lsÍu iy .=re N+ñldjg wod< b.ekaùï l%u ms<sn| wdo¾Yk ie,iqï lsÍu
yd bÈßm;a lsÍu fõ'
m%%udKj;a nj ms<sn| ie,lSfï § wdh;ksl uÜgfï iïm;a imhd .ekSu"
WmlrK ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd mka;s ldur ;=< o úfYaI Èk fhdod .eksu fyda
úIhud,dj ;=<u úIh wka;¾.;fha wruqKq imqrd .ekSug m%udKj;a ld,hla fjka lr
§u úIh ks¾foaYfha ksYaÑ; j olajd fkdue;sùu .eg¨jla njg m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs'
ixfYdaOk folla bÈßm;a j we;' ta w;ßka me;slv wOHhkfha § yd iSudjdiS
ld,fha foudmshka yd m%cdj iu. iïnkaO jqjo iïm;a mqoa.,hka iïnkaO lr
.ekSfuka mdi,a isiqkaf.a wdl,am yd l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg .=re isiqka úfYaI jevigyka
l%shd;aul l< hq;= h hk fhdackdj ta w;r m%uqL;dj .eksKs ^4'48jk j.=j&'
 úoHdj úIhh
4'49 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod<
mqoa.,hka" foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hka
wd§ YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh lr .ekSu
,ndfok whqre m%%udKj;a ixfYdaOkh úh hq;= whqre

m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
nj
 mdi, yd m%cdj úIh" wOHdmk 2 m%udKj;a 2  úoHdmSGh ;=< ;k;=re 3

iudc úoHdj" ie,iqïlrKh ke; ^m%uqLdpd¾h I yd II "
yd wOHdmk l<uKdlrKh iïnkaëlrK lÓldpd¾hjre
úIh u.ska iemfha' ;=ka fok& jir mfyka myg udre
lrñka w¨;a whg w;a±lSï ,nd
.ekSug bv Èh hq;= h'
 m%cdj iu. lghq;= lsÍfuka 2  úfYaI jev igyka' jevuqq¨ u.ska" 3
mdi,la ixj¾Okh lrd úfYaI wdh;k" jevìï u.ska
/f.k hdug Woõ fõ' ±kqu ixj¾Okhg l=i,;d jeä
ÈhqKq lr .ekSug wjia:d jeä
l< hq;= h'
 mdi, yd m%cdj jevigykska 4
m%cd iydh ,nd .ekSfï jev
igyka ixúOdkh flf¾' tys§
tla tla YsIHhdg l%shdldrlï
mjrd ,l=Kq ,nd § tajd
wëlaIKh u.ska ;yjqre lr
.ekSfï mshjr y÷kajd Èh hq;= h'
úoHdj úIhfha § Wla; .=Kdx.h mdi, yd m%cdj jevigyk fuka u iudc úoHdj"
ie,iqïlrKh yd wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh hk úIh u.ska imhk njg m%;spdr folla
,eî ;sìKs' m%cdj iu. lghq;= lsÍfï § mdi,g ixj¾Okh" lrd hdug th
Woõjla jk njg olajñka m%;spdr folla o ,eî ;snqKs' m%udKj;a nj ie,lSfï È th
m%udKj;a fkdjk njg m%;spdr folla ,eî ;snqKs'
úh hq;= ixfYdaOk ;=kla olajd ;snqKs' ixfYdaOk ;=k i|yd jeä m%;spdr mdi,
yd m%cdj jev igyfka § isiqkag l%shdldrlï mjrd ,l=Kq ,nd§u wëlaIKh u.ska
105 | P a g e
;yjqre lsÍu ^4&" úfYaI jev igyka" wdh;k" jevìï u.ska ±kqu yd l=i,;d
ixj¾Okhg wjia:d ,nd§u úoHdmSGh ;=< mj;sk ;k;=re jir mfyka myg udre
lsÍu ^3& hk m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls ^4'49 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
4'50 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wod< mqoa.,hka
^foudmshka" iïm;a mqoa.,hka wd§ YsIH lKavdhï iy wdh;k& l%shdldÍj iydh lr
.ekSu
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
m%;spdr
 wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh i|yd úúO 1  fldfy;au ke; 2  iïm;a odhlhskaf.a 2
wdh;k ^ffjoHjre" foaYlhska" <ud iydh wjYH h'
wdrlaIK wêldßh& iïnkaO lr .efka'
 wOHdmkh iudc úoHdj úIh i|yd úúO 1  m%udKj;a fõ' 1  bf.kqï b.ekaùï 3
wdh;k" foaYlhska" iïnkaO fõ' l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr
.ekSug úYaj
úoHd,hj,
lÓldpd¾hjreka
mdi,aj, ta ta úIh
i|yd mdi,a w;a±lSï
we;s m%ùk
.=rejrekaf.a iydh
jeo.;a h' ta wh
úoHdmSGfha
mdGud,dj, wOHdmk
jHjydr úIh
b.ekaùu ld,j, §
fhdod .ekSu wjYH h'
 oEjqreÿ mdGud,dj wjidkfha § fuu lafIa;% 1  wOHhk ld,h iy 2
ms<sn| j YslaIK,dNSka ;=, úYajdihla f.dv ndysr l%shdldrlï
kef.k w;r f;jk jif¾ § .=rejrfhl= wkqj fuu .=Kdx.
f,i fuu yelshdj ,nd .ekSug fhduq fõ' j¾Okh lsÍfï ,d
fhdok ld,h uo nj
fmfka'
 ;sridr ixj¾Okh jeks ud;Dld idlÉPd 1  jvd;a fyd| olaI 2
lsÍfï § wod< iïm;a odhlhka ,nd .ekSug iïm;aodhlhska y÷kd
iy .=re isiqka ;=kajk jif¾ § l< hq;= .; yel'
jHdmD;s lsÍfï § iïm;a mqoa.,hka odhl lr  tjka mqoa.,hkaf.a
.ekSug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| wjfndaOhla iydh ,nd .ekSu wju
,nd .; yels h' fõ'
 wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh ;=<ska yd 2  ud¾f.damfoaYkh iy 1
wOHdmk jHjydr úIh hgf;a fï ms<sn| iDcq WmfoaYkh úIhfha -
wjfndaOhla ,eîug m%dfhda.sl wjia:d o wOHdmkfha
,efí' mdi, yd m%cdj jHdmD;sh ta i|yd md¾Yajlrejka iy
fyd| WodyrKhls' WmfoaYkh ,nd fok
fiajd odhlhka iy
fiajd wdh;k fhdod
.ekSu u.ska isÿfõ'
 wOHdmk uQ,O¾u úIhfha .=rejrhdf.a 1  úIh ks¾foaYh 1
l<ukdlrK N+ñld hk ud;Dldfõ fï .ek iïmQ¾K lsÍu o iudc
idlÉPd flf¾' úoHd úIhfha óg wod<
fldgia yd .=re
N+ñldj idlÉPd lsÍu
u.ska yd fjk;a úIh
W.kajoa§ wdo¾Yu;a
.=rejrhl= f,I
fujeks wjia:d
iïmdokh flf¾'
 rcfha iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,ska 1 
^British Counciliy RESC,nk fiajh
,ndf.k Yla;su;a fõ'
 wjYH wjia:dj, § wod< mqoa.,hkaf.a iydh 1 
,nd .kS'
106 | P a g e
bx.%sis úIhfha § Wla; lreK úúO jD;a;Sh úIhj, m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h u.ska
,efnk njg m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' tys m%udKj;a nj ms<sn|j o fldfy;a u iEySug
m;a fkdjk njg m%;spdr folla úKs' fuu .=Kdx.h j¾Okh i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a
fkdùu iy jvd;a olaI iïm;a mqoa.,hka y÷kdf.k Tjqkaf.a iydh fkd.ekSu o ta
w;r m%Odk .eg¨ folls'
ixfYdaOk folla muKla îïm;aodhlhkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSu" bf.kqï
l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh Wfoid" wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha § ta ta úIh ms<sn| mdi,aj,
m%úK .=rejreka" yd úYaj úoHd, lÓldpd¾hjreka iïnkaO lr .ekSu& olajd ;sîu
iqúfYaIS;ajhls ^4'50 jk j.=j&'
4'7'2 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIhj, odhl;ajh ms<sn|
YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr
cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh § id¾:l mka;s ldur

jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%j, odhl;ajh fln÷ o hkak ms< sn| .=re
isiqkaf.ka úuid ne,sKs' ,o m%;spdr my; ±lafjk mßÈ j.=j,ska bÈßm;a flf¾'
4'51 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIhfhka ,o w;a±lSï

lreKq .Ks;h úoHdj bx.%sis
 uki iy <ud ukfia úúO;ajh iy jhia uÜgïj,g .e<fmk mßÈ 5 12 26
b.ekaùï lghq;= isÿ l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu$ isiqka iu. lghq;=
l< hq;= whqre ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu
 isiqkaf.a udkisl uÜgu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh w;r ;=r y÷kd .ekSu 9 0 0
 fm<Uùu" bf.kqï kHdh yd úfYaI wjYH;d we;s isiqka .ek y÷kd .ekSu 1 0 0
 isiqkaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu 1 0 7
 YsIH m%pKavldÍ nj" fkdikaiqka nj yd Bg fya;= y÷kd .ekSu 1 2 1
 mshdfcaf.a nqoaê ixj¾Ok wjê y÷kd .ekSu yd bf.kSu$<ud ixj¾Ok wjê 12 0 8
bf.kSu
 ixl,am ir<j b.ekaúh hq;= wdldrh 0 4 0
 ukfia úúO;ajh yd ta wkqj ixl,am .%yKh fjkia nj y÷kd .ekSu 0 2 0
 isiqka y÷kdf.k Tjqkaf.a .eg¨j,g ms<shï fh§u$.eg¨ ksrdlrKh ms<sn| 0 7 10
kHdhsl ±kqu ,eîu
 YsIH ,eÈhd" p¾hd yd yelshd y÷kdf.k ta wkqj YsIH wjYH;d wjfndaO lr 0 1 5
.ekSu
 isiqkaf.a bf.kSug we;s Wkkaÿj j¾Okh lrk whqr bf.kSu 0 0 0
 úúO .eg¨ i|yd ;d¾lsl fya;= we;s nj ±k .ekSu 0 0 2
 mÍlaIK id¾:l j isÿ lrk wdldrh bf.kSu 0 0 1
 isiqkaf.a mdvug iQodku" <ud uki l%shd;aul jk wdldrh yd ukfia 0 0 2
tald.%;dj r|jd ;nd .; yels ld, mrdih ±k .ekSu
 YsIH woyia f;areï .ekSu 3 0 1
 tÈfkod cSú;hg wjYH lreKq bf.kSu 0 0 1
 úúO wNsfhda. yuqfõ uki fjkia jk wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu 0 0 2
 bf.kqï wdOdrl ieliSfï § fhdod .kakd Wmdh ud¾. ±k .ekSu 0 0 1
 <ud uki f;areï .ekSu u.ska bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § YsIHhdg 0 0 1
ióm ùu
107 | P a g e
úIh ;=fka § u ufkda úoHdj úIhh bf.kSfuka .=re isiqka ,o w;a±lSï w;r
jeäu m%;spdr ,o w;a±lSï jQfha uki yd <ud ukfia úúO;ajh iy jhia uÜgïj,g
.e<fmk mßos b.ekaùï lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu" mshdfcaf.a nqoaê
ixj¾Ok wjê y÷kd .ekSu yd bf.kSu YsIH ,eÈhd" p¾hd yd yelshd y÷kdf.k ta
wkqj YsIH wjYH;d wjfndaO lr .ekSu" isiqka y÷kdf.k Tjqkaf.a .eg¨j,g ms<shï
fh§u h ^1 jk j.=j&'
4'52 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh

lreKq .Ks;h úoHdj bx.%Sis
 yqqol,d isiqka$iqN. Isiqka$miq.dó isiqkag b.ekaùu 11 - 06
myiqùu
 p¾hd wl%u;d olajk isiqka y÷kd .ekSu 02 - 02
 ukd .=re isiq in|;d j¾Okh u.ska bf.kqï b.ekaùï 02 03 06
lghq;= myiqùu
 <uhd yd <ud uki ksjerÈj y\qkd .; yelsùu 02 - 04
 <uhdf.a nqoaê uÜgu yd <uhd is;k whqre bf.kqï 01 10 04
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO l< yels ùu
 isiq ÿ¾j,;djkag úúO Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu 02 - 02
 isiq .eg¨j,g iydh úh yelsùu 01 02 05
 YsIH úúO;ajh u; mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu yd úIh b.ekaùu 01 05 11
 ldhsl yd udkisl ÿ¾j,;d we;s isiqka tu ;;a;ajfhka 01 01 01
ñ§ug ms<shï fh§u
 YsIHhd mdif,ka iudc.; l< hq;= wdldrh W.; yels ùu - 02 -
 tla tla fY%aKsj, isiqkag .e,fmk bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| - 04 -
±kqj;a ùu
 ks¾udKYS,S mka;s ldurhla ieliSu - 01 -
 YsIH úúO;ajh y÷kd .ekSu yd ta wkqj b.ekaùug úúO - 06 09
l%u Ndú;h
 kHdhsl ±kqu m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍu yd ta u.ska .eg¨ - 01 13
úi£u
 whym;a mjq,a mßirj, isiqkag wdorh ,nd§u - - 02
 isiqkag iómùu - - 02
 bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha wmyiq;d y\qkd .ekSu yd - - 02
bjiSfuka lghq;= lsrSu
 ish,q isiqkag .e,fmk f,i bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h - - 02
úIh ;=fka§ u wOHdmk ufkda úµd úIhh bf.kSu .=re isiqkag m%fhdackj;a
úKs' bka ,o m%;s,dN w;r yqol,d isiqka$iqN. isiqka$miq.dó isiqkag b.ekaùu myiqùu
.Ks;h yd bx.%sis úIfha § m%uqLúKs" <uhdf.a nqoaê uÜgu yd <uhd is;k whqre
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO l< yelsùu" YsIH úúO;ajh u; mdvï
ie,iqï lsÍu yd úIh b.ekaùu" úIh ;=fka §u m%Odk úKs' YsIH úúO;ajh y÷kd
.ekSu yd ta wkqj b.ekaùug úúO l%u Ndú;h hk lreKq úoHdj yd bx.%Sis úIhj, §
uQ,sl úKs ^4'52 jk j.=j&'
108 | P a g e
4'53 jk j.=j( wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh - úIfhka ,o w;a±lSï
 isiq .eg¨j,g WmfoaYkh ,nd Èh hq;= wdldrh 18 13 06
 .eg¨j,g uqyqK§fï § lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh 02 06 02
 úúO isiq .eg¨ yd tajdg uqyKq fok isiqka y÷kd .ekSfï - 02 02
l%u
 Okd;aul fm<Uùï yd ukd fm!reIhla f.dv k.d .kakd - 02 02
wdldrh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ±kqu ,eîu
 fiajfha ksr;ùfï § u;=jk wiykldÍ ;;a;aj u.yrjd - 02 01
.kakd whqre ±k .ekSu
 mqoa.,hl=g wjjdo Wmfoia fok whqre yd .eg¨j,g - 04 -
ms<s;=re fidhk wdldrh
 YsIH yelshd olaI;d u;= lr .ekSu - 02 -
 úIh ksjerÈj b.ekaúh yels whqre ±k .ekSu - 02 -
 YsIH uki ielish hq;= whqre ±k .ekSu - 02 -
 isiqkaf.a úúO mjq,a mßir y÷kd .ekSu - 02 -
 wjYH úgl WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSug isiqka ÈYdkq.; lsÍu 01 01 02
 YsIH yeisÍu úúO jhia uÜgïj, § fjkiajk whqre - - 03
bf.kSu
 idudÔh" udkisl" fi!LHuh jYfhka isiqka ;=< u;= jk 06 - 05
.eg¨ yd tajd ksrdlrKh i|yd wjYH kHdhsl ±kqu yd
YslaIK,dNSka ;=< we;s WmfoaYk l=i,;d ixj¾Okh
 udkqIsl fuka u úoHd;aul mokulska .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu - - 02
 isiqkag wod< lafIa;%j,g hdug u. fmkaùu$jD;a;Sh 04 - -
ud¾f.damfoaYh
 úfYaI wjYH;d we;s isiqka y\qkd .ekSu 02 - -
 YsIH udkisl ÿn,;d i|yd ms<shï fh§u 01 - -
 YsIH uki bf.kqï l%shdj,shg fhduq lsÍu 01 - -
úIh ;=fka§ u wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfhka .=re

isiqka ,o w;a±lSï w;r isiq .eg¨j,g WmfoaYkh ,nd Èh hq;= wdldrh" .eg¨j,g
uqyqK §fï § lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh" idudÔh" udkisl" fi!LHuh jYfhka isiqka
;=< u;= jk .eg¨ yd tajd ksrdlrKh i|yd wjYH kHdhsl ±kqu yd YslaIK,dNSka
;=< we;s WmfoaYk l=i,;d ixj¾Okh hk lreKq m%uqL úKs ^4'53 jk j.=j&'
4'54 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ
wdldrh
 isiq .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd§u yd .eg¨ ksrdlrKfha § úIh 17 19 10
±kqu m%fhdackhg .ekSu
 l,yldÍ isiqka i|yd ksis u. fmkaùu 04 - -
 bf.kqï ÿ¾j,;d iys; isiqkag m%;sld¾h jevigyka 02 - -
l%shd;aul lsÍu
 isiqka úúO lafIa;% lrd fhduq lsÍu 01 - -
 mka;s ldur hymeje;au j¾Okh lsÍu 02 - -
 fm!reI ixj¾Okh - 01 -
 ixlS¾K .eg¨ iys; isiqka WmfoaYkh i|yd jD;a;Sh - 03 -
WmfoaYlhka fj; fhduq lsÍu
 YsIH úúO;d u; flaj, WmfoaYkh ,nd§u - 02 -
 fyd| ijkafokakl= ùu - 01 -
 idkqlïms; j .eg¨ foi n,d tajd úi|d .ekSug isiqkag - 04 -
Woõ lsÍu
109 | P a g e
 wmpdÍ yd wmfhdackhg ,la jk isiqka y÷kd .ekSu yd - 02 -
Tjqkag Woõ lsÍu
 isiqka fyd¢ka fufyhùu - - 03
 wjYH;d we;s isiqka ffjµjreka fj; fhduq lsÍu - - 02
 mka;s ldurh ;=< isák wdorh" fifkyi wysñ isiqkag - - 02
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu yd Wmldr lsÍu
 <ud uki mSvdjg m;ajk .eg¨ iajhx úkhlska hqla; j - - 02
úuid ms<shï fh§u
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh bf.kSu úIh ;=fka u isiqkag

m%fhdackj;a úKs' ,o m%;spdrj,g wkqj isiq .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd§u yd .eg¨
ksrdlrKfha § úIh ±kqu m%fhdackhg .ekSu" úIh ;=fkys §u m%Odk úh' l<yldÍ
isiqka i|yd ksis u. fmkaùu" .Ks;h úihfha §;a idkqlïms; j .eg¨ foi n,d tajd
úi|d .ekSug isiqkag Woõ lsÍu" ixlS¾K .eg¨ iys; isiqka WmfoaYkh i|yd jD;a;Sh
WmfoaYlhka fj; fhduq lsÍu hk lreKq úoHdj úIfha ÈA m%Odk úKs ^4'54 jk j.=j&'
4'55 jk j.=j( ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh

lreKq
.Ks;h
úoHdj
bx.%Sis
 ksjerÈ j m%Yak m;% yd ms<s;=re m;% ilia lsÍu" ,l=Kq ,nd§u yd ,l=Kq ieliSu 06 10 04
 úIh lreKq .eUqßka ±k .ekSu bf.kSu 02 05 01
 YsIH idOkh uekSu we.hSu yd ;lafiarej lrK úúO l%u wOHhkh 10 06 04
 <uhd ksjerÈ j ;lafiare lsÍu 01 - 01
 we.hSu ie,iqïlrKh ksjerÈ j we.hSï lsÍu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîu 02 02 -
 ,l=Kq úúO wdldrj,ska úYaf,aIKh lrk wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd .ekSu 03 02 -
 .eg¨ úi§fï ±kqu ,nd §u 01 - -
 isiqka fY%aKs.; lsÍug wod< ±kqu ,eîu - 01 -
 wuqo;a; yeisrùfï yd jd¾;d lsÍfï l%u Ys,am - 01 -
 ks,am; ilia lsÍu - 03 -
 kj we.hqï l%u ms<sn| ±kqu ,eîï - 04 02
 úúO jkq j¾. jkq úYaf,aIKh ia:dk .Kkh lsÍu ms<sn| ±kqu 02 02 -
 YsIH m%.;sh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKh yd tys j,x.=;dj ;SrKh lsÍu - - 05
 mdi,a mdol we.hSï yd jdr mÍlaIK i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd fuj,ï Ndú;h - - 04
ms<sn| ±k .ekSu
 .Ks;h iïnkaO .eg¨ yd ta wdY%s; ±kqu j¾Okh lr .ekSu - - 02
;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIhfha § úIh ;=kg u wod< .=re isiqka

,o w;a±lSï w;r ksjerÈ j m%Yak m;% yd ms<s;=re m;% ieliSu ,l=Kq §u yd ,l=Kq
iei§u" úIh idOkh uekSu we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrK úúO l%u bf.kSu iy úIh
lreKq .eUqßka bf.kSu hk lreKq m%Odk úKs ^4'55 jk j.=j&'
110 | P a g e
4'56 jk j.=j ( ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
 m%%Yk
a m;% ieliSu yd ksjeros j ms<s;=re m;% ,l=Kq 04 07 -
lsrSu
 isiq ,l=Kq ixiaf,aIKh" úYaf,aIKh iei£u yd 05 04 03
jd¾;dlrKh
 jdr úNd.$mÍlaIK idOdrK f,i ;lafiare lsÍu 04 05 -
 isiqka y÷kd .ekSu yd YsIH m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §u 01 02 11
 .=re ÿ¾j,;d y÷kd .ekSu 01 - -
 YsIH ,l=Kq uÜgï iei£u u.ska l=i,;d j¾.SlrKh 06 02 -
yd ;lafiarelrKh
 isiqkag .eg¨ úi£fï myiq l%u y÷kajd §u 02 - -
 YsIH m%.;sh foudmshkag jd¾;d lsÍu 01 - -
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh úúO - 05 -
we.hqï l%u u.ska ;lafiarelrKh
 ks,am; weiqßka ksjerÈ m%Yak m;%hla ieliSu - 01 -
 jdr mÍlaIK" we.hSï" úúO jkq ilia l< hq;= - 02 -
wdldrh
 isiqkag ksjerÈ j we.hSï meje;aùu - 02 -
 YsIH m%.;sh" ,l=Kq úYaf,aIKh u.ska uek ne,Su - 02 -
 YsIH ,l=Kq m%u; jHdma;shl olajd ÿ¾j, yd iqN. - 02 -
isiqka y÷kd .ekSu
 úúO l%u u.ska YsIH ,l=Kq m%o¾Ykh - 03 -
 úúO we.hSï l%u mka;s ldurh ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍu - 02 02
 mdvula wjidkfha § we.hSï ,nd § tu mdvfï - - 06
id¾:l;ajh ±k .ekSu
 isiqka we.hSug ,la fldg ,l=Kq ks¾Kh yd o;a; - - 07
u.ska Tjqka wOHhkh
 YsIHhd ksjerÈj we.hSu - - 11
 úúO we.hqï l%u ks¾udKh - - 02
 isiqkaf.a wOHdmk j¾Okh bÈßm;a lrñka Tjqka - - 02
Èßu;a lsÍu
 we.hSu lsÍu ms<sn| ksjerÈ mqyqKqjla ,eîu - - 06
;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIhh bf.kSfuka ,o w;a±lSï .=rejrhl= f,i

l%shd lsÍfï § .=re isiqkag m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrhka w;r isiqka y÷kd .ekSu yd
m%;sfmdaIK ,nd§u" isiq ,l=Kq ixiaf,aIKh úYaf,aIKh iei§u yd jd¾;dlrKh" iy
m%Yak m;% ieliSu yd ksjerÈj ms<s;=re m;% irliSu hk lreKq ,o jeä m%;spdr ,eî
;sìKs ^ 4'56 jk j.=j&'
4'57 jk j.=j( úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
 wOHdmk lafIa;%h ms<sn| ±kqu 14 04 02
 mdi,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu 08 05 04
 .=re N+ñldj ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqu 09 06 -
 úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| ±kqu 04 01 01
 mßmd,k jHqyh ms<sn| ±kqu 03 - -
 mdi,la ;=< isÿjk l%shdj,s ms<sn| ±kqu 04 - -
 wOHdmk kHdh yd m%jK;d$Ndú;h u; bf.kqu 02 - -
ixúOdkh
111 | P a g e
 .=re fiajdj ms<sn| .=rejrhd ±k.; hq;= lreKq 02 01 -
 wOHdmk kS;sh ms<sn| ±kqu 02 - -
 mdi, ;=< tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a ld¾hNdrh 02 - -
 úúO mdi,a j¾. y\qkd.ekSu 06 01 -
 mdi, ;=< úIhud,dj ixj¾Okh yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= - 03 -
 wOHdmkhg n,mdk m%;sm;a;s yd tajd mdi, ;=< Ndú;h - 06 01
 .=re N+ñldfõ j.lSï yd ta jgd ne÷Kq jD;a;Sh in|;d - 01 -
 mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu - 01 04
 wOHdmk úldYh yd kj m%jK;d - 06 -
 fN!;sl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu - 01 02
 fyd| l<ukdlrejl=f.a ,laIK - 02 -
 úIhud,d ieleiau ms<sn| ±kqu - 04 -
 m%shckl bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu - 02 02
 fm!reI ixj¾Okh - - 02
 YsIH l=i,;d y÷kd .ekSu - - 02
 mdi, ;=< we;s in|;d yd j.lSï ms<sn| ±kqu - - 02
 mdif,a wvqmdvq y\qkd .ekSu - - 01
 ukd foudmsh yd m%cd in|;d mj;ajk whqr - - 02
úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhfhka .=re isiqka ,o w;a±lSï w;r

wOHdmk lafIa;%h ms<sn| ±kqu" mdi,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu" .=re N+ñldj ms<sn|
mq¨,a ±kqu hk lreKq m%Odk úKs ^ 4'57 jk j.=j&'
4'58 jk j.=j( úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh

 mdi,a jHqyh" l%shdldÍ;ajh yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ±kqu 09 03 05
 .=re N+ñldj yd tys j.lSï yd j.lSï ukdj y÷kd lghq;= 02 04 04
lsÍu
 mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh myiqùu 06 - -
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s ixj¾Okh 07 03 02
 ukd in|;d f.dv k.d .ekSu 02 02 08
 tÈfkod mdi,a l%shdj,sh ms<sn| wjfndaOh 03 - -
 úúO wOHdmk wdh;k ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu 02 - -
 mdif,a úúO W;aij ixúOdkh lsÍu 02 - 03
 jD;a;sh ixj¾Okh 04 01 04
 mdif,a l<ukdlrK lghq;=j,g iydh ùu - 02
 úIhud,d kùlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu - 08 01
 mdi,a mßmd,kh yd wfkl=;a jHqy ms<sn| wjfndaOh - 01 01
 fN!;sl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ukdj bf.kqï b.ekaùï - 03 02
l%shdj,shg fhdod .ekSu
 id¾:l bf.kqï l%u yd we.hSï l%u Ndú;h - 02 -
 YsIH úúO;dj,g wkql+,j wjfndaOfhka b.ekaùu - 02 04
 úIh ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lr .ksñka kj ±kqu fiùu - 02 -
 ish¨ isiqkag iudkd;au;dfjka i,lñka <ud ñ;=re mka;s - - 01
ldur ieliSu
 mdvï ie,iqï ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍu - - 04
 mdi,a ixialD;sh y\qkd .ekSu - - 01
 úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu - - 02
-
112 | P a g e
úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIh bf.kSu .=re isiqkag
úúOdldrfhka m%fhdackj;a ù we;s neõ ,o m%;spdr u.ska meyeÈ,s úKs' mdi,a jHqyh"
l%shdldß;ajh yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ±kqu" ukd in|;d f.dv k.d .ekSu" .=re N+ñldj
tys j.lSï yd j.ùï ukdj y÷kd lghq;= lsÍu bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s ixj¾Okh
hk lreKq ta w;r uQ,sl;ajh .eksKs ^4'58 jk j.=j&'
4'59 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk jHjydr úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh

 úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| ±kqu yd tajd mka;s ldurh ;=< 09 03 05
fyd¢ka Ndú;h
 ksjerÈj mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu yd jdr igyka ,sùu 10 08 08
 ukdj bkafjkaá% mj;ajdf.k hdu 01 - -
 oDIHdOdr ks¾udKh yd Ndú;h 04 05 03
 mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu 02 08 02
 m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,a mj;ajd f.khdu ms<sn| ±kqu 02 - -
 bf.kqï wdOdrl ks¾udKh yd Ndú;h 01 - -
 ukd .=re isiq in|;d mj;ajd f.k hdu 02 - -
 jD;a;Sh N+ñldj ksjerÈ j bgq lsÍu 04 - -
 bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;d ixj¾Okh 02 - -
 .=rejrhl= mka;s ldurh ;=< ukd f,i bf.kqï - b.ekaùï - 04 10
l%shdj,sfha fhfok wdldrh
 ukd mdvï m%fõYh yd isiqka Wmia;ïNkh lsÍu - 02 -
 úúO bf.kqï l%uj, m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d ms<sn| ±kqu - 02 -
 .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;hg yqreùu - 02 -
 b.ekaùu isÿ lrk wdldrh m%dfhda.slj yd ffioaOdka;slj - 03 07
yeoEÍu
 m%dfhda.sl .=re mqyqKqj ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,eîu - 01 04
 fm!reI ixj¾Okh - 01 -
 mdif,a § u;=jk úúO .eg¨ yd úIh .eg¨ y\qkd .ekSu - 02 -
 l=I,;d ixj¾Okh - 01 02
 mka;s ldurh ;=< YsIH wjOdkh ,nd .ekSu bf.kSu - - 05
 bf.kqï l%shdj,sh Wiia uÜgulg f.k taug yelsùu - - 02
 mdvu ;=< isiqka ÈhqKq úh hq;= wxY fmr ie,iqï lsÍu - - 03
 m%shckl bf.kqï wjia:d isiqkag ks¾udKh lsÍu - - 06
 úúO l%shdldrlï - - 02
 j¾;udk mdi,a moaO;sh ms<sn| ±kqu ,eîu - - 02
 wOHdmkfha bÈß .uka u. y÷kd .ekSu - - 03
 ksjerÈ ld, l<ukdlrKh - - 02
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh bf.kSfuka .=re isiqka ,o w;a±lSï w;r ksjerÈj

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu yd jdr igyka ,sùu" úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| ±kqu yd tajd mka;s
ldurh ;=< fyd¢ka Ndú;h" .=rejrhl= mka;s ldurh ;=< ukdj bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha fhfok wdldrh hk lreKq m%Odk ;ekla f.k ;snqKs ^4'59 jk j.=j&'
113 | P a g e
4'60 jk j.=j( wOHdmk jHjydr úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
 úúO bf.kqï l%u Ndú; lr mdvï bÈßm;a lsÍu 08 08 09
 ksjerÈ j mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu jdr igyka mdvï igyka 02 06 12
,sùu
 oDIHdOdr ksjerÈ j ilia lsÍu yd Ndú;h 03 01 03
 isiq wdl¾IKh ,nñka id¾:l j bf.kqï b.ekaùï lghq;= 09 08 14
lsÍu
 isiq b.ekaùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu 02 - -
 jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu 02 - -
 bkafjkaá% fmd;a kv;a;= lsÍu - - -
 YsIH úúO;ajh u; bf.kqï b.ekaùu ie,iqï lsÍu yd - 03 04
l%shd;aul lsÍu
 ukd mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh - 02 03
 iSudjdiS ld,h ;=< fyd¢ka b.ekaùï lghq;=j, ksr; ùu - 02 03
 w;a±lSï fnod .ksñka wvqmdvq ilia lr .ekSu - 01 -
 isiq l=i,;d ixj¾Okh - 02 03
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd ld¾hlaIuùu yd myiqùu - 02 -
 úIh ms<sn| mq¨,a ±kqula ,eîu yd th m%dfhda.slj mka;s - 01 06
ldurfha Ndú; lsÍu
 wOHdmkfha bÈß .uka u. y÷kd .ekSu - - 02
wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh bf.kqfuka ,o w;a±lSï .=re isiqkag bf.kqï

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § úúOdldrfhka m%fhdackj;a ù we;s neõ ,o m%;spdr wkqj
meyeÈ,s úKs' tys § isiq wdl¾IKh ,nñka id¾:l j bf.kqï b.ekaùï lghq;= lsÍu"
úúO bf.kqï l%u Ndú; lr mdvï bÈßm;a lsÍu" ksjerÈ j mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" jdr
igyka yd mdvï igyka ,sùu hk lreKq uQ,sl;ajh f.k ;sìKs ^4'60 jk j.=j&'
4'61 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
 iudc úoHd úIh ±kqu 04 02 04
 isiqka mka;s ldurh ;=< iudcdkqfhdackh jk whqre 04 02 07
 mdi, yd m%cdj iy wjg mßirh ms<sn| lreKq wjfndaOh 10 06 06
 isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu y\qkd .ekSu 07 14 06
 ukd .=re isiq in|;d we;s lr .ekSu 02 01 04
 isiq .eg¨ yd iudc .eg¨ ms<sn| ±kqu ,eîu 04 06 03
 mdi,a iudch yd mdi,a ixialD;sh ms<sn| lreKq bf.kSu 02 02 02
 wúêu;a yd úêu;a iuQy ms<sn| bf.kSu 02 01
 úúO iudc tall iu. lghq;= lsÍfï § iïnkaO;d mj;ajd - 02 05
.kakd wdldrh
 YsIH úúO;ajh f;areï .ekSu yd Bg WÑ; jk mßÈ b.ekaùu - 02 02
 iudc ñ;sl mÍlaIK lsÍug w;a±lSï ,eîu - 01 -
 iudc mka;sh yd Tjqkaf.a iudc ixialD;sh tajdfha Ôj;a jk - 02 06
ñksiqka ms<sn| bf.kSu
 isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu wkqj Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu fjkia - - 18
nj
 úIh u.ska iudch ms<sn| úúO me;slv Tiafia bf.kSu - - 05
 iudc p¾hdjkag wkqj mdi, yd m%cdj .efgk whqr - - 03
 isiqkaf.a rxpq ,eÈhdj$ lKavdhï yeisÍu - 02 03
 YsIHhd yd .=rejrhd hk N+ñld iudch ;=< yiqrejk wdldrh - - 06
 iudch yd iudc ms<sn| .eUqre ±kqula ,eîu - - 05
 mka;s ldurh iudc me;slvla nj ±k .ekSu - - 02
114 | P a g e
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh bf.kSfuka isiqka ,o w;a±lSï w;r isiqkaf.a
iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu y÷kd .ekSu" mdi, yd m%cdj iy wjg mßirh ms<sn| lreKq
wjfndaOh" isiqka mka;s ldurh ;=< iudcdkqfhdackh jk whqre" iudc úoHd úIh ±kqu"
isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu wkqj Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu fjkia nj hk lreKq uQ,sl úKs
^4'61 jk j.=j&'
4'62 jk j.=j( wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh m%fhdackj;a jQ wdldrh
 isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól miqìu" yd Tjqkaf.a iudc mka;sh " 14 15 10
iudc ixialD;sh yd fyd¢ka b.ekaùu y÷kd .ekSu yd ta
wkqj lghq;= lsÍu
 yqol,d isiqka y\qkdf.k Woõ lsÍu 03 02 05
 isiqka iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu 03 02 02
 iudc ;re Èß .kajñka iudc lkueÈßhka 02 - -
iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu
 ukdj mßmd,khg yd mdi,g wkq.; ùu 02 01 05
 YsIH úúO;ajh wkqj bf.kqï ld¾hh ie,iqï lsÍu ta wkqj 05 02 06
fyd¢ka b.ekaùu
 isiqkag iudch ms<sn| lshd § Tjqka wk;=rej,ska j,lajd 03 - -
.ekSu
 ukd m%cd in|;d meje;aùu 02 05 11
 isiq .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd tajd ksrdlrKh lsÍu 01 02 07
 ukd mka;s ldur l<ukdlrKh - 01 01
 ukd f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùu yd isiqka - 05 07
Wkkaÿ lsÍu
 úêu;a yd wúêu;a iuQy ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh - 02 -
 ,o ±kqu iudc ixj¾Okh i|yd Ndú; lsÍug yelsùu - - 02
 .=rejreka yd foudmshka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu - - 07
 isiqkag iudkd;au;djfhka ie,lSu - - 04
 lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, § ksis mßÈ isiqka yeisrùu - - 02
 .=re f.!rjh /flk f,i mdi, yd iudch ;=< yeisÍu - - 02
iudc úoHd úIh w;a±lSï úúO f,i .=re isiqkag m%fhdackj;a j ;sìKs' tys §
isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól miqìu Tjqkaf.a iudc mka;sh" iudc ixialD;sh y\qkd .ekSu
yd ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍu" ukd m%cd in|;d meje;aùu" YsIH úúO;ajh wkq j bf.kqï
ld¾hh ie,iqï lsÍu yd ta wkqj fyd¢ka b.ekaùu" ,sùu hk lreKq m%uqL;ajh f.k
;sìKs ^4'62 jk j.=j&'
4'8 úoHdmSG mdGud,dj yodrkq ,nk ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug

4'8'1 YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh Wfoid YslaIK,dNSkaf.a
bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu o ;SsrKd;aul idOlhla fõ' th uekSu i|yd
.=re isiqkaf.a m%Yakdj,sfhka lafIa;% myla wdjrKh jk fia m%Yak ke.sKs' ,o m%;spdr
my; ±lafjk fldgia my hgf;a úYaf,aIKh lr w¾: ±laúKs'
115 | P a g e
I' jdr igyka ,sùu
II' mdvï ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
III' m%;HfõlaIKh
IV' iumoia: mdvï ksÍlaIKh
V. WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs; fiajh
I' වාr igyka ,súu

YslaIK,dNSka i;= bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu uekSu i|yd jdr igyka
,sùu wjYH o keoao hkak YslaIK,dNS m%Yakdj,sfhka m%Yak flßKs' ,o o;a; fla;kh
lr 4'63 jk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flf¾' o;a; úYaf,aIKh tla tla úIhhg iqúfYaIS j
fjka j wxY y;rla hgf;a bÈßm;a flf¾'
4'63 jk j.=j( jdr igyka ,sùu
wkq ks¾Kdhl m%;spdr
wxlh
01 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh myiq lr .ekSu 3 2

úIh ks¾foaYh ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lsÍu 17 23 19
ndysr lghq;= iuඟ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%udkql+,j 6 13 10
l%shd;aul l< yelsùu
2 jdrhg wjYH NdKav yd WmlrK iy .=Kd;aul fhojqï 2 6 -
ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu
tla tla mdvug wod< wu;r lreKq tl;= lr .ekSu 2 2 -
02 ld, l<ukdlrKh
ksis mßÈ ld, l<ukdlrKh 13 13 32
ksshñ; Èkg mdvï b.ekaùu myiq ùu 1 3 7
ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=, wdjrKh l< hq;= úIh tall .Kklg 16 16 -
b,lalhla ,eîu
ld,h wkqj mdvï tallhla l=vd fldgiaj,g fjka lr .ekSu 5 14 -
03 ie,iqï lsÍu
jdrhla ;=, ie,iqulska hq;=j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh 28 26 46
l%shd;aul l< yels ùu
ukd fmr iQodku - 5 4
04 we.hSu
we.hSï ksis f,i ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul l< yelsùu 3 4 9
wjYH ke; 5 2 2
.Ks;h úIhfha § .=re isiqka myla yer b;sß ksheÈfha ish¨ u isiqka jdr
igyka ,sùfï wjYH;dj yd iïnkaO lreKq u;= lr ;snqKs' tajd bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh" ld, l<ukdlrKh" ie,iqï lsÍu yd we.hSu hk wxY y;r hgf;a ±laúKs'
,o m%;spdrj,ska 28la f,i nyq;r m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhlh jQfha jdrhla ;=< ie,iqulska
hq;=j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" l%shd;aul l< yelsùu h' bka miqj ms<sfj,ska jeä
m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha úIh ks¾foaYh ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lsÍu ^17&' ksYaÑ;
116 | P a g e
ld,hla ;=, wdjrKh l< hq;= úIh tall .Kklg b,lalhla ,eîu ^16&" ksis mßÈ
ld, l<ukdlrKh ^13&' ndysr lghq;= iuඟ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%udkql+,j
l%shd;aul l< yelsùu ^6&" ld,h wkqj mdvï tallhla l=vd fldgiaj,g fjka lr
.ekSu ^5& úKs' .=re isiqka mia fofkl= muKla mdvï igyka ,sùu wjYH fkdjk nj
muKla olajd ;snQ w;r Bg fya;= olajd fkd;sìKs ^4'63 jk j.=j&'
úoHdj úIhfha § nyq;r m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhlh jQfha jdrhla ;=< ie,iqulska
hq;= j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%shd;aul l< yelsùu h ^26&' bka miqj ms<sfj,ska
úIh ks¾foaYh ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lsÍu ^23&" ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< wdjrKh l< hq;=
úIh tall .Kklg b,lalhla ,eîu ^16&" ld,h wkqj mdvï tallhla l=vd
fldgiaj,g fjka lr .ekSu ^14&" ksis mßÈ ld, l<ukdlrKh ^13& ndysr lghq;=
iuඟ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%udkql+,j l%shd;aul l< yelsùu ^6&" ukd fmr
iQodku ^5& hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd jeäu m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs ^4'63jk j.=j&'
bx.%Sis úIhfha § o jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha Wla; úIh foflys § u
jeäu m%;spdrh ,o ks¾Kdhlh ùu úfYaIhls' ta i|yd ,o m%;spdr 46ls' bka miqj
ms<sfj<ska ksis mßÈ ld, l<ukdlrKh ^32&' úIh ks¾foaYh ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lsÍu
^19&" ndysr lghq;= iuඟ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%udkql+,j l%shd;aul l< yelsùu
^10&" we.hSï ksis f,i ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul l< yels ùu ^9&" ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=<
wdjrKh l< hq;= úIh tall .Kklg b,lalhla ,eîu ^8&" kshñ; Èkg mdvï
b.ekaùu myiqùu ^7& hk ks¾Kdhl by< m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl úh ^4'63jk j.=j&'
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § .Ks;h úIhfhka mia fofkla o"
úoHdj yd bx.%Sis úIhj,ska fofokl= ne.ska y;r fofkla o yer b;sßh jdr igyka
,sùfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' úIh ;=fka § u jdrhla ;=< ie,eiaulska hq;j
=
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh l%shd;aul l< yels ùu hk ks¾Kdhlh i|yd by<
m%;spdr ,nd §u úfYaIhls' lrk ld¾hh ie,eiaulg wkqj lsÍfuka .=Kd;aulNdjh
j¾Okh jk nj .=re isiqka uekúka f;areï f.k ;sîu hkak tys .uH w¾:h fõ'
ukd ld, l<ukdlrKfhka hq;= j ld¾hh bgq lsÍug fuu.ska msájy,la ,efnk
nj;a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh myiq lrùu;a ñka ,efnk m%;s,dN nj nyq;r .=re
isiqka wjfndaO lr f.k we;s nj ,o m%;spdr u; meyeÈ,s jk lreKls'
II' mdvï ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
b.ekaùug fmr iQodkula f,i mdvï ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
wjYH o keoao hkak ms<sn| m%Yak ke.sKs' ,o m%;spdr 4'64jk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flf¾'
bÈßm;a l< o;a;j,g wod< úYaf,aIKh wxY y;rla hgf;a úIh ;=kg iqúfYaIS j
fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a flßKs'
117 | P a g e
4'64 jk j.=j( mdvï ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
wxlh
id¾:l f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr;ùu 5 6 10

úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu 10 14 9
ksjerÈj isiqkag myiqfjka ixl,am .%yKh jk whqre;a 7 7 9
b.ekaùu
^mdvu úúO;ajfhka hq;=j ie,iqï lsÍfuka& bf.kqï M, ,nd 18 14 14
fok whqr ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu
mdvu uq, isg w. olajd fyd| .,dhdula iys;j îr, nfõ 5 4 8
isg ixlS¾K;ajh olajd& b.ekaùu
ta ta mdvï iqÿiq l%ufõo Tiafia b.ekaùu 3 2 8
isiqka m%S;su;a j l%shdldÍ j mdvug iïnkaO ùu$m%S;su;a 6 9 11
bf.kqï wjia:d iïmdokh
l%shdldrlï ixúOdkh lr .ekSu 1 7 10
mQ¾j iQodkula iys; j mka;s ldurhg f.dia b.ekaùu 19 21 33
02 ld, l<ukdlrKh yd fmr iQodku
kshñ; ld,ÉfPaoh ;=, mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu 11 14 33
kshñ; Èkg kshñ; jdrhg wod< mdvï fldgia ksu lsÍug 4 9 8
yelsùu
jdrhg wkqj mdvug wjYH$WmlrK iQodkï lr .ekSu 4 13 -
03 .=re fm!reIh yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh we;s lr .ekSu 2 1 1
.=rejrhd ±kqfuka ikakoaO mqoa.,hl= f,i mka;s ldurhg 3 1 -
hdu
wd;au úYajdifhka hq;=j b.ekaùu 1 1 6
04 we.hSu 5
ksis we.hqï l%u ilia lr l%shd;aul lsÍu 1 4 1
wjYH fkdfõ 3 5 -
.Ks;h úIhfha § mdvï ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| isiq

nyq;rhlf.ka woyia M, úKs' tys § jeäu m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha mQ¾j iQodkula
iys; j mka;s ldurhg f.dia b.ekaùu ^19&" bf.kqï M, ,nd fok whqre ms<sn| ukd
wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu ^18&" kshñ; ld, mßÉfPaoh ;=< mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu ^11&" úIh
wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu ^10&" ksjerÈj isiqkag myiqfjka
ixl,am .%yKh jk whqßka b.ekaùu ^7&" isiqka m%S;su;a j l%shdldÍ j mdvug iïnkaO
ùu ^6&" mdvï uq, isg w. olajd fyd| .,dhdula iys; j b.ekaùu ^5&" id¾:l f,i
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùu ^5& úh ^4'64jk j.=j&'
úoHdj úIhfha § jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha mQ¾j iQodkula iys;j
mka;s ldurhg f.dia b.ekaùu ^21&" úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mQ¾K wjfndaOhlska
b.ekaùu ^14&" bf.kqï M, ,nd fok whqre ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu ^14&"
kshñ; ld,ÉfPaoh ;=< mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu ^14&" jdrhg wkqj mdvug wjYH øjH$
WmlrK iQodkï lr .ekSu ^13&" jdrhg wod< mdvï fldgia ksu lsÍug yelsùu ^9&"
isiqka l%shdldÍj mdvug iïnkaO ùu ^9& úKs ^4'64jk j.=j&'
118 | P a g e
bx.%Sis úIhfha § mdvï ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| .=re isiqka u;=
l< nyq;r m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha mQ¾j iQodkula iys; j mka;s ldurhg f.dia
b.ekaùu ^33&" kshñ; ld,ÉfPaoh ;=< mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu ^33&" bf.kqï M, ,ndfok
whqre ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu ^14&" isiqka m%S;su;a j l%shdldÍ j mdvug
iïnkaO ùu ^11&" id¾:l f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr;ùu ^10&" úIh
wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mQq¾K wjfndaOhlska b.ekaùu ^9&" ksjerÈ j isiqkag myiqfjka
ixl,am .%yKh jk whqßka b.ekaùu ^9& úKs ^4'46jk j.=j&'
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| ie,lSfï § YsIH nyq;rhla mdvï
ie,iqï$l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lsÍfï wjYH;dj u;=lr ;snqKs' nyq;r m%;spdr u;
úIh ;=fka § u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh i|yd mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu
jeo.;a ù we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' ld,h l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu i|yd fmr iQodku
wjYH nj .=re isiqka úiska u;= lr ;snqKs' .=re fm!reIh yd jD;A;Sh ixj¾Okh iy
we.hSu i|yd o mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu wjYH nj wju .=re YsIH msßila olajd ;snqKs'
fya;= rys; j mdvï igyka ,sùu wjYH fkdjk njg .Ks;h isiqka ;sfofkla o úoHdj
isiqka mia fofkl= o woyia olajd ;sîu iqúfYaI;ajhls'
III' m%;HfõlaIKh
iEu mdvula u l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq m%;HfõlaIKh lsÍu wjYH o keoao
hkak ms<sn| j .=re isiqka m%;spdr olajd ;snqKs' úIh ;=kg u wod< j ,o m%;spdr
ks¾Kdhl wgla hgf;a 4'65jk j.=fõ ±lafõ' Bg wod< úYaf,aIKh úIh ;=k u mdol
lr bÈßm;a flßKs'
4'65 jk j.=j( m%;HfõlaIKh
wxlh
01 ;ud w;ska jQ wvqmdvq" w;miqùï" ÿ¾j,;d .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu 36 32 49

yd tajd u. yrjd .ekSu
02 .=rejrhdf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh ^yelshd" YlH;d" iu.ska& 17 13 16
03 mka;s ldurfha isiqkaf.a yeisÍï rgd m%n,;d" .eg¨" ÿn,;d 8 15 22
y÷kd .ekSu$<uhd y÷kd .ekSu
04 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lr 11 7 13
.ekSu
05 bf.kqfï § ld,h yd iïm;a ukdj ie,iqulska hq;=j 7 13 20
l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu
06 .eg¨ ksrdlrKh u.ska M,odhS bf.kqula lrd hdu 9 19 7
07 m¾fhaIK lsÍu 1 - 2
08 l< ld¾h ms<sn| ;lafiarej$iajhx we.hSu 1 11 4
09 wjYH fkdfõ - 4 1
.Ks;h" úoHdj yd bx.%Sis úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § kshe|sfha nyq;r
YsIH msßila ^mia fofkl= yer& id¾:l bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla i|yd fmr
iQodkula f,i m%;HfõlaIKfha jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lr ;sîu iqúfYaI;ajhls' úIh
;=kg u wod< j tys§ jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhlh jQfha ;ud w;ska wvqmdvq w;miqùï
119 | P a g e
ÿ¾j,;d .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSuhs' ^.Ks;h 36" úoHdj 32" bx.%Sis 49&' bkamiqj ms<sfj,ska
.=rejrhdf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh" mka;s ldurfha isiqkaf.a yeisÍï rgd" m%n,;d" .eg¨"
ÿn,;d y÷kd .ekSu"<uhd y÷kd .ekSu" bf.kqfï § ld,h yd iïm;a ukdj
ie,iqulska hq;=j l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh u.ska M,odhS bf.kqula
lrd hdu" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu úh' ;ud l<
ld¾hh ms<sn| wdmiq yeÍ ne,Su .=Kd;aul bf.kqula lrd hdfï Okd;aul ;;a;ajh
.=re isiqka nyq;rhla wjfndaO lr .ekSu Okd;aul m%jK;djls' m%;HdfõlaIK wjYH
fkdjk njg fya;= rys; j úoHd .=re isiqka y;r fofkl= o bx.%Sis tla YsIHhl= o
olajd ;sîu úu¾Ykh úh hq;= lreKls'
IV' iumoia:hskaf.a ^peers& mdvï ksÍlaIKh

Iumoia:hskaf.a mdvï ksÍlaIKfhka m%fhdackhla ;sfío hkak ms<sn| j
úuiSfï § .=re isiqkaf.ka ,o m%;spdr 4'66 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ' m%;spdr wxY yhla hgf;a
úIh ;=kg wod< j olajd we;'
4'66 jk j.=j( iumoia:hskaf.a mdvï ksÍlaIKfhka we;sjk m%;s,dN
wxlh
01 ;u YlH;d$m%n,;d y÷kd .ekSu$.=re fm!reI ixj¾Okh
ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wxY y÷kd .ksñka ixj¾Okhg wjia:dj ,eîu 6 8 22

w;a±lSï f.dkqlr .ekSug wjia:dj ,eîu ^mka;s md,kh" wjOdkh 5 5 1
r|jd .ekSu" mka;s ldurhg WÑ; p¾hdj" mka;s l<ukdlrKh
wkq úIh b.ekaùug wod< w;a±lSï ,nd.; yelsùu 2 - -
wka wh ;=, mj;sk YlH;d wm ;=< j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjia:dj - - 1

,eîu
wka whf.a ÿ¾j,;d$.eg¨ y÷kd.; yelsùu$l=i,;d y÷kd .; - 2 6
yelsùu ^tajd ;u ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSu&
.=re fm!reI ixj¾Okh - - 1
02 ;u ÿn,;d$.eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu yd .eg¨ ksrdlrKh
;u ÿ¾j,;d$wvqmdvq f;areï .ekSug ,eîu 28 22 31
w;miqùï u. yrjd .ekSug iydhla ,eîu 2
úIh wdY%s; .eg¨ y÷kd .; yelsùu 1
03 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh
W.kajk wjia:dfõ isiq yeisÍï ksÍlaIKh 1 1
wdo¾Y ,nd .; yelsùu 2 1 6
mka;s ldurfha § u;=jk .eg¨ i|yd úl,am l%u $jvd;a .e,fmk 1 1 2
l%u y÷kd .; yelsùu
wka isiqka Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKsl l%u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîu 7
04 kfjda;amdol u; mokï jQ wOHdmkh
mdvï wdY%s; ks¾udKd;aul m%fõY y÷kd .; yelsùu 2 1 3
Tjqka ;=< we;s úfYaI b.ekaùï l%u yd ks¾udKd;aul l%ufõo ;u 1 2
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSug fhdod .ekSu
kj$úúO bf.kqï m%fõY$l%u y÷kd .; yelsùu 19 28 24
jvd;a fhda.H bf.kqï l%u$m%fõY f;dard .ekSug yelshdj ,eîu 1 3 1
;ud ms<sn| iajhx we.hSula l< yelsùu 8 5
05 ie,iqï lsÍu iy ld,h yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
mdvï ie,iqï ksÍlaIKh lsÍug yd mdvï ie,iqï ixj¾Okhg 3 1 4
wjia:dj ,eîu
iSudjdiS ld,h id¾:l lr .ekSug iydhla ùu 1 - -
120 | P a g e
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;hg iydhla ,eîu 2 2 1
mQ¾j iQodkug iydhla ,eîu - 1 1
06 wka;¾ mqoa., in|;d j¾Okh yd tlsfkldg Woõ lr .ekSu
.=re isiq wka;¾ in|;d f;areï .ekSug yelsùu - - 1
wka whf.a mdvï ixj¾Okhg wjYH fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu 2 2 8
ñ;%YS,S f,i ixj¾Okd;aul woyia .; yelsùu 6 8 22
woyia$w;a±lSï yqjudrejg îdlÉPd u.ska& wjia:dj ,eîu 6 18 11
.Ks;h úIhfha § jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha ;u ÿ¾j,;d$ wvqmdvq

f;areï .ekSug ,eîu ^28&" kj$úúO bf.kqï m%fõY$l%u y÷kd .; yels ùu ^19&" ;ud
ms<sn| iajhx we.hSula l< yelsùu ^8&" ñ;%YS,S f,i ixj¾Okd;aul woyia .; yelsùu
^6&" woyia$w;a±lSï yqjudrejg wjia:dj ,eîu ^6&" w;a±lSï f.dkqlr .ekSug wjia:dj
,eîu ^5& úKs ^4'66 jk j.=j&'
úoHdj úIhfha § jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha kj$úúO bf.kqï l%u$
m%fõY y÷kd .ekSu ^28&" ;u ÿ¾j,;d wvqmdvq f;areï .; yels ùu ^22&" woyia$ w;a±lSï
yqjudrejg wjia:dj ,eîu ^18&" ñ;%YS,S f,i ixj¾Okd;aul woyia .; yels ùu ^8&"
ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wxY y÷kd .ksñka ixj¾Okhg wjia:dj ,eîu ^8&" w;a±lSï
f.dkqlr .ekSug wjia:dj ,eîu ^5&" ;ud ms<sn| iajhx we.hSula l< yelsùu ^5& úh
^4'66 jk j.=j&'
;u ÿ¾j,;d wvqmdvq f;areï .ekSug ,eîu ^31&" ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wxY y÷kd
.ksñka úúO$kj bf.kqï m%fõY$l%u y÷kd .; yels ùu ^24&' ixj¾Okhg wjia:dj
,eîu ^22&" ñ;%YS,S f,i ixj¾Okd;aul woyia .; yelsùu ^22&" woyia$w;a±lSï
yqjudrejg wjia:dj ,eîu ^11&" wka whf.a mdvï ixj¾Okhg wjYH fhdackd bÈßm;a
lsÍug yelsùu ^8&" wka isiqka Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKsl l%u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîu ^7&"
wdo¾Y ,nd .; yelsùu ^6&" wka whf.a ÿ¾j,;d$.eg¨ y÷kd .; yelsùu ^6&" hk
ks¾Kdhl bx.%Sis úIhfha § by< m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl úh ^ 4'66 jk j.=j&'
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ie,lSfï § m<uq j yd fojkqj jeä u m%;spdr ,o
ks¾Kdhl fol jQfha ;u ÿ¾j,;d f;areï .ekSu yd kj$úúO bf.kqï m%fõY$l%u
y÷kd .ekSu úKs' wk;=rej úIh ;=fka § u jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl iudk ùu
o úfYaIhls' tajd kï ;ud ms<sn| iajhx we.hSula l< yelsùu" ñ;%YS,S f,i
ixj¾Okd;aul woyia .; yelsùu" woyia$w;a±lSï yqjudrejg wjia:dj ,eîu w;a±lSï
f.dkqlr .ekSug wjia:dj ,eîu úh' wk;=rej wfkl=;a úIh folg idfmalaI j
bx.%Sis úIhfha § wka whf.a mdvï ixj¾Okhg wjYH fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug yelsùu"
wka isiqka Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKsl l%u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eîu" wka whf.a ÿ¾j,;d
.eg¨ y÷kd .; yelsùu" wdo¾Y ,nd .; yelsùu hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd o jeämqr
m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu o úfYaIhls' fuys § úIh ;=fka § u .=re isiqka ;u ÿ¾j,;d f;areï
.ksñka kj bf.kqï l%u y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy .ekSu Okd;aul m%jK;djls'
iyfhda.fhka wka wh yd tl;= ù ±kqu fndod .ekSu yd kj ±kqu fidhd hdu yd ;ud
ms<sn| $;u ld¾hh ms<sn| iajhx ;lafiarej ^m%;HfõlaIKh& hk bf.kqï,dNSka i;=
úh hq;= .=Kd;aul ,laIK .=re isiqka ;=< olakg ,eîu úfYaI;ajhls'
121 | P a g e
V mdi,a WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs; fiajh
bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § bf.kqï,dNSka WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs;
fiajh ms<sn| .=re isiqkaf.ka ,o m%;spdr úIh ;=kg wod< j wxY myla hgf;a 4'67
jk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flßKs' Bg wod< úYaf,aIKh úIh ;=kg wkqj iqúfYaIS j fjka
j bÈßm;a flßKs'
4'67 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § .=re isiqka mdi,a WmdOHjrhdf.ka

wfmalaIs; fiajh
wxlh
01 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s ixj¾Okh
mdvuï ie,iqï ksÍlaIKh yd ixj¾Okhg wjYH woyia ,nd§u 4 9 13
mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd § ixj¾Okhg 23 32 42

wjYH u. fmkaùu
úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug fhda.H$wod< Wmfoia 1 - -
,nd§u
wjYH;dj wkqj úIhhg wod< ±kqu ,nd§u$,nd .ekSug iydh 9 15 5
ùu
b.ekaùï l%u Ys,am ixj¾Okhg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd§u 11 8 6
kj b.ekaùï l%u ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍu 4 2 -
fm< fmd;a" mdvï tall wdY%s; .eg¨ iy.; ;eka ms<sn| 1 1 -
wjfndaOh ,nd §u
iyk ld,ÉfPao ,nd§u md,kh - 1 -
mdvï ie,iqï wkqu; lsÍu 1 - -
02 .=re N+ñldjg wkq.; ùug u. fmkaùu yd Wmia;ïNkh
Èßu;a lsÍu" w.h lsÍu - 4 7
kj w;a±lSï yd wNsfhda. ,nd §u - 2 2
ksis u. fmkaùu - 10 18
isiq úkh iïnkaOfhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu$úkh mj;ajd .ekSug - - 5
iydh ùu
m¾fhaIK yd jHdmD;s i|yd wjYH u. fmkaùu yd iydh ,nd§u 5 5 8
wjYH Wmfoia §u$ud¾f.damfoaYh iemhSu 1 10 1
mdi,a mßmd,kh yd iïnkaO lsÍu - - 2
mdif,a ld¾hhkays § kdhl;ajh ,nd§u$±kqj;a lsÍu$w;a±lSï 3 2 4
,eîug fhduq lsÍu
mdi,$mdi,a ixialD;sh y÷kd .ekSug iydh ùu 5 1 5
hdj;ald,Sk f;dr;=re ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu - 1 -
wNHdi,dNshd ksjdvq Èkj, wod< ld,ÉfPao wdjrKh lsÍu - 2 -
j.lSï mejÍu - 1 -
03 wka;¾ in|;d ixj¾Okh
mdi, yd úoHdmSGh w;r wka;¾ in|;dj mj;ajd .ekSu 2 - 4
04 .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg iydh ùu
wNHdi,dNshl= f,i mdif,a § t,a,jk wNsfhda. yd ,nd.; 6 4 8
yels w;a±lSï ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu yd w;a±lSï yqjudrej
.=re isiqkag mdif,a § u;=jk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka úi÷ï ,nd 12 15 10
.ekSug iydh ùu
wNHdi,dNshdg mdi,a ld,h ;=, t,a,jk wNsfhda. fjkqfjka 2 - 2
fmkS isàu
05 iylïmkfhka hq;=j l%shd lsÍu
wjYH udkisl ksoyi ,nd§u" wkjYH md,kfhka f;drùu yd - - 2
f.!rjh ,nd§u
ish¨ iSudjdislhkag iu f,i iyfhda.h ,nd §u - - 2
122 | P a g e
.Ks;h úIhfha § WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs; fiajh ms<sn| jeäu m%;spdr ,o
ks¾Kdhl jQfha mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd § ixj¾Okhg wjYH
uඟ fmkaùu ^23&" .=re isiqkag mdif,a § u;=jk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka úi÷ï ,nd .ekSug
iydh ùu ^12&" b.ekaùï l%u Ys,am ixj¾Okhg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd§u ^11&" wjYH;d
wkqj úIhhg wod< ±kqu ,nd§u ^9&" wNHdi,dNshl= f,i mdif,a § t,a, jk wNsfhda.
yd ,eìh yels w;a±lSï ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu ^6&" m¾fhaIK yd jHdmD;sj, § wjYH uඟ
fmkaùu yd iydh ,nd§u ^5&" mdi,a ixialD;sh y÷kd .ekSug iydhùu ^5& úKs ^4'67jk
j.=j&'
úoHdj úIhfha §" mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd §
ixj¾Okhg wjYH uඟ fmkaùu ^32&" wjYH;dj wkqj úIhhg wod< ±kqu ,nd§u ^15&"
.=re isiqkag mdif,a § u;=jk .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka úi÷ï ,nd .ekSug iydh ùu ^15&"
ksis uඟ fmkaùu ^10&" wjYH Wmfoia §u ^10&" mdvï ie,iqï ksÍlaIKh yd ixj¾Okhg
wjYH woyia ,nd§u ^9&" b.ekaùï l%u Ys,am ixj¾Okhg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd §u ^8&"
hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd .=re isiqkaf.ka by< m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs ^4'67jk j.=j&'
bx.%Sis úIhfha § WmdOHjrhdf.ka wfmalaIs; fiajfha uQ,sldx. f,i jeä u
m%;spdr ,enqfõ" mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd § ixj¾Okhg wjYH
uඟ fmkaùu ^42&" wjYH Wmfoia §u ^22&" ksis u. fmkaùu ^18&" mdvï ie,iqï
ksÍlaIKh yd ixj¾Okhg wjYH woyia ,nd§u ^13&" .=re isiqkag mdif,a § u;=jk
.eg¨ iïnkaOfhka úi÷ï ,nd .ekSug iydh ùu ^10&" wNHdi,dNshl= f,i mdif,a
§ t,a,jk wNsfhda. yd ,nd .; yels w;a±lSï ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu yd w;a±lSï yqjudrej
^8&" m¾fhaIK yd jHdmD;sj, § wjYH u. fmkaùu yd iydh ,nd §u ^8& hk ks¾Kdhl
i|yd h ^4'67jk j.=j&'
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § mdvï ksÍlaIKh lr m%n,;d yd
ÿn,;d fmkajd § ixj¾Okhg wjYH uඟ fmkaùu hk ks¾Kdhlh i|yd úIh ;=fkka
u by< u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' WmdOHjrhdf.ka bf.kqï,dNshdg w;HjYH u fiajh
th nj Tjqka jgydf.k ;sîu jeo.;a lreKls' wk;=rej úIh ;=fka § u ,o m%;spdr
tlsfklg fjkia jqjo Tjqka ish¨ foku wfmalaIs; uQ,sl fmdÿ ldrKd jQfha ksis uඟ
fmkaùu" wjYH Wmfoia §u" mdvï ie,iqï ksÍlaIKh lr wjYH iydh ,nd §u"
wjYH;dj u; úIhg wod< ±kqu ,nd .ekSug iydh ùu" mdif,a § t,a,jk wNsfhda.
ch .ekSug iydh ,eîu" yd w;a±lSï yqjudrej iy m¾fhaIK yd jHdmD;s i|yd wjYH
iydh ,nd .ekSu úKs' kj ±kqu fidhd hñka ;ud ;=< we;s wvqmdvq ksjerÈ lr .ekSu
b,lal lr .;a wdl,amj,ska hqla;j .=re bf.kqï,dNSka lghq;= lsÍu ixj¾Okd;aul
;;a;ajhls' tys§ Tjqkag wjYH ksjerÈ u. fmkaùu" WmfoaYd;aul bf.kqu Tjqkag
,nd §u" ksjerÈ Wmfoia wkqms<sfj, ,nd Èu" úfYaIfhka Ndú; udOHfhka bf.kSug
wjYH Wmldrh ,nd§u wjYH;djls'
123 | P a g e
4'8'2 YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmk{ m%;spdr
úoHdmSG YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| .=re
wOHdmk{hskaf.aa ixcdkk my; ±lafjk m%Odk wxY ;=k hgf;a /ia flßKs'
4'8'2'1' wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku
iy iajhx fm<Uqu
4'8'2'2' iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqï- b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha § olajk iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
4'8'2'3' YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug W!K iQodku iy W!K iajhx fm<Uqu wju
lsÍu i|yd fhdackd
Wla; wxY ;=kg wod< lreKq my; ±lafjk mßÈ úYaf,aIKh flßKs'
4'8'2'1' wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd

iajhx fm<Uqu
wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqug iïnkaO .=re wOHdmk{hskaf.aa ixcdkk
 wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg idlaIs$WodyrK
 wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSSka bf.kqug olajk W!K
iQodku yd W!K iajhx fm<Uqug idlaIs$WodyrK
f,i Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul jYfhka me;slv folla Tiafia úuik ,È' ,o o;a;
my; ±lafjk mßÈ úYaf,aIKh lrk ,È'
 wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk iQodku iy
iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
Wla; lreKg wod<j .=re wOHdmk{hskaf.ka ,o m%;spdr ta ta úIhhg iqúfYAIS
j my; ±laúKs'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhh bf.kqug YslaIK,dNSkaf.a we;s iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï
iy.; njg idlaIs 4'68 jk j.=fõ olajd we;'
124 | P a g e
4'68 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug olajk
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï - Okd;aul ,laIK
wxlh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
 mejreï wod< ld,h ;=< lsÍu$ksis f,i lsÍu yd bf.kqug Wkkaÿj 07
 mejreï i|yd ndysr f;dr;=re fiùu 02
 l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùu 02
 úIh ndysr l%shdldrlïj,g we;s leue;a; 01
 jev igyka i|yd Wkkaÿfjka iyNd.S ùu 01
 b.ekaùï mqyqKqj i|yd olajk Wkkaÿj yd iQodku 03
 kshñ; fõ,djg mka;s ldur bf.kqï lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu 01
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § lÓldpd¾hjrekag iyfhda.h ±laùu 01
 lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùu 02
 mqia;ld, mßyrKh 03
YsIH p¾hdj
 l,g fõ,djg jev lsÍu 04
 iajhx wOHhkhg fhduq ùu yd Bg wod< f;dr;=re fiùfï § u;=jk 02
.eg¿ ms<sn| úuid ne,Su
wdl,am$YslaIKh
 bf.kqug we;s Wkkaÿj 03
m¾fhaIK
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ùu 01
wNHka;r wOHhk ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug we;s iQodku iy

iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg wod< idlaIs$Okd;aul ,laIK úuid ne,Sfï § th wxY
y;rla hgf;a ^bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" YsIH p¾hdj" wdl,am" m¾fhaIK& ±laúKs'
,o m%;spdr u; y;la jYfhka by< u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqfKa mejreï wod< ld,h ;=<
ksu lsÍu$ksis f,i ksu lsÍu hk ks¾Kdhlhg h' wk;=rej ms<sfj,ska l,g fõ,djg
jev lsÍu ^4&" mqia;ld, mßyrKh ^3&" bf.kqug we;s Wkkaÿj ^3& iy b.ekaùï mqyqKqj
i|yd olajk Wkkaÿj yd iQodku ^3& hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd jeäu .=re wOHdmk{
m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKj, ksr;ùu i|yd o m%;spdrhla ,eî ;sîu
YsIH ks¾udKYS,s;ajh wjÈ ùu yd .fõIKd;aul bf.kqu ms<sn| Okd;aul ;;a;ajhls'
 úoHdj úIh
wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § .=re isiqka úoHdj úIhhg olajk bf.kqug iQodku
iy iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg idlaIs u;= oelafõ' ^4'69 jk j.=j&'
4'69 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug

iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
wxlh
 Èkm;d wOHdmk lghq;=j,g iyNd.S ùu$fyd¢ka lemùfuka 09
wOHdmkfhys ksr; ùu
 bf.kqï øjH$WmlrK iQodkï lsÍu" ilia lsÍu ks¾udKh lsÍu yd 05
Ndú; lsÍu
 ks¾udKYS,S j úIh lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu 04
125 | P a g e
 lafIa;% pdßld" úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï" m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 05
hïlsis Wkkaÿjlska lsÍu
 jdr igyka" i;s igyka" mdvï igyka ,shd mQ¾j iQodkfuka mka;shg 03
hdu
 ,nd fok we.hqï WmlrK ksis l,g iïmQ¾K lr ,nd §u 01
 mqia;ld, Ndú;h 01
 m%dfhda.sl .=re mqyqKqjg iQodkï jk úg wka;¾cd,h yryd .=re 02
ud¾f.damfoaY msgm;a ,nd .ekSu
 m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï i|yd Wkkaÿ ùu iy tajd ksYaÑ; ld,h ;=< 02
ksu lsÍu
 úúO iïm;a Ndú; lrñka lreKq .fõIKh lsÍu 01
 mejreï Wkkaÿfjka lsÍu$m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,sùu 03
 wdo¾Y mka;s ldur meje;aùu i|yd jeä Wkkaÿjla ±laùu 03
 úIh lreKq ±k .ekSug olajk Wkkaÿj 01
 m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §fï § jeä m%;spdr ±laùu 01
YsIH p¾hdj
 ukd ixúOdk rgdjlska bf.kqu lr f.k hk isiqka ;=< kj 01
l=i,;d olakg ,eîu
wdl,am$ YslaIKh
 isiqka lÓldpd¾hjrekag .re lsÍu 02
wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § úoHdj úIhh i|yd isiqka olajk bf.kqug iQodku
iy iajhx fm<Uqu - bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka u;= j ;snqKs' Wla; wxYh i|yd
fjka jQ ks¾Kdhl 13ka jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha Èkm;d wOHdmk lghq;=j,g
iyNd.S ùu$fyd¢ka lemùfuka wOHdmkfhys ksr; ùu ^9&" bf.kqï øjH iQodkï lsÍu"
ilia lsÍu ks¾udKh lsÍu yd Ndú; lsÍu ^5&" lafIa;% pdßld" úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï hïlsis Wkkaÿjlska lsÍu ^5&" ks¾udKYS,S j úIh lreKq bÈßm;a
lsÍu ^4&" jdr igyka ,shd mQ¾j iQodkfuka mka;shg hdu ^3& iy wdo¾Y mka;s ldur
meje;aùu i|yd jeä Wkkaÿjla ±laùu ^3& h' YsIH p¾hdj iy wdl,am$YslaIKh hk
wxY fol i|yd wvq m%;spdr m%udKhla ,eî ;snqKs ^4'69& jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
Wla; úIhhg wod< j isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqug wod<
o;a; 4'70 jk j.=fõ olajd we;'
4'70 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug
iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
wxlh
 wëlaIl lÓldpd¾hjrhd iu. ukd in|;djla mj;ajd .ksñka ;u m%n,;d yd
ÿn,;d yªkd.ksñka bf.kqfï fh§u$.eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu 09
 ksis fõ,djg mka;s ldurhg meñK Wkkaÿfjka bf.kqfï ksr; 13
ùu$foaYkj,g ijka §u
 foaYkj, § ksrka;r m%Yak weiSu yd wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re §u 06
 bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h 01
 l%uj;a j mdvï igyka ,sùu 01
 miq jev lsÍu 02
126 | P a g e
 m%fndaOu;a j yd l%shdYS,S j yd ie,iqï iy.; j mdvug iïnkaO ù bf.kqu 03
 mejreï ksis l,g ksu lsÍu yd wNHka;r mÍlaIKj,g fyd¢ka ,sùu 14
 mqia;ld, mßyrKh 08
 Wiia fm< úIh yd úoHdmSG úIh iudk wh blaukska l%shdYS,S j iajhx 03
fm<Uqulska bf.kqug wkq.; ùu
 bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fyd¢ka iQodkï ùu 01
 Wkkaÿfjka l%shdldrlï lsÍu 01
 úIh ks¾foaYfha ud;Dld ms<sn| fiùu$igyka" úNd. m%Yak m;% /ia lsÍu 04
 m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhd tajd ksjerÈ lrjd .ekSu 01
 wêIaGdkYS,S j mka;s ldurhg meñKSu yd lemùfuka bf.kSu 01
 lKavdhï jev mejrE úg rd;%S ld,fha § ksu lsÍu 01
 igyka fmd;a l%uj;a j ;nd .ekSu 04
YsIH p¾hdj
 wka;¾cd,fhka f;dr;=re fiùu 03
 .Ks; .eg¨j, § iujhia ldKav iydh me;Su 02
 ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lr .ekSu 01
 bf.kqug we;s ukd fm<Uqu 01
 wu;r lshùu 01
 NdId.dr mßyrKh 03
m¾fhaIK –
 m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqug fhduq ùu 01
wdl,am$ YslaIKh –
 .=rejrhd tk;=re u. n,d isàu 02
Wla; j.=jg wkqj úoHdj úIhfha § m%Odk wxY ;=fkka ^bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh"
YsIH p¾hdj" m¾fhaIK& jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqfKa ^ks¾Kdhl 15lska& bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd h' tys jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl ms<sfj,ska mejreï ksis
l,g ksu lsÍu yd wNHka;r mÍlaIKj,g fyd¢ka ,sùu ^14&" ksis fõ,djg mka;s
ldurhg meñK Wkkaÿfjka bf.kqfï ksr; ùu$foaYkj,g ijka §u ^13&" wëlaIl
lÓldpd¾hjrhd iu. ukd in|;djla mj;ajd f.k" ;u m%n,;d ÿn,;d y÷kd.ksñka
bf.kqfï fh§u" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu ^9&" foaYkj, § ksrka;r m%Yak weiSu
yd wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;r
= e iemhSu ^6&" úIh ks¾foaYfha ud;Dld ms<sn| fiùu$igyka"
úNd. m%Yak m;% /ia lsÍu ^4& úKs' ks¾Kdhl yhla Tiafia YsIH p¾hdj i|yd o jeä
Okd;aul m%;spdr m%udKhla ,eî ;snqKs' jeä m%;spdrj,g wod< ks¾Kdhl jQfha
mqia;ld, mßyrKh ^8&" wka;¾cd,fhka f;dr;=re fiùu ^3& iy NdId.dr mßyrKh
^3& úh'
isiqkaf.a Okd;aul wdl,am$YslaIKh ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § .=rejrhd tk;=re
u. n,d isàu fjkqfjka tla wju m%;spdrhla ,eî ;sîu o iqúfYaI;ajhls'
m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqu i|yd o tla m%;spdrhla ,eî ;sîu .=re YsIHhdf.a me;af;ka
n,k l< Okd;aul m%jK;djls'
Wla; lreKq idlÉPdj u; isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu
ms<sn| iuia;h ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sfï §" fmdÿ ;;a;ajh jkafka úIh ;=fkka u bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg wod< ks¾Kdhl i|yd jeä m%;spdr ,eî we;s njh' tys § bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< bx.%Sis ^15& úoHdj ^13& úIhj,g idfmalaI j .Ks;h úIh ^9&
i|yd wvq m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' úIh ;=fkys u jeä m%;spdr ,o fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl jQfha
127 | P a g e
Èkm;d Wkkaÿfjka mka;s ldurhg f.dia bf.kSug h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s fha
jeä u m%;spdr ,o wfkl=;a ks¾Kdhl tlsfkl úIhfha § fjkia iajNdjhla .eksKs'
WodyrK f,i .Ks;h úIhfha § l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùu ^2&" lKavdhï
l%shdldrlïj, ksr;ùu ^2&" mejreï i|yd ndysr f;dr;=re fiùu ^2& hk ks¾Kdhl
by< m%;spdr ,noa§" úoHdj úIh i|yd bf.kqï WmlrK Ndú;h ^5&" lafIa;% pdßld
úIh iu.dó yd m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï Wkkaÿfjka lsÍu ^5&" ks¾udKYS,S j úIh
lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu ^4&" jdr igyka mdvï igyka ,shd mQ¾j iQodkfuka mka;s ldurhg
hdu ^3&" wdo¾Y mka;s ldur meje;aùu i|yd Wkkaÿj ^3& hk ks¾Kdhl jeä u m%;spdr
,o ks¾Kdhl úKs' bx.%Sis úIhfha § fuu ;;a;ajh iïmQ¾Kfhka fjkia úKs' tys §
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hgf;a tk wëlaIljrhd iu. ukd in|;djla mj;ajd
.ksñka bf.kqu ^9&" foaYkj, § ksr;=re m%Yak weiSu ^6&" úIh ks¾foaYfha ud;Dld
ms<sn| fiùu ^4&" igyka fmd;a l%uj;a j" mj;ajd f.k hdu m%fndaOu;a j" l%shdYS,S j
yd ie,iqï iy.; j mdvug iïnkaO ù bf.kqu ^3& ^4& hk ks¾Kdhl jeä u m%;spdr
,nd ;snqKs' úIhj, mj;sk iqúfYaIs;d óg fya;= úh yels h' wfkl=;a úIh folg
idfmalaI j fuu wxYfha § jeämqr m%;spdr ,eîu yd ,o m%;spdr ^WodyrK" wêIaGdkYS,S
j mka;s ldurhg meñKSu yd lemùfuka bf.kSu" lKavdhï jev mejrE úg rd;%S
ld,fha § ksu lsÍu" bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd fyd¢ka iQodkï ùu" m%Yk
a j,g ms<s;=re imhd
tajd ksjerÈ lrjd .ekSu& bx.%Sis úIhfha úúO me;s Tiafia me;sr f.dia ;sîu
úfYaI;ajhls' bf.kqug wjeis isiqkaf.a Okd;aul YsIH p¾hdj ms<sn| j o fuys §
m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs'
tys iuia;h f,i ne,Sfï § fmdÿ ,laIKh jQfha úIh ;=fkys u isiqka
mqia;ld, mßyrKh lsÍu úh' ta i|yd úIh ;=kg u jeä m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu
úfYaI;ajhla úKs' wOHdmkh mQ¾K;ajh lrd meñKSug kï lshùu Ôú; mqreoaola úh
hq;= nj isiqka jgyd f.k ;snQ njg th idlaIshls'
wfkl=;a úIh folg idfmalaI j bx.%Sis úIh i|yd ,o m%;spdrj, úIhhg wod<
iqúfYaIS m%;spdr o úKs ^Wod( NdId.dr mßyrKh" .Ks; .eg¨j, § fuu jhia
ldKavj, iydh me;Su&' bf.kqu i|yd hym;a YslaIKh$ wdl,am wjeis fõ' fuu
wxYh i|yd úIh ;=kg u tla m%;spdrhla ne.ska úIh ;=k i|yd" m%;spdr ;=kla ,eî
;snqKs'
.Ks;fha § th bf.kqug we;s Wkkaÿj jQ w;r úoHdj úIhfha §
lÓldpd¾hjrekag .re lsÍu úKs' bx.%Sis úIhfha § th .=rejrhd tk;=re u. n,d
isàu jYfhka fjkia úKs' úoHdj úIhfha § yer .Ks;h yd bx.%Sis úIhj, §
l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK bf.kqug yd tajdfha ksr; ùu ms<sn| tla m%;spdrh ne.ska m%;spdr
folla ,eî ;sîu o úfYaI;ajhls' ,o m%;spdr wju jqj o m¾fhaIK u; mokï j
.fõIKd;aul bf.kqug isiqka olajk Wkkaÿj wOHdmkh ms<sn| Okd;aul t<Uquls'
128 | P a g e
 wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk W!k iQodku
iy W!k iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs$WodyrK
Wla; lreKg wod<j .=re wOHdmk{ m%Yakdj,shg ,o m%;spdr .Ks;h" úoHdj"
bx.%Sis úIh ;=kg iqúfYaIS j my; oelafõ'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhh yodrk isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!K
njg wod< idlaIs$WodyrK 4'71 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'71 jk j.=j ( YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg
idlaIs$ WodyrK
wxlh
 úIh bf.kqfï § Wkkaÿjla fkd±laùu 01
 h,a mek .sh l%ufõo Ndú;h 01
 ICT wka;¾cd, yd kj l%ufõo Ndú;fha ysඟlu 02
 kshñ; fõ,djg mejreï iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu$ksis l,g Ndr 05
fkd§u$ks;r isysm;a lsÍug isÿùu
 m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï mqyqKq ld, iSudj, § fm< fmd;g muKla 01
iSud ù lghq;= lsÍu
 mka;s ldurfha WodiSk j isàu 03
 mqia;ld,fhka úIhhg wod< fmd;a .ekSug jvd kjl:d fmd;a 03
ne,Su
 iajhx wOHhkh i|yd fhduq l< lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu mejiQ úg 02
idrj;a lreKq bÈßm;a fkdùu
 fmr isÿ lrk ,o mdvï .ek úuiSfï § ksjerÈ ms<s;=re ,nd 04
fkd§u$mdvï lsÍfï ^kej; lshùfï& ixialD;sfhka neyer ùu
 ks¾udKYS,s;ajh wvq ùu 01
 fjk;a m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj,g olajk wvq leue;a; 03
 b.ekaùï wdOdrl Ndú;fha we;s ÿ¾j,;d yd fkdleue;a; 03
02 YsIH p¾hdj
 WoEik /iaùug kshñ; fõ,djg fkdmeñKSu 01
 ksjdvq ,nd .ekSug jeä m%jK;djla oelaùu 01
 ksjdvq ,nd .sh wjia:dj, § kshñ; Èkg úoHdmSGhg jd¾;d 01
fkdlsÍu
 j.lSï mejrE úg ieye,a¨fjka th uඟ yeÍu 01
 wu;r ±kqu u|lu 01
 ;u b.ekaùï jmißh ;=< YsIHhd wksjd¾hfhka .Ks;h iSudjdiS 01
ld,hg fmr m¾fhaIKd;aul j yodrk ,laIK olakg
fkdue;sùu
03 wdl,am$YslaIKh
 .=re jD;a;Sh i|yd we;s wlue;a; 03
.Ks;h úIh bf.kqug isiqka olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k ùug n,mE
lreKq 4'71 jk j.=fõ wxY ;=kla hgf;a ±laúKs ^bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" YsIH
p¾hdj" wdl,am$YslaIKh&' ks¾Kdhl 15la f,i jeämqr u iDK .=re m%;spdr ,o wxYh
jQfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shhs' kshñ; fõ,djg mejreï iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu$ ksis
l,g Ndr fkd§u$ ks;r isysm;a lsÍug isÿùu ^5&" fmr isÿ lrk ,o mdvï .ek
úuiSfï § ksjerÈ ms<s;r
= e ,nd fkd§u$ mdvï lsÍfï ixialD;sfhka neyer ùu ^4&
129 | P a g e
mqia;ld,fhka úIhhg wod< fmd;a .ekSug jvd kjl:d fmd;a .ekSu yd lshùu ^3&"
mka;s ldurfha WodiSk j isàu ^2&" ICTwka;¾cd, yd kj l%ufõo Ndú;fha ysඟlu
^2&" fjk;a m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj,g olajk wvq leue;a; ^2& iy b.ekaùï wdOdrl
Ndú;fha we;s ÿ¾j,;d yd fkdleue;a; ^2& hk ks¾Kdhl jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl
úKs'
isiqkaf.a iDK YsIH p¾hdj ks¾Kdhl yhla Tiafia ±lajqKq w;r tla tla
ks¾Kdhlh i|yd m%;spdr tl ne.ska ,eî ;snqKs' tys § ld, l<ukdlrKhg wkqj
jev fkdlsÍu" ksjdvq .ekSfï jeä m%jK;dj fia u ksjdvq ,nd .s h úg kshñ; Èkg
fkdmeñKSu" j.lSï uඟ yeÍu yd ks¾udKd;aul nfõ W!k;d lemS fmkqKs' YsIH
wdl,am foi ne,Sfï § .=re jD;a;shg we;s fkdleue;a; o m%o¾Ykh úKs'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhhg wod< j isiqkaf.a W!k iQodku yd W!k iajhx fm<Uqug wod<
idlaIs 4'72 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'72 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd

iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
wxlh
 kshñ; Èkg we.hSï$mejreï Ndr fkd§u 10
 ,nd fok we.hSï iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § ks¾udKYS,S njla fkdue;sùu 03
 bf.kqï wdOdrl ;ekSug ue,slula ±laùu 05
 úoHd;aul l%uh jeks bf.kqï l%u fhdod .ekSug Wkkaÿ fkdùu 01
 úNd. flakaøSh j ±kqu muKla flakaø lr bf.kqï isÿ lsÍu u; 03
we;s jk isiq fkdleue;a; yd w,i nj
 mdvug WÑ; f,i ie,iqï fkdùu o ^ks¾udKYS,S l%shdldrlï" 04
iSñ; ùu$úia;rd;aul j fkd,sùu&
 .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;h ÿ¾j, ùu 03
 ldKav bf.kqï b.ekaùï wjia:d i|yd WÑ; f,i iQodkï fkdùu" 01
wëlaIKfha § ksÍlaIKh ùu
 we.hSï WmlrK ilia lsÍfï ÿ¾j,;d m%Yak rgd isiqkag .eg¨jla 01
ùu yd ta ksid Tjqka WodiSk ùu
 isiqkaf.a olaI;d$úNjH;d wvqùu 01
 ikaksfõok ÿ¾j,;d yd uQ,sl ±kqu m%udKj;a fkdùu 01
 wu;r ±kqu fidhd .ekSug fhduq fkdùu 02
 YslaIK,dNSkaf.a mqia;ld, mßyrKh iSñ; ùu 04
 m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK ,ehsia;=j isiqkag ,nd § ;sìh§;a" kshñ; 01
mÍlaIKh l=ula±hs fkd±k lsisÿ iQodkulska f;drj m%dfhda.sl
mÍlaIK ieisj,g iyNd.S ùu
02 YsIH p¾hdj
 mjrk ,o ld¾h i|yd iQodkï ùug l,a.; ùu$ j.lSï ksis f,i 03
bgq fkdlsÍu
 ksjig .sh miq fmdfrdkaÿ jQ Èkg wdmiq fkdmeñKSu 02
 jeä mqr ksjdvq ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu 01
 m;aùu ,eîu iaÓr ksid bf.kqug iQodku wvqùu 02
 ;dlaIK Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fkdùu 03
03 myiqlï
130 | P a g e
 wka;¾cd, myiqlï fkdue;slu ksid iuyr f;dr;=re ,nd 02
.ekSug fkdyelsùu
 wjYH myiqlï yd wdydr uoùu 02
04 wdl,am$YslaIKh
 mka;s ldurh ;=< ;sfnk YsIH p¾hd bka msg; § fjkiaùu 02
 Ydia;%Sh wOHhkj, § olajk ±ä WodiSk njg fya;=j f,i úNd. 03
i|yd ,nd ÿka m%Yakj,g bf.kqulska f;drj ms<s;=re iemhsh yels
njg isiq mrmqfrka mrmqrg woyia yd jerÈ wdl,am yqjudre fjñka
mej;Su
 ìhiq¿ njla m%o¾Ykh lsÍu$ku fkdlSfjd;a bÈßm;a fkdùu 03
úoHdj úIfha § 14la f,i jeäu iDK m%;spdr bf.kqï - b.ekaõï ls%hdj,sfha
ks¾Kdhl 14l ÈiaúK' kshñ; Èkg we.hSï$mejreï Ndr fkd§u ^10&" bf.kqï wdOdrl
;ekSug ue,slula oelaùu ^5&" mdvï ie<iqï kshñ; m%ñ;shlska hq;=j mdvug WÑ;
f,i ie,iqï fkdùu ^ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldrlï iSñ; ùu$úia;rd;aul j fkd,Su&
^4&" YslaIK,dNSkaf.a mqia;ld, mßyrKh iSñ; ùu ^4&" .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;h
ÿ¾j, ùu ^3&" ,nd fok we.hSï iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § ks¾udKYS,S njla fkdue;s ùu ^3&"
úNd. flakaøSh j oekqu u; mokï jQ wOHdmkh ms<sn| we;s isiq fkdlue;a;^3&" tys §
lemS fmksKs'
ks¾Kdhl yhla Tiafia iDK YsIH p¾hdj oelaúK' j.lSï ksis mßÈ bgq
fkdlsßu" wêl ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu yd ksjdvq .sh miq kshñ; Èkg mSGhg jd¾;d
fkdlsÍu" ;dlaIK Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fkdùu" m;aùï ,eîfï ia:r;dj u; bf.kqug
we;s Wkkaÿj wvq ùu yd mka;s ldurfha mj;ajk YsIH p¾hdjg jvd bka msg; § olajk
YsIH p¾hdj fjkia ùu f,i úúO wxY Tiafia iDKd;aul YsIH p¾hd m%o¾Ykh úKs'
myiqlï hgf;a wjYH myiqlï yd wka;¾cd, myiqlï fkdue;slu yd wdydr
uo ùu o isiqkaf.a bf.kqug fm<Tqu yd WDK iQodkug fya;= ù ;sìKs'
YsIH wdl,am$YslaIKh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sfï È úNd.j, § bf.kqulska f;drj
ms<s;=re iemhsh yels njg isiqka w;r mrmqfrka mrmqrg jerÈ wdl,am yqjudre ùu^3&
yd ìh iq¿ nj m%o¾Ykh$n,mEulska f;drj bÈßm;a fkdùu ^3& hk lreKq iDKd;aul
YsIH wdl,am$YslaIK f,i u;= ú ;snqKs'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
4'73 jk j.=j( wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs$ WodyrK
wxlh
 mejreï ksis mßÈ iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu$ kshñ; Èkg Ndr fkd§u 09
 jHdlrK" wlaIr fodaI mejreïj, § ±lsh yels ùu 03
 mqia;ld, mßYS,khg ue,slu$ wu;r lshùu wvqlu 05
 mka;s ldur b.ekaùfï lghq;=j,g mud ù meñKSu 04
 lÓldpd¾h imhk igyka u; muKla hemSug mqreÿ j isàu 02
 foaYk uÕ yeÍu 02
131 | P a g e
 YslaIK,dNSkaf.a Wiia fm< úIh yd úoHdmSG mdGud,dfõ úIh wkqj 02
Tjqka ixcdkkh lrk wdldrh fjkiaùu
 bf.kqï wdOdrl yd mdvï ie,iqï ksis f,i ilia fkdlsÍu 01
 úIh ks¾foaYh wNsfhda.hla fkdùu 01
 jdÑl bÈßm;a lsÍïj,g ue,slu 01
 NdId .eg¨ ksid iajhx wOHhkhg miqng ùu 01
 wjOdkh wvqlu yd weiQ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fkd§u 01
 wjidk mÍlaIKfha §" ms<s;=re m;a we.hSfï § fmd;a mßYS,kh yd 01
igyka lshjd fkdue;s nj wjfndaO ùu
 fmd;am;a fkdf.k tau 01
 igyka ,sùug Wkkaÿ fkdùu$ fndrejg mekaif,ka l=regq .Eu 01
 úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõo taldldÍ 03
ùu ksid isiqka bf.kqug olajk WodiSk nj
 lKavdhï iy hq., jevj, § idlÉPdj,g iyNd.S fkdùu 02
 w¨;a hula tla lsÍug W;aidy fkdfldg fmd;am;aj,ska .;a merKs 01
lreKq muKla bÈßm;a lsÍu
 Èk igyka" oDIHdOdr" m%;HfõlaIK c¾k, ksishdldr j iïmQ¾K 01
fkdlsÍu
 mdGud,dj wdrïNfha § bf.kqug olajk ±ä Wkkaÿj ld,h iu. my 01
ù hdu
 wfkl=;a <uhskaf.a jHdmD;s fldms lr ,sùu 01
02  YsIH p¾hdj
 ks;r ksjdvq ,ndf.k ksjig hdug W;aidy ±Íu yd j.lSï meyer 02
yeÍu
 WodiSk nj ^f;dr;=re fiùug iajhx wOHhkhg we;s wêl ue,snj& 03
 wëlaIl lÓldpd¾hjrhd $jßh u. yeÍu yd Tjqkaf.a Wmfoia ms<s 02
fkdme§u
 wêl fjfyi 01
 l%shdldrlï ÿka úg uqyqfKa fkdreiaik nj 01
 ksfrda.S nj wvqlu$ wdydrj, fmdaIKh uonj 02
 foaYk w;r;=r ksod .ekSu$wEkqï weÍu$oj,a ySk ±lSu$w,i 02
nj$ks¾udKYS,s;ajhla fkdue;s nj
bx.%Sis úIhfha § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wxYfha § ks¾Kdhl 21 f,i

isiqkaf.a bf.kqu yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs u;=úKs' mejreï ksis mßÈ
iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu$ kshñ; Èkg Ndr fkd§u ^9&" mqia;ld, mßYS,khg ue,snj$wu;r
lshùu wvqnj ^5&" mka;s ldur b.ekaùï lghq;=j,g mud ù meñKSu ^4&" úIh
wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõo taldldÍ ùu ksid isiqka
bf.kqug olajk WodiSk nj ^3&" jHdlrK" wlaIr fodaI mejreïj, § ±lsh yels ùu
^3&" foaYk u. yeÍu ^2&" YslaIK,dNSkaf.a Wiia fm< úIh yd úoHdmSG mdGud,dfõ
úIh wkqj Tjqka ixcdkkh lrk wdldrh fjkia ùu lKavdhï yd hq., jevj, §
idlÉPdj,g iyNd.S fkdùu ^2& fuys § olakg ,o nyq;r m%;spdr ,o .eg¨ úKs'
isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu wvqùu i|yd iDKd;aul YsIH
p¾hdj o n,md ;snqKs' fuu wxYh i|yd ks¾Kdhl yhla Tiafia .=re m%;spdr ,eî
;snqKs' WodiSk nj" ks;r ksjdvq ,nd ksjig hdug W;aidy ±Íu yd j.lSï meyer
yeÍu" wëlaIl lÓldp¾hjrhd$jßh u. yeÍu yd Tjqkaf.a Wmfoia fkdms<sme§u"
ksfrda.s nj wvqlu yd wdydrj, fmdaIKh u| nj" iy foaYk w;r;=r ksod .ekSu$
132 | P a g e
wEkqï weÍu$ w,i nj$ ks¾udKYS,S njla fkdue;s ùu ta w;r lemS fmkqKs ^18 jk
j.=j&'
bf.kqug W!k iQodku yd W!k fm<Uqu ms<sn| úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn|
i,ld ne,Sfï § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd jeämqr u iDK m%;spdr ,eî ;sîKs'
tys § jeä u m%;spdr ,o úIh ;=kg u wod< fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl jQfha kshñ; Èkg yd
ksis fõ,djg mejreï$ we.hSï Ndr fkd§u" mqia;ld, mßyrKh iSñ; ùu" mdvï
ie,iqï ksis f,i fkd,su yd bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;fha mj;sk W!K;d yd m%dfhda.sl
l%shdldrlïj,g olajk wlue;a; úKs' jeä u m%;spdr ,o wfkl=;a ks¾Kdhl úIh
wkqj iqúfYaIS úKs' .Ks;h úIhfha § fmr ±kqu úuiSfï § ksjerÈ ms<s;r
= e fkd§u$
mdvï lsÍfï ixialD;sfhka neyer ùu" mka;s ldurh ;=< WodiSk nj" ICT wka;¾cd,"
kj l%ufõo Ndú;fha W!k;d" widf.k isàu nyq, ùu" fm< fmd;g muKla iSud
ùu WodyrK f,i .; yels h' úoHdj úIhfha § úIhg iqúfYaIS j jeä u iDK
m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha ±kqu u; mokï jQ wOHdmkh ms<sn| isiq fkdleue;a; "
wu;r ±kqu fkdfiùu" we.hSï WmlrK ilia lsÍfï ÿ¾j,;d$ m%Yak rgd isiqkag
.eg¿jla ùu yd ta u; Tjqka WodiSk ùu h' bx.%Sis úIhfha §" foaYkj,g mud ù
meñKSu" úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍfï § taldldÍ l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid isiqka
WodiSk ùu" jHdlrK yd wlaIr fodaI foaYk uඟ yeÍu hk ks¾Kdhl úIhg iqúfYaIS
j jeä u iDKd;aul m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl úKs'
YsIH p¾hdj ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § iDKd;aul p¾hd úIh ;=fka § u u;= úKs'
ksjdvq jeämqr .ekSu yd ksjdvq .sh miq kshñ; Èkg fkdmeñKSu" j.lSï meyer yeÍu"
;dlaIK Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fkdùu" WodiSk nj" foaYk w;r;=r ksod .ekSu" l=iS; yd
w,i nj ksfrda.S nj wvqlu iy fmdaIKh u| nj ta w;r m%Odk úKs'
.Ks;h iy úoHdj úIh foflys § isiqka ;=< iDKd;aul wdl,am o olakg
,enqKs' isiqka ksis mßÈ i;=áka wOHdmkfha ksr; fkdùu yd ta ksid u u.
yeÍï$j.lSï meyer yeÍï" wêl ksjdvq .ekSu" WodiSk nj yd l=iS; nj" ;dlaIK
Ndú;fha wvq nj hk ,laIK bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd YsIH p¾hdfjka úoHdudk
fõ' bf.kqu ms<sn| Woõ Wmfoia ,nd §u yd ta u; isiqka fufyhùfï ufkda
úoHd;aul m%fõY wkq.ukh lsÍfï wjYH;dj fuys § u;=fõ'
4'8'2'2 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha

§ olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk
iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha §
olajk iQodku ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk my; ±lafjk mßÈ Okd;aul iy
iDKd;aul jYfhka wxY folla hgf;a i,ld ne,sKs'
 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj iSudjdisl YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg idlaIs$WodyrK
133 | P a g e
 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj iSudjdisl YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!K njg n,mdk idlaIs $WodyrK
,o o;a; úIh ;=kg u wkqj my; ±lafjk mßÈ úYaf,aIKh flßKs'
 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj iSudjdisl YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd

iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg idlaIs
 .Ks;h úIhh
4'74 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd iajhx
fm<Uqu
wxlh
 ukd iQodkulska hq;= j mka;s ldurhg hdu 06
 bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h 05
 mdvug wod< øjH $WmlrK f.k taug isiqka ±kqj;a lr ;sîu 02
 fyd¢ka b.ekaùu 01
 Èkm;d m%;HdfõlaIK lr tajd ,sùu 01
 úoHd.dr Ndú;h 01
 b.ekaùu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h 01
 b;d meyeÈ,s j jdr igyka" mdvï ie,iqï ,shd w;aika lr wkqu; 06
lr f.k ;sîu
02 YsIH p¾hdj
 mdif,a ,l=Kq wvq isiqka i|yd jHdmD;s lsÍu 01
 isiqka bf.kqug fm<Uùu 01
 .=re isiqkaf.a p¾hd ,laIK ms<sn| wëlaIl .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh yd 01
úÿy,am;’ jd¾;d
 wju ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu 01
03 wdl,am
 .=re jD;a;Sh ms<sn| Okd;aul wdl,am mej;Su 01
 mdvï wëlaIKh lrjd .ekSug leue;a;la ±laùu 2
,o .=re m%;spdr u;" .Ks;h úIhh iSudjdisl mqyK

q qfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqug olajk
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| Okd;aul ,laIK bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka
u;= j ;snqKs' ta wkqj tys jeäu m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha ukd iQodkulska hq;= j
mka;s ldurhg hdu ^6&" b;d meyeÈ,s j jdr igyka" mdvï ie,iqï ,shd w;aika lr
wkqu; lr f.k ;sîu ^6&" bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h ^5&" mdvug wod< øjH$ WmlrK
f.k taug isiqka ±kqj;a lr ;sîu ^2&iy mdvï wëlaIKh lrjd .ekSug leue;a;la
±laùu ^2& úh ^4'74 j.=j &'
 úoHdj úIhh
iSudjdiS mqyqKqfõ § úoHdj úIhh yodrk .=re isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs 4'75 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
134 | P a g e
4'75 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku iy
iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs
wxlh
01 bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

 isiqka iQodkulska hq;= j b.ekaùu yd mdvï igyka ,sùu 13
 ks¾udKYS,S oDIHdOdrl Ndú;h 09
 we;eï isiqka WmdOHjrekaf.a ksis uඟ fmkaùu hgf;a fyd| 01
iQodkulska b.ekaùu
 w;a wl=re meyeÈ,sj ,sùu 01
 mdif,a úIh ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s iy úIh iu.dó lghq;=j,g iydh 02
ùu
 we;euqka bf.kqï l%u .ek lÓldpd¾hjreka iuඟ idlÉPd lsÍu 01
 l%udkql+, j mejreï ,sùu 04

02 YsIH p¾hdj
 Èkm;d meñKSu 01
 l,g fõ,djg jev lsÍu 01
 iqyoYS,S nj yd .=re .re;ajh 01
03 m¾fhaIK
 l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK w¾:j;a j lsÍu 10
 jHdmD;s w¾:j;a j lsÍu 02
úoHdj úIhh ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § .=re isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx
fm<Uqug wod< idlaIsj,ska nyq;rh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iy m¾fhaIK hk
wxYj,ska u;= úKs' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ks¾Kdhl y;lska iukaú; jQ w;r
tys jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha isiqka iQodkulska hq;= j b.ekaùu yd mdvï
igyka ,sùu ^13&" ks¾udKYS,S oDIHdOdrl Ndú;h ^9&" l%udkql+,j mejreï ,sùu ^4& iy
mdif,a úIh ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s yd úIh iu.dó lghq;=j,g iydh ùu ^2& úKs' isiqka
iQodkulska hq;=j b.ekaùï yd ks¾udKYS,S j oDIHdOdr Ndú; lsÍu bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha
§ Okd;aul ,laIKhls' fojkqj m¾fhaIK wxYh hgf;a tk l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK
w¾:j;aj lsÍu ^10& jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhlh úh' .=re isiqka w¾:j;a j m¾fhaIK
lsÍu yd Bg fm<öu wOHdmksl jYfhka i;=gqodhl fuka u iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls ^4'75
jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< .=re m%;spdr 4'76 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
135 | P a g e
4'76 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku iy
iajhx fm<Uqug wod< idlaIs
wxlh
 ukdj ie,iqula u; mdvï igyka" jdr igyka ^m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,h" 13
fm!oa.,sl ,sms f.dkq we;=¿ j& ;lafiarelrK igyka ,sùu yd
mj;ajdf.k hdu
 bf.kqï wdOdrl ukdj ie,iqï lr ilia lr ;sîu yd Ndú;h 07
 Wkkaÿfjka iy iQodkñka hq;= j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùu 10
 mdif,a úÿy,am;s yd .=rejreka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu iy 04
mdif,a ish¨ lghq;=j,g ^;rඟdj,s we;=¿ j& l%shdldÍ j odhl;ajh
iemhSu
 WmOHd ,jd Èkm;d mdvï igyka w;aika lr .ekSu 01
 isiqkaf.a wNHdi fmd;a ms<sfj,g ,l=Kq lsÍu yd isiqka w.h lsÍu 02
 .eg¿ ksrdlrKh i|yd ksr;=re wëlaIl lÓldpd¾hjrhdf.a Wmfoia 4
me;Su
02 YsIH p¾hdj
 jeäÿr bf.kqug we;s leue;a; 01
 m%uqLdpd¾h iuඟ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu 01
 mSGfha foaYk" úfYaI jev igyka i|yd Wkkaÿfjka iyNd.S ùu 01
 mjrk ld¾hhka ksis f,i kshñ; ld,hg bgq lsÍu 02
 mdif,a yd bka msg; iqyo;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu 01
 ks¾udKYS,S nj 02
wLKav mdi,a meñKSu 05

03 m¾fhaIK
 jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIKj, ksr;=re Wkkaÿfjka ksr; ùu 14
4'76 jk j.=j wkqj bx.%Sis úIhfha § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqug
wod< nyq;r idlaIsh ,enqfKa m¾fhaIK wxYh hgf;a jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIKj, ksr;
ùu hk ks¾Kdhlh i|yd h' tys § ,o m%;spdr .Kk 14la úKs' th iqúfYaIS
;;a;ajhls' wk;=rej jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhlh jQfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
hgf;a tk ukd ie,iqula u; mdvï igyka" jdr igyka" ;lafiarelrK igyka ,sùu
yd mj;ajd f.k hdu ^13& " Wkkaÿfjka iy iQodkñka hq;= j bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùu ^10&" mdif,a úÿy,am;s yd .=rejreka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lrñka ish¨ lghq;=j,g l%shdldÍ j odhl;ajh iemhSu ^4&" iy .eg¨ ksrdlrKh
i|yd ksr;=re wëlaIl lÓldpd¾hjrhdf.a Wmfoia me;Su úKs' bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,shg ks¾Kdhl y;la Tiafia m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKq w;r tys§ wju m%;spdr ,o
ks¾Kdhl fol jQfha isiq wNHdi fmd;a ms<sfj,g ,l=Kq lsÍu yd isiqka w.h lsÍu ^2&
iy WmdOH ,jd Èkm;d mdvï igyka w;aika lr .ekSu úh' YsIH p¾hdj hgf;a
wLKav j mdi,a meñKSu i|yd jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' bx.%Sis úIhfhys wxY ;=kg
u jeä ks¾Kdhl m%udKhla ^15& hgf;a by< m%;p
s dr ,eîfuka .uH jkafka bf.kqug
iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uùu by< uÜgul mj;sk njh'
136 | P a g e
iSudjdisl mqyqKqfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï
iy.; nj ms<sn| úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh i|yd jeä u m%;spdr ,eî ;sìKs' tys § ukd ie,iqula u; jdr igyka yd
mdvï igyka ,sùu ukd iQodkulska hq;= j mka;s ldurhg f.dia b.ekaùu" ks¾udKYS,S
j ieliQ bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h" hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd úIh ;=fka § u by< m%;spdr
,eìKs' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï we;=¿ mdif,a lghq;= i|yd l%shdldÍ j odhl;ajh
iemhSu hk ks¾Kdhlh i|yd úoHdj iy bx.%Sis hk úIh foflys § by< m%;spdr ,eî
;snqKs' ta yer bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hgf;a wd b;sß ks¾Kdhl ta ta úIhhg
iqúfYaIS tajd úKs' YsIH p¾hdj hgf;a .Ks;h" úoHdj úIh i|yd tlsfklg fjka jQ
ks¾Kdhl yhla i|yd ms<sfj,ska tl ne.ska m%;p
s dr yhla ,eìKs' bx.%Si s úIhfha §
YsIH p¾hdj hgf;a ks¾Kdhl 7lska m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' ta hgf;a" wLKav mdi,a
meñKSu ^5&' ks¾udKYS,s nj ^2&" mjrk ld¾h ksis f,i bgq lsÍu ^2& hk ks¾Kdhl
i|yd wfkla úIh folg idfmalaI j by< m%;spdr ,eîu iqúfYaI;ajhls' úoHdj iy
bx.%Sis úIhj, § m¾fhaIK wxYh i|yd o by< m%;spdr ,eî ;sîu o iqúfYaIS ;;a;ajhls'
úoHdj úIhfha § l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK w¾:j;a j lsÍu fjkqfjka m%;spdr 10la
o jHdmD;s lsÍu fjkqfjka m%;spdr folla o ,eî ;snqKs' bx.%Sis úIhfha § th 14 olajd
by< f.dia ;sîu Okd;aul ;;a;ajhls' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkh ms<sn| ,o o;a; u;
fmdÿfõ .;a l< .Ks;h iy úoHdj úIhj,g idfmalaI j bx.%Sis úIhfha § isiqkaf.a
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu by< uÜgul mj;sk njg idlaIs u;= úKs'
 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj iSudjdisl YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd

iajhx fm<Uqu W!K njg n,mdk idlaIs $WodyrK
 .Ks;h úIhh
4'77 jk j.=j( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNS bf.kqug olajk iQodku
iy iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs- .Ks;h úIhh
wkq wxlh ks¾Kdhl m%;spdr
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh 03
 mdvï igyka fkd,sùu 04
bf.kqï wdOdrl ilia fkdlsÍu 03
 Wmldrl mka;s lsÍu 05
 wëlaIK Èkhg muKla ksis mßÈ iQodkï j meñKSu 01
 bx.%Sis NdIdj ms<sn| .eg¨ mej;Su 01
 iSudjdiS mqyqKqj ,nk mdif,a .eg¨ mej;Su 02
 laIKsl bf.kqï wdOdrl iQodkï lsÍula olakg ,eîu
 bx.%Sis udOH isiqka úIh b.ekaùfï § meñKsh hq;= ia:dkh ms<sn| 01
lÓldpd¾hjrhd fmr ±kqj;a fkdlsÍu
 mka;sfha isiqka md,kh lsÍu wmyiq ùu 01
 WmdOHjrhd ,jd mdvï igyka lr fkd.ekSu yd mdvï wëlaIKh lrjd 01
.ekSug lghq;= fkdlsÍu
wdl,am$YslaIKh
 ±ä w,ilu 02
137 | P a g e
 .=re jD;a;shg we;s wlue;a; 02
m¾fhaIK
 iSudjdiS ld,h ;=< l< hq;= jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIK fhdackd ksis l,g Ndr 02
fkd§u
 m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,h ksis mßÈ mj;ajd f.k fkdhdu 02
fjk;a
 isiqkag fm!oa.,sl .eg¨ mej;Su 01
.Ks; úIhh yodrk isiqka iSudjdiS mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § bf.kqug olajk iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqu W!K njg idlaIs u;= úKs' tys § jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hgf;a tk ks¾Kdhl jk mdvï igyka fkd,Su ^5&"
wêlaIK Èkhg muKla ksis mßÈ iQodkï j meñKSu ^5&" bf.kqï wdOdrl ilia
fkdlsÍu ^4&" laIKsl j bf.kqï wdOdrl iQodkï lsÍu ^2&' Wmldrl mka;s meje;aùu
^3& h' wdl,am wxYh hgf;a ±ä w,ilu yd .=re jD;a;shg we;s wlue;a; m%o¾Ykh
úKs' m¾fhaIK wxYh hgf;a jHdmD;s yd l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ksis l<g Ndr fkd§u
yd m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,h ksis mßÈ mj;ajd fkd.ekSu wvqmdvq f,i .=rejreka olajd
 úoHdj úIhh
4'78 jk j.=j ( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk
iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs
wxlh
 bf.kqï wdOdrl fhda.H mßÈ fhdod fkd.ekSu 06
 isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S mdvï olakg fkd,eîu 04
 lÓldpd¾hjrhd meñfKk Èkg muKla iQodkï j meñKSu 03
 WmdOHhjreka ,jd mdvï igyka lr fkd.ekSu iy Tjqka ,jd mdvï 02
wëlaIKh lr .ekSug lghq;= fkdlsÍu
 mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjreka úiska isiqkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d m%ldY lsÍu 01
 Wmldrl mka;s lsÍug jeämqr ld,h .; lsÍu 01
 iSudjdisl mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjreka úiska ks;r wëlaIKfha fkdfh§u 01
 iïm%odhsl foaYk l%ufhka muKla b.ekaùu 01
 m%ùK .=rejrekaf.ka Wmfoia f.k jD;a;sh ixj¾Okhg wod< .=re 01
l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug Wkkaÿ fkdùu
 w;a wl=rej, wmeyeÈ,s nj 01
 lÓldpd¾hjrhd - iSudjdiS ieisj,g meñKs úg isiqka$Tyq$weh uqK 01
.eiSfuka je<lSu
 ;dlaIK Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fkdùu 01
 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhg iSud ùu 01
 tall ifudaOdkh lr .ksñka b.ekaùug Wkkaÿ fkdùu 01
 ;sria yd isria ifudaOdkh fkd;sîu 01
 laIKsl mdvï igyka ,sùu yd ta fudfydf;a oDIHdOdr ieliSu 01
 mdi,a mqia;ld,h yd mSG mqia;ld,h mßyrKh fkdlsÍu' 01
 úúO b.ekaùï l%u Ndú; fkdlsÍu 01
 fjk;a .=rejreka isiqkag fpdaokd lsÍu 01
 isiqkag fok m%;sfmdaIK yd ±kqj;a lsÍï wvq nj 01
 jeämqr ksjdvq .ekSu 01
 mdi,aj, iïm;a ysඟh 01
YsIH p¾hdj
138 | P a g e
 iïm%odhsl w,i .=re pß; f,i lghq;= lsÍu 05
 iqyoYS,S nj wd;au Yla;sh yd wd;au úYajdih ySk ùu 01
m¾fhaIK
 jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIK i|yd ;u Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh j¾Okh jk wdldrhg 02
lghq;= fkdlsÍu
 jHdmD;s fhdackd" m¾fhaIK fhdackd ksis l<g Ndr fkd§u 01
úoHdj úIhfha § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd fm<Uùu W!K njg idlaIs

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hgf;a ks¾Kdhl 22lska m%o¾Ykh úKs'
bf.kqï wdOdrl fhda.H mßÈ fhdod fkd.ekSu ^6&" isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S mdvï olakg
fkd,eîu ^4&" lÓldpd¾hjrhd meñfKk Èkg muKla iQodkï j meñKSu ^2&"
WmdOHhdjrhd ,jd mdvï igyka lr fkd.ekSu yd Tjqka ,jd mdvï wëlaIKh lr
fkd.ekSu ^2& hk lreKq tys § lemS fmkqKs' YsIH p¾hdj hgf;a iïm%odhsl w,i
.=re pß; f,i lghq;= lsÍu hk ks¾Kdhl fjkqfjka myla f,i jeä u m%;spdr ,eî
;snqKs' th wOHdmkfha § iDKd;aul ;;a;ajhla f,i lemS fmfka' iqyoYS,S nj yd
wd;au Yla;sh ySkùu o .eg¨jls'
jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIK i|yd Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh wju ùu yd jHdmD;s yd
m¾fhaIK fhdackd ksis l<g Ndr fkd§u isiqkaf.a j.lSfuka f;dr nj ms<sn| idlaIs
f,i lemS fmkqKs ^4'78 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
,o .=re m%;spdr u; bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ú.%yh my;
j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'79 jk j.=j ( iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ § YsIHK,dNSka bf.kqug olajk

iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu W!k njg idlaIs
wxlh
 mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu mdvï igyka Èkm;d fkd,sùu wju uÜgul mej;Su 11
 bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h wju ùu 08
 mdi, ;=< yd msg; isiqka iqyo;dj r|jd .ekSug W;aidy fkdlsÍu 2
 fmd;am;a" mdvï ie,iqï" yd bf.kqï wdOdrl f.k tau ks;r wu;l ùu 3
 jeämqr ksjdvq .ekSu 02
 kj bf.kqï l%u" kj ks¾udK Ndú; fkdùu 03
 iïm%odhsl bf.kqï l%uj,g ks;r fhduq ùu 03
 iSudjdiS wëlaIK Èkhg muKla úfYaI iQodkulska meñK b.ekaùu yd 03
wfkla Èkj,g ie,iqulska f;drj b.ekaùu
 .fõIK" úu¾Ykj,g fhduq fkdùu 01
 fkdie,ls,af,ka b.ekaùu 01
 iumoia:hska iu. idlÉPd$mdvï lsÍug$mdvï ie,iqï lsÍug ld,h 03
fkd;sîu
 lÓldpd¾hjrhd meñfKk Èkg fkdokajd fkdmeñKSu 01
 iumoia: Wmfoia ms<s fkdme§u 02
 fkdmeñKs .=rejrekaf.a jev lsÍug isÿùu 03
 ;sfnk iïm;aj,ska m%fhdack fkd.ekSu 01
139 | P a g e
wdl,am $YslaIKh
 fcHaIaG .=reNj;=ka kjl .=re isiqka ms<sn| olajk iDK wdl,am 02
m¾fhaIK
 jHdmD;s yd l%shd uQ, m¾fhaIKj, fyd¢ka ksr; fkdùu 03
 wka whf.a l%shduQ, m¾fhaIK fldms lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu 01
bx.%Sis úIhfha § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu wju njg jeä
u idlaIs 15la f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka u;= úKs' tys nyq;r m%;spdr ,o
ks¾Kdhl jQfha úêu;a jQ mdvï ie,iqï fkd lsÍu yd mdvï igyka Èkm;d fkd,Su
^11&" bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h wju ùu ^8&" fmd;am;a" ie,iqï" wdOdrl f.k tau ks;r
wu;l ùu ^3&" iïm%odhsl bf.kqï l%uj,g ks;r fhduqùu ^3&" iumoia:hka iu.
idlÉPd" mdvï lsÍug"mdvï ie,iqï lsÍug ld,h fkd;sîu ^3&" fkdmeñKs
.=rejrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug ^3& h' fuys § o wfkla úIhj, § fuka u jHdmD;s
yd l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK w¾:j;a j fkdlsÍu yd wka whf.a m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fldms
lsÍu fuys § o lemS fmkqKs ^4'79 jk j.=j&'
úIh ;=fka iuia;h ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu yd mdvï
igyka ksis f,i fkd,Su" bf.kqï wdOdrl ksis mßÈ Ndú; fkdlsÍu' wëlaIljrhd
meñfKk Èk muKla iQodkï j meñK fyd¢ka b.ekaùu hk ks¾Kdhl i|yd úIh
;=fka§ u by< m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' lrk ld¾hh Wmßufhka lem ù fkdlsÍu"
j.lSfuka f;drùu" jD;a;slNdjhg .re fkdlsÍu yd wd;aud¾:ldó nj hk idOl .=re
fm!reIh ;=<ska jHdx.d¾:fhka m%o¾Ykh ùu wOHdmkh ms<sn| iDKd;aul ;;a;ajhls'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg n,md we;s wfkl=;a idOl ta ta úIhg iqúfYaIS
jQ iDKd;aul ;;a;aj fõ' jHdmD;s yd l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK w¾:j;a j fkdlsÍu" ksis
l<g jd¾;d Ndr fkd§u yd wka whf.a m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fldms lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu o
úIh ;=kg u fmdÿ jQ ;;a;ajhls' th o isiqkaf.a mQ¾K;ajhg meñKSug wjYH;djla
fkdùu ks¾udKYS,S;ajfha wvqjla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' Wla; lreKq idlÉPdj u.ska
idfmalaI j iiod ne,Sfï § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; njg
jvd tys W!k njg idlaIs u;=j ;sìKs'
 YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqfï W!k nj wju lsrSu
i|yd fhdackd
Wla; lreK iïnkaO j ,o .=re m%;spdr tla tla úIhhg wod< j my; ±lafjk
mßÈ bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks; úIhh yodrk isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh
lsÍu i|yd .=re wOHdmk{hska bÈßm;a l< fhdackd 4'80 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
140 | P a g e
4'80 jk j.=j ( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï ixj¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd fhdackd
wxlh
 tla tla úIhh W.kajk úg ta wdY%s; m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï" mejreï 01
Tiafia b.ekaùu
 oDIHdOdr u.ska b.ekaùfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| wdl,am we;s lsÍu 01
 mka;s ldur w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSu i|yd jeä wjia:d ,nd §u 02
 úIh lreKq kj;djfhka b.ekaùu 02
 bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu jeä lsÍu i|yd jev igyka ieliSu 01
 .=re mqyqKqj i|yd ld,h jeä lsÍu 02
we.hSï l%shdj,sh
 tla tla jdrh wjidkfha we.hSï mÍlaIK meje;aùu 04
wëlaIKh
 we.hSï l%shdj,sfha jeä ,l=Kq m%udKhla m%dfhda.sl .=re mqyqKqjg ,nd §u 01
^mejreïj,g jeä nrla fkd§u&
 mdi,lg wëlaIKhg hk úg iEu úgu kshñ; Èkg hdug lghq;= lsÍu 01
 mdi, ;=< isiq ld¾h Ndrh úÿy,am;s yd m%ùKdpd¾h úiska ksrka;rfhka 01
ksÍlaIKh lrñka Tjqkag m%;sfmdaIK ie,iSu
 ndysr we.hSu Yla;su;a lsÍu 08
wdl,am$jD;a;slNdjh ixj¾Okh
 úoHdmSGh ;=< § u ;jÿrg;a isiqka ;=< jD;a;sh ms<sn| hym;a wdl,am we;s 02
lsÍu
 mdi,a isiqkaf.a idudkH uÜgu f;areï .ekSug ÿIalr mdi,aj, ;;a;ajh 01
wjfndaO lr §u
 j.lSï ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu 01
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| hym;a wdl,am f.dv ke.Su 01
myiqlï ie,iSu
 úoHd.dr" .Ks;d.dr" nyqudOH Ndú;h" mr.Kl yd wka;¾cd, myiqlï 08
ie,iSu
isiq yelshd $olaI;d ixj¾Okh
 isiqkaf.a yelshd$olaI;d bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:d ,nd § tu.ska Tjqka 02
Wmia:ïNkh lsÍu
.eg¨ úi£u
 isiq .eg¨ Tjqka iuÕ idlÉPd lr tajd wju lr .ekSu i|yd l%u ieliSu 01
m¾fhaIK
m¾fhaIK i|yd isiqka ÈYdkq.; lsÍu 01
.Ks; úIh yodrk isiqkaf.a bf.kqug W!k iQodku yd W!k iajhx fm<Uqu
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=re wOHdmk{hska wxY wgla Tiafia bÈßm;a lr ;snQ fhdackd
by; jk j.=fõ ±lafõ' bÈßm;a lr we;s fhdackd fuu wxY wg Tiafia úúO me;sj,g
ÈYdkq.; ù we;' tys § jeä u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl ms<sfj,ska myiqlï ie,iSu
^fN!;sl yd WmlrKuh jYfhka& ^8&" tla tla jdrh wjidkfha we.hSï mÍlaIK
meje;aùu ^4&" úoHdmSGfha§ u isiqka ;=< jD;a;Sh ms<sn| hym;a wdl,am we;s lsÍu ^4&"
iy ndysr we.hSu Yla;su;a lsÍu úh'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhh m%Odk úIhh f,i yodrk isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx
fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a jQ fhdackd 4'81 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
141 | P a g e
4'81 jk j.=j( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
fhdackd
wxlh
kfjda;amdol u; mokï jQ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
 iDcq w;a±lSï yd m%dfhda.sl ±kqu jeämqr ,nd .ekSug wjia:d ,nd §u 05

^lafIa;% wOHhk hq., m%dfhda.sl jev&
 .=re mqyqKq ld,h jeä lsÍu 01
 bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu yd Ndú;h jeä lsÍfï jev ms<sfj,la ieliSu 01
 iajhx wOHhkhg wjia:d jeä lsÍu 04
 úoHd ±kqu ixj¾Okh i|yd úIh m%ùKhka yd iïm;aOdÍka iïnkaO lr 01
iïuka;%K yd jevuq¿ meje;aùu
 wka;¾ mSG úoHd ;rÕ meje;aùu 01
 l%shdldÍ bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h 01
 ikaksfõok l%u m%n, lsÍu 01
 m%;sldrd;aul jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu 01
 Wmia;ïNk l%u ie,iqï lsÍu 01
 j¾Id¾O ^Semester) l%uh mSGj,g y÷kajd §u 01
 úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï we;=<;a lsÍu 01
 mSGdêm;s yd wOHhk ld¾h uKav,h uilg jrla bf.kqï m%.;sh ms<sn| 01
idlÉPd lsÍu
 f;dr;=re ;dlaIK úIh i|yd jeä jeo.;alula ,nd§u 01
 isiqka ;=< .=re jD;a;sh ms<sn| Okd;aul wdl,am ixj¾Okh lsÍu 01
 ndysr iïm;aOdÍka fhdojd wdl,am ixj¾Ok jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu 01
 isiqka ;=< iyfhda.h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<j,a Èh;a lsÍu 12
we.hSï l%shdj,sh
 úêu;a we.hSï l%uhla meje;aùu 01
Wod( i mSG w;r lÓldpd¾hjreka yqjudre lr .ksñka we.hSï lsÍu 03
ii m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï jeämqr we.hSug ,la lsÍu
iii YsIH;aj ,nd§u
iv Wmhd .ekSfï l%uhlg wkqj bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõo ie,iqï lsÍu
v fm!reI we.hSï uKav, úoHdmSG w;r yqjudre lr .ekS u
vi isiq ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd §u
 wjika úNd.h iu;aùu i|yd mdGud,dj mqrdjg u iu;ajkq ,nk úúO 02
l%shdldrlïj, odhl;ajh we;=,;a jk mßÈ ,l=Kq l%uhla
 y÷kajd §u 01
 b.ekaùï mqyqKqj i|yd A idud¾:Hhla ,nd §fï § tu ;SrK wëlaIK 01
uKav,hlska .ekSu
 ;ud leu;s ud;Dldjla hgf;a mejreula lsÍug i,id ,l=Kq ,nd§u 03
 f;areï .; yels ud;Dldj, § mqia;ld, yd wka;¾cd, Ndú;fhka muKla 01
mejreï yd bÈßm;a lsÍï lsÍug i,id flaj, j ,l=Kq ,nd §u
wëlaIKh
 uilg jrla WmdOHhjrhd úiska isiqkaf.a iïmQ¾K bf.kqï l%shdj,sh 11
wëlaIKh lr mSGhg jd¾;djla ,nd §u
 mdi,a wëlaIKh i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekag ,nd fok mdi,a ixLHdj iSud 01
lsÍu$wvq lsÍu
 isiqka ;u ffoksl lghq;= ms<sn| jd¾;d lafIa;% fmd;l Èkm;d igyka 01
lsÍu yd mSGh u.ska tajd wëlaIKh lsÍu
 wëlaIK l%shdj,sfha we;s ÿ¾j,;d bj;a lsÍu 01
yelshd olaI;d ixj¾Okh
 olaIhkag by< wjia:d ,nd .ekSfï wjia:d ixj¾Okh lsÍu 01
 isiq olaI;d yd yelshd ixj¾Okhg mdi,ska jeä odhl;ajhla ,nd §u 01
myiqlï ie,iSu
142 | P a g e
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fN!;sl iïm;a jeä 05
ÈhqKq lsÍu ^úoHd.dr" mqia;ld, myiqlï&
 bf.kqu i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug bv i,id §u 09
.eg¨ úi£u ixj¾Okh
 isiq .eg¨ úi£u i|yd mSGh ;=< WmfoaYkh l%shd;aul lsÍu 01
 n|jd .ekSfï § b;d wvq w.hla ,nd .kakd isiq m%;sY;h wvq lsÍu 01
fi!LHu;a" kSfrda.S isiq mrmqrla n|jd .ekSfï jev ms<sfj,la ieliSu
úoHdj úIhfha § wxY y;la wdjrKh jk fia isiq bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu
j¾Okh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lr ;snqKs' úêu;a we.hSï l%uhla meje;aùu ^12&"
uilg jrla WmdOHjrhd úiska isiq bf.kqu wëlaIKh lr mSGhg jd¾;djla ,nd §u
^11&" bf.kqu i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug bv m%ia:d ,nd §u ^9&" fN!;sl
iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ^5& iy iajhx wOHhkhg wjia:d jeä lsÍu ^4& hk fhdackd
tys § nyq;r m%;spdr ,o tajd úKs ^4'81jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha § .=re wOHdmk{hska wxY y;la Tiafia bf.kqug iQodku iy
iajhx fm<Uqu j¾Okh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a úKs' ta w;r nyq;r m%;spdr ,o fhdackd
jQfha ksrka;r wëlaIKh u.ska isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍu ^5&" mdvï wëlaIKh i|yd
lÓldpd¾hjrekag jeä wjia:d ,nd §u ^4&' mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjre iy WmdOHjrhka
iSudjdiS bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd §u ^4& isiqkag wjYH m%udKhg úfõlh
,nd §u ^3&" úIh ks¾foaYhg kj ±kqu we;=,;a lsÍu ^3&" bf.kqï l%u jvd m%dfhda.sl
ùu ^3&" mdi,aj, iyk ld,Éfþo wdjrKh lsÍu iy úIh ndysr lghq;= i|yd .=re
isiqka fhdod fkd.ekSu ^3& hk lreKq úKs ^4'82 jk j.=j&'
143 | P a g e
4'82 jk j.=j( isiqkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
fhdackd

wxlh

 úIh ks¾foaYhg kj ±kqu we;=<;a lsÍu 03
 ÿIalr ixl,am b.ekaùug iqúfYaIS l%ufõo iu.ska b.ekaùfï l%u m%dfhda.sl 03
ùu
 jevuq¿ yd fjk;a l%u u.ska isiqkaf.a ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu 01
 iajhx fm<Uqula iys; isiqkaf.a iydh l%shdldrlï i|yd jeämqr fhdod 01
.ekSu
 ks;sm;d mdi,aj,g hdu fjkqjg mka;s ldur ksÍlaIKh i|yd wyUq f,i 01
Èk fhdod .ekSu
 WmdOHjrhd n,.kajd Tjqkaf.a fiajh wLKavj ,nd .ekSu ^Èß §ukd 01
iys;j&
 lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a fiajh wLKav j ixj¾Okh lsÍu 01
 mdi, yd úoHdmSGh w;r Yla;su;a iïnkaO;djla yd wjfndaOhla iys; j 02
.=re mqyqKqfõ jeo.;alu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd §u
 mejreï" jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu iy Tjqkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh ms<sn| meñKSu 01
igyka lsÍu
 iajhx fm<Uqu wvq isiqka i|yd m%;sld¾h jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu 02
 mdi,aj, iyk ld,Éfþo wdjrKhg yd úIh ndysr lghq;= i|yd iSudjdiS 02
isiqka fhdod fkd.ekSu
 iajhx ks¾udKj,g bv m%ia:d ,nd§u 01
 isiq wjYH;dj,g .e,fmk mßÈ flaj, yd lKavdhï l%shdldrlï ie,iqï 01
lsÍu
 mSGfha fkajdisl jir ;=< § yd mdi,a ;=< § mka;s ldurfha úIhh b.ekaùu 02
ms<sn| j ±ä j wjOdrKh lsÍu
 úIhud,dfõ úIh m%udKh wvq lsÍu yd tajd jvd m%dfhda.sl keUqrejlska 04
ilia lsÍu
 úIh ifudaOdkh u.ska úúO úIh hgf;a tlu lreKq idlÉPd lsÍu wju 01
lsÍu
 ±kg l%shd;aul jk 80% meñKSu úêu;a lsÍu 02
 mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjrekag yd WmdOHjrekag fuu iSudjdiS l%shdj,sh ms<sn| 04
ukd ±kqula ,nd §u
we.hSï l%shdj,sh
 wLKav ;lafiarej u.ska iajhx fm<Uqu wvq isiqka y÷kd .ekSu 01
 we.hqï l%shdj,sh jvd úêu;a lsÍu 02
 ,l=Kq msßkeóu ms<sn| úia;r wvx.= w;afmd;la ,nd§u 01
 wNHka;r we.hSï l%uh fmdÿ we.hSï l%uhla lsÍu 01
wëlaIKh
lÓldpd¾hjrekag iSudjdiS isiqkaf.a m%dfhda.sl mdvï wëlaIKh i|yd jeämqr 4
wjia:d ,nd§u
 ksrka;r wëlaIKh u.ska isiqka Èß .ekaùu 5
 ksrka;r wëlaIKh yd kshdukh mdi,g wod< WmdOHjrhd úiska isÿ lsÍu 1
 mSGdêm;s yd Wm mSGdêm;s úiska iuia; jev igyka kshdukh 1
yd wëlaIKh lsÍu
 .=re jD;a;sh i|yd leu;s$yelshdj we;s wh muKla mSGj,g we;=<;a lr 1
.ekSu
myiqlï iemhSu
 mqia;ld, mßyrKhg wjia:d ie,iSu 1
144 | P a g e
 isiqkag wjYH m%udKhg úfõlh iemhSu 3
 isiqkag ;u ksji wdikak mdi,a ,nd§u 1
.eg¨ úi£u
 wjYH mßidOk uÜgug ,Õd fkdjk isiqkag WmfoaYkh yd 1
ud¾f.damfoaYh ie,iSu2
 WmfoaYkfhka miqj wjYH idOk uÜgu w;alr fkd.kakd isiqkaf.a §ukd 2
w;aysgqùug fyda iSudjdiS ld,h §¾> lr .=re m;aùï ,nd§u m%udo lsÍu
 mSG ;=< udisl /iaùï mj;ajd isiq .eg¨ idlÉPd lsÍug wjia :dj ie,iSu 1
 ksjdvq ,nd .ekSfï fldkafoais úêu;a j l%shd;aul lsÍu 1
 úIh wdY%s; .eg¨ ms<sn| idlÉPd lr tajdg wod< úi÷ï ,nd §u 1
m¾fhaIK
 mSG ;=< W.kajkq ,nk úIh m%udKh iy úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| .=re isiqka 1
iïnkaO lr f.k iólaIKhla lsÍu yd ta wkqj wjYH fjkialï lsÍu
iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § isiqkaf.a bf.kqug we;s iQodku iy fm<Uqu

ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jQ fhdackd .Ks;h úIhfha § wxY wglska o úoHdj iy bx.%Sis
úIhj, § wxY y;lska o bÈßm;a úKs' tys we;s iqúfYaIS;ajh kï fïjd ta ta úIhhg
iqúfYAIS fkdù wOHdmkfha úúO me;s Tiafia osYdk; ù ;sîu h' kfjda;amdol u;
mokï jQ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shl wjYH;dj tys § jvd;a lemS fmksKs' ta i|yd
jeo.;a fhdackdj,shla bÈßm;a ù ;snqKs' Bg idfmalaI j wëlaIKh we.hSu" myiqlï
ie,iSu" .eg¨ úi£u" jD;a;slNdjh ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd m¾fhaIKj,g ÈYdk;s ùfï
wjYH;dj tys § lemS fmksKs'
nyq;r m%;spdr i,ld ne,Sfï § .Ks;h úIhfha § myiqlï ie,iSug;a" úoHdj úIhfha
§ úêu;a we.hSï l%uhla ia:dms; lsÍu yd uilg jrla WmdOHjrhd úiska isiq bf.kqu
wëlaIKh lr mSGhg jd¾;djla heùug;a" bx.%Sis úIhfha § ksrka;r wëlaIKh u.ska
isiqka Èß.ekaùug;a uq,a ;ek ,eî ;sìKs' bf.kqï l%shdj,sh Èßu;a lrñka ta yd iene¢
wfkl=;a wjia:d Èßu;a lsÍfï wjYH;djla mj;sk nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
4'9 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg n,mdk fjk;a idOl
4'9'1' .=re wOHdmk{ m%;spdr
úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd n,mdk ,o fjk;a idOl ms<sn| j
m%Odk lafIa;% folla Tiafia .=re wOHdmk{ m%Yakdj,sfhka o;a; /ia flßKs'
1'1 úoHdmSG bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j úoHdudk jk .eg¨ iy
wNsfhda. ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk
1'2 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd bÈßm;a lrk fhdackd
tla tla úIhhg iqúfYaIS j" Wla; lafIa;%j,g wod< j ,o o;a; u;" o;a; ú.%yh"
úYaf,aIKh yd w¾:l:kh my; ±lafõ'
145 | P a g e
1'1 úoHdmSG bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j úoHdudk jk .eg¨ iy wNsfhda.
ms<sn| .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk
 .Ks;h úIhh
Wla; lreK iïnkaO j .Ks;h b.ekaùfï ksr; .=re wOHdmk{hska ±lajQ
woyia my; ±lafõ ^4'83 jk j.=j&'
4'83 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j mj;sk .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.

wxlh
úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .eg¿

 .Ks; úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu 02
 h,a mek.sh úIhud,dj 02
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh ±kg l%shd;aul jk wdldrh .ek ;Dma;su;a fkdùu 01
 .=rejrekag hdj;ald,Sk wjia:d ysÕlu 01
 mejreï jHdmD;s Tiafia úIh ±kqu ,nd §ug lghq;= fkdlsÍu yd ta i|yd 01
ksYaÑ; ld,hla ,nd fkd§u
 mqia;ld, Ndú;hg m%udKj;a ld,hla fkd,eîu 01
 we;eï úIh bf.kSu i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ysÕh 01
iïm;a yd myiqlï ms<sn| .eg¨
 kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; fkdlsÍu yd th Ndú; lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a myiqlï 01
fkdue;s ùu
 .=re ysÕh yd iïm;a ysÕh 01
mSG iïnkaO .eg¿ ^mßmd,k" rdcH m%;sm;a;sh iy fjk;a&
 mdi,a moaO;sfha lrkq ,nk fjkialï ms<sn| j mSG ±kqj;a fkdùu $m%udo ù 02
±kqj;a ùu
 .Ks; isiqkaf.a fojks úIhh úoHdj jk w;r fï i|yd úIh ks¾foaYfhka 01
iudk ld,hla fjka lr we;' fojk úIh i|yd wvq nr ;eîula isÿ úh
hq;= w;r m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï mqyqKqfõ § 6" 7" 8 mka;s muKla fojk úIh
i|yd ,nd §u
 n|jd .ekSfï l%ufõofha ÿ¾j,;djh ôlaI isiq msßi u.ska .=re mrmqr 01
ixj¾Okh úh hq;= nj wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSu&
 úoHdj mdGud,dj i|yd .Ks;h úIhh wkq úIhf,i l%shd;aul lsÍu o" 02
.Ks;h mdGud,dj i|yd úoHdj úIhh wkq úIh f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu o
wid¾:l ùu ^fuu.ska úIh úfYaI{hska ìys fkdfõ&'
 mSGj, l%shd;aul jk wOHdmk l%shdj,sh m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=rej,ska 02
f;drj úIhud,d iïmdokh lsÍu
 bx.%Sis udOH i|yd isiqka n|jd .ekSfï § bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.k fkd.;a 02
isiqka n|jd .ekSu ksid .eg¿ u;=ùu
.=re .eg¿
 úfYaI{ mqoa.,hskag wjia:d fkd§u 02
 wdpd¾h uKav,hg kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka wdl,am ixj¾Ok 01
jevigyka yd ld,Sk ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍfï jevigyka fkdmeje;aùu
 w;a±lSï wvq wh úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=jg le|jd m%Yak m;% ieliSu yd W;a;r 02
m;% ne,Su
 hdj;ald,Sk wjia:d ysÕlu 02
isiq .eg¿
 ;dlaIKh mdGud,dj yodrk isiqkag .=re mqyqKqj i|yd mdi,a m%udKj;a 01
fkdùu
 fkajdisld.dr .eg¿ 02
 c," úÿ,sh iSud ùu 01
 rEmjdyskS fkdue;slu 01
 .=Kd;aul wdydr fkd,eîu 02
 b;d Wiia .Kfha wdo¾Y mdi,lg f.dia w;a±lSï ,nd fkd§u 01
146 | P a g e
.Ks;h bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j mj;sk .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.
wxY myla hgf;a ±laúKs' ta wkqj fol ne.ska jeä m%;spdr ,o .eg¿ jQfha kùk
;dlaIKh Ndú; fkdlsÍu yd ta i|yd m%udKj;a myiqlï fkd;sîu ^2&" mdi,a
moaO;sfha lrkq ,nk fjkialï ms<sn|j mSG ±kqj;a fkdùu$ m%udo ùu ±kqj;a ùu
^2&"mSGj, l%shd;aul jk wOHdmk l%shdj,sh m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=rej,ska f;drj
úIhud,d iïmdokh lsÍu ^2&' fkajdisld.dr .eg¿ ^2& yd isiqkag .=Kd;aul wdydr
fkd,eîu ^2& úh ^4'83 jk j.=j&' úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO
.eg¿j, § fnfyúka wjOdrKh jQfha úIhud,dj b.ekaùug ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu
yd h,a mek .sh iajNdjh" .fõIKd;aul bf.kqug we;s ndOd iy .=re .eg¿ iïnkaO
j h' mSG mßmd,kh yd m%;sm;a;sh iïnkaO .eg¨ ;;a;aj yhla jQ w;r tys § jeä
wjOdkh fhduq jQfha mdi,a wOHdmkh yd mSG wOHdmkh w;r in|;djla fkdùu"
isiqka n|jd .ekSfï .eg¿ yd m%Odk úIh yd wkq úIh iïnkaO .eg¿ úh' .=re
.eg¿j, § wjia:d ysÕlu m%ùKhkag wjia:d ysÕlu .=re mßmd,kh" ld,Sk ±kqu
hdj;ald,Sk fkdùu" ms<sn| wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' isiq .eg¨ bf.kqu" myiqlï yd
wdydr iïnkaO j b,lal .; ù ;sìKs' myiqlï hgf;a kùk ;dlaIKh yd .=re ysÕh
u;= lr ;sìKs'
 úoHdj úIhh
4'84 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j mj;sk .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.
wxlh
01 úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .eg¨ 04
 h,a mek.sh úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h 01
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIh úêu;a l%ufõohla Tiafia lsÍug Wml%u 02
ie,iqï fkdlsÍu
 mdi,aj,ska .=re mqyqKqj i|yd ,ndfok iydh m%udKj;a fkdùu 01
 foaYmd,k /iaùïj,g mSG .ekSu ksid ie,iqï .; wOHhk lghq;= 01
wod< Èk" ld, jljdkq ;=< l< fkdyelsùu
 úoHd.dr myiqlï Ndú;fha .eg¨ mej;Su 02
 iSudjdiS wëlaIKj,g lÓldpd¾hjrhd hk Èk .=re YsIHhd okakd 02
ksid Tyq tÈkg iQodkï j meñKsh o wfkla Èkj, Wkkaÿfjka f;dr
j jev lsÍu$b.ekaùu
 mqia;ld, Ndú;hg m%udKj;a ld,hla fkd;sîu 02
 úfYaI úIhh i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ys.h 04
 jHdmD;s$m¾fhaIK i|yd ld,h iSñ; ùu 02
 f,dal m%jK;d iu. wkq.; fkdùu 01
 isiqkag meyeÈ,s wruqKq fkdùu 01
 bf.kqug jvd ks;r u isiqka fkajdisld.dr ;=< isàu 03
 úIhud,d fjkialï we;=<q j kj ±kqu ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevuq¿ 02
fkdmeje;aùu
 isiqkaf.a OdrK Yla;sh wvqlu 02
 isiqka wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§u 03
 jevuq¿ yd ieisj,ska ,nd fok kj ±kqu iïmQ¾Kfhka wka whg 01
ikaksfõokh lsÍfï jevuq¿ fkdmeje;aùu
 isiqka wikakka njg m;aj ;sîu ksid u ks¾udKYS,S nj wvqùu 02
 ;dlaIKsl Wml%u Ndú;fha .eg¿
02 iïm;a yd myiqlï ms<sn| .eg¿
147 | P a g e
 wka;¾cd, myiqlï iSñ; ùu 03
 myiqlï iys; úoHd.dr fkd;sîu 01
 myiqlï iys; mqia;ld, fkd;sîu 02
 ksis fõ,djg fm<fmd;a fkd,eîu 01
 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd .ekSfï ÿIalr;d 01
 mdi,aj,g ,nd fok úoHd.dr WmlrK mSGj,g ,nd fkd§u 01
 iïm;a ysඟh yd úoHd.dr Ndú;fha .eg¨ mej;Su 19
 iïm;a ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s uQ,H .eg¿ 01
04 .=rejrhd iïnkaO .eg¨
 mSGj,g iqÿiqlï ,;a wh m;a fkdlsÍu yd wod< ld, igyka ,nd 03
fkd§u
 tlu mSGh ;=< jqjo lÓldpd¾hjre w;r ix.; njla fkdùu 02
 kj úIhud,d fjkialï ms<sn| .=rejre ±kqj;a fkdlsÍu 02
03 mSG iïnkaO .eg¿ ^mßmd,kuh" m%;sm;a;suh iy fjk;a&
 ue;sjrK lghq;= i|yd mSG fhdod .ekSu 01
 mSG w;r ix.; njla fkd;sîu 02
 úoHd mSG ix.%yhg wkqj kS;sÍ;s n,j;a fkdlsÍu 02
ishq .eg¨
 isiqka wd;;sfhka miqìu 01
 úfkdaoùfï wjia:d wvqlu 01
 m%;sfmdaIK wvqlu 02
jD;a;slNdj $ wdl,am iïnkaO .eg¨
 isiqka .=rejD;a;Sh fiajdjka f,i fkdis;sîu 02
wxY yhla hgf;a úoHdj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .eg¨ yd

wNsfhda. mj;sk nj 4'84 jk j.= wkqj meyeÈ,s úKs' iïm;a ysÕh ^19&" h,a mek .sh
úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h ^4&" úfYaI úIh i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ysÕh
^4&" isiqka wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§u ^3&" bf.kqug jvd ks;ru isiqka
fkajdisld.drh ;=< ÿrl:k Ndú;h ^3&" wëlaIK Èkfha muKla b.ekaùu ^2&"
mqia;ld, Ndú;hg m%udKj;a ld,hla fkd;sîu ^2&" jHdmD;sh $ m¾fhaIK i|yd
ld,h iSñ; ùu' ^2&" isiqka wikakka njgm;a ù ;sîu ksid ks¾udKYS,s;ajh wvq ùu
^2&" wka;¾cd, myiqlï iSñ; ùu ^3& úoHd.dr myiqlï Ndú;fha .eg¿ mej;Su ^3&'
mdi,aj,ska .=re mqyqKqj i|yd ,nd fok iydh m%udKj;a fkdùu ^2&" kj ±kqu ,nd
§fï jevuq¿ fkdmeje;aùu ^2&" isiqkaf.a OdrK Yla;sh wvqlu ^2&" mqia;ld, myiqlï
fkd,eîu ^2&" úfkdaoùfï wjia:d wvqlu ^2& yd .=re jD;a;sh fiajdjla f,i fkdis;Su
^2& hk .eg¿ lemS fmksKs' wfkl=;a wxYj,g idfmalaIj bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
iïnkaO j mj;sk .eg¿ uQ,sl jQ nj tys § wjOdrKh úKs' fuu .eg¿ úIhud,dj"
mdi," .=rejrhd" YsIHhd ±kqj;a lsÍï yd Ndú;h hk lafIa;% Tiafia úys § mej;sKs'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
4'85 jk j.=fjka bx.%Sis úIfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg iDKd;aul j
n,md we;s .eg¿ yd wNsfhda. bÈßm;a flf¾'
148 | P a g e
4'85 jk j.=j( bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO j mj;sk .eg¿ yd wNsfhda.
wxlh
úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .eg¿
 mejreï wdlD;s yd mejreï j¾. úúO ùu 01
 úIhud,dfõ úúO ieis" úúO fõ,djkays § úúO lÓldpd¾hjreka u.ska 01
isÿ lsÍu
 ndysr we.hSu iqÿiqlï ,;a ±kg wod< lafIa;%fha isák mÍlaIljreka 02
u.ska fkdlsÍu
 b;d ±ä$ wkuH ld, igyklg wkqj bf.kqï lghq;= lsÍu 01
 wOHdmk ;dlaIKh i|yd wju msßjehla ±Íu 01
 úIh ndysr lghq;=j,g ld,h ñvx.= ùu 01
 isiqkaf.a bf.kqï mqreÿ$yelshd fjkiaùu 01
 fuu mdGud,dj jD;a;Sh mdGud,djla jqj o úNd. i|yd jeä keUqrejla 02
;sîu
 iSudjdiS mqyqKqj jir ueo weröu 01
 úIh ks¾foaYh ksu lsÍu i|yd ,nd fok jir 2l wNHka;r ld,h 02
m%udKj;a fkdùu
 we.hSï ,l=Kq mámdáh iïnkaO .eg¿ mej;Su ^lÓldpd¾hjrekag 01
,l=Kq m%odkh lsÍfï § ksoyia jd;djrKhla ke;' iEu <uhl=g u
Èh yels wju ,l=Kq 60 ls&'
 jD;a;Sh úIh bf.kqug fmr wju jYfhka udi 6-12 olajd muKla 02
NdId l=i,;d ,nd §u
iïm;a yd myiqlï ms<sn| .eg¿
 myiqlï$iïm;a ysÕh û,aá óähd" jhsÜ fndaâ" fm%dfclag¾ia ke; 3" 20
mka;s ldurj, myiqlï yd ;dlaIKh fhdod .; fkdyel" .=Kd;aul
fhojqï" Pdhd msgm;a ke; 3&'
 mqia;ld, myiqlï fkdue;s ùu 02
 bx.%Sis ijka §u yd l:khg wjYH WmlrK ,nd fkd§u 02
 úIh ks¾foaY m%udKj;a j fkd,eîu 02
mSG iïnkaO .eg¿ ^mßmd,kuh" m%;sm;a;suh yd fjk;a&
 cd;sl uÜgfï ;SrK .ekSfï § mSG iïnkaO lr fkd.ekSu 02
 mßmd,kh ;=< we;s bx.%Sis NdId l=i,;d wvqlu 02
 wOHdmksl fjkialï iDcqj u mSG ±kqj;a fkdlsÍu 02
 mdi, yd mSGh w;r mj;sk úIh fjkiaùu 01
 ndysr lghq;= i|yd mSG fhdod .ekSu 01
 n|jd .ekSï b;d m%udo ùu 02
.=re .eg¿
 ksis whqßka Wiiaùï fkd,eîu 04
 wkqhqla; lÓldpd¾hjrekag mqyqKq wjia:d fkd,eîu ksid ±kqu" 01
wjfndaOh yd Ndú;h ms<sn| .eg¿ u;=ùu
 ffoksl j msrúh hq;= f,aLk jeäùu 02
 lÓldpd¾hjreka udkj iïm;la fia j¾Okh fkdlsÍu ^jD;a;Sh 02
l=i,;d kexùug úêu;a jev ms<sfj,la fkdùu&'
isiq .eg¿
 m;aùï ,nd §fï § isiqka ,nk m%;sM,h u; m%Odk ks¾Kdhlhla 01
fkdùu ^úúO n,mEï u; Wkkaÿj wvq ÿ¾j, m%;sM, iys; isiqkag
m%Odk fmf<a mdi,a ,efnk w;r olaIhskag ÿIalr mdi,a ,efí&'
 .=Kd;aul núka wvq wdydr mdk ,eîu 01
jD;a;slNdjh $wdl,am ms<sn| .eg¿
 .=re isiqkaf.a .=re jD;a;Sh i|yd we;s wlue;a; ^fjk;a jD;a;Ska ke;s 02
ksid mSGj,g tau&
bx.%Sis úIhfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg ndOd jk .eg¿ yd wNsfhda. wxY yhla
hgf;a bÈßm;a flßKs ^4'85 jk j.=j&' Wla; j.=j wkqj .=re ixcdkk u; nyq;r
149 | P a g e
m%;spdr ,o .eg¿ ;;a;aj jQfha myiqlï iïm;a ysඟh ^20&" ksis whqßka Wiiaùï
fkd,eîu ^4&" úIhud,dj wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu ^2& mqia;ld,
myiqlï ysඟh ^2&" bx.%Sis l:khg wjYH myiqlï fkdue;slu ^2&" úIh ks¾foaY
m%udKj;a j fkd,eîu ^2& yd lÓldpd¾hjreka udkj iïm;la fia ixj¾Okh fkd
lsÍu úh' fuys § o ks¾Kdhl 12la Tiafia lreKq olajñka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
iïnkaO jeä u .eg¿ ;;a;aj mj;sk nj wjOdrKh lr ;sìKs'
tu .eg¿ úIhud,dj" ld,h" .=rejrhd" YsIHhd" m%;sm;a;sh" we.hSu" b.ekaùï
l%u" NdId l=i,;d f,i mq¿,a lafIa;% Tiafia me;sr mej;Su olakg ,eìKs' fuys §
iïm;a yd myiqlï ms<sn| .eg¿j i|yd by< u m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs' mSG mßmd,kh
yd m%;sm;a;sh iïnkaO wjOdrKfhka ne,sh hq;= .eg¿ yhla biau;= lr ±laùu o
iqúfYaIS;ajhls'
.=re .eg¿j,ska Wiiaùï" mqyqKqj yd f,aLk msrùu hk wxY flf¾ wjOdkh
fhduq lr ;snqKs' wdydr yd m;aùï ,nd §fï l%ufõoh ms<sn| isiq .eg¿j,ska u;=lr
±laúKs' wkd.; .=rejreka f,i mqyqKq jk isiqkaf.a wdl,amuh jYfhka jD;a;shg
we;s wlue;a; o fuys § i,ld ne,sh hq;= wxYhla f,i lemS fmkqKs'
Wla; lreKq idlÉPdj u;" iuia;h ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï § úIh ;=kg u
.eg¿jla f,i n,md we;s m%Odk idOlh f,i .=re wOHdmk{hska olajd ;snqfKa
iïm;a yd myiqlï ysÕhhs' tys§ jeämqr u wjOdrKh ù ;snqfKa mrs.Kl wka;¾cd,
myiqlï we;=¿ j kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug we;s wvqmdvq j ms<sn| j h' bka miqj
úIh ;=kg u fmdÿ wfkla .eg¿j jQfha úIhud,dj wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd ld,h
m%udKj;a fkdùu ms<sn|j h' h,a mek .sh úIhud,dj .eg¿jla nj .Ks;h yd úoHdj
úIhj, § wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' bx.%Sis úIhfha § ±ä úNd. flakaøSh nj .eg¿jla
nj fmkajd § ;snqKs' bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § ta ta úIhhg iqúfYaIS jQ .eg¿
fuka u fmdÿfõ iuia;hg u n,md we;s wfkl=;a .eg¿ f,i mdi, yd mSGh w;r
ÿria: nj" wOHdmk jHjydr úIh ±kg l%shd;aul ùfï wvqmdvq" mqia;ld, Ndú;fha
we;s wvqmdvq yd isiqka bf.kqug olajk wvq iQodku yd wvq fm<Uùu" .=re ys ඟh"
.=rejrekag hdj;ald,Sk ùfï wjia:d ysඟh" kSri taldldÍ rgdjlska bf.kqu .,d hdu"
f,dal m%jK;dj,g wkq.; fkdùu" m¾fhaIK mdol bf.kqug olajk wvq wjOdkh
lemS fmksKs'
mßmd,kuh yd m%;m
s ;a;suh .eg¿ f,i úoHdmSG uqyqK ÿka m%Odk wNsfhda.
jQfha mdif,a isÿ lrk fjkialï m%udo ù ±kqj;a ùu" m%Odk úIh yd Wm úIh w;r
mj;sk .eg¿" cd;sl uÜgfï ;SrKj, § mSG iïnkaO lr fkd.ekSu" n|jd .ekSï
l%shdj,sfha wvqmdvq" mSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=rej,ska
neyer j úIhud,d iïmdokh lsÍu" mSG mSG w;r ix.; njla fkdue;slu yd ndysr
lghq;=j,g mSG fhdod .ekSu ^WodyrK( foaYmd,k lghq;= & úh'
150 | P a g e
.=re .eg¿ ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § kqiqÿiaika mSGj,g m;a lsÍu" úfYaI{
mqoa.,hskag wjia:d fkd§u" Wiiaùï yd wjia:d iïmdokfha we;s wl%u;d" ±kqj;a
ùfï$hdj;ald,Sk ùfï wjia:d ysඟh lemS fmksK's
isiq .eg¿j, § bf.kqug wu;r j wfkl=;a myiqlï ms<sn| j jeä wjOdkh
fhduq ù ;sìKs' fmdaIHodhS wdydr fkd,eîu" fkajdisld.dr .eg¿" c, úÿ,sh iïnkaO
.eg¿" wd;;sh" úfkdaoùfï wjia:d wvqlu ta w;r m%Odk úKs' wOHdmksl f,i .Ks;h
isiqka Wiia mdi,lg f.dia w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSfï wvqj olajoa§ bx.%Sis isiqka m;aùï
,nd §fï § úêu;a idOdrK l%shd mámdáhla fkdùu .eg¿jla f,i fmkajd ;snqKs'
isiqkaf.a wdl,am yd jD;a;slNdjh ms<sn| .eg¿ mj;sk nj úoHdj yd bx.%Sis
úIhj,ska wjOdrKh flßKs' úoHdj úIhfhka fï ms<sn| j ±ä j wjOdrKh lr
;snqKs' Wod( isiqka wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§u" meyeÈ,s wruqKq $b,lal fkdùu"
.=re jD;a;sh fiajdjla f,i fkdis;Su ±laúh yels h' bx.%Sis úIhfha § .=re jD;a;shg
we;s wlue;a; ^fjk;a jD;a;shla fkd,eîu ksid Bg meñKSu& m%o¾Ykh úKs' rfÜ
wkd.; wOHdmkfha Ndrlrejka$ kshuqjka fuf,i jD;a;slNdjh ms<sn|
wj;lafiarejlska ne,Su wOHdmkhg uQ,sl wNsfhda.hla jkq we;'
1'2 .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSG bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh Wfoid bÈßm;a flfrk fhdackd
Wla; lreKg wod< o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu iy ú.%yh tla tla mdGud,djg wod< j
my; ±lafõ'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks; úIhhg wod< ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd my; ±lafjk mßÈ fõ'
4'86 jk j.=j( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okg wod< fhdackd - .Ks;h úIhh

wxlh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh 06
 úoHd mSG úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu 01
 bx.%Sis udOHfhka úIh yodrk isiqkaf.a bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍu 01
 m%Odk úIhh yd Wm úIhh f,i úIh follg mqyqKq lsÍu fjkqjg tla 05
úIhhlg muKla iqúfYaIS mqyqKqjla ,nd §u
 lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu 02
 m%dfhda.sl yd kùk ;dlaIKsl l%ufõo Tiafia úIh b.ekaùu 01
 úIh iy úIh w;r ix.; j bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh isÿ lsÍug 01
wjYH uඟ fmkaùu i|yd w;afmd;a ks¾udKh lsÍu
 mSG w;r úIh ixj¾Ok ms<sn| woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï l%ufõo 01
ieliSu
 iajhx wOHhkh i|yd isiqka Èßu;a lsÍu 01
 m%dfhda.sl .=re mqyqKqj i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,h jeä lsÍu 01
 myiqlï$iïm;a ixj¾Okh
 isiqkag iy .=rejrekag wjYH iïm;a ,nd §u 03
 E mqia;ld, myiqlï ,nd §u 02
we.hSu yd wëlaIKh
 úoHdmSGfhka u mÍlaIK meje;aùu 01
151 | P a g e
 m<mqreÿ wh úNd. m%Yak m;% iE§u" ms<s;=re m;a mÍlaIdjg n|jd .ekSu 02
 m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùu i|yd wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh ,sÅ; m%Yak m;%hla 01
u.ska we.hSu
 ldKav b.ekaùu wëlaIKh i|yd tu úIh m%ùKhka u.ska yd jD;a;Sh 01
lafIa;%fha wh u.ska muKla wëlaIKh lsÍu wksjd¾h lsÍu
 kj wëlaIK l%uhla ie,iqï lsÍu 02
 cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh yd wud;HdxY uÜgñka wëlaIKh lsÍu 02
m%;sm;a;sh u; mokï jQ wdh;ksl mßmd,kh úêu;a lsÍu
 mdi,a moaO;sfha isÿjk fjkialï úoHd mSGj,g ±kqj;a lsÍfï 02
l%ufõohla ieliSu
 fm< fmd;a" .=re w;afmd;a úoHdmSGj,g ,eîfï l%uj;a jev ms<sfj<la 02
ieliSu
 mSGj,g isiqka n|jd .ekSfï úêu;a l%ufõohla ieliSu 02
 bx.%Sis udOHhg isiqka n|jd .ekSfï § bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.kqu ,nd 02
ke;skï w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.fha § bx.%Sis úIhhg A idud¾:hla
;sîu wksjd¾h lsÍu
 iSudjdiS ld,fha § iy wOHhk jHjydr ldKav bf.kqu i|yd o m%Odk 02
úIh 1 ne.ska ,nd § mokï mdGud,djla f,i m%Odk úIh folla muKla
,nd §u ^tla whl= m%ùK jkafka tla úIhh lafIa;%hlg h hk ;¾lh
u;&
 mdi, yd mSG w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dv kඟd .ekSfï l%ufõo 01
ieliSu
 úIh m%ùKhka u.ska muKla úIhud,d iïmdokh 02
.=re ixj¾Okh
 iqÿiq mqoa.,hka ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu 03
 lÓldp¾hjre ksis f,i we.hSu 01
 .=rejreka yd isiqka ;=< .=re jD;a;sh ms<sn| Ok wdl,am f.dv ke.Su 03
.Ks;h úIhhg wod< ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wxY yhla hgf;a 4'86 jk j.=fjka
bÈßm;a flßKs' .=re wOHdmk{ ixcdkk u; jeä u m%;spdr ,o m%Odk fhdackd jQfha
úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu ^6&" lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk
lsÍu ^5&" iïm;a iy myiqlï ,nd §u ^5&" .=rejreka yd isiqka ;=< .=re jD;a;sh ms<sn|j
Ok wdl,am f.dv ke.Su ^3&" iqÿiq mqoa.,hka ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu ^3& h' óg wu;r
j m%dfhda.sl yd kùk ;dlaIKsl l%ufõo Tiafia úIh b.ekaùu" úIh m%ùKhka úNd.
m%Yak m;% iE§u yd ms<s;r
= e m;% ne,Su" mdi,a úIhud,d fjkialï mSG ±kqj;a lsÍfï
l%ufõo ieliSu" bf.kqï øjH mSGj,g ,eîfï l%uj;a jev ms<sfj,la ieliSu" mSGj,g
isiqka n|jd .ekSfï úêu;a l%ufõohla ieliSu bx.%Sis udOHhg isiqka n|jd .ekSfï §
idudkH fm<A idud¾:h wksjd¾h lsÍu" úIh m%ùKhka u.ska muKla úIhud,d
iïmdokh iy m%Odk úIh folla muKla ,nd§u hk fhdackd i|yd m%;spdr fol
ne.ska ,eî ;snqKs ^4'86 jk j.=j&'
152 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
Wla; úIhhg wod< ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd 4'87 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
4'87 jk j.=j ( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg wod< fhdackd
wxlh
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh 05
 kjl lÓldpd¾hjreka mqyqKq lsÍu 01
 úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu 02
 .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug l%Svd fuka u úIhdkqnoaO j o wka;¾ úoHd mSG 04
;rඟ ixúOdkh lsÍu
 fyd| u mdvï bÈßm;a lrk YslaIK,dNSka cd;sl uÜgug y÷kajd§fï udOH 04
jevigyka ^rEmjdysksh& bÈßm;a lsÍu
 .=re isiqkaf.a m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï wjia:d ksÍlaIKh m%Yia; uÜgñka isÿ lr WÑ; 02
mßÈ iqúfYaIS Wmfoia ,nd§u' u.fmkaùu" ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd idlÉPd lsÍu
iy Tjqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S;ajh u;= lsÍug mshjr .ekSu hk lghq;= i|yd iqÿiq
ie,iqula bÈßm;a lsÍu
 by< nqoaêhg wu;r j isiqka f;aÍfï § fm!reIh ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu 02
 udOH lsysmhlska bf.kqu ,nk mSG isiqkag we;=<;a ùug fmr cd;sl iuඟs 03
jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
 m%;sfmdaIK jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu 01
 mQcd jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu 04
 mSG wdikakfha wdo¾Y mka;s ldurj,ska hq;a wdo¾Y mdi,a ks¾udKh lsÍu 02
 iSudjdiS jir ;=< iïmQ¾K l< hq;= lKavdhï jHdmD;s foflka tlla mSGh ld,h 01
;=< § ^m<uq jir 2& iïmQ¾K lsÍu'
 ish¨ úIh i|yd fjka jYfhka jevuq¿ meje;aùu 01
 wOHdmkh i|yd 5s l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍu 01
 wOHdmk jHjydr i|yd m%uqL;ajhla ,nd §u 01
 úoHdmSG ixl,amh uekúka wjfndaO lrùug jev igyka ixúOdkh lsÍu 01
myiqlï m%j¾Okh
 kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK" mß.kl hka;%" úoHd.drj,g ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu$ 09
flaj, hq., l%shdldrlï u.ska l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg wjYH úoHd.dr myiqlï jeä
ÈhqKq lsÍu
 mdi,aj,g ,nd fok úoHd.dr WmlrK úoHd mSGj,g o ,nd§u îsiqka mdi,a 07
moaO;shg hk úg fuu WmlrK ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ñka we;s fõ' Wod(
bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK&
 mqia;ld, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu rd;%S 8 jk;=rej;a újD; j ;eîu 04
 úoHd.dr iïnkaO lghq;= lsÍfï § mß.klfha OHPyd m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKj,g 03
wod<CD;eá f.dkq iïmdokh lsÍu
 isiqkag myiqlï yd wdrlaIdj iy;sl jk fia fkajdisld.dr ixj¾Okh lsÍu 02
 há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu 04
we.hSu yd wëlaIKh
 iïNjk we.hSï i|yd ,nd fok ,l=Kqj, idOdrK nj r|jd .ekSug ish¨ 01
úoHdmSGj,g iu ñkqï wjia:d ,nd §u fyda wjYH úgl m¾fhaIK WmlrK
mÍlaId l< yels ;;a;ajfha m%ñ;shla we;s lsÍu
 b.ekaùï mqyqKqj i|yd “A” idud¾: ,nd §fï § tu ;SrKh wëlaIK uKav,h 01
u.ska .ekSu
 bx.%Sis udOH i|yd n|jd .ekSfï È l%uj;a l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lsÍu îd' fm<A 02
idud¾:hla ;sîu fyda O/L fyda A/L bx.%Sis udOHfhka yodrd ;sîu&
 wdh;ksl l<ukdlrKh úêu;a lr jev fnod yeÍu iy j.lSï mejÍu 03
 U.G.Cu.ska úYajúoHd,j,g f;dard .kakd wdldrhg uZ ,l=Kq wkq ms<sfj,g 04
YslaIK,dNSka f;dard .ekSu
.=re ixj¾Okh
 úoHdmSG lÓldpd¾hjreka i|yd M,odhS ikaksfõok l%u Ndú; lsÍu 04
 jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh i|yd úksúoNdjhlska hqla;j YsIH;aj ,nd §u 01
153 | P a g e
 lÓldpd¾h uKav,h i|yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg fuka u wdl,am ixj¾Okhg 05
wjYH mshjr .ekSu
 lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a j.lSïj,g wod< iajhx iajdëk l%s hdldß;ajhg wksis n,mEï 03
fkdlsÍu
 fkajdisl lÓldpd¾hjre yjiajre yd rd;%S ld, jev igyka Èß .ekaùu" ^we.hSu 02
yd úfYaI wëlaIK wud;HdxYh u.ska ie,iqï l< hq;= h&
 YsIH ksjdi md,lhska f,i lÓldpd¾hjreka kï lr Èß §ukd ,nd §u 01
 f,dal .=re Èkh jevigyk ;=< olaI;d olajk lÓldpd¾hjreka we.hSu 01
isiq ixj¾Okh
 isiqkaf.a ffoksl §ukd" ld,hg .e,fmk f,i ixfYdaOkh lsÍuûyfmd< 02
wdOdrhg iudkqmd; j&
 f,dal .=re Èkh jevigyk ;=< olaI;d olajk isiqka we.hSu 01
úoHdj úIhfha mj;sk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd bÈßm;a jQ ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wxY
yhla hgf;a ±laúKs ^4'87 jk j.=j&' tu j.=j wkqj nyq;r m%;spdr ,o fhdackd jQfha
kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK" mß.kl hka;% úoHd.drj,g ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu ^9&
mdi,aj,g ,nd fok úoHd WmlrK mSGj,g ,nd §u ^7&" kjl lÓldpd¾hjreka mqyqKq
lsÍu ^5&" lÓldpd¾h uKav,h i|yd jD;a;Sh $wdl,am ixj¾Okhg wjYH mshjr .ekSu
^5&" fyd|u mdvï bÈßm;a lrk isiqka udOH u.ska cd;sl uÜgug y÷kajd §u ^4&"
isiqkaf.a bf.kqï wjia:d ksÍlaIKh lr WÑ; Wmfoia §u yd ks¾udKYS,s;ajh u;=
lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu ^4&" mSG wdikakfha wdo¾Y mdi,la bÈ lsÍu ^4&" mqia;ld, myiqlï
m%j¾Okh ^4&" há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu ^4&" .=rejreka i|yd M,odhS ikaksfõok l%u
Ndú; lsÍu ^4&' úh ^4'87 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd my; ±lafjk mßÈ fõ ^4'88 jk
j.=j&'
4'88 jk j.=j( .=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg fhdackd
wxlh
isiqkaf.a b.ekaùu fkdlvjd wëlaIKh lsÍu yd ksjerÈ lsÍu
 isiqkaf.a b.ekaùu fkdlvjd wëlaIKh 02
 isiqkag m%dfhda.sl mqyqKq jevuq¿ ,nd §u 02
 úIh ks¾foaYfha úIh wka;¾.;h jdr wkqj meyeÈ,s j fn§fuka b.ekaùfï 01
talSh;dj /lSu
 úIhud,d fjkialï mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul lsÍug fmr .=re 01
wOHdmk{hka ±kqj;a lsÍu
 úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaYfha isÿ lrk fjkialï úoHdmSG i|yd Wiia uÜgñka 01
±kqj;a lsÍu
 úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu 01
 m%dfhda.sl wOHdmk wjia:d jeä lsÍu 03
 isiq úkh ;Èka mj;ajd .ekSu 01
 ndysr l%shdldrlï wOHdmk lghq;=j,g fhdojd ld,h w;r ;=,khla mj;ajd 01
.ekSu
 isiqkaf.a ±kqu yd l=i,;d mq¿,a lsÍug WÑ; f,i iumoia: ksÍlaIK jv 01
jvd fhdod .ekSu
 m%dfhda.sl ÈYdkq.;ùï jeä lr úIh ixLHdj wvq lsÍu 01
 fojk NdIdjla f,i bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï ämaf,daudjg wod< iqúfYAIs úIh 01
f;dard .ekSu
154 | P a g e
 isiqka n|jd .ekSfï § ^.=re N+ñldjg WÑ;& fm!reIh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq 01
lsÍu
 ukd .=re isiq in|;d meje;aùu 01
 wLKav mqyqKq ieis$jevuq¿ u.ska .=rejrekag kj ±kqu ,nd §u 01
 isiqka iajhx wOHhkhg fhduq lsrSu 02
 udkisl wd;;sh wvq lsrSug wjYH fi!kao¾hd;aul yd úfkdaod;aul l%Svd" 03
pdßld jeks úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj, ksr;ùfï wjia:d iq,N lsÍu
 myiqlï m%j¾Okh
 isiqkag kùk ;dlaIK WmlrK Ndú;hg wjia:d ie,iSu 10
 Pdhd msgm;a ,nd§ug mSG u.ska ie,iqï lsÍu 04
 bx.%Sis NdId.dr ,nd §u 04
 .=Kd;aul fhojqï ,nd §u 03
 mqia;ld, myiqlï ,nd §u 01
 fmdÿ úIh lreKq mokï lr.;a w;afmd;a ,nd §u 01
we.hSu yd wëlaIKh
 mqyqKq ld,h ;=< iïmsKaä; mÍlaIK wju lrñka follaj;a meje;aùu 02
^wjidk úNd.hg we;=<;a jk mßÈ&
 wLKav we.hSu úêu;a lsÍu 02
 wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h uKav, ksrka;rfhka úêu;a j kshdukh yd 02
we.hSu
 iEu uila wjidkfha u m%.;s jd¾;d fmd;a tl;= lsÍu 01
 .=rejrekaf.a lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍug WÑ; l%shdud¾. .ekSu 10
 bx.%Sis NdId mdGud,djg isiqka f;aÍfï § úNd.hlska Tjqka f;dard .ekSu 03
 isiqkag yd lÓldpd¾hjrekag iqÿiq udkisl;ajhlska lghq;= lsÍug wjYH 03
mßirh" wdh;ksl mßmd,kh ;=<ska we;s lsÍug iqÿiq mqoa.,hska tu
;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu
 mdGud,djla w;r;=r fkdj w¨;a mdGud,djla wdrïNfha § kj fjkialï 01
l%shd;aul lsÍu
 .=rejrekag yd isiqkag iïnkaO úh yels moodle? jeks mß.kl yd wka;¾cd, 03
iïnkaO bf.kqï mßirhla iEu mSGhl u ia:dms; lsÍu
 j¾Ih wdrïNfha § ^ckjdß& isiqka n|jd .ekSu 03
 lÓldpd¾hjrekag YsIH;aj iy Wiiaùï ,nd §fï § moaO;shg Tjqka úiska 02
,nd ÿka odhl;ajh i,ld ne,Su
 iïm;a idOdrK j fnod yeÍu yd jeä iïm;a ksis mßÈ l<ukdlrKh 01
 .=rejrekaf.a úIh b.ekaùfï meh .Kk iSud lsÍu 01
.=re ixj¾Okh
.=rejreka we.hSu 01
bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wxY myla hgf;a ±laúKs' tys nyq;r
m%;spdr ,o fhdackd f,i kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK Ndú;hg wjia:d ie,iSu ^11&"
.=rejrekaf.a lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh i|yd WÑ; l%shdud¾. .ekSu^10&" mSG
u.ska Pdhd msgm;a ,nd §u^4&" bx.%Sis NdId.dr ,nd §u ^4&" m%dfhda.sl wOHdmk wjia:d
jeä lsÍu ^3&" .=Kd;aul fhojqï ,nd §u ^3&" udkisl wd;;sh wvq lsÍfï wjia:d
iïmdokh ^3&" bx.%Sis NdId mdGud,djg isiqka úNd.hlska f;dard .ekSu ^3&" .=rejrekag
yd isiqkag iqÿiq udkisl;ajfhka lghq;= lsÍug iqÿiq mqoa.,hka ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu
^3&" mrs.Kl yd wka;¾cd, iïnkaO bf.kqï mßirhla iEu mSGhl u ia:dms; lsÍu
iy j¾Ih wdrïNfha isiqka n|jd .ekSu úh'
úIh ;=kg wod< iuia; ;;a;ajh ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § .eg¨ wju
lrñka m%dfhda.sl;ajhg jeä nrla fok kfjda;amdol u; mokï jQ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
155 | P a g e
l%shdj,shl wjYH;dj .=re wOHdmk{hska úiska wjOdrKh lr ;sìKs' iïm%odhsl h,a
mek .sh úIhud,dfjka neyer j f,dal m%jK;d u; mokï fjñka m%shckl bf.kqï
mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj ñka ±ä j u;= lr ;snqKs' Wla; ;;a;ajh lrd
hdfï § we;s jk ndOd bj;a lsÍug WÑ; fhdackd o bÈßm;a úKs' ta i|yd wjYH
iïm;a yd myiqlï ie,iSu" kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;hg wjia:d ,nd§u wdh;ksl
mrsmd,kh úêu;a lsÍu" n|jd .ekSï" Wiia ùï ms<s.;a idOdrK l%ufõo u; ,nd §u"
Wiia jD;a;slNdjhla we;s lsÍfï wruqKk
s a wdl,am ixj¾Okh" wdh;k w;r
iïnkaO;dj yd ix.; njla we;s lr .ekSu" .=re ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu hk wxY
ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj ±ä j wjOdrKh lr ;snqKs'
4'9'2' YslaIK,dNS m%;spdr

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bx.%Sis$.Ks;h$úoHdj úIh bf.kqï -b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka YslaIK,dNSka ,o w;a±lSï wkqj bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
fjkiaúh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j my; ±lafjk wxY fol hgf;a úuik ,È'
4'9'2'1 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSGj, bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkiaúh hq;=
wx.$ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wx.
4'9'2'2 Wla; wx. fjkia lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a lrk fhdackd
4'9'2'1 cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;=

Wla; lreK ms<sn| úIh ;=kg wod< j ,o m%;spdr 4'89 jk j.=fõ
±lafõ' Bg wod< úYaf,aIKh ta ta úIhhg iqúfYAIS j fjkaj bÈßm;a flßKs'
4'89 jk j.=j( úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;=

wxlh .Ks;h úoHdj bx.%Sis
01 ±kqu ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh i|yd jeämqr ld,h fhoùu 3 3 1
mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh ixfYdaOkh jk úg" .=re isiqka ta 6 4 -
ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu yd úIh ks¾foaYh" mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh
yd iïnkaO j ixj¾Okh lsÍu
Èk igyka yd jdr igyka ,shk wdldrh ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a 8 2 1
±kqj;a lsÍu
m%%dfhda.sl ±kqu yd úIh ±kqu l%uj;a j tlfia ,nd§u 2 3 9
úIh ks¾foaYfha m%udKh jeäùfï .eg¨jg úi÷ï §u 2 3
mSvkhlska f;drj bf.kqï lghq;= lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd§u 4 3 2
Okd;aul Ñka;k jevuq¿ meje;aùu 1 2
úoHdmSGh ;=< § wdo¾Y mdvï bÈßm;a lrk m%udKh jeä 2 1
lsÍu
úêu;a foaYk meje;aùu 1 1 8
wkqu; úIh m%udKh wvq lsÍu 2 2 3
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh wod< fm<fmd;a wdY%s; ±kqu iuඟ ,nd§u 4 4
ksjerÈ j .=re fm!reIh f.dv ke.Su 4
úIh lreKq bf.kqu$úIh ±kqu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu 14 17 13
yd m%Odk úIhhg jeä nrla ;eîu
156 | P a g e
bx.%Sis NdId ixj¾Okh i|yd jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu 5 2 2
02 m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h$l%shdldrlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
bx.%Sis l:kh flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu 2 1 3
m%udKj;a f,i m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu 3 1
úIh ks¾foaYh yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a 5 8 3
m%dfhda.sl ùu
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï$mÍlaIK jeä lsÍu yd ta ms<sn| jeä 1 2 3
±kqula ,nd§u
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla .ekSu i|yd iDcq 4 1
w;a±lSï ,nd§u
úIh iu.dó lghq;= ixj¾Okh$;rඟdj,s meje;aùu 2 3 3
03 fN!;sl iïm;a yd fjk;a myiqlï ixj¾Okh iy kj
;dlaIKh Ndú;h
mqia;ld, ixj¾Okh lsÍu iy tajd mßyrKhg m%udKj;a 2 2 2
ld,hla ,nd§u
m%%udKj;a f,i fN!;sl myiqlï ixj¾Okh 11 8 4
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § jeämqr kùk ;dlaIKh 30 23 17
Ndú;h
04 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u ixj¾Okh
úoHdmSGh ;=, b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh úúO bf.kqï l%u Tiafia 5 3 3
lsÍu
úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| jeäÿr ±kqj;a lsÍu 5 1 2
5E l%uh fjkia lsÍu 4
05 we.hSu yd wëlaIKh
we.hSï i|yd ,ndfok ,l=Kq jeä lsÍu - 1 -
udisl mÍlaIK meje;aùu$jdr mÍlaIK meje;aùu 1 1 4
mdvï wëlaIKh ;jÿrg;a ixúê;j lsÍu yd úêu;a j 1 2 12
,l=Kq ,nd§u
06 m¾fhaIK Èß .ekaùu 13 11 15
wdrïNfha § u l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd § 3 2
m¾fhaIKj,g fhduq lsÍu
mSG ;=, flaj, yd lKavdhï f,i jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu 1 2
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhfha § úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;=
wx.$ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wx. ms<sn| .=re isiqka m%;spdr olajd ;snq Ks' ,o m%;spdr wxY
yhla hgf;a 4'89 jk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flßKs' tys § jeämqr u m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl
jQfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § jeämqr kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ^30&" úIh
bf.kqu$úIh ±kqu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd m%Odk úIhhg jeä nrla ;eîu ^14&"
m%udKj;a f,i fN!;sl myiqlï ixj¾Okh ^11&' Èk igyka yd jdr igyka ,shk
wdldrh ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a ±kqj;a lsÍu ^8&" mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh ixfYdaOkh jk úg"
.=re isiqka ta ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu yd úIh ks¾foaYh" mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh yd iïnkaO
j ixj¾Okh lsÍu ^6&" úIh ks¾foaYh yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a m%dfhda.sl
ùu ^5&" úoHdmSGh ;=< b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| jeäÿr ±kqj;a
lsÍu ^5& úKs'
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhfha § nyq;r m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha" bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha § jeämqr kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ^23&" úIh bf.kqu$±kqu ;jÿrg;a
ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd m%Odk úIhhg jeä nrla ;eîu ^17&" úIh ks¾foaYh yd bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a m%dfhda.sl ùu ^8&" m%udKj;a f,i fN!;sl myiqlï
157 | P a g e
ixj¾Okh ^8&" mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh ixfYdaOkh jk úg .=re isiqka ta ms<sn| ±kqj;a
lsÍu yd úIh ks¾foaYh" mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYh yd iïnkaO j ixj¾Okh lsÍu ^4&"
bf.kqï l%shdj,sh wod< fm<fmd;a wdY%s; ±kqu iuඟ ,nd§u ^4&" b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla .ekSu i|yd iDcq w;a±lSï ,nd§u ^4&" úh ^4'87 jk j.=j&'
 bx.%sis úIhh
bx.%sis úIhfha § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha È jeämqr kùk ;dlaIKh
Ndú;h ^17&" úIh bf.kqu$±kqu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd m%Odk úIhhg jeä
nrla ;eîu ^13&mdvï wëlaIKh ;jÿrg;a ixúê;j lsÍu yd úêu;aj ,l=Kq ,nd§u
^12&" m%dfhda.sl ±kqu yd úIh ±kqu l%uj;a j tlfia ,nd§u ^9&" úêu;a foaYk meje;aùu
^8& .=re mqyqKq ld,h §¾> lsÍu ^5& úKs ^4'89 jk j.=j&'
iuia;h ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ixj¾Okh úh
hq;= uQ,sl wx.h f,i úIh ;=fka § u bÈßm;a j we;s uQ,sl b,a,Su jQfha" jeämqr kùk
;dlaIKh Ndú;hhs' jvd id¾:l bf.kqula yd b.ekaùula i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh
Ndú;h uQ,sl wjYH;djla j we;s nj bka meyeÈ,s fõ' wk;=rej úIh ;=fka iuia;h
ne,Sfï § fjkia úh hq;= fyda ixj¾Okh úh hq;= uQ,sl wx. f,I isiqka fmkajd §
;snqfKa úIh ±kqu$bf.kqu ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd m%Odk úIhhg jeä nrla ;eîu" úIh
ks¾foaYh yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a l%uj;a j m%dfhda.sl j fjñka iDcq
w;a±lSï ,efnk fia isiqkag iïfm%alaIKh lsÍu" úúO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn| ±kqj;a
fjñka úúO l%u Tiafia bf.kqfuys fh§u" yd Èk igyka" jdr igyka ,shk wdldrh
ms<sn| j ±kqj;a ùu h' fuu b,a,Sï ish,a, bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO
fõ' tys ixlaIsma;h jkafka ±kqu yd ±kqu mdi,a YsIHhdg ,nd fok wdldrh ms<sn|
±kqj;a ùfï wjYH;dj fõ' wfkla m%Odk b,a,Sï jQfha fN!;sl myiqlï ixj¾Okh"
.=re mqyqKq ld,h §¾> lsÍu yd mdvï wëlaIKh ;jÿrg;a ixúê;j lsÍu yd úêu;a
j ,l=Kq ,nd §u h'
4'9'2'2 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
bÈßm;a flfrk fhdackd
bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=re isiqka úiska
ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd bÈßm;a lr ;snqKs' tajd ta ta úIhhg iqúfYaIS j fjka j
bÈßm;a flf¾'
 .Ks;h úIhh
.Ks;h úIhh bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu iඳyd bÈßm;a l< fhdackd 4'90
jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'
158 | P a g e
4'90 jk j.=j# bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. fjkia lsÍu
iඳyd fhdackd
wxlh .Ks;h
úoHdj
 mka;s ldurj, úúO bf.kqï l%u fhdod .ekSu 5
 mdi,a úIhud,dj ms<sn| ukd ±kqula ,nd § tu ±kqu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh 7
lr kj úIhud,d m%;sixialrK we;s jQ jydu tajd ms<sn| .=re isiqka ±kqj;a
lsÍu
 Power point presentation ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍug jeä ld,hla .ekSu 17
 bx.%Sis NdIdfõ l=i,;d 4 ms<sn| jeä mqyqKqjla ,nd §u 4
 bx.%Sis mdGud,d ixúOdkh 2
 kj bf.kqï l%u y÷kajd §u 6
 .Ks;h úIhud,dj .Ks;fha kj foa fidhd .ekSug uඟ i,id 4
úIhud,djla ùu
 úIh ms<sn| .eUqre ±kqula ,nd§ wod< lreKq ir,j b.ekaùu 4
 5E l%uh iEu úIhlg fhÈh fkdyels ùu 2
 f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| ,nd fok ±kqu jvd ixj¾Okh lsÍu 7
 fi!kao¾h yd idys;H ld,ÉfPao jeä lsÍu 1
 mqia;ld, ld,ÉfPao m%udKh jeä lsÍu 3
 Èk igyka yd jdr igyka ,shk wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu 3
02 .=re mqyqKqj
 6 - 11 úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh jk fia i;shlg ld,ÉfPao 3la b.ekaùu 1
 ldKav b.ekaùï m%udKh jeä lsÍu 1
 iSudjdiS ld,h ;=, bf.kqu i|yd mdi, iDcqj iïnkaO lr .ekSu 1
03 fN!;sl iïm;a ixj¾Okh
 fN!;sl myiqlï kexùu 11
 úúO l%u j,ska b.ekaùug mdi,a mßirh ;=, wjYH myiqlï ,nd §u 3
04 fjk;a 2
 lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a jvd;a iqyoYS,S ùu 2
.Ks;h úIhh iඳyd ,o m%;spdr wxY y;rla hgf;a 4'90 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ' ta
wkqj jeäu m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd ^Power point presentation)
ms<snඳ ±kqj;a lsÍug jeä ld,hla .ekSu ^17&‚fN!;sl myiqlï kexùu ^11&‚f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh ms<snඳ ,nd fok ±kqu jvd ixj¾Okh lsÍu ^7&‚mdi,a úIh ud,dj ms<snඳ
ukd ±kqula ,nd § tu ±kqu ;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lr kj úIhud,d m%;sixialrK
we;s jQ jydu tajd ms<snඳ .=re isiqka oekqj;a lsÍu ^7&‚mka;s ldurj, úúO bf.kqï l%u
fhdod .ekSu ^5&‚.Ks;h úIhud,dj .Ks;fha kj foa fidhd .ekSug u. i,ik
úIhud,djla ùu ^4&‚úIh ms<snඳ .eUqre ±kqula ,nd§u yd úIhhg wod< lreKq ir,j
b.ekaùu ^4&‚bx.%Sis NdIdfõ l=i,;d y;r ms<snඳ jeä mqyqKqjla ,nd Èu úKs'
159 | P a g e
 úoHdj úIhh
úoHdj úIhhg wod<j ,o m%;spdr 4'91 jk j.=fõ wxY myla hgf;a ±lafõ'
4'91 jk j.=j# bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. fjkia lsÍu iඳyd
fhdackd
wxlh .Ks;h
úoHdj
01 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
 úIh ±kqu .eUqßka ,nd§u 13
 iEu YsIHhl=g u mß.kl ;dlaIKh ms<sn| mq¨,a ±kqula ,nd§u 32
 úIhud,d m%;sixialrK ms<sn| mSG isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍu 8
 ;ks ;ksj m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj, kshe,Sug wjia:dj ,nd §u 7
 ld, igyk" .=re isiqkag fjfyildÍ nj wvqjk f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu 4
 úIhud,dj ;j ÿrg;a mq¨,a lsÍu 6
 bx.%Sis l:kh i|yd jevuq¨ meje;aùu 3
 mka;s ldurh ;=, bf.kSug wjia:dj ,nd §u 2
 bf.kqï wdOdrl ieliSu yd Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu 2
 m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK i|yd ld,h jeä lsÍu 3
 bf.kqï ld,h jeä lsÍu 1
 m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK jeämqr lsÍu u.ska w;a±lSï ,nd§u 12
02 .=re mqyqKqj
 mdif,a m%ùK .=rejrhl=f.a fyd| mdvula wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj §u 5
03 fN!;sl iïm;a ixj¾Okh
 úoHd.dr WmlrK yd udkj iïm;a iemhSu 15
04 we.hSu
 jdrhlg jrla úNd. mÍlaIK meje;aùu 4
 wëlaIKfha § fmdÿ lreKqj,g idudkH ,l=Kq ,nd § úIh b.ekaùug jeä 10
,l=Kq ,nd§u
05 fjk;a
 l:sldpd¾h uKav,h iEu mSGhlg u iufia fnfok f,i ,nd§u 4
 ta ta úIh i|yd iqÿiqlï ,;a lÓldpd¾hjreka n|jd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a 9
m%ùK;dj we;s úIhh muKla Tjqkag b.ekaùug §u
úoHdj úIhfha § iEu YsIHhl=g u mß.Kl ;dlaIKh ms<snඳ mq¨,a ±kqula ,nd §u
^32&" úoHd.dr WmlrK yd udkj iïm;a iemhSu ^15&‚úIh ±kqu .eUqßka ,nd §u
^13&‚m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK jeämqr lsÍu uඟska w;a±lSï ,nd §u ^12&‚mdvï wëlaIKfha §
fmdÿ lreKqj,g idudkH ,l=Kq ,nd § úIh b.ekaùug jeä ,l=Kq ,nd §u ^10&‚ta ta
úIhh iඳyd iqÿiqlï ,;a lÓldpd¾hjreka nඳjd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a m%ùK;dj we;s
úIhh muKla Tjqkag b.ekaùug §u ^9&‚úIhud,d m%;sixialrK ms<snඳ mSG isiqka
±kqj;a lsÍu ^8&‚;ks ;ks j m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj, kshe,Sug wjia:dj ,nd §u
^7&‚úIhud,dj ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍu ^6&‚hk ks¾Kdhl iඳyd nyq;r m%;spdr ,eî ;snqKs
^4'91 jk j.=j&'
160 | P a g e
 bx.%Sis úIhh
bx.%Sis úIhfha jeäu m%;spdr ,o ks¾Kdhl jQfha kùK ;dlaIKh jeä jYfhka
fhdod .ekSu ^19&‚foaYk iඳyd kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu ^7&‚wOHdmk jHjydr Èk
.Kk jeä lsÍu ^7&‚jdrhlg wkqj úNd.$ we.hSï lsÍu ^6&‚bx.%Sis idys;H
‚jHdlrKj,g jeä ld,hla fjka lsÍu ^5&‚ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= mdvï .Kk jeä lsÍu
^5& úKs ^4'92 jk j.=j&'
4'92 jk j.=j# bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkia úh hq;= wx. fjkia lssÍu iඳyd
fhdackd
wxlh .Ks;h
úoHdj
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 1
 úIh iu.dó lghq;= i|yd ld,h jeä lsÍu 2
 mejreï kej; isiqkag ,nd§u 2
 bx.%Sis idys;Hh jHdldrKj,g jeä ld,hla fjka lsÍu 5
 bx.%Sis ±kqu ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu 3
 wOHdmk jHjydr Èk .Kk jeä lsÍu 7
 kHdhsl ±kqu jeämqr ,nd§u 2
 iajhx bf.kqug uඟ fmkaùu 2
 m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï u.ska ^l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK& ,nk w;a±lSï u; 1
bf.kqug fok wjia:d jeä lsÍu
 ld, l<ukdlrKh u; foaYk meje;aùu 3
02 .=re mqyqKqj 1
 ldKav b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 3
 m%%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj i|yd ;j;a ld,h fjka lsÍu 1
 ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= mdvï .Kk jeä lsÍu 5
 mdi, ;=, .=re isiqkag jeo.;a ;ekla ,nd§ug mdi,a mßirh ilia lsÍu 1
 tla whl= i|yd mdif,a WmdOHhka lsysm fofkl= m;alr Tjqkaf.a idudkH 1
,l=Kq ,nd .ekSu
03 fN!;sl iïm;a ixj¾Okh yd kùk ;dlaIK Ndú;h
 kùk ;dlaIKh jeä jYfhka fhdod .ekSu 19
 Yío úldYk hka;% ,nd§u 4
 iEu mSGhlg ICT wxYhla ,nd§u 2
 foaYk i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu 7
 mka;s ldurj,g kùk myiqlï ,nd§u 1
 mqia;ld, myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu 2
04 we.hSu
 jdrhlg wkqj úNd.$ we.hSï lsÍu ,l=Kq §ug iEu wdpd¾hjrhl=g u 6
l%ufõohla ;sîu
 we.hSï j,g m%Odk ;ekla ,nd§u 1
 ,l=Kq ,nd§fï § wmlaImd;S ùu 2
05 fjk;a
 m%%úK;d úNd.hlska isiqka f;dard .ekSu 1
iuia;h ms<sn| ie,lSfï § úIh ;=fkys u m%Odk ixj¾Ok fhdackdj jQfha

isiqkag f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| .eUqßka ±kqu ,nd§u Â power point presentation
foaYk i|yd kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqu we;=¿ j& h' wk;=rej iuia;h
161 | P a g e
ms<sn| fmdÿ lreKq jQfha wod< úIh ms<sn| .eUqre ±kqula ,nd§u" mdi,a úIhud,dj
ms<sn| ±kqu ,nd foñka úIhud,d m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ u ta ms<sn|
isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍu h' ta ta úIhhg wod< nyq;r m%;spdr ,o fhdackd o úKs' ta wkqj
.Ks;h úIhfha iqúfYAIS fhdackd jQfha kj foa fidhk úIhud,djla ùu" bx.%Sis NdId
l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu h' úoHdj úIhfha § m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu"
wëlaIKfha § fmdÿ lreKqj,g idudkH ,l=Kq ,nd § úIh lreKqj,g idudkH ,l=Kq
,nd § úIh lreKqj,g jeä ,l=Kq ,nd§u" ta ta úIhhg iqÿiqlï ,;a lÓldpd¾hjreka
n|jd .ekSu hk ks¾Kdhl iqúfYaIS fhdackd úh' wOHhk jHjydr Èk .Kk jeä
lsÍu" jdr wkqj we.hSï lsÍu" ksÍlaIs; mdvï .Kk jeä lsÍu hk ks¾Kdhl bx.%Sis
úIhhg wod< iqúfYaIS fhdackd úKs'
4'9'3' mSGdêm;sjrekaf.a ixcdkk

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjhg n,mdk fjk;a idol ms<sn|
úuiSfï § wod< ksheÈfhka wyUq ,I f;dard.;a mSGdêm;sjreka ;=ka fofkl= iu."
lrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd o;a; o úIaf,aIKh flßKs' mSGdêm;sjreka f;dard .ekSfï§
isxy, udOH úoHd mSG folla ksfhdackh jk mßÈ iy oñ, udOH tla úoHdmSGhla
ksfhdackh jk mßÈ wod< f;dard .ekSu isÿ lrk ,È'
iïuqL idlÉPdj újD; jd;djrKhla hgf;a isÿ lrkq ,enQ w;r"
mSGdêm;sjreka ksoyfia woyia m%ldY lsÍug yels jd;djrKhlska iïuqL idlÉPdj
mj;ajk ,È' iïuqL idlÉPdjg u. fmkaùu i|yd m%Odk f;aud 03la Tiafia
fufyhùu isÿ lrk ,È' tu f;aud u;= ±lafõ'
1' úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍfï§ tu mSGj, mSGdêm;sjrekag we;s n,mEu

fln÷ o@
2' úoHdmSG mdGud,dj,g wh;a úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| woyia fln|q o@
3' úoHdmSG mdGud,dfõ we;s úIh wka;¾.;h .=re YsIHhkag ,ndfok l%uh
ms<sn| woyia
4' úIh wka;¾.;h ,nd §fï § úoHdmSG uqyqK mdk .eg¨ yd ÿIalr;d
fudkjdo@
5' j;auka úoHdmSG iuia; l%shdj,sh ;jÿrg;a .=Kd;aulj ixj¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd fhdackd
iïuqL idlÉPd ish,a, má.; lrkq ,enQ w;r" th kej; f,aLk.; lrk ,È'
f,aLK wdY%s;j fuu o;a; úYaf,aIKh isÿlrk ,enQ w;r" ta i|yd f;aud wdY%s;
úYaf,aIK l%uh wkq.ukh lrk ,È' tf,i y÷kd.kq ,enQ f;aud yd Wm f;aud u;=
±lafõ'
162 | P a g e
 úoHdmSG mdGud,d iïnkaO mSGdêm;sjreka i;= n,;,
1' úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍfï iDcq n,;, mSGdêm;sjrekag fkdue;'
2' úoHdmSG flduidßia yryd mdGud,dfõ iq¨ ixfYdaOk isÿ l< yelsh'
3' úoHdmSG mdGud,d ilia lsÍug mSGdêm;sjreg n,;, fkdue;'
4' mdGud,d ixfYdaOk i|yd mSGdêm;sjreka fhdod.; fkdyel'
5' foaYmd,k wjYH;d u; mdGud,d fjkia fõ'
 ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj úoHdmSG mdGud,d kùlrKh úh hq;= h'
WmfoaYkh yd ud¾f.damfoaYkh" úoHd yd ;dlaIKfõohg wod< úIh I.C.T.jeks úIhka
kùlrKh úh hq;= nj;a" j;=lrfha wOHdmk ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a úoHdmSG i|yd
ta yd ne÷Kq mdGud,d ilia úh hq;= h hkak iïuqL idlÉPdfõ § mSGdêm;sjreka u;=
lrk ,§' tfuka u l=vd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh" nyq fY%aKs b.ekaùu jeks úIhka
mdGud,dj,g tla l< hq;= nj;a mj;sk úIh wka;¾.;h úêu;aj mdi,a úIhud,dfõ
fjkiaùï iu. fyd¢ka taldnoaO l< hq;= hkak Tjqkaf.a ixcdkk úh'
 úoHdmSG ±kg l%shd;aul úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ u;=j we;s ÿIalr;d yd

.eg¨
Wla; f;audjg wod<j bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjhg
n,mdk fjk;a idol ms<sn| úuiSfï § úoHdmSG b.ekaùï lghq;= lrf.k hdug wjYH
ûdkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a& ys.ùu" fuka u úoHdmSG mdGud,d i|yd n|jd .kakd wju
iqÿiqlï ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= h hkak mSGdêm;s ixcdkk úh' fmdÿ iqÿiqlï rduqjla
u; n|jd .ekSu l< nj;a wkdjrKh úh' tfia u iqqÿiqlï ,;a lÓldpd¾h uKav,hla
iaÓr fiajd moku u; úoHdmSG i|yd fkdue;s ùu" úoHd.dr" foaYk Yd,d mx;s ldur
fmdÿ myiqlï wju ùu" mqqia;ld, ixj¾Ok jev ms<sfj,la fkdue;sùu" f;dr;=re
;dlaIK Ndú;hg Èß .kajk miqìula úoHdmSG ;=< ks¾udKh fkdùu hk lreKq
fuka u úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï i|yd we;s bv m%ia:d wju ùu;a" úoHdmSG úIhud,dj
l%shd;aul lsÍfï we;s ±ä taldldÍ nj yd l%Svd fi!kao¾h lghq;= i|yd wjia:djka
iSud ùu fuka u YsIH n|jd .ekSu iSud lsÍu ^f;dard.;a úIhka i|yd& úoHdmSG
YsIHhkaf.a iSudjdiS mqyK
q q ld,h ;=< wëlaIKh wjYH myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu
hkq lreKq u;= lrk ,§'
úoHdmSG úIhud,dj id¾:lj l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd mdGud,d wka;¾.;fha isÿ l< hq;=
fjkialï
 úoHdmSG mdGud,d jvd;a m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla iys;j l%shd;aul lsÍu
 YsIHhka i|yd iajhx bf.kqï wjia:d j¾Okh lsÍu
 úIh ksiairK" úIh ixfYdaOk yels blaukska úoHd mSG úIhud,djg tla
lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
163 | P a g e
 úoHd mSG .=re YsIHhka we.hSFï l%ufõoh fjkia lsÍu
 w;sf¾l lshùï øjH wka;¾cd, myiqlï iq,n lsÍu
 m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï$bf.kqï wjia:d iq,n lsÍu
 úIhud,d ixfYdaOk i|yd lÓldpd¾h jreka o fhdod .ekSu
 úIhud,d kùlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a msßia ta i|yd fhdod .ekSu
 úoHd mSG ;=< l%shd;aul jk ieÕjqKq úIhud,dj ;=<ska wfmalaIs; wruqK bgqlr
.ekSfï úêu;a jev ms<sfj,la ixúOdkh l< hq;h
= s'
 úIhud,d ixfYdaOk ms<sn| mqyqKq lsÍï läkñka yd úêu;a rduqjlg wkqj isÿ
lsÍu
úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh i|yd l< hq;= m%;sm;a;suh fjkialï
 lÓldpd¾hjreka n|jd .kq ,nk l%ufõo h<s ie,iqï lsÍu
 lÓldpd¾hjreka i|yd úêu;a jHdma;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd§u
 wNHka;r yd ndysr kshdukh i|yd ish¨ úoHd mSG i|yd Ndú;d l< yels fmdÿ
we.hSï jHqyhka ks¾udKh lsÍu
 nyqúO b.ekaùï m%fõY i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu
 úoHd mSG .=re isiqka iSud jdiS ld,fhka neyerj jqj o we.hSug k;=jk mßÈ
we.hSï l%ufõo ilia lsÍu
úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fmdÿ ixj¾Ok fhdackd
 úoHdmSG iïnkaOj wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha kshduk l%shdj,sh ±kg jvd úêu;a
ùu
 úoHdmSG iïnkaOj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ld¾hNdrh úêu;a lsÍu
 úoHd mSG m;aùï" udre lsÍï" yd mrdmd,kh ms<sn|j we;s foaYmd,ksl n,mEï
wju lsÍu
 úoHdmSGfha wjika M,h we.hSu i|yd jk kS;sÍ;s moaO;sh yd n,;, úoHd mSG
n,OdÍkag ,nd Èh hq;=hs'
 úoHdmSGj, wOHhk yd mßmd,k jYfhka wxY folla fjka fjka jYfhka
úêu;a l< hq;=hs'
 úoHd mSG ks,OdÍkaf.a jHdma;sh ixj¾Okh i|yd fukau wdfhdackhka
ia:dmkh l< hq;=hs'
 úoHd mSG mSGdêm;sjrhdf.a md,khg uQ,sl;ajh ,efnk mßÈ mßmd,k rgdj
ieliSu
 úoHdmSG iïnkaOju úIhud,dj" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" mßmd,kh
l<ukdlrKh ixj¾Okh i|yd úIh úfYaI{hskaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSu l<
hq;=hs'
164 | P a g e
 YsIHhka i|yd ;jÿrg;a iaj wOHhk jev igyka jHdma; l< hq;=hs'
 YsIH ix.ï jvd;a úêu;a yd M,odhS l< hq;h
= s'
 úIhfha jeo.;a lu wkqj b.ekaùï ld,h fjka l< hq;h
= s'
 m%Odk úIh" wúIh f;dard .ekSfï§ we;s ndOd bj;a lr ix.; njla we;s l<
hq;=hs'
 .=reNj;=kag úfoaY mqyqKq wjia:d ixmdokh l< hq;=hs'
 kùk ;dlaIKh bf.kqï l%ufõo ms<sn| ±kqj;aNdjh ,ndÈhhq;=hs'
 úIh ixfhdack lsÍfï§ ±kg mj;sk ndOd bj;a l< hq;h
= s'
 ndysr wdh;k yd iïnkaO ù mqyqKq wjia:d j¾Okh lsÍu
 mSGh ;=<g mqyqKq wjia:d iïmdokh l< hq;=hs'
 wOHhk ld, iSudj jeä l< hq;h
= s'
 l%Svd" fi!kao¾h" úIh iu.dó" ndysr l%shdldrlï i|yd wkq.%y wkqn, ,nd§u
ixj¾Okh l< hq;h
= s'
 wOHhk ld, iSudj §¾. l< hq;h
= s'
 YsIHhkag fkajdislj /§ isàug jev ms<sfj,la we;s l< hq;=hs'
 lKavdhï ye.Su" iduQyl
s ;ajh j¾Okh jk l%shdldrlï ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh
l< hq;h
= s'
 YsIHhkaf.a YdÍßl fhda.H;djh j¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= iïmdokh l< hq;=hs’
 YsIHhka we.hSfï l%ufõoh ld,Skj fjkia lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;=hs'`
4'9'4 mka;s ldur ksrSlaIK

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG YslaIK,dNSkaf.a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okfha § lÓldpd¾h
uKav,fha bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh Bg fndfyda úg iïnkaO fõ' tys §
mdGud,d,dNSka fj; úIh ks¾foaYh iïfm%aIKfha § lÓldpd¾h uKav,h Bg jk mQ¾j
iQodku" úIh wka;¾.;h iïfm%aIKfha § wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõo" WmfoaYd;aul
iajrEmh jeks Tjqkaf.a YslaIKfõ§ m%fõY y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj úµdj"
.Ks;h iy bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIhg wod<j .=re isiqkaf.a úIh ±kqu jeä
ÈhqKqjg fhduq jQ iy tu m%Odk úIhg wod< YslaIKfõ § yelshdj jeä
ÈhqKqjg$fhda.H l%ufõo Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh flfrys fhduq jQ mdvï 14la
ksÍlaIKhg ,la lrk ,È' ksÍlaIs; mdvï 14ka myla iDcqj u mdGud,djg wod< by<
úIh ±kqu ixj¾Okh i|yd o" kjhla úIh bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § fhdod
.; yels bf.kqï l%ufõo$m%fõY ms<sn| .=re isiqkaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okh wruqKq lr
ie,iqï l< mdvï fõ' bka bx.%sis úIhh ksÍlaIs; mdvï fol u úIh ±kqu ixj¾Okh
i|yd ie,iqï l< mdvï fõ' úoHdj mdvï ;=kla yd .Ks;h mdvï folla Bg wh;a
165 | P a g e
úh' ksÍlaIs; b;sß úoHdj mdvï ;=k yd .Ks;h mdvï y;r úIh b.ekaùfï l%ufõo
ms<sn| .=re l=i,;d j¾Okhg fhduq jq mdvï h'
iuia; ksÍlaIKfhka u;= lr.;a lreKq fmdÿ lafIa;% ;=kla hgf;a meyeÈ,s
lsÍfï wjia:dj mj;S' f;dard.;a úIh wka;¾.;h" úIh wka;¾.;h iïfm%aIKfha §
fhdod.;a l%ufõo yd wdY%s; YslaIKfõoh" Ndú; YslaIKfõoh ;=< jQ WmfoaYd;aul
iajrEmh .=re isiqkaf.a mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï ld¾h fufyhùu i|yd jk
odhl;ajh tu lafIa;% ;=k fõ' .=re isiqkag ,nd §ug wfmalaIs; úIhh wka;¾.;h
f;dard .ekSfï §" úIh ks¾foaYfha ksmqK;d uÜgu ,nd §ug fhda.H mßÈ úIh lreKq
f;dard .ekSug ish¨ u lÓldpd¾hjre lghq;= lr ;snq nj ksÍlaIKh úh' tfy;a
f;dard.;a ksmqK;djg wod< wka;¾.;fha úIh lreKq meyeÈ,sj ks¾jpkh lr
fkd.ekSu ksid mdvfï iqúfYaI wruqKq meyeÈ,s fkdjQ tla wjia:djla .Ks;h úIh
fou< udOHh mka;s ldurhl ksÍlaIKh úh' f;dard .;a úIh lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï
§ jvd fhda.H bf.kqï b.ekaùï m%fõYh f;dard .ekSu mdvï 12l ksÍlaIKh jQ kuq;a
.Ks;h yd bx.%sis úIhg wod< mdvï foll § f;dard .;a l%ufõohg jvd fhda.H
l%ufõo mej;s nj ksÍlaIKh úh' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï weiqßka tu mdvï fol
l%shd;aul lsÍug ie,iqï lr ;snqK o" th tu mdvï i|yd jvd fhda.H u m%fõYh
fkdjk nj ksÍlaIs; h' iuia; jYfhka ksÍlaIs; mdvïj, l%shdldrlï weiqßka úIh
lreKq .fõIKhg wjia:dj iïmdokh lr ;snqKs' ishü lÓldpd¾hjre úIh ±kqu
yd l=i,;d .=re isiqka fj; ,nd§ug lKavdhï l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr ;sîu ksÍlaIs;
fmdÿ ,laIKhls' tla úoHdj mdvul § nyqúO m%fõY weiqfrka .=re isiqka .fõIKhg
fhduq l< wjia:djla úh' tfia u úIhg yd úIh lreKqj,g .e,fmk bf.kqï
l%shdldrlï fufyhùug ish¨ lÓldpd¾hjre m%h;ak ord ;snqKq nj ksÍlaIs;h' kuq;a
tajdfhys M,odhS;dj wju wjia:d o úh' l%shdldrlïj, úúO;ajhla fkdùu" YsIH
uÜgu ms<sn| t;rï wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" YsIH flakaøSh núka
jeä YsIH iyNd.s;ajh m%udKj;a f,i ,nd fkd.ekSu yd jvd;a M,odhS f,i fhdod
.; yels wjia:d ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu Bg fya;= f,i ksÍlaIs; lreKq w;r
fõ' tfia u fou< udOH .Ks;h úIh tla mdvul o mdif,a mka;s ldur isiqka
jHdl+, lsÍug fya;=jk wdldrfha l%shdldrlula o wka;¾.;j ;snqKs'
úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï § tu lreKq ksjerÈ j ;yjqre jk mßÈ bf.kqï
wdOdrl fhdod .ekSu w;HjYH lreKls' ksÍlaIs; ishü mdvïj, § iq¨ fyda bf.kqï
wdOdrlhlaNdú; lsÍug lÓldpd¾hjre W;aidy lr ;snQ nj ksÍlaIKh úh' kuq;a
fhdod.;a bf.kqï wdOdrlh w;HjYHu fkdjk wjia:djla o ksÍlaIKh úh' tu
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h lD;su mßirhla we;s lsÍug fya;=jla jQ nj ksÍlaIKh úh'
.Ks;h úIhg wod<j ksÍlaIs; mdvï 6ka úIh lreKq ksjerÈ j ;yjqre jk f,i
bf.kqï wdOdrl fhdod .ekSu wju jQ wjia:d folla ksÍlaIKh jQ w;r u" b;du;a
M,odhS wkaoñka bf.kqï wdOdr Ndú; l< wjia:djla .Ks;h úIh tla mdvul §
ksÍlaIKh úh' tu wjia:dj úfYaIfhka isiq Ñka;kh wjê lrk iq¨ wjia:djla úh'
166 | P a g e
iajhx bf.kqug fhduq l< wjia:djls' iuia;hla f,i .;a l< ksÍlaIs; mdvï w;rska
idfmalaIj úoHdj úIhg wod< mdvïj, isiqka iajhx bf.kqug fhduq l< wjia:d wvq
h' ksÍlaIs; úoHdj mdvï 06ka 4lu .=re isiqka iajhx bf.kqug fhduq l< wjia:d
ksÍlaIKh fkdù h' úoHd úIhg wod< j W.kajk úIhg wod< úIh lreKq ksjerÈj
bÈßm;a fkdjQ wjia:djla ksÍlaIKh ùu wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;;a;ajhls' tu
mdvu W.ekaùfuys ksr; lÓldpd¾hjrhd wod< úIfhys m%ùKhl= fkdùu Bg fya;=j
nj wkdjrKh úh'
mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg .=re isiqkaf.a iQodku hym;a
uÜgñka mej;s w;r" fhdod.;a l%shdldrlïj, mej;s taldldÍ nj yd YsIH uÜgu ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr ;snQ wjia:dj, § yer Tjqkaf.a
iyNd.s;ajh o Wmßu j mej;=ks' ksÍlaIs; mdvï 14ka 6la u ld,h M,odhSj fhdod
.ekSfï ÿ¾j,;d mej;=ks' tu ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIs; .Ks; úIh mdvï wdY%s; j jeä
jYfhka ^3$6la& ksÍlaIKh úh' úoHdj mdvï 6ka tla mdvul o" ksÍlaIs; bx.%sis mdvï
02ysu o fuu ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh úh' mdvug kshñ; ld,hg jeä ld,hla fhdod
.ekSu jeä jYfhka ksÍlaIs; ;;a;ajhls'
iuia; jYfhka ie,l+ l< ish¨ mdvïj, ksÍlaIs; iqúfYaIS ;;a;ajhla
úh' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï weiqßka ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd §ug fhduq jQ ksÍlaIs; ish¨
mdvïj, .=re isiqka ,jd wod< úIh lreKq mdif,a mka;s ldurj, isiqka fj;
iïfm%aIKh lrk wdldrh wdo¾Ykhla iys;j bÈßm;a lsÍu wfmalaId lrñka mdvï
ie,iqï lr ;snqKs' kuq;a tu wjia:dj, § .=re isiqkaf.a WmfoaYd;aul iajrEmfha
ÿ¾j,;d fmkajd foñka Tjqka ixj¾Okhg fhduq l< yels wjia:d mej;sh o ta ms<sn|
úfYaIfhka fyda úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlsÍu ±lsh yels úh' kso¾Ykhla
jYfhka yqkq mqjrej ksjerÈj Ndú;h" mdif,a mka;s ldur YsIH uÜgu ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduq lr Tjqkaf.a .%yKhg yd f;areï .ekSug fhda.H jk f,I Wmfoia §u"
l%udkql+, meyeÈ,s lsÍu" mshjr wkqj meyeÈ,s lsÍu jeks lreKq iïnkaOfhka ksjerÈ
lsÍï" u. fmkaùï ksÍlaIKh jQfha wju jYfhks' .=re isiqjd ;=< ixj¾Okh úh hq;=
wxY lÓldpd¾hjrhd ta fudfydf;au wod< isÿùu isÿjQ wjia:dj yd iïnkaO lr
.ksñka fmkajd §u" ksjerÈ lsÍu .=re – YsIHhdf.a wxYfhka jvd M,odhS l%shdjls' kuq;a
ta ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wju ùu lÓldpd¾h N+ñldfõ ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;=
wx.hla f,I ksÍlaIKh úh' tkï lÓldpd¾hjre" .=re isiqka ;=< hï m%;M
s ,hls we;s
lsÍfï WmlrKhla ^Mediate tool) f,I l%shd l< hq;= jqjo tu ;;a;ajh wju h'
lÓldpd¾h N+ñldj .=re isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh N+ñldfõ l=I,;d jeä
ÈhqKqjg wdo¾Yhla f,i l%shd;aul jk wdldrh bx.%Sis úIh tla mdvul § iy .Ks;h
úIh tla mdvul § yer wfkl=;a mdvïj, § ksÍlaIs; hym;a ;;a;ajhls' tfia u
Tjqyq .=re N+ñldjg wod< .=re isiqkaf.a fm!reI ixj¾Okhg fhda.H wdlD;shla f,I
l%shd;aul jk ,§'
167 | P a g e
miajk mßÉfPaoh
ks.uk iy fhdackd
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine|s bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn|j jQ fuu wOHhkfha o;a; úYaf,aIKh u; mokï
jQ f;dr;=re wkqj ks.ukj,g t<ôKs' tu ks.uk iy Bg wod< jQ ixj¾Okd;aul
fhdackd fuu mßÉfPaofhka bÈßm;a flf¾' ks.uk o;a; úYaf,aIKfhka ú.%y jQ my;
±lafjk wxY y;r hgf;a fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a flf¾'
5'1 úoHd" .Ks; bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh ^úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis&
wka;¾.;h .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jQ wdldrh'
5'2 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh
úIhj,ska ,efnk odhl;ajh
5'3 mdGud,d ld,h ;=< YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu
5'4 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s ixj¾Okhg wNsfhda. f,i n,mE fjk;a idol
5'1 úoHd .Ks; bx.%Sis mdGud,dj, m%Odk úIh ^úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis& wka;¾.;h
.=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg odhl jQ wdldrh
5'1'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis hk m%Odk úIhhj, úIh wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr
úYaf,aIKh u; mokï jQ ks.uk
5'1'2 m%Yakdj,s" iïuqL idlÉPd iy ksÍlaIK u; mokï jQ ks.uk
5'1'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis hk m%Odk úIhhj, úIh wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr

úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis úIhj, úIh wka;¾.;h m%Odk f;aud oyhla

Tiafia úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o w;r ta u; mokï jQ ks.uk u;= oela fõ'
 úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl mßph

.Ks;h yd úoHj úIhh folg idfmalaIj bx.%Sis úIhfha úIh ±kqu yd
m%dfhda.sl mßph yd idOkh wjia:d 58la y÷kdf.k ;snQk w;r th m%dfhda.SlrKhg
,lajQ wjia:d .Kk 86ls' ta wkqj bx.%Sis úIh ;=< m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h i|yd jeä
wjia:d m%udKhla iïmdokh lr we;'
 udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu

udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu hk f;audjg wod< j .Ks;h úIhfha §
kHdhd;aul lreKq jeä jYfhka wjOdrkh lr ;snQ w;r tu ;;a;ajh
m%dfhda.sllrKhg ,lalr ;snqfka wju jYfhks' úoHd úIh m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla iys;
úIhla jk neúka kHdhd;aul lreKq wju j olajñka m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg jeä wjia:d
168 | P a g e
ixLHdjla ,nd § we;' bx.%Sis úIh m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h m%.=K l< hq;= úIhhla jqj;a"
úIh ks¾foaY jvd;a Ydia;%Sh lreKq yd kHdhd;aul lreKqj,ska iq,n ù we;'
 YsIH úúO;ajh
YsIH úúO;aj hk f;audjg wod< j .Ks;h úIfha § m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hg wjia:d
fkd;snqK w;r úoHd úIhfha § kHdhsl lreKq flfrys úIh ks¾foaYfha wjOdkh
fhduqlr fkd;snqKs' Wla; úIh folg idfmalaI j bx.S%is úIh ks¾foaYfha YsIH
úúO;ajhg jeä wjOdkhkla fhduq lr we;'
 b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh

úoHdj yd .Ks;h úIhhj,g jvd bx.%Sis úIfha kHdhd;aul lreKq yd
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h w;r" iunr njla mj;ajdf.k hdug W;aidy f.k we;' kuq;a
bx.%Sis m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä úh hq;= úIhla jqj;a fuys § tu ;;a;ajh ie,ls,a,g
f.k fkdue;'
 bf.kqï mßirh ieliSu
bf.kqï mßirh ieliSu ms<sn| j f;audj hgf;a úuiSfï § wod< úIhka

;=fkys tu úIhka ys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;'
 b.ekaùu
b.ekaùu hkak m%dfhda.sl ld¾hla jk neúka" .Ks;h úIhfha § m%dfhda.sl

wxYfha lghq;=j,g jeä jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' úoHd úIh ;=< kHdhsl lreKqj,g
jeä jeo.;alula ,nd § ;sfnk w;r m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï wjia:d i|yd ,nd § we;s
jdr ixLHdj idfmalaIj wju uÜgul mj;S' tfiau bx.%Sis úIfha § kHdhsl
lreKqj,g jeä jeo.;alula ,nd § we;'
 ikaksfõokh
ikaksfõokh hk f;audj ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § úoHdj úIh ;=< ikaksfõokh
i|yd jeä jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' .Ks;h IIys ikaksfõok wjia:d jeä ixLHdjla
^04&la igykaj ;snqK o" ijka§fï l=i,;djh ms<sn|j wjOdkh olajd fkdue;' bx.%Sis
úIh ms<sn| j úuiSfï § ikaksfõokh flfrys jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' tfia kuq;a
YsIHhkag ikaksfõok wjia:d ie,iSu iïnkaOj kHdhsl lreKq wvx.= fkdfõ'
 ;lafiarelrKh
.Ks;h úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrKh i|yd idfmalaIj wvq wjia:d ixLHdjla ,nd
§ we;s' ksmqK;d mdol ;lafiarelrKh ms<sn| j kHdhsl lreKq .Ks;h úIfhys
y÷kd.; fkdyels úh tfuka u ;lafiarelrKfha uQ,O¾u ms<sn| kHdhsl ±kqu
,ndfok fldgia .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYfha wvx.= jqj o tys m%dfhda.sl ;;a;aj .Ks;h
.Ks; úIh ks¾foaYfha wju uÜgfuka i|yka ù we;' .Ks;hg idfmalaI j úoHdj
úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrKh i|yd jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' ksmqK;d mdol
169 | P a g e
;lafiarelrKhg úoHdj ;=< m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alula ,nd È ;sfí' YsIH iajhx
;lafiarelrK l%shdldrlï yd YsIH m%.;sh jd¾;dlrK ms<sn| j úoHdj úIh
ks¾foaYfha i|yka ù fkdue;' bx.%Sis úIh ;=< ;lafiarelrK i|yd jeo.;alula ,nd
§ we;' fmdÿfõ .;a l< bx.%Sis úIh ;=< kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl md¾Yjhka fol flfrys
u wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;' tfia kuq;a bx.%Sis úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< o YsIH iajhx
;lafiarelrKh i|yd bv m%ia:d ,nd È fkdue;'
 iduqysl iïnkaO;d
iduQysl iïnkaO;d hk f;audj ms<sn| úuiSfï § úoHdj yd bx.%Sisj,g
idfmalaIj .Ks;fha iuQy iïnkaO;d wvq w.hla f.k we;' iyfhda.S;djh yd
YsIHhkag Wmfoia ,nd§u hk wkq f;aud muKla .Ks; úIh ks¾foaY ;=< y÷kd.;
yels úh' úoHd úIfha § iyfhda.S;djh hkakg jvd jeo.;alula ,nd § we;' bx.%Sis
úIh ks¾foaYfha iduQyl
s iïnkaO;d ms<sn| j kHdhd;aulj fuka u m%dfhda.slj
wjOdrKh lr ;sfí' úfYaIfhka u bx.%Sis úIh ks¾foaYfha YsIH Wmfoia ,nd§u hk
Wm f;audjg wod< j m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h i|yd jeä keUqre;djla olajd we;'
 m%;HdfõlaIKh jD;a;Sh p¾hdj iy kdhl;ajh
m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh p¾hdj ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfï § úIhka ;=ku ta

ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlr we;' m%;HfõlaIKhg wod< l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j úIhka
;=fkys u wjOdkh fhduq ù we;' kuq;a úoHdj yd bx.%sisj,g idfmalaI j .Ks; úIfha
m%;HdfõlaIK l%shdldrlï my< uÜgul mj;S' m%;HdfõlaIK kHdhsl ±kqu ,nd §
;snqfka .Ks; úIfha muKs'

.Ks;h úIhfha ta ta fldgiaj,g ld,h fjka lsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= ù we;'
Wod( .Ks;h 1 yd 11 f,i fjka lr ksmqK;d olajd ;snqKo ta i|yd fjka lr we;s
ld,h iudk fkdfõ' .Ks; b;sydihg o jeä ld,hla f.k ;sfí' úIhud,dj yd
ksmqK;d ieliSfï § ld,h$meh .Kk ;SrKh lrkafka l=uk moku u;o@ ta i|yd
m%ñ;sh l=ulao@ ld,h ;SrKh lrkafka ljqreka o" f;aud wkqj th fn§ hkafka flfia
o@ th úIh ksmqK;dj,g fldf;la ÿrg .e,fma o@ hk fïjd ms<sn| j ksjerÈ
ud¾f.damfoaY fkdùu fuu .eg¨jg fy;a;+ka úh yels h' tfiau .Ks;h úIh
ks¾foaYfha we;eï ksmqK;d fjkia úh hq;= h ^Wod( 18' 2" 21 ksmqK;d&' ;jo úIh
fldgiaj, mrdih meyÈ,sjkfia úIh wka;¾.;h isjia;rd;aul j ±laùu WÑ; h'
úoHdj úIhfha 6-11 fY%aKsj,g wod< úIh f;aud" mdi,a kj úIh wka;¾.;h
wkqj fjkia úh hq;= h' úIh ks¾foaYfha we;eï ksmqK;d iy ksmqK;d uÜgï
fjkiaúh hq;= h ^ Wod( 8'3" 2'1" 3'2" 7'1 ksmqK;d&' úoHd b;sydifha we;eï fldgia
170 | P a g e
ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqu yd l=i,;d isiqkag ,ndÈu WÑ;h' Wod( úoHd.dr b;sydih" tys
;dlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh
bx.%Sis idys;H úIhfha w'fmd'i' ^Wiiafm<& .oH fldgi fjkia úh hq;= h'
bx.%Sis NdIdjg wod< m%dfhda.sl fldgia îjkaÈu" l:kh& flf¾ jeä wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= h' úIh ms<sn| jeäÿr bf.kSu$ yeoEÍu i|yd wdY%s; .%ka: f,aLkhla ,nd Èh
hq;= h'

o .Ks;h
.Ks; úIh wka;¾.;hg .eUqre úIh lreKq iys; j Wiia .Ks; ±kqula
,ndfok wdldrfhka ilia lsßu WÑ; h' Wod( 6 - 11 úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< .Ks;
f;aud ±kqu Wiia fm< yd Wmdê m%:u f;aud j¾Ihg wod< uÜgñka ,eîu" cHdñ;sh
yd ùc .Ks;h wksjd¾hfhka we;=<;a lsÍu' .=rejrhd by< ±kqulska ikakoaO ùu
iuia; YsIH m%cdjf.a m%.ukhg fya;= úh yels h' .Ks; b;sydih ;=< uE; ld,Skj
fidhd .ekSï" kjl%u yd kj WmlrK úIhud,djg we;=,;a úh hq;= h' ^Wod( kj
.eg¨ úi|Sfï l%u .Ks;h yd iïnkaO lsÍu&
o úoHdj
 6 - 11 úoHdj úIh wka;¾.;h iDcq f,i u mdi,a bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh flakø lr .ksñka ilia l< hq;= h' tys § fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhk
úoHdj yd cSj úoHdj wOHhkh lsÍu WÑ; h'
 úoHdj úIhh wka;¾.;hg we;eï úIh fldgia we;=,;a lsÍu WÑ; h'
Wod(- 8'3 ksmqK;djg wod< j laIqø cSj úoHdfõ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï jeä
lsÍu yd Bg cSjdkqyrK l%u we;=,;a lsÍu äcsg,a ;dlaIKh yd fldkagï
fN!;sl úoHdfõ isoaOdka; 5E l%uh wod< mdvï i|yd fhdod .ekSu yd
ks¾udmS bf.kqu we;=,;a lsÍu WÑ; h'
o bx.%Sis
 bx.%Sis NdIdfõ m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ^l:kh&jeä l< hq;= h'
 NdIdjl .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lsÍu iy m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä lsÍu wksjd¾h
wx.hls' tys § l:kh yelshdj fkdue;s ni u< NdIdjlajkq we;' bx.%Sis
l:kh ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ .eg¨jla mj;sk w;rfuys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h jeä
lsÍu Bg úi÷ula o jkq we;'
 bx.%Sis mqyqK qjk isiqkag ix.S;h bf.kqug wjia:d ie,ish hq;= h'
 iunr fm!reIhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuys,d th jeo.;a jkq we;'
 úIh wka;¾.;hg kj fldgia tla úh hq;= h ^Wod( 6 jk j.=j&
171 | P a g e
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoj, fjkia úh hq;= fldgia
o .Ks;h
 b.fkqu i|yd YsIH flakøSh m%fõYh u; mokï jQ b.ekaùï l%u jvd WÑ;
h' ^Wod( wkdjrK l%u" m¾fhaIKd;aul l%u" .fõIK" ieiÿï f,aLK& tys
§ bf.kqï l%ufõo w¨;a ùu wjYH h' wOHdmk ixj¾Okh Wfoid
ks¾udKd;aul m%fõYlrd t<Uqu ld,Sk wjYH;djls'
o úoHdj
 úoHdj bf.kSfï § m%dfhda.sl;ajh u; mokï jQ ks¾udKd;aul yd
.fõIKd;aul bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu WÑ;h' Wod(
lafIa;% pdßld" jHdmD;s u.ska w;a±lSï ,nd §u" kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK
Ndú;fhka b.ekaùu" 21 ishjig WÑ; ks¾udKd;aul l%u Ndú;h" t<suyka
wOHhkh
o bx.%Sis
 bx.%Sis úIfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo jvd m%dfhda.sl úh hq;= h' NdIdjl
cSjh ksjerÈ l:kh yd WÉPdrKh u; mj;S' m%dfhda.sl;ajfhka f;dr j
NdIdjla bf.kSu wiSre h'
 myiqfjka bx.%sis bf.kqu i|yd kj ;dlaIK Ndú;h iq,N úh hq;= h fuka
u ta i|yd iqÿiq mßirhla ks¾udKh úhhq;= h'
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõohg w¨;ska tla úh hq;= fldgia

o .Ks;h
kj ;dlaIK Ndú;h" wka;¾cd, Ndú;h we;=,;a jk mßÈ .Ks;h bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%ufõoh i|yd kj l%u ilia l< hq;= h' YslaIK,dNSkaf.a m%dfhda.sl
b.ekaùï ld,h ksYaÑ; j úIhud,dfõ ±la úh hq;= h' .fõIKd;aul bf.kqï l%u
i|yd mka;s ldur ÈYd.; l< hq;= h' wOHdmk m%.ukh i|yd .fõIKd;aul m%fõY
Èß .ekaùu wjYH;djls'
o úoHdj
úoHdj bf.kSu i|yd kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ ks¾udKYS,S kj ;dlaIKh
u; mokï jQ ks¾udKYS,s yd m%dfhda.sl;ajfhka hq;a kj l%ufõo wkq.ukh l<hq;=
h' Wod( mß.Klh m,odhS j fhdod .ekSu kj ;dlaIKh Ndú;h yd wka;¾cd,
bf.kqu iajhx wOHhk" iyfhda.S bf.kqu" mqia;ld, mßyrKh" lafIa;% pdßld yd
m%o¾Yk" úoHd.dr mÍlaIK flaj, j lsÍfï l%ufõo úúO bf.kqï l%u Wmßu j
Ndú; lsÍfï Wml%u'
172 | P a g e
o bx.%Sis
wka;¾cd, myiqlï iys; j kj ;dlaIKh iu.ska f,dj kùk bf.kqï
l%ufõo yd bf.kqï l%shdldrlï weiqfrka kj bf.kqï l%ufõo ielish hq;= h'
bf.kqug myiqlï iemhSu i|yd jd.a úoHd.dr ilia lsÍu WÑ; h'
5'2 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd úoHd" .Ks;" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh
úIhj,ska ,efnk odhl;ajh
5'2'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh úIh wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr
5'2'1 úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh úIh wka;¾.;fha ikaOdr

úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis mdGud,djkays jD;a;Sh wka;¾.;h m%Odk f;aud kuhla
Tiafia úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o w;r ta u; mokï jQ ks.uk yd fhdckd u;= oela fõ'
 udkj ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqu
udkj ixj¾Okhg yd bf.kqug wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk
jHjydr úIh odhl ù we;'
 YsIH úúO;ajh
YsIH úúO;ajh ms<sn| jeä jYfhka lreKq wjOdrKh l< hq;= jkafka ufkda
úoHdj úIfhka jqj;a ta ms<sn| j lrekq jeä jYfhka wjOdrKh lr we;af;a wOHdmk
jHjydr úIhfhka h' tneúka ufkda úoHdj úIh i|yd YsIH úúO;aj y÷kd .ekSu
i|yd jQ úIh wka;¾.;hla ±kg mj;sk úIh ks¾foaYhg jvd jeä hula tl;= l<
hq;= h'
 b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKh
b.ekaùu i|yd ie,iqïlrKhg wod< .=re ksmnqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk
jHjydr úIh odhl ù we;' wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhfha b.ekaúu
i|y die,iqïlrKhg wod< úIh lreKq wvq jdr .Kkla i|yka ù we;' tneúka
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh jD;a;Sh úIh i|yd b.ekaùu i|yd
ie,iqïlrKhg wod< úIh lreKq we;=,;a lsÍu'
 bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍu

bf.kqï mßirh ilia lsÍug wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk iudc
úoHdj úIh odhl ù we;' tksid wOHdmk jHjydr" wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj wOHdmk
ñkqï we.hqï yd ;lafiarelrKh hk jD;a;Sh úIh ;=k i|yd o bf.kqï mßirh
ilia lsÍu ms<sn| úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a lsÍu'
173 | P a g e
 b.ekaùu
b.ekaùug wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIh odhl
ù we;' tneúka úoHdmSG úIhud,dfõ wOHdmk jHjydr úIhfhka id¾:l .=rejrfhl=
jYfhka b.ekaùug wod< ie,iqï lsÍu l%shd;aul lsÍu we.hSu yd b.ekaùu m%fõY
ikaksfõok l%u ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu iïnkaO jQ wfkl=;a ishü úIhkaf.ka
,nd.;a w;a±lSï m%dfhda.sl j l%shd;aul jk ksid wOHdmk jHjydr úIh ;=< ;jÿrg;a
b.ekaùug wod< lreKq we;=<;a lsÍu wjYH fkdjk nj lsj yel' tfiau mdvu
wjia:dfjdaÑ;j fjkia lsÍug iïnkaO woyia jD;a;Sh úIhh ;=< we;=<;a lsÍu WÑ;h'
 ikaksfõokh
ikaksfõokhg wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a
l<ukdlrKh úIh yd wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd ;lafiarelrKh úIh bjy,a ù
we;' ta wkqj wfkl=;a úIh ioyd ikaksfõokhg wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg
wjia:d ,nd §u WÑ;h'
 ;lafiarelrKh
;lafiarelrKhg wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk ñkqu we.hqu yd
;lafiarelrKh úIh bjy,a ù we;' wOHdmk iudc úoHdj' wOHdmk jHjydr"
wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh hk úIhh i|yd o ;lafiarelrKhg wod<
úIh wka;¾.;hla we;=<;a lsÍu WÑ;h'
 iduQysl iïnkaO;d
iduQysl iïnkaO;dj,g wod< .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhg wOHdmk uQ,sldx. yd
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhh yd wOHdmk iudc úoHdj úIhh bjy,a ù we;' wOHdmk
ufkda úoHdj yd wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhhj, iduQysl
iïnkaO;dj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;hla ;jÿrg;a we;=<;a l, hq;=h'
 m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg
m%;HdfõlaIKh yd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg wod< .=re ksnqK;d ixj¾Okhg
wOHdmk jHjydr úIh bjy,a ù we;'

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGj, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § id¾:l mka;s
ldur jHjydr i|yd jD;a;Sh úIh lafIa;%h mdGud,d ;=fka§ u odhl ù we;'
174 | P a g e
wOHdmk ufkdaúoHdj
 úIh ;=fka § u .=re isiqka wOHdmk ufkda úoHdj úIh bf.kqfuka hym;a
bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd we;' Wod( uki yd ukfia úúO;ajh iy jhia uÜgug
.e<fmk f,i b.ekaùï l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu' nqoaê ixj¾Ok
wjê y÷kd .ekSu" isiq wjYH;d y÷kd .ekSu"isiq .eg¨j,g ms<shï fh§u
 id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd úIh ;=fka § u .=re isiqkag wOHdmk ufkda
úoHdj úIhh bf.kqu m%fhdackj;a ù we;' Wod( isiqkag b.ekaùu myiqùu"
YsIH úúO;ajh bf.kqï l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO lsÍu" úúO bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h
wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh
 wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh bf.kqfuka ,o w;a±lSï
mdGud,d ;=fka§ u id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr" i|yd .=re isiqkag msájy,la
ù we;'
Wod( mdi,a isiq .eg¨j,g WmfoaYkh ,nd Èh hq;= wdldrh" .eg¨j,g uqyqK
§fï § lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd wjYH kHdhsl ±kqu"
WmfoaYk l=i,;d ixj¾Okh
 úIh ;=fka § u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd .=re isiqkag

wOHdmk ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYk úIhh m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( isiq .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,nd§ug iydh ùu" l<yldÍ isiqka i|yd ksis u.
fmkaùu" idkqlïmsl j isiq .eg¨ foi ne,Su" ixlS¾K .eg¨ iys; isiqka
jD;a;Sh WmfoaYljreka lrd fhduq lsÍu
;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï

 úIh ;=fka § u ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIhh bf.kqfuka .=re isiqka ,o
w;a±lSï Okd;aul h'
Wod( ksjerÈ j m%Yak m;% yd ms<s;=re m;% ieliSu" ,l=Kq §u yd ,l=Kq iei§u'
úIh idOkh uekSu i|yd úúO ;lafiarelrK l%u bf.kSu " úIh lreKq
.eUqßka bf.kSu'
 .=rejrfhl= f,i" ;lafiarej ñkqï yd we.hqï úIhh bf.kSu úIh ;=fka § u
.=re isiqkag m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( isiqka y÷kd .ekSu yd m%;sfmdaIK §u" ,l=Kq úYaf,aIKh" iei|Su yd
jd¾;dlrKh" m%Yak m;% ieliSu yd ms<s;=re m;% ,l=Kq lsÍu
175 | P a g e
úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh
 id¾:l mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd úIh ;=fka §u" .=re isiqka úIhud,dj yd
mdi,a l<ukdlrKh úIhh bf.kqfuka ,o w;a±lSï bjy,a ù we;'
Wod( wOHdmk lafIa;%h ms<sn| ±kqu" mdi,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqu" .=re
N+ñldj ms<sn| mq¨,a ±kqu
 .=rejrfhl= f,i l%shd lsÍfï § úIhud,dj yd mdi,a l<ukdlrK úIhh
ms<sn| ±kqu .=re isiqkag m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( mdi,a jHqyh" l%shdldß;ajh yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| ±kqu" ukd in|;d f.dv
k.d .ekSu" .=re N+ñldj ukd f,i y÷kd .ekSu" bf.kqï - b.ekaúï l%shdj,s
ixj¾Okh
wOHdmk jHjydr
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh .=re isiqkag id¾:l bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,eîu i|yd
mdol ù we;'
Wod( ksjerÈ j mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu yd jd¾;dlrKh" úúsO bf.kqï l%u ms<sn|
kHdhsl ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h" mka;s ldurh ;=< ukd j bf.kqï-
b.ekaùï l%shdj,shl ksr; ùu"
 wOHdmk jHjydr úIhh bf.kqu id¾:l b.ekaùï l%shdj,shl ksr; ùu
m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( isiq wdl¾Ykh ,nñka id¾:lj b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr;ùu" úúO
bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h" ksjerÈ mdvï ie,iqïlrKh yd jd¾;dlrKh
 iudc úoHdj úIhh bf.kqfuka .=re isiqka ,o w;a±lSï .=Kd;aul yd
Okd;aul uÜgul mj;S'
Wod( isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu y÷kd .ekSu" mdi," m%cdj yd wjg
mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOh" isiqka mka;s ldurh ;=< iudcdkqfhdackh jk
wdldrh" wod< úIhh ms<sn| .eUqßka ±kqu ,eîu
wOHdmk iudc úoHdj
 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i\yd iudc úoHd úIhh ±kqu .=re isiqkag úIh
;=fka § u m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu y|qkd .ekSu" mdi," m%cdj yd wjg
mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOh" isiqka mka;s ldurh ;=< iudcdkqfhdackh jk
wdldrh" úIhh ms<sn| .eUqßka ±kqu ,eîu
 hym;a mka;s ldur jHjydr i|yd iudc úoHd úIhh ±kqu .=re isiqkag úIh
;=fka § u m%fhdackj;a ù we;'
Wod( isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól miqìu" iudc mka;h
s " iudc ixialD;sh y÷kd
.ekSu yd ta wkqj lghq;= lsßu" ukd m%cd in|;d meje;aùu" YsIH úúO;ajh
u; bf.kqï ld¾hh ie,iqï lsÍu yd ta wkqj b.ekaùfï ksr; ùu'
176 | P a g e
5'3 mdGud,d ld,h ;=< YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu
fuys§ .=re m%;spdr u; mokïjQ ks.uk wNHka;r ld, iSudj iy iSudjdiS mqyqKq
ld,h jYfhka fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a flf¾'
5'3'1 wNHka;r wOHhk ld, iSudfõ§ YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug ±lajq iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqu
o .Ks;h
 wNHka;r ld,iSudfõ § we;eï YslaIK,dNSkaff.a bf.kqug olajk ,o iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqï iy .; njg wod< Okd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod(- mejreï ksu lsÍu ^7&
l<g fõ,djg jev lsÍu ^4&
mqia;ld, mßyrKh ^3&
bf.kqug we;s Wkkaÿj^3&
b.ekaùï mqyqKqjg olajk Wkkaÿj^3&
 wNHka;r ld, iSudfõ§ we;eï YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug ±lajQ iQodku yd
iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| iDKd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod( mejreï fkdlsÍu ^5&
mdvï fkdlsÍu ^4&
mqia;ld,fhka úIhhg wod< fmd;aj,g jvd kjl:d fmd;a .ekSu ^3&
WodiSk nj
m%%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj,g olajk wvq leue;a; ^3&
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;fha we;s oq¾j,;d ^3&
wNHka;r ld,iSudfõ § .Ks;h úIhh bf.kqu ,o YslaIK,dNSkaf. bf.kqug
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqug wod< Okd;aul ,laIKj,g jvd iDKd;aul ;;a;aj jeä
h' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla lrd t<öfï § tajd .eg¨ úh yels h'
o úoHdj
 wNHka;r ld, iSudfõ § úoHdj úIhh yodrK ,o we;eï YslaIK,dNSkaf.a
bf.kqug iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uùï iy.; njg wod< idlaIs mj;S'
Wod(- fyd¢ka lemùfuka wOHdmkfha ksr;ùu ^9&
bf.kqï øjH ilia lsÍu yd Ndú;h ^5&
úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï lsÍu ^5&
ks¾udKYS,Sj úIh lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu ^4&
mdvug iQodku mka;shg hdu ^3&
wdo¾Y mka;s ldur meje;aùug we;s Wkkaÿj ^3&
 wNHka;r ld,iSudfõ § we;eï YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug olajk ,o iQodku
yd iajhx fm<Uqu wvq h'
Wod(- kshñ; Èkg mejreï Ndr fkd§u ^10&
177 | P a g e
bf.kqï wdOdrl ;ekSug we;s ue,slu ^5&
mdvï ie,iqï úêu;a j fkd,sùu ^4&
mqia;ld, mßyrKh iSñ; ùu ^4&
.=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;h ÿ¾j,ùu ^3&
ks¾udKYS,S;ajfhka f;drùu ^3&
úNd. yd ±kqu flakaøSh jQ wOHdmkh ms<sn| we;s isiq leue;a; ^3&
;dlaIK Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fkdùu ^3&
m;aùu ,eîu iaÓr ksid bf.kqug we;s wvq iQodku ^3&
idfmalaIj iei§fï § wNHka;r ld,iSudj ;=< úoHdj bf.kqug isiqka ;=< ;snQ
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu wvq h' bf.kqug we;s wvq iQodku" úêu;a wOHhk lghq;=
ksis f,i fkdlsÍu" ie,iqï fkdue;slu" W!k ks¾udKYS,s;ajh" ;dlaIK Ndú;hg
we;s wvq fm<Uqu .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhg we;s ndOd fõ'
o bx.%Sis
wNHka;r ld, iSudfõ § bx.%sis úIhh bf.kqu ,o we;eï YslaIK,dNSkaf.a bf.kqug
iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqug wod< Okd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod(- mejreï ksu lsÍu yd mÍlaIKj,g fyd¢ka ,sùu ^14&
Wkkaÿfjka bf.kSu
ukd .=re isiq in|;dj
foaYkj, § ksrka;r m%YaklrKh yd ms<s;=re §u ^6&
mqia;ld, mßyrKh ^8&
úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< lreKq fiùu ^4&
igyka fmd;a l%uj;a j ;nd .ekSu ^4&
Wla; Okd;aul ,laIK .=Kd;aul wOHdmk t<Uqu flf¾ hym;a j n,mE yels h'
 wNHka;r ld, iSudfõ § bx.%Sis úIhhg wod< j we;eï YslaIK,dNSka ±lajQ
bf.kqug iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn| we;eï whym;a ;;a;aj mj;S'
Wod(- mejreï ksis mßÈ iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu ^9&
mqia;ld, mßyrKhg ue<snj ^5&
mka;s ldurhg mud ù meñKSu ^4&
b.ekaùfï taldldÍ nj ksid isiqka bf.kqug olajk WodiSk nj ^3&
wlaIr fodaI ^3&
foaYk w;r;=r ksod .ekSu$wEkqï weÍu$w,i nj$ ks¾udKYS,s;ajhla
fkdue;slu ^3&
iajhx wOHhkhg ue,slu
idfmalaI j iei§fï § isiqkaf.a bx.%Sis bf.kqu ms<sn| j jQ Okd;aul ;;a;aj
jeä h' th wOHdmkh iïnkaO j hym;a m%jK;djls' mejreï jeä fofkl= ksu
lsÍu" Wkkaÿfjka bf.kSu" ukd .=re isiq in|;dj" ksrka;r m%YaklrKh bf.kqï
iïnkaO Okd;aul ;;a;aj fõ' fuys iDKd;aul me;s i,ld ne,Sfï § jeä fofkk=
178 | P a g e
mqia;ld, mßyrKhg ue,snj mud ù mka;s ldurhg meñKSu" neyer l< hq;= ;;a;aj
fõ' l=vd l< isgu isiqka lshùug keUqre ù mQ¾K;ajhg meñKSu wjYH jqj;a thg
ue,snj neyer l< hq;= w;r taldldÍ nj ksid bf.kqug olajk ,o WodiSk nj i,ld
ne,sh hq;= ;;a;ajhls' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< mj;sk fodaI" bf.kqu rij;a
w;a±lSï u; ,nd fkd§u" bf.kqu ms<sn| Woõ$Wmfoia ,nd §u yd ta u; isiqka
fufyhùfï § ufkda úoHd;aul m%fõY wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu óg fya;=ka úh yels h'
 wNHka;r ld, iSudj ;=<" úIh ;=fka§ u YsIH p¾hdj yd wdl,am ms<sn| j
úuid ne,Sfï § Okd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod( l,g fõ,djg jev lsÍu ^4&
bf.kqug we;s Wkkaÿj ^3&
NdId.dr mßyrKh ^3&
.=rejrhd tk;=re u.n,d isàu ^2&
Wla; ;;a;aj bf.kqug hym;a ;;a;aj f,i n,mdkq we;' idfmalaI j ne,Sfï
§ úIh ;=fkys u .=re isiqkaf.a Okd;aul YsIH p¾hd yd Okd;aul wdl,amj,g jvd
iDKd;aul YsIH p¾hd yd iDKd;aul wdl,am jeä h' tajd bf.kqug ndOd fõ'
Wod( .=re jD;a;sh i|yd we;s wlue;a; ^3&
j.lSï ksis f,I bgq fkdlsÍu ^3&
jeämqr ksjdvq .ekSu ^3&
m;aùu ,eîu iaÓr ksid bf.kqug we;s iQodku wvqùu ^3&
;dlaIK Ndj;shg Wkkaÿ fkdùu ^3&
bf.kqulska f;drj úNd.j,g ms<s;=re iemhsh yelsh hkqfjka isiq
mrmqfrka mrmqrg woyia yqjudre ùu ^3&
Wla; ;;a;aj ms<sn| .eUqßka i,ld ne,Su wjYH fõ' rch fkdñf,a ,nd fok
wOHdmkfhka ksis M, ,nd fkd.ekSu wvqjls' ,o foa yd fok foa ms<sn|j jákdlula
fkdue;slu o .eg¨ fõ' isiqka jeämqr ksjdvq .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu yd .=re jD;a;shg
we;s wlue;a; o i,ld ne,sh hq;= ;;a;aj fõ' th jD;a;slNdjh ms<sn| j o .eg¨jls'
tf,i u th jD;a;slNdjh ke;sùug o fya;=jla úh yels h' .=re jD;a;shg meñKSug
fmr isg u YslaIK,dNSka ;=< .=re jD;a;shg wdorh yd f.!rjhla mej;Su wjYH jk
w;r th uq, isg u fkdmej;Su wvqjla úh yels h'
5'3'2 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg ±lajQ
o .Ks;h
 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § we;eï isiqka bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg
±lajQ iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqï iy.; nj ms<sn| Okd;aul ;;a;aj mj;S'
Wod( ukd iQodkulska hq;= j mka;s ldurhg hdu ^6&
179 | P a g e
meyeÈ,s j jdr igyka ,shd w;aika lr wkqu; lr .ekSu ^6&
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h ^5&
mdvï wëlaIKh lrjd .ekSug leue;a;la ±laùu ^2&
úêu;a ie,iqula iys;j" ukd iQodkfuka hq;= j .=re isiqka mka;s ldurhg
f.dia bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùu hym;a m%jK;djls'
 iSjdjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § we;eï .=re isiqka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg

±lajQ iQodku yd iajhx fm<Uqug wod< iDKd;aul ;;a;aj mj;S'
Wod( mdvï igyka fkd,sùu ^6&
wëlaIK Èkg muKla iQodkï ù meñKSu ^5&
bf.kqï wdOdrl ilia fkdlsÍu ^4&
laIKslj bf.kqï wdOdrl iQodkï lsÍu ^2&
iSudjdiS ld,h ;=< l< hq;= jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIK fhdackd ksisl,g Ndr
fkd§u ^2&
m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,h ksis mßÈ mj;a fkd.ekSu ^2&
iSudjdiS mqyqKqfõ § .=re isiqka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg ^mdvï igyka
,sùu" iQodkï ùu" bf.kqï wdOdrl ieliSu& olajk ,o iQodku yd fm<Uqu ms<sn| j
Odka;ul yd iDKd;aul ;;a;aj iudk uÜgul mej;sKs' Okd;aul ;;a;aj ixj¾Okh
lrñka iDKd;aul ;;aj i|yd fya;= fidhñka ms<shï fh§u wjYH fõ' tf<i u
m¾fhaIK mdol bf.kqug mj;sk ndOdj,g o ms<shï fiùh hq;= h'
o úoHdj
 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § bf.kqug olajk ,o iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu
ms<sn| we;eï .=re isiqkaf.a Okd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod( iQodkulska hq;=j mka;s ldurhg f.dia b.ekaùu yd mdvï igyka ,sùu
^13&
kss¾udKYS,S oDIHdOdr Ndú;h 9
mejreï ,sùu 3
oDIHdOdr Ndú; lr iQodkulska hq;= j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
fh§u hym;a ,laIKhls'
 iSudjdisl mqyqKq ld,iSudfõ o we;eï .=re isiqkaf.a bf.kqug fm<Uqu ms<sn|
iDKd;aul ,laIK o mj;S'
Wod( bf.kqï wdOdrl fhda.H mßÈ fhdod fkd.ekSu ^6&
ks¾udKYS,S mdvï olakg fkdùu ^4&
lÓldpd¾hjrhd meñfKk Èkg muKla iQodkï j meñKSu ^3&
180 | P a g e
idfmalaIj i,ld ne,Sfï § úoHdj úIhh bf.kqug wod< iDKd;aul
,laIKj,g jvd Okd;aul ,laIK mej;Su hym;a ;;a;ajhls'
o bx.%Sis
iSudjdiS mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § bx.%Sis úIhh yeoErE we;eï YslaIK,dNSka
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| olajk ,o iQodku iy iajhx fm<Uqu ms<sn|
Okd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod( ukd ie,iqula u; mdvï igyka yd jdr igyka ,sùu yd mj;ajdf.k
hdu ^13&
Wkkaÿfjka iy iQodkñka hq;= j b.fkqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha ksr;
ùu ^10&
bf.kqï wdOdrl ieliSu yd Ndú;h ^7&
mdif,a úÿy,am;s yd .=rejreka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu yd
mdi,a lghq;=j,g l%shdldÍ j odhl;ajh §u ^4&
.eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd wëlaIl iydh me;Su ^4&
fuu úIhfha § o ukd iQodkulska" bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú; lrñka isiqka

Wkkaÿfjka b.ekaùfuys ksr; ùu idOkSh ;;a;ajhls'
 iSudjdiS mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § bx.%Sis úIhh yeoErE we;eï YslaIK,dNSka bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ms<sn| W!k iQodkulska yd W!k fm<nqulska hq;=j lghq;= lr
we;'
Wod( úêu;a j mdvï ie,iqï fkdlsÍu yd mdvï igyka fkd,sùu
bf.kqï wdOdrl Ndú;h wju ùu ^8&
fmd;am;a" ie,iqï" wdOdrl f.k tau ks;r wu;l ùu ^3&
kj bf.kqï l%u" kj ks¾udK Ndú; fkdùu ^3&
iïm%odhsl bf.kqï l%uj,g ks;r fhduqùu ^3&
iumoia:hka iu. idlÉPd lsÍug yd mdvï lsÍug ld,h fkd;sîu ^3&
fkdmeñKs .=rejrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug ùu
idfmalaI j úuid ne,Sfï § bx.%Sis úIhh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< .=re
isiqkaf.a iQodku yd fm<Uqu ;=< Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul ,laIK ñY%j mj;sk njg
ks.ukh l< yels h' Okd;aul ,laIK ixj¾Okh lrñka iDKd;aul ,laIK wju
lsÍug úi÷ï fiúh hq;= h'
 iSudjdiS mqyqKq ld,h ;=<" úIh ;=fkys u we;eï isiqkaf.a p¾hdj yd wdl,am
ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sfï § Okd;aul wdl,am mj;S'
Wod( wLKav j mdi,a meñKSu
mdvï wëlaIKh lrjd .ekSug leue;a;la ±laùu ^2&
mjrk ld¾hh ksis f,i bgq lsÍu ^2&
ks¾udKYS,S nj
181 | P a g e
 iSudjdiS mqyqKq ld, iSudfõ § úIh ;=fkys u we;eï .=re isiqkaf.a p¾hdj yd
wdl,am ms<sn| iDKd;aul ,laIK mj;S'
Wod( iïm%odhsl w,i .=re pß; f,i lghq;= lsÍu
±ä w,ilu
.=re jD;a;shg we;s wlue;a; ^2&
fcHIaG .=rejreka kjl .=rejreka ms<sn| olajk iDK wdl,am ^2&
idfmalaI j ne,Sfï § YsIH p¾hdj yd wdl,am ms<sn| Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul
,laIK ñY%j mj;S' wLKav j mdi,a meñKSu bf.kqu i|yd iqNodhS ,laIKhls' ±ä
w,ilu yd iïm%odhsl w,i .=re pß; f,i lghq;= lsÍu wOHdmk m%.uKhg ndOdjls'
.=re jD;a;shg wdOqkslhka f,i u .=re jD;a;shg we;s wlue;a; o úuish hq;= m%Yakhls'
fcHIaG .=rejreka kjl .=rejreka ms<sn| iDKd;aul Ñka;kfha miqùu wdOqkslhkaf.a
bÈß m%.ukhg ndOdjla úh yels h' m%ùKhka wdOqkslhkag u. fmkaùu' w;a±lSï
fnodyod .ekSu Tjqkaf.a ksmqK;d Tm uÜgï lr .ekSug wjia:d Wodlr§u yd Woõ
,nd fkd§u wvqjls'
 bx.%Sis yd úoHdj úIhj, § nyq;r .=re isiqka m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqu i|yd
idOkSh keUqrejla mj;S'
Wod(- l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK w¾:j;a j lsÍu ^34&
jHdmD;s w¾:j;a j lsÍu ^2&
 bx.%Sis yd úoHdj úIhj, § isiqkaf.ka iq¨;rhla m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqug
olajk ,eÈhdj wvq h'
Wod( jHdmD;s yd m¾fhaIK fhdackd ksis l,g Ndr fkd§u yd fyd|ska tajdfha
ksr; fkdùu ^5&
m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,h ksis mßÈ mj;ajd f.k fkdhdu ^2&
;u Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh j¾Okh jk whqrg m¾fhaIKj, ksr; fkdùu
^2&
idfmalaI j iei§fï § isiqkaf.a m¾fhaIKd;aul bf.kqu i|yd we;s leue;a;
yd fm<Uùu jeä h' th wOHdmkfha kj ±kqu fidhd .ekSug yd mj;sk ±kqu
j¾Okh úug fya;=jla úh yels h'
5'4 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhg wNsfhda. f,i n,mE fjk;a idOl

o .Ks;h
.Ks;h bf.kqu iïnkaO j lafIa;% myla Tiafia ^úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh" mßmd,kh" myiqlï" .=re" isiq& .eg¨ mj;S'
Wod(- .Ks; úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd ld,h m%udKj;a fkdùu ^2&
h,a mek.sh úIhud,dj ^2&
mejreï" jHdmD;s Tiafia úIh ±kqu ,nd §ug lghq;= fkdlsÍu yd ta
i|yd ksYaÑ; ld,hla ,nd fkd§u
182 | P a g e
fuys§ ld,h" úIhud,dfõ h,a mek .sh iajNdjh" ks¾udKYS,s m%fõY wkq.ukh
fkdlsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= fõ' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § myiqlï yd mßmd,kh
iïnkaO .eg¨ mj;S'
Wod( kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú; fkdlsÍu yd th Ndú; lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a
myiqlï fkdiemhSu
mdi,a moaO;sfha lrkq ,nk fjkialï ms<sn| mSG ±kqj;a fkdùu$m%udo ù
±kqj;a ùu" n|jd .ekSfï l%ufõofha ÿ¾j,;dj ôlaI isiq msßi u.ska .=re mrmqr
ixj¾Okh úh hq;=h hkak wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSu&' úoHdj mdGud,dj i|yd .Ks;h
wkq úIh f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu o" .Ks;h mdGud,dj i|yd wkq úIh f,i úoHdj
úIhh l%shd;aul lsÍu o wid¾:l ùu ^fuu.ska úIh úfYaI{hska ìys fkdfõ&' mSGj,
l%shd;aul jk wOHdmk l%shdj,sh m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=rej,ska f;drj úIhud,d
iïmdokh lsÍu" bx.%Sis udOH i|yd isiqka n|jd .ekSfï § bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.k
fkd.;a isiqka n|jd .ekSu ksid .eg¨ u;=ùu' hdj;ald,S kj wjia:d ys.lu" kùk
;dlaaIKh Ndú;h i|yd myiqlï fkdue;slu wvqjls' mdi,a moaO;sfha jk fjkialï
mSG ±kqj;a fkdùu$m%udo ù ±kqj;aùu mdi,a yd mSG w;r ix.; njla fkdue;slu
i|yd fya;=jla úh yels h' th bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg ndodjls' n|jd .ekSfï
l%ufõoj, ÿ¾j,;d" olaI isiqkag .=re jD;a;sh i|yd uQ,sl wjia:d fkd,eîu o
.=Kd;aulNdjh wvqùug lreKla úh yels h' m¾fhaIKd;aul f;dr;=rej,ska f;drj
úIhud,d iïmdokh o .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wvqjls' bx.%Sis udOH i|yd isiqka n|jd
.ekSu ms<sn| .eg¨ mj;S' bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.kqu fkd,;a isiqka bx.%Sis udOH i|yd
n|jd .ekSu ksid .eg¨ mek ke.S we;' Wla; YsIH lKavdhï fol w;r bx.%Sis NdIdj
ms<sn| ±kqu iy Ndú;fha fjkialï bf.kqï l%shdj,shg ndOdjla ùu Bg fya;=j úh
yels h' m%Odk úIh yd wkq úIh w;r o .eg¨ mj;S' .=rejreka i|yd hdj;ald,Sk
wjia:d ys.lu wOHdmkh flf¾ iDKd;aul j n,mE yels ;;a;ajhls'
Wod(- úfYaI{ mqoa.,hkag wjia:d fkd§u
w;a±lSï wvq wh úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=jg le|jd m%Yak m;% ieliSu yd
W;a;r m;% ne,Su
hdj;ald,Sk wjia:d ys.lu
fkajdisld.dr .eg¨
.=Kd;aul wdydr fkd,eîu
úfYaI{ mqoa.,hkag yd w;a±lSïj,ska mßK; m%ùKhkag wjia:d ys.lu iy
hdj;ald,Sk wjia:d ysÕh .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhg ndOdjls' udkisl ixhufhka yd
i;=áka bf.kSfï ksr;ùug isiqkag mj;sk fkajdisld.dr .eg¨ ndOdjla úh yels h'
.=Kd;aul wdydr fkd,eîu isiqkaf.a YdÍßl fi!LHh flf¾ whym;a f,i n,mE
yels ;;a;ajhls' W!K fmdaIKh isiqkaf.a u;l Yla;sh flfrys o wys;lrj n,mE
yels h'
183 | P a g e
o úoHdj
 úoHdj úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO .eg¨ mj;S'
 h,a mek.sh úIhud,dj yd h,a mek.sh bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h
 úfYaI úIh i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.a ys.h
 bf.kqug jvd ks;r u isiqka fkajdisld.dr ;=< cx.u ÿrl;k Ndú;h
 isiqka wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§u
 mdi,aj,ska .=re mqyqKj
q i|yd ,nd fok iydh m%udKj;a fkdùu
 iSudjdiS wëlaIKj, lÓldpd¾hjrhd hk Èk .=re YsIHhd okakd ksid
Tyq tÈkg iQodkï j meñKsh o wfkla Èkj, Wkkaÿfjka f;dr j
b.ekaùu
 mqia;ld, Ndú;hg m%udKj;a ld,hla fkd;sîu
 jHdmD;s$m¾fhaIK i|yd ld,h iSñ; ùu
 úIhud,d fjkialï we;=¿ j kj ±kqu ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍfï jev uq¨
fkdmeje;aùu
 isiqkaf.a OdrK Yla;sh wvqlu
 isiqka wikakka njg m;aj ;sîu ksid u ks¾udKYS,s nj wvqùu
 úNd. flakaøSh yd ±kqu flakaøSh wOHdmk l%uh fuka u h,a mek .sh
bf.kqï l%u Ndú;h yd .=re ys.h wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh flf¾
wys;lr n,mEula we;s flf¾'
isiqka wikakka njg m;a j ;sîu ksid u ks¾udKYS,S;ajh wvqùug o Wla;
lreKq fya;= úh yels h' isiqka wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§u" wëlaIK Èkj, muKla
iQodkñka b.ekaùu" OdrK Yla;sh wvqlu isiqkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| wvqmdvq fõ'
tajd wOHdmkhg wys;lr j n,md yels h' bf.kqug jvd ks;r u isiqka fkajdisld.dr
;=< cx.u ÿrl;k Ndú;h uE;ld,Sk j moaO;shg tla jQ kj .eg¨jla fõ' isiqkaf.a
OdrK Yla;sh wvqlug yd wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek fkd§ug o th fya;=jla úh yels h'
mdi,aj,ska .=re mqyqKq i|yd m%udKj;a iydhla fkd,eîu o wvqjls' mqoa.,hd
mQ¾K;ajhg m;aùug lshùu w;HjYH idOlhla jqj;a mSG ;=< tu wjia:dj iSñ; ùu
o whym;a ;;a;ajhls' ld,Sk úIhud,d kùlrK ms<sn| ±kqj;a fkdùu kj ±kqu .,d
tau ms<sn| wvqjla úh yels h' jHdmD;s$m¾fhaIK i|yd ld,h iSñ; ùu o .eg¨jls'
mj;sk ±kqfuys i;H nj tys wvqmdvq fuka u fuf;la fkdokakd ±kqu fidhdhdug
kï m¾fhaIK Èßu;a l< hq;= jqj;a ta i|yd ld,h iSñ; ùfuka wOHdmk m% .ukhg
ndOd u;=fõ'
 úoHdj úIhh bf.kqï l%shdj,sfha § iïm;a yd myiqlï wvqlu ms<sn| .eg¨ mj;S'
Wod( iïm;a ys.h yd úoHd.dr Ndú;fha .eg¨ mej;Su
wka;¾cd, myiqlï iSñ; ùu
184 | P a g e
myiqlï iys; mqia;ld, fkd;sîu
Wla; myiqlï wvqlu bf.kqug n,md we;s .eg¨ fõ'
úoHdj bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ;=< .=re .eg¨ mj;S'
mSG m;alsÍï yd ;k;=re ,nd§fï § iqÿiqlï ,;a wh m;a fkdlsÍu
lÓldpd¾hjre w;r ix.; njla fkdùu kj úIhud,d m%;sixialrK ms<sn|
mSG lÓldpd¾hjreka ±kqj;a fkdùu iqÿiaika iqÿiq ;k;=rej,g m;a fkdùu
wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjhg iDcqj n,md we;s .eg¨jls' isiq .=re ukd ixj¾Okh
i|yd ix.; njla fkdùu yd ld,Sk úIhud,d fjkialï ms<sn| ±kqj;a fkdùu
wys;lr j n,mE yels h' úoHdj bf.kqfï § mSG mßmd,kh" m%;sm;a ;sh yd YsIHhd
iïnkaO .eg¨ mj;S'
Wod( mSG w;r ix.;njla fkdùu
úoHdmSG ix.%yhg wkqj kS;s Í;s n,j;a fkdlsÍu
úfkdaoùfï wjia:d wvqlu
YslaIK,dNSka .=re jD;a;Sh fiajdjla f,i fkdis;Su
mSG ;=< ix.; njla fkdùu yd kS;sÍ;s n,j;a fkdùu bf.kqfï iDKd;aul
;;a;ajhls' isiqkag úfkdaoùfï wjia:d wvqlu o .eg¨jls' ta i|yd mSG;=< u.
fmkajkakl= fkdùu óg fya;=j úh yels h' .=re jD;a;sh fiajdjla f,i fkdis;k
.=rejreka jD;a;shg m%fõY ùu o .eg¨jls'
o bx.%Sis
 bx.%Sis úIhh bf.kqfï § úIhud,dj yd bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO
.eg¨ mj;S'
Wod( fuu mdGud,dj jD;a;Sh mdGud,djla jqj oúNd. i|yd jeä keUqrejla
;sîu
 jD;a;Sh úIh bf.kqug fmr wju jYfhka udi 6 isg j¾Ihla olajd NdId
l=i,;d muKla ,nd§ug ie,iqula fkdue;s ùu'
 ndysr we.hSu iqÿiqlï ,;a ±kg wod< lafIa;%fha isák mÍlaIljreka u.ska
fkdlsÍu
 úIh ks¾foaYh ksu lsÍu i|yd ,nd fok jir foll wNHka;r ld,h
m%udKj;a fkdùu
Wla; .eg¨ bx.%Sis bf.kqug .eg¨ f,i n,md we;' bx.%Sis úIhh NdIdjla neúka
NdId l=i,;d kexùu flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu wjYH wod< m%ùK;djg
<.d fkdùug fya;=jla úh yels h'
iïm;a yd myiqlï fkdue;slu ^ys.h& bx.%Sis bf.kqug ndOdjla j we;'
Wod( iïm;a ys.h û,aá óähd" iqÿ mqjre" fm%dfclag¾ia fkdue;slu" mka;s
ldurj, ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSug fkdyelslu" .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd
185 | P a g e
Pdhd msgm;a fkd,eîu&" mqia;ld, myiqlï fkdue;slu" ijka §u yd
l:khg wjYH WmlrK fkd,eîu" úIh ks¾foaY m%udKj;a j fkd,eîu"
.=Kd;aul bf.kqula lrd hdfï § iïm;a ys.h u.ska ndOd u;= úh yels
h'
 bx.%Sis bf.kqfï § mSG mßmd,kh yd m%Óm;a;sh iïnkaO .eg¨ mj;S'

Wod( cd;sl uÜgfï ;SrK .ekSfï § mSG iïnkaO lr fkd.ekSu
mßmd,kh ;=< we;s bx.%Sis NdId l=I,;d wvqlu
úIhud,d fjkiaùï idcqj u mSG ±kqj;a fkdùu
n|jd .ekSï b;d m%udo ùu
mSGj,g iDcqj u iïnkaO mqoa.,hska cd;sl ;,fha ;SrK .ekSï l%shdj,shg
iïnkaO lr fkd.ekSu wvqjls' mSG mßmd,kh ;=< NdId l=i,;d wvqlu o wvqjls'
n|jd .ekSï m%udo ùu" YsIHhdf.a bf.kqï ld,h wvqùu i|yd fya;=jla úh yels h'
.=re .eg¨ bx.%Sis úIh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg ndOdjls'
Wod( ksis ld,hg Wiiaùï fkd,eîu
lÓldpd¾hjreka udkj iïm;la fia fkdie,lSu ^jD;a;Sh l=i,;d
kexùug úêu;a jev ms<sfj,la fkdùu&
 ffoksl j msrúh hq;= f,aLk jeäùu

M,odhS bf.kqula i|yd lÓldpd¾hjrekag wod< ld,hg ksis we.hSï" Wiiaùï
,eìh hq;= jqj;a tajd fkd,eîu wvqjls' Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh i|yd úêu;a
l%ufõo fkdue;slu o ÿ¾j,;djls' mßmd,k ld¾hfha § jeämqr f,aLk msrùu ùu
M,odhS bf.kqug we;s ndOdjls' .=re isiqkag jD;a;slNdjh ms<sn| iDKd;aul wdl,am
mj;S'
Wod( isiqkaf.a .=re jD;a;shg we;s wlue;a;
.=re isiqka .=re jD;a;shg md ;eîug fmr isg u ta ms<sn| iDK wdl,am j,ska
hqla; h' fjk;a jD;a;Ska fkdue;slu ksid Tjqka ;ud b,a,Sulska f;drj ,o jD;a;shg
msúiSu mdi,a wOHdmkhg wys;lr j n,mE yels h' wOHdmkhg Tjqkaf.ka ,eìh hq;=
ksis fiajhla ,efí o hkak ms<sn| m%Yakh fuys § u;= fõ'
186 | P a g e
5'5 fhdackd
úoHdmSG bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aulNdjh Wfoid .=rejreka yd
isiqka bÈßm;a l< fhdackd o ie,ls,a,g f.k fuys È ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd bÈrsm;a
flf¾'
5'5'1 rdcH uÜgfuka isÿ úh hq;= fjkialï ms<sn| fhdackd

 úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍfï § úoHdmSG Bg iïnkaO lr .; hq;= h' tys
§ jeä odhl;ajhla úoHdmSGj,ska ,nd .ekSu WÑ; h'
 mdGud,d ilia lsÍfï § yd tajd ixfYdaOkh lsÍfï § úoHdmSG iïnkaO lr
.; hq;= h'
 foaYmd,k wjYH;d u; mokï j mdGud,d fjkia fkdúh hq;= h'
 úoHdmSG iïnkaO jeo.;a yd iDcq ;SrK .ekSïj, § mSGdêm;sjrekag wjYH
n,;, ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 m¾fhaIKul t<Uqlska f;dr j úoHdmSG mdGud,d ;SrKh lsÍu" ilia lsÍu
yd ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fkdúh hq;= h'
 bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh úêu;a j mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd udkj
iïm;a m%Yia; mßÈ ,nd Èh hq;= h' tys § iqÿiqlï ,;a lÓldpd¾h
uKav,hla iaÓr fiajd moku u; mSG ioyd ia:dms; l< hq;= h'
 úIhud,d ilia lsÍfï § iuia; úIhud,djlg ±laula ;sìh hq;= h'
tjekakla Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ke;' tkï yeu úIhlgu fmdÿfõ m%ñ;shla
fyda Bg mdol jQ jHqyhla ^structure& ;sìh hq;= h' úIhud,dj ,sùfï § ish¨
^úoHdj" .Ks;h" bx.%Sis ' ' ' wdÈ jYfhka& úIhj," úIh wka;¾.;h úys§fï
m%ñ;shla ;sìh hq;=h' fï i|yd fmdÿfõ m%ñ;s ^Standards& ielish hq;= h'
 úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍu .=re wOHdmk{ úfYaI{ tl;=jlska m%ñ;shlg
wkqj ksu úh hq;= h' tys § .=re wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI{hka we;=`M j
úYaj úoHd, lñgqfõ wod< úIhh ms<sn| úfYaI{hl= isáh hq;= h'
 úoHdmSGj,g isiqka n|jd .ekSfï úêu;a l%ufõohla ielish hq;= h' fmdÿ
l%uj;a rduqjla u; n|jd fkd.ekSu wvqjls' fuys§ bx.%Sis mdGud,dj i|yd
n|jd .ekSfï § úNd.hla u; isiqka f;dard.ekSu $ w'fmd'i' îd$fm<& ioyd
A idud¾:hla ,nd ;sîu" w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& yd Wiia fm< bx.%Sis
udOHfhka yodrd ;sîu hk ks¾Khl ie,ls,a,g .ekSu jvd;a WÑ; h '
hï fyhlska n|jd .ekSfï l%ufõo ks¾Khl fjkia lf<a kï ta i|yd
m%;sldrd;aul mdGud,d ^remedial Courses& ;sìh hq;= h'
187 | P a g e
5'5'2' wdh;ksl uÜgfuka ^ wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh & úh
hq;= fjkialï ms<sn| fhdackd
 úIhud,d iïmdokh
 mdGud,d ie,iqï lsÍfï § úIh wka;¾.;fha YSCIKfõoh ^Pedagogy&"
WmfoaYd;aul bf.kqu Înstructural learning& u;= hq;= h' fuys §
WmfoaYd;aul ie,iqï l%shdj,sh Înstructural design process& b;d jeo.;a
fõ' fjk;a rgj, fuh jD;a;sh úIh ldKavhls' WmfoaYd;au ie,iqu
Înstructural design& Y%S ,xldfõ mdGud,dj, fkdue;s w;r WmfoaYd;aul
bf.kqu Înstructural learning& u;= lsÍfï § Wmfoia ,nd fok úg f;areï
.kakd ufkda úoHd wxYh o ,xldfõ ke;' Wla; wvq j iïmQ¾K l< hq;=
h'
 isiqkag Ndú; lrk udOHfhka bf.kSu i|yd Wmldrh ,nd Èh hq;= h'
úIh wka;¾.;h ;=< l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsßfï È Bg wod< Wm,CIK
Âttributes& ,nd Èh hq;= h' tajdg wod< ksjerÈ Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;= h' tys
È ueÈy;aùfï fuj,ula f,i ^Wod (- f,i mska;+rhla fmkaùu$ ùäfhda
m%o¾Ykh& ,nd .; hq;= f;dr;=re ms<sn| ksjeros Wmfoia ,nd oSu wjYHh'
fuys oS wkqms<sfj<" f;afrk NdIdj" iïm%cdkKhg wkq.; úu jeks
lreKqj,g wod<j Wmfoia §u jeo.;afõ ^WodyrK f,i ILTES ijka§fï
mÍlaIKh" tys § úkdä mylg fmr m%Yak m;%h ,nd Èu" m%Yak n,d miqj
ijkaÈfï wNHdi wefikakg ie,eiaúu' fuys È iSñ; Odß;djl È wefika
yd lfkka f;dr;=re f.k m%cdkkfhka l%shd;aul ^cogítively active& fõ&
 úIh ks¾foaYfha$ wka;¾.;fha ksmqK;d ioyd ld,h ;srKh lsßfï È ta

ioyd m%ñ;ska ^Standards& ;sìh hq;=h' ld,h$ meh .Kk ;SrKh lrkafka
lõ o@" f;aud wkqj th fnÈ hkafka flfia o hkak m<sn| ud¾f.damfoaY
lsìh hq;= h' úIh wka;¾.;h" fjka l, ld,h" ld,h úIh ksmqK;dj,g
fldf;la ÿrg .e,fma o hk wxY ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= h'
 úIh" úIh fldgia" úIh f;aud" b.ekaùfï § tajdg úúO wdo¾Yk ^Models)
kHdh ^Theories& mj;S' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõo i|yd fuu
kHdh$wdo¾Yk we;=<;a l< hq;= h' YslaIK,dNSka mka;s ldurhg f.dia
b.ekaùfï § fuu wdo¾Yk$kHdh Ndú;hg .; yels h' ,xldfõ tjekakla
olakg ke;s w;r tu wvqj msrúh hq;= h'
188 | P a g e
 hym;a wdl,am" jD;a;slNdjh we;s jk mßÈ úoHdmSG úIhud,d ie,iqï l<
hq;= h' rcfhka ,nd fok foa i|yd isiqka fiajhla fkdfokafka wehs o iy
,o foh ms<sn| jákdlula ke;af;a wehs o hkak ms<sn| j .eUqßka i,ld
n,d uf.a $wfma mdi, ixl,amh iy .=re jD;a;shg wdorhla ùfï wdl,am
isiqka ;=< cks; jk uÜgug Tjqka f.k hd hq;= h' jD;a;slNdjh ,nd §fï
§ úIhhg wod< jD;a;slNdjh o jeä l< hq;= h'
 mSGj, mqia;ld, Ndú;h i|yd fjka l< ld,h wju ùfï .eg¨j úi|d
.ekSu i|yd bßod Èkj, mqia;ld, fiajlhka i|yd w;sld, §ukd ,nd §
mqia;ld, újD; lr ;eìu WÑ; h' mqia;ld, l%shdj,sh jvd úêu;a lsßu
i|yd mqia;ld, fmd;a mß.Kl .; l< hq;= h'
o m%;sm;a;sh u; mokï j úoHdmSG mßmd,kh úêu;a lsßu

 úIhud,d fjkiaùï$m%;i
s xialrK wkqj mdi,a moaO;sfha isÿjk fjkialï tu
wjia:dfõ u úoHdmSGj,g ±kqj;a lsÍfï l%ufõohla ielish hq;= h' tf<i
fm< fmd;a yd .=re w;afmd;a úoHdmSGj,g ,eîfï úêu;a l%uhla ieliSu wjYH
h'
 mdi, iy mSG w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Sfï l%ufõo ielish hq;= h'
 isiqkag yd lÓldpd¾hjrekag iqÿiq udkisl;ajhlska lghq;= lsÍug wjYH
mßirh wdh;ksl mßmd,kh u.ska we;s lsßu i|yd iqÿiq mqoa.,hka
;k;=rej,g m;a l< hq;= h'
 j¾Ih wdrïNfha § isiqka n|jd .; hq;= h'
 lÓldpd¾hjrekag YsIH;aj yd Wiiaúï ,nd §fï § moaO;shg Tjqka ,nd ÿka
odhl;ajh i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
 m¾fhaIK Èß .ekaúh hq;= h' wdrïNfha § u isiqkag l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIK ms<sn|
±kqu ,nd § Tjqka m¾fhaIKj,g fhduq l< hq;= h'
 mSG ;=< cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;h ms<sn| kS;s Í;s iSud mekúh hq;= h' isiqka ks;r
u cx.u ÿrl:k Ndú;hg weíneys ù isáu ksid is;Sug wjia:d fkdue;' tu
ksid u ks¾udKYS, mqoa.,hka ìys fkdfõ' OdrK Yla;sh wvqlu o .eg¨jls'
tu ksid mqyqKq ld,h ;=< cx.u ÿrl:k iSud l< hq;= h' fï ksid u ks;r
fkajdisld.drhg hdu iSud l< hq;= w;r w;HjYH u wjia:dj, § ÿrl:k
weu;=ï ,nd .ekSu i|yd mSG ;=< ÿrl:k fmÜá ^Box& ia:dms; lr tajd
Ndú;hg bv Èh hq;= h' ksjdvq Èkj, muKla wëlaIK hgf;a iajhx úkhlska
Ndú;hg bv Èh hq;= h'
 isiqkaf.a bf.kqï ld,h j¾I folla m%udKj;a fkdùfï .eg¨j úi|d .ekSu
i|yd bßod Èkj, úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï fhdod .ekSu WÑ;h'
189 | P a g e
 isiqkaf.a fmdaIK .eg¨j úi|d .ekSu i|yd iun, l%uj;a" fi!LHu;a wdydr
rgdjla Wfoid mSG ;=<u fmdaIK ixialD;shla ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' ta i|yd
uQ,sl mshjrla f,i N+ñfha j.d lr tajd wdydr msiSfï § Ndú; l< hq;= h'
isiqkag fld< le| yd T!Iëh le| ,ndÈh hq;= h'
 m%;HfõlaIK c¾k,fha jd¾;d ,sùu l%uj;a l< hq;= h' isiqka
.=re mqyqKqjg ^Block Teaching& hdfï§ m%;sfõlaIK c¾k,h Ndú; jk w;r
tys § .eg¨ u;= lr .ekSug wjia:d ie,ish hq;= h' .eg¨ u;=lr .ekSu i|yd
u. fmkajñka m%;HfõlaIK igyka ,sùu ms<sn| ksjerÈ u. fmkaùu yd
wëlaIKh wjYHh'
 .=rejrekaf.a lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsßu i|yd WÑ; l%shdud¾. .;
hq;= h' .=re ±kqu hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;= h'
 j;=lrfha wOHdmk ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a úoHdmSG i|yd ta yd ne÷Kq
mdGud,d ilia úh hq;= h'
 l=vd mdi,a l<ukdlrKh yd nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu hk úIh mdGud,dj,g tl;=
úh hq;= h'
 úoHdmSg iïnkaO j wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha kshduk l%shdj,sh yd cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfha ld¾hNdrh jvd úêu;a úh hq;= h'
 úoHdmSG m;aùï udrelsÍï yd mßmd,kh foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska f;dr úh hq;=
h'
 úoHdmSGj, wOHhk yd mßmd,k jYfhka wxY folla ia;dms; lsÍu WÑ; h'
o bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

 úoHdmSG mdGud,d jvd m%dfhda.sl keUqrejla iys; j l%shd;aul l< hq;= h'
 m%Odk úIhfhka .eUqre úIh ±kqula ,nd fok f,i úIh wka;¾.;h ilia
l< hq;= h'
 úIh f;aud 6 - 11 fY%aKs mdi,a úIh wka;¾.;h yd ix.; ùu WÑ; h'
 w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& bx.%Sis .oH fldgi .e<fmk fia ixfYdaOkh ùu WÑ;
h'
 .Ks; úIh i|yd .Ks; b;sydih" kj fidhd .ekSï" b.ekaùfï kj l%u" kj
.eg,q úi÷ï l%u úIhud,djg tl;= lsÍu WÑ; h'
 úoHdj úIh wka;¾.;hg laIaqøcSj úoHdfõ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï jeä lsÍu yd
Bg cSjdKqyrK l%u we;=<;a lsßu" äcsg,a ;dlaIKh" iy fldkagï fN!;sl
úoHdfõ isoaOdka;" ks¾udmS bf.kqu we;=<;a lsßu WÑ;h'
 bx.%Sis úIhfha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h îjka§u" l:kh& jeä lsÍu WÑ;h'
 mdGud,d ;=fka § u fi!kao¾h bf.kqï wjia:d jeä lsßu WÑ;h'
190 | P a g e
 foaYk l%ufhka neyer j kj bf.kqï l%u yd b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Ndú;
l< hq;= h' foaYk l%ufhka isiqka wikakka njg m;afõ' bka neyer j kj
l%u y÷kajd §u yd Ndú;h ^wkdjrK l%uh" m¾fhaIKd;aul l%u" .fõIK
iei÷ï f,aLK iyfhda.S bf.kqu t<suyka wOHhkh" jHdmD;s u.ska bf.kqu
;dlaIKh u.ska b.ekaùu - lafIa;% pdßld & WÑ; h'
 jevuqM l,a we;sj ixúOkh lr foaYljrekag ±kaùu WÑ; h'
 bf.kqu i|yd kj ;dlaIKh Ndú; l< hq;= h' ish¨ mdGud,dj, úIh kj
;dlaIKfhka b.ekaùfï kj l%u ielish hq;= h'
 bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh yd mSG fiiq l%shd u.ska isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh
u;= l< hq;= h' isiqka ks¾udKYS,s;ajhg fhduq l< hq;= h'
 bx.%Sis mdGud,dfõ isiqkag udi 6 isg j¾Ihla olajd bx.%Sis NdId l=i,;d ,nd
Èh hq;= h'
 úoHdmSG úIh ks¾foaY hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;= h'
 mSG w;r úIh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï l%ufõo ielish
hq;= h'
 iajhx wOHhkh i|yd isiqka fhduq l< hq;= h'
 .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd msG w;r l%Svd fuka u úIhdkqnoaO ;r.
ixúOdkh lsÍu WÑ; h'
 fyd| mdvï bÈßm;a lrk YslaIK,dNSka cd;sl uÜgug y÷kajd §fï udOH
jevigyka ^rEmjdyskS& ixúOdkh lsÍu WÑ;h'
 by< nqoaêhg wu;rj isiqka f;aÍfï § fm!reIh ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= h'
 mSG wdikakfha wdo¾Y mka;s ldurj,ska hq;a wdo¾Y mdi,la ks¾udKh lsßu
WÑ;h'
o myiqlï $iïm;a ixj¾Okh
 kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK" mß.Kl wka;¾ cd, myiqlï" úoHd.dr myiqlï
m%j¾Okh l< hq;= h'
 mSGj, fN!;sl myiqlï yd há;, myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= h' ish¨
isiqkag kùk ;dlaIKsl WmlrK Ndú;hg wjia:d i,iñka u.fmkaúh hq;=
h'
 mdi,aj,g ,nd fok úoHd.dr WmlrK mSGj,g o ,nd Èu WÑ;h ^ Wod(
bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK&
 bx.%Sis úIh i|yd jd.a úoHd.dr ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h'
 mqia;ld, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lrñka tajd rd;%S 8 jk;=re újD; lr ;eîu WÑ;
h' mqia;ld, myiqlï ,nd §u wjYH;djls'
191 | P a g e
 isiqkag myiqlï yd wdrlaIdj iy;sl jk fia fkajdisld.dr ixj¾Okh l<
hq;= h'
 úIh" úIh w;r ix.; j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh isÿ lsÍug wjYH u.
fmkaúu iy fmdÿ úIh lreKq mokï lr.;a w;afmd;a ,nd §u WÑ;h'
o we.hSu iy wëlaIKh
 wNHka;r yd ndysr kshdukh i|yd ish¨ úoHdmSG i|yd Ndú; l< yels fmdÿ
we.hSï jHqyhla ks¾udKh l< hq;= h'
 m<mqreÿ" iqÿiqlï ,;a wh u.ska m%Yak m;% ;ekSu yd ms<s;=re m;% mÍlaId lsßu
WÑ;h'
 ldKav b.ekaùu wëlaIKh i|yd tu úIh m%ùKhka yd jD;a;Sh úIh
lafIa;%fha wh u.ska muKla wëlaIKh lsÍu wksjd¾h l< hq;= h'
 iïNjk we.hSu i|yd ,ndfok ,l=Kqj, idOdrK nj r|jd .ekSug ish¨
úoHdmSGj,g iu ñkqï wjia:d ,nd §u yd wjYH úg tajd mÍlaId l< yels jk
fia m%ñ;s we;s lsßu WÑ; h'
 wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,j, ld¾h ksrka;rfhka wëlaIKh yd
kshdukh l< hq;= h'
 iqÿiq mqoa.,hka ;k;=rej,g m;a l< hq;= h'
 .=rejreka ksis f,i we.hsh hq;= h'
 jD;a;Sh odhl;ajh wkqj úksúoNdjhlska hq;=j YsIH;aj ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhg fuka u wdl,am ixj¾Okhg wod< mshjr
.; hq;= h'
 .=rejreka i|yd ksis l<g Wiiaúï ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 .=rejreka ffoksl j msrúh hq;= f,aLk wju lsÍfï l%ufõo ielish hq;= h'
o wdl,am$jD;a;slNdjh ixj¾Okh
 .=rejreka yd isiqka ;=< jD;a;sh ms<sn| Ok wdl,am f.dv ke.sh hq;= h' ta i|yd
úIh fuka u úIh ndysr jevigyka ixúOdkh l< hq;= h'
 ksrka;rfhka YslaIK,dNSka ;=< hym;a wdl,am cks; jk wdldrfhka
bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï l< hq;= h'
o YsIH ixj¾Okh
 fmdaIHodhS wdydr fõ,la isiqkag iemhsh hq;= h'
 isiqkaf.a ffoksl §ukd" ld,hg .e,fmk f,i ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= h'
192 | P a g e
 olaI;d olajk isiqka we.hSu i|yd jev igyka ixúOdkh l< hq;= h'
 bf.kqu rij;a w;a±lSula yd úfkdaodxYhla lr .ekSug isiqka fhduq l< hq;=
h'
193 | P a g e
wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1964& Oj, m;%sldj' rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' wOHdmkfha kju.' fld<U" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd' fld<U rcfha uqo%K kS;s.;
ixia:dj'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd' îdudkH" úYajúoHd,h iy

;D;Sh$jD;a;Sh" ;dlaIKsl iy wê jD;a;Sh&" fld<U" rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dj'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1985&' wOHdmk úoHdmSG ix.%yh' n;a;ruq,a," biqremdh
wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1997&' idudkH wOHdmkh ms<snò ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh' idudkH
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2001&' wOHdmk úoHdmSG ix.%yh' n;a;ruq,a," biqremdh
wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^2008&' mdi,a wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh" cd;sl wOHdmk
m%ñ;s ud¾f.damfoaYh" cd;sl wOHdmk m%ñ;s ud¾f.damfoaYh iy .=re WmfoaYl
ksmqK;d' biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,'
wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^2009&' mdi,a wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh iii" cd;sl
wOHdmk m%ñ;s ud¾f.damfoaY iy .=re WmfoaYl ksmqK;d' l<ukdlrK yd m%ñ;s
Mallh" wOHdmk wud;HxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,'
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2014&' wfma mdi, fld;rï .=Kd;aul o@ mdi,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul
;yjqrej i|yd jQ we.hSï l%shdj,sh' biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,'
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003&' YS% ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ms<snò cd;sl m%;sm;a;s
rduqjla iòyd fhdackd' kqf.af.dv" iSudiys; §mdks uqo%K m%ldYk ^fm!oa.,sl&'
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu ^2009&' Ys% ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ioyd kj wOHdmk
mk;la"ixo¾Nh .eg¿ iy fhdackd' wjika jd¾;dj'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' we.hSï mámdáh" cd;sl wOHdmk úoHDmSG' uyr.u wdh;ksl
ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' mSGdêm;s/úÿy,am;s we.hSï uKav, /iaùï" cd;sl wOHdmk

úoHdmSG/.=re úoHd," 2008'12'23'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2012&' ishkE cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul iajrEmh ms<sn|
j wOHhkhla' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2012&' Y%Smdo cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGfha l%shd;aul iajrEmh ms<sn|
wOHhkhla' wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2013& cd;sl YslaIK úoHd ämaf,daud mdGud,dj ls%hd;aul lsÍu
flfrys n,mdk fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ms<sn| wOHhkhla' wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok
fomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u'
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" ^2016&' Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oYl y;rl úldYh" 1969-2009" iii
fldgi" ;D;shsl wOHdmkh iy fiajdia: .=re wOHdmkh' m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok
fomd¾;fïka;=j"uyr.u'
uqKisxy" hQ' ^2008&' .=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok i;aldrh 1'mdi,a úIhud,dj ixj¾Okh yd
l<ukdlrK' mdÿlal" wOHdmk jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok flakaøh'
194 | P a g e
rùkaø" B.,K.,S. ^2016'09'09&' Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha .eiÜ m;%h wxl 1984"
fld<U 08" rcfha uqo%K fomd¾;fïka;=j'
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha md¾,sfïka;=j ^1986&' 1986 wxl 30 orK wOHdmksl
úoHd;k mk;' fld<U" Y%S ,xld uqo%K fomd¾;fïka;=j'
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Y%S, Xldfõ CD SL Wohdmk Úohdmsg Mdgud, D Yd Iene - S BF - Kqï-B.Ekaùï L%SHDJ, Sfha . KD Aulndjh

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Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk

úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd iene|s

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

wNHka;r m¾fhaIK lKavdhu

ndysr m¾fhaIK lKavdhu

mß.Kl joka ieliqu

Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG mdGud,d yd ine|s bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

uqLH mo( mdGud,d" YslaIK,dNSka" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" .=Kd;aulNdjh

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 Y%S ,xld újD; mQ¾j mdi,a wOHdmkh

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